path: root/synapse/storage/databases/main/registration.py

#
# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
#
# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
# License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
#
# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
#
# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
#
#
import logging
import random
import re
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast

import attr

from synapse.api.constants import UserTypes
from synapse.api.errors import (
    Codes,
    NotFoundError,
    StoreError,
    SynapseError,
    ThreepidValidationError,
)
from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import wrap_as_background_process
from synapse.storage.database import (
    DatabasePool,
    LoggingDatabaseConnection,
    LoggingTransaction,
)
from synapse.storage.databases.main.cache import CacheInvalidationWorkerStore
from synapse.storage.databases.main.stats import StatsStore
from synapse.storage.types import Cursor
from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import IdGenerator
from synapse.storage.util.sequence import build_sequence_generator
from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID, UserInfo
from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer

THIRTY_MINUTES_IN_MS = 30 * 60 * 1000

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class ExternalIDReuseException(Exception):
    """Exception if writing an external id for a user fails,
    because this external id is given to an other user."""


class LoginTokenExpired(Exception):
    """Exception if the login token sent expired"""


class LoginTokenReused(Exception):
    """Exception if the login token sent was already used"""


@attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
class TokenLookupResult:
    """Result of looking up an access token.

    Attributes:
        user_id: The user that this token authenticates as
        is_guest
        shadow_banned
        token_id: The ID of the access token looked up
        device_id: The device associated with the token, if any.
        valid_until_ms: The timestamp the token expires, if any.
        token_owner: The "owner" of the token. This is either the same as the
            user, or a server admin who is logged in as the user.
        token_used: True if this token was used at least once in a request.
            This field can be out of date since `get_user_by_access_token` is
            cached.
    """

    user_id: str
    token_id: int
    is_guest: bool = False
    shadow_banned: bool = False
    device_id: Optional[str] = None
    valid_until_ms: Optional[int] = None
    token_owner: str = attr.ib()
    token_used: bool = False

    # Make the token owner default to the user ID, which is the common case.
    @token_owner.default
    def _default_token_owner(self) -> str:
        return self.user_id


@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
class RefreshTokenLookupResult:
    """Result of looking up a refresh token."""

    user_id: str
    """The user this token belongs to."""

    device_id: str
    """The device associated with this refresh token."""

    token_id: int
    """The ID of this refresh token."""

    next_token_id: Optional[int]
    """The ID of the refresh token which replaced this one."""

    has_next_refresh_token_been_refreshed: bool
    """True if the next refresh token was used for another refresh."""

    has_next_access_token_been_used: bool
    """True if the next access token was already used at least once."""

    expiry_ts: Optional[int]
    """The time at which the refresh token expires and can not be used.
    If None, the refresh token doesn't expire."""

    ultimate_session_expiry_ts: Optional[int]
    """The time at which the session comes to an end and can no longer be
    refreshed.
    If None, the session can be refreshed indefinitely."""


@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
class LoginTokenLookupResult:
    """Result of looking up a login token."""

    user_id: str
    """The user this token belongs to."""

    auth_provider_id: Optional[str]
    """The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with, to get this token."""

    auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str]
    """The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity Provider."""


@attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
class ThreepidResult:
    medium: str
    address: str
    validated_at: int
    added_at: int


@attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
class ThreepidValidationSession:
    address: str
    """address of the 3pid"""
    medium: str
    """medium of the 3pid"""
    client_secret: str
    """a secret provided by the client for this validation session"""
    session_id: str
    """ID of the validation session"""
    last_send_attempt: int
    """a number serving to dedupe send attempts for this session"""
    validated_at: Optional[int]
    """timestamp of when this session was validated if so"""


class RegistrationWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
    def __init__(
        self,
        database: DatabasePool,
        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
        hs: "HomeServer",
    ):
        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)

        self.config: HomeServerConfig = hs.config

        # Note: we don't check this sequence for consistency as we'd have to
        # call `find_max_generated_user_id_localpart` each time, which is
        # expensive if there are many entries.
        self._user_id_seq = build_sequence_generator(
            db_conn,
            database.engine,
            find_max_generated_user_id_localpart,
            "user_id_seq",
            table=None,
            id_column=None,
        )

        self._account_validity_enabled = (
            hs.config.account_validity.account_validity_enabled
        )
        self._account_validity_period = None
        self._account_validity_startup_job_max_delta = None
        if self._account_validity_enabled:
            self._account_validity_period = (
                hs.config.account_validity.account_validity_period
            )
            self._account_validity_startup_job_max_delta = (
                hs.config.account_validity.account_validity_startup_job_max_delta
            )

            if hs.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
                self._clock.call_later(
                    0.0,
                    self._set_expiration_date_when_missing,
                )

        # Create a background job for culling expired 3PID validity tokens
        if hs.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
            self._clock.looping_call(
                self.cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens, THIRTY_MINUTES_IN_MS
            )

    @cached()
    async def get_user_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[UserInfo]:
        """Returns info about the user account, if it exists."""

        def get_user_by_id_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Optional[UserInfo]:
            # We could technically use simple_select_one here, but it would not perform
            # the COALESCEs (unless hacked into the column names), which could yield
            # confusing results.
            txn.execute(
                """
                SELECT
                    name, is_guest, admin, consent_version, consent_ts,
                    consent_server_notice_sent, appservice_id, creation_ts, user_type,
                    deactivated, COALESCE(shadow_banned, FALSE) AS shadow_banned,
                    COALESCE(approved, TRUE) AS approved,
                    COALESCE(locked, FALSE) AS locked
                FROM users
                WHERE name = ?
                """,
                (user_id,),
            )

            row = txn.fetchone()
            if not row:
                return None

            (
                name,
                is_guest,
                admin,
                consent_version,
                consent_ts,
                consent_server_notice_sent,
                appservice_id,
                creation_ts,
                user_type,
                deactivated,
                shadow_banned,
                approved,
                locked,
            ) = row

            return UserInfo(
                appservice_id=appservice_id,
                consent_server_notice_sent=consent_server_notice_sent,
                consent_version=consent_version,
                consent_ts=consent_ts,
                creation_ts=creation_ts,
                is_admin=bool(admin),
                is_deactivated=bool(deactivated),
                is_guest=bool(is_guest),
                is_shadow_banned=bool(shadow_banned),
                user_id=UserID.from_string(name),
                user_type=user_type,
                approved=bool(approved),
                locked=bool(locked),
            )

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            desc="get_user_by_id",
            func=get_user_by_id_txn,
        )

    async def is_trial_user(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        """Checks if user is in the "trial" period, i.e. within the first
        N days of registration defined by `mau_trial_days` config or the
        `mau_appservice_trial_days` config.

        Args:
            user_id: The user to check for trial status.
        """

        info = await self.get_user_by_id(user_id)
        if not info:
            return False

        now = self._clock.time_msec()
        days = self.config.server.mau_appservice_trial_days.get(
            info.appservice_id, self.config.server.mau_trial_days
        )
        trial_duration_ms = days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
        is_trial = (now - info.creation_ts * 1000) < trial_duration_ms
        return is_trial

    @cached()
    async def get_user_by_access_token(self, token: str) -> Optional[TokenLookupResult]:
        """Get a user from the given access token.

        Args:
            token: The access token of a user.
        Returns:
            None, if the token did not match, otherwise a `TokenLookupResult`
        """
        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "get_user_by_access_token", self._query_for_auth, token
        )

    @cached()
    async def get_expiration_ts_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[int]:
        """Get the expiration timestamp for the account bearing a given user ID.

        Args:
            user_id: The ID of the user.
        Returns:
            None, if the account has no expiration timestamp, otherwise int
            representation of the timestamp (as a number of milliseconds since epoch).
        """
        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="account_validity",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            retcol="expiration_ts_ms",
            allow_none=True,
            desc="get_expiration_ts_for_user",
        )

    async def is_account_expired(self, user_id: str, current_ts: int) -> bool:
        """
        Returns whether an user account is expired.

        Args:
            user_id: The user's ID
            current_ts: The current timestamp

        Returns:
            Whether the user account has expired
        """
        expiration_ts = await self.get_expiration_ts_for_user(user_id)
        return expiration_ts is not None and current_ts >= expiration_ts

    async def set_account_validity_for_user(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        expiration_ts: int,
        email_sent: bool,
        renewal_token: Optional[str] = None,
        token_used_ts: Optional[int] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Updates the account validity properties of the given account, with the
        given values.

        Args:
            user_id: ID of the account to update properties for.
            expiration_ts: New expiration date, as a timestamp in milliseconds
                since epoch.
            email_sent: True means a renewal email has been sent for this account
                and there's no need to send another one for the current validity
                period.
            renewal_token: Renewal token the user can use to extend the validity
                of their account. Defaults to no token.
            token_used_ts: A timestamp of when the current token was used to renew
                the account.
        """

        def set_account_validity_for_user_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
                txn=txn,
                table="account_validity",
                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
                updatevalues={
                    "expiration_ts_ms": expiration_ts,
                    "email_sent": email_sent,
                    "renewal_token": renewal_token,
                    "token_used_ts_ms": token_used_ts,
                },
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                txn, self.get_expiration_ts_for_user, (user_id,)
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "set_account_validity_for_user", set_account_validity_for_user_txn
        )

    async def set_renewal_token_for_user(
        self, user_id: str, renewal_token: str
    ) -> None:
        """Defines a renewal token for a given user, and clears the token_used timestamp.

        Args:
            user_id: ID of the user to set the renewal token for.
            renewal_token: Random unique string that will be used to renew the
                user's account.

        Raises:
            StoreError: The provided token is already set for another user.
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_update_one(
            table="account_validity",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            updatevalues={"renewal_token": renewal_token, "token_used_ts_ms": None},
            desc="set_renewal_token_for_user",
        )

    async def get_user_from_renewal_token(
        self, renewal_token: str
    ) -> Tuple[str, int, Optional[int]]:
        """Get a user ID and renewal status from a renewal token.

        Args:
            renewal_token: The renewal token to perform the lookup with.

        Returns:
            A tuple of containing the following values:
                * The ID of a user to which the token belongs.
                * An int representing the user's expiry timestamp as milliseconds since the
                    epoch, or 0 if the token was invalid.
                * An optional int representing the timestamp of when the user renewed their
                    account timestamp as milliseconds since the epoch. None if the account
                    has not been renewed using the current token yet.
        """
        return cast(
            Tuple[str, int, Optional[int]],
            await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
                table="account_validity",
                keyvalues={"renewal_token": renewal_token},
                retcols=["user_id", "expiration_ts_ms", "token_used_ts_ms"],
                desc="get_user_from_renewal_token",
            ),
        )

    async def get_renewal_token_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> str:
        """Get the renewal token associated with a given user ID.

        Args:
            user_id: The user ID to lookup a token for.

        Returns:
            The renewal token associated with this user ID.
        """
        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="account_validity",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            retcol="renewal_token",
            desc="get_renewal_token_for_user",
        )

    async def get_users_expiring_soon(self) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:
        """Selects users whose account will expire in the [now, now + renew_at] time
        window (see configuration for account_validity for information on what renew_at
        refers to).

        Returns:
            A list of tuples, each with a user ID and expiration time (in milliseconds).
        """

        def select_users_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction, now_ms: int, renew_at: int
        ) -> List[Tuple[str, int]]:
            sql = (
                "SELECT user_id, expiration_ts_ms FROM account_validity"
                " WHERE email_sent = FALSE AND (expiration_ts_ms - ?) <= ?"
            )
            values = [now_ms, renew_at]
            txn.execute(sql, values)
            return cast(List[Tuple[str, int]], txn.fetchall())

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "get_users_expiring_soon",
            select_users_txn,
            self._clock.time_msec(),
            self.config.account_validity.account_validity_renew_at,
        )

    async def set_renewal_mail_status(self, user_id: str, email_sent: bool) -> None:
        """Sets or unsets the flag that indicates whether a renewal email has been sent
        to the user (and the user hasn't renewed their account yet).

        Args:
            user_id: ID of the user to set/unset the flag for.
            email_sent: Flag which indicates whether a renewal email has been sent
                to this user.
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_update_one(
            table="account_validity",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            updatevalues={"email_sent": email_sent},
            desc="set_renewal_mail_status",
        )

    async def delete_account_validity_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> None:
        """Deletes the entry for the given user in the account validity table, removing
        their expiration date and renewal token.

        Args:
            user_id: ID of the user to remove from the account validity table.
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_delete_one(
            table="account_validity",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            desc="delete_account_validity_for_user",
        )

    async def is_server_admin(self, user: UserID) -> bool:
        """Determines if a user is an admin of this homeserver.

        Args:
            user: user ID of the user to test

        Returns:
            true iff the user is a server admin, false otherwise.
        """
        res = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user.to_string()},
            retcol="admin",
            allow_none=True,
            desc="is_server_admin",
        )

        return bool(res) if res else False

    async def set_server_admin(self, user: UserID, admin: bool) -> None:
        """Sets whether a user is an admin of this homeserver.

        Args:
            user: user ID of the user to test
            admin: true iff the user is to be a server admin, false otherwise.
        """

        def set_server_admin_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn, "users", {"name": user.to_string()}, {"admin": 1 if admin else 0}
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user.to_string(),)
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("set_server_admin", set_server_admin_txn)

    async def set_shadow_banned(self, user: UserID, shadow_banned: bool) -> None:
        """Sets whether a user shadow-banned.

        Args:
            user: user ID of the user to test
            shadow_banned: true iff the user is to be shadow-banned, false otherwise.
        """

        def set_shadow_banned_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            user_id = user.to_string()
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn,
                table="users",
                keyvalues={"name": user_id},
                updatevalues={"shadow_banned": shadow_banned},
            )
            # In order for this to apply immediately, clear the cache for this user.
            tokens = self.db_pool.simple_select_list_txn(
                txn,
                table="access_tokens",
                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
                retcols=("token",),
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream_bulk(
                txn, self.get_user_by_access_token, tokens
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("set_shadow_banned", set_shadow_banned_txn)

    async def set_user_type(self, user: UserID, user_type: Optional[UserTypes]) -> None:
        """Sets the user type.

        Args:
            user: user ID of the user.
            user_type: type of the user or None for a user without a type.
        """

        def set_user_type_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn, "users", {"name": user.to_string()}, {"user_type": user_type}
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user.to_string(),)
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("set_user_type", set_user_type_txn)

    def _query_for_auth(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, token: str
    ) -> Optional[TokenLookupResult]:
        sql = """
            SELECT users.name as user_id,
                users.is_guest,
                users.shadow_banned,
                access_tokens.id as token_id,
                access_tokens.device_id,
                access_tokens.valid_until_ms,
                access_tokens.user_id as token_owner,
                access_tokens.used as token_used
            FROM users
            INNER JOIN access_tokens on users.name = COALESCE(puppets_user_id, access_tokens.user_id)
            WHERE token = ?
        """

        txn.execute(sql, (token,))
        row = txn.fetchone()

        if row:
            (
                user_id,
                is_guest,
                shadow_banned,
                token_id,
                device_id,
                valid_until_ms,
                token_owner,
                token_used,
            ) = row

            return TokenLookupResult(
                user_id=user_id,
                is_guest=is_guest,
                shadow_banned=shadow_banned,
                token_id=token_id,
                device_id=device_id,
                valid_until_ms=valid_until_ms,
                token_owner=token_owner,
                # This field is nullable, ensure it comes out as a boolean
                token_used=bool(token_used),
            )

        return None

    @cached()
    async def is_real_user(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        """Determines if the user is a real user, ie does not have a 'user_type'.

        Args:
            user_id: user id to test

        Returns:
            True if user 'user_type' is null or empty string
        """
        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "is_real_user", self.is_real_user_txn, user_id
        )

    @cached()
    async def is_support_user(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        """Determines if the user is of type UserTypes.SUPPORT

        Args:
            user_id: user id to test

        Returns:
            True if user is of type UserTypes.SUPPORT
        """
        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "is_support_user", self.is_support_user_txn, user_id
        )

    def is_real_user_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str) -> bool:
        res = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
            txn=txn,
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            retcol="user_type",
            allow_none=True,
        )
        return res is None

    def is_support_user_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str) -> bool:
        res = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
            txn=txn,
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            retcol="user_type",
            allow_none=True,
        )
        return True if res == UserTypes.SUPPORT else False

    async def get_users_by_id_case_insensitive(self, user_id: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Gets users that match user_id case insensitively.

        Returns:
             A mapping of user_id -> password_hash.
        """

        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Dict[str, str]:
            sql = "SELECT name, password_hash FROM users WHERE lower(name) = lower(?)"
            txn.execute(sql, (user_id,))
            result = cast(List[Tuple[str, str]], txn.fetchall())
            return dict(result)

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("get_users_by_id_case_insensitive", f)

    async def record_user_external_id(
        self, auth_provider: str, external_id: str, user_id: str
    ) -> None:
        """Record a mapping from an external user id to a mxid

        See notes in _record_user_external_id_txn about what constitutes valid data.

        Args:
            auth_provider: identifier for the remote auth provider
            external_id: id on that system
            user_id: complete mxid that it is mapped to

        Raises:
            ExternalIDReuseException if the new external_id could not be mapped.
        """

        try:
            await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
                "record_user_external_id",
                self._record_user_external_id_txn,
                auth_provider,
                external_id,
                user_id,
            )
        except self.database_engine.module.IntegrityError:
            raise ExternalIDReuseException()

    def _record_user_external_id_txn(
        self,
        txn: LoggingTransaction,
        auth_provider: str,
        external_id: str,
        user_id: str,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Record a mapping from an external user id to a mxid.

        Note that the auth provider IDs (and the external IDs) are not validated
        against configured IdPs as Synapse does not know its relationship to
        external systems. For example, it might be useful to pre-configure users
        before enabling a new IdP or an IdP might be temporarily offline, but
        still valid.

        Args:
            txn: The database transaction.
            auth_provider: identifier for the remote auth provider
            external_id: id on that system
            user_id: complete mxid that it is mapped to
        """

        self.db_pool.simple_insert_txn(
            txn,
            table="user_external_ids",
            values={
                "auth_provider": auth_provider,
                "external_id": external_id,
                "user_id": user_id,
            },
        )

    async def remove_user_external_id(
        self, auth_provider: str, external_id: str, user_id: str
    ) -> None:
        """Remove a mapping from an external user id to a mxid
        If the mapping is not found, this method does nothing.
        Args:
            auth_provider: identifier for the remote auth provider
            external_id: id on that system
            user_id: complete mxid that it is mapped to
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_delete(
            table="user_external_ids",
            keyvalues={
                "auth_provider": auth_provider,
                "external_id": external_id,
                "user_id": user_id,
            },
            desc="remove_user_external_id",
        )

    async def replace_user_external_id(
        self,
        record_external_ids: List[Tuple[str, str]],
        user_id: str,
    ) -> None:
        """Replace mappings from external user ids to a mxid in a single transaction.
        All mappings are deleted and the new ones are created.

        See notes in _record_user_external_id_txn about what constitutes valid data.

        Args:
            record_external_ids:
                List with tuple of auth_provider and external_id to record
            user_id: complete mxid that it is mapped to

        Raises:
            ExternalIDReuseException if the new external_id could not be mapped.
        """

        def _remove_user_external_ids_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction,
            user_id: str,
        ) -> None:
            """Remove all mappings from external user ids to a mxid
            If these mappings are not found, this method does nothing.

            Args:
                user_id: complete mxid that it is mapped to
            """

            self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
                txn,
                table="user_external_ids",
                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            )

        def _replace_user_external_id_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction,
        ) -> None:
            _remove_user_external_ids_txn(txn, user_id)

            for auth_provider, external_id in record_external_ids:
                self._record_user_external_id_txn(
                    txn,
                    auth_provider,
                    external_id,
                    user_id,
                )

        try:
            await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
                "replace_user_external_id",
                _replace_user_external_id_txn,
            )
        except self.database_engine.module.IntegrityError:
            raise ExternalIDReuseException()

    async def get_user_by_external_id(
        self, auth_provider: str, external_id: str
    ) -> Optional[str]:
        """Look up a user by their external auth id

        Args:
            auth_provider: identifier for the remote auth provider
            external_id: id on that system

        Returns:
            the mxid of the user, or None if they are not known
        """
        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="user_external_ids",
            keyvalues={"auth_provider": auth_provider, "external_id": external_id},
            retcol="user_id",
            allow_none=True,
            desc="get_user_by_external_id",
        )

    async def get_external_ids_by_user(self, mxid: str) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
        """Look up external ids for the given user

        Args:
            mxid: the MXID to be looked up

        Returns:
            Tuples of (auth_provider, external_id)
        """
        return cast(
            List[Tuple[str, str]],
            await self.db_pool.simple_select_list(
                table="user_external_ids",
                keyvalues={"user_id": mxid},
                retcols=("auth_provider", "external_id"),
                desc="get_external_ids_by_user",
            ),
        )

    async def count_all_users(self) -> int:
        """Counts all users registered on the homeserver."""

        def _count_users(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
            txn.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users")
            row = txn.fetchone()
            assert row is not None
            return row[0]

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("count_users", _count_users)

    async def count_daily_user_type(self) -> Dict[str, int]:
        """
        Counts 1) native non guest users
               2) native guests users
               3) bridged users
        who registered on the homeserver in the past 24 hours
        """

        def _count_daily_user_type(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Dict[str, int]:
            yesterday = int(self._clock.time()) - (60 * 60 * 24)

            sql = """
                SELECT user_type, COUNT(*) AS count FROM (
                    SELECT
                    CASE
                        WHEN is_guest=0 AND appservice_id IS NULL THEN 'native'
                        WHEN is_guest=1 AND appservice_id IS NULL THEN 'guest'
                        WHEN is_guest=0 AND appservice_id IS NOT NULL THEN 'bridged'
                    END AS user_type
                    FROM users
                    WHERE creation_ts > ?
                ) AS t GROUP BY user_type
            """
            results = {"native": 0, "guest": 0, "bridged": 0}
            txn.execute(sql, (yesterday,))
            for row in txn:
                results[row[0]] = row[1]
            return results

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "count_daily_user_type", _count_daily_user_type
        )

    async def count_nonbridged_users(self) -> int:
        def _count_users(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
            txn.execute(
                """
                SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users
                WHERE appservice_id IS NULL
            """
            )
            (count,) = cast(Tuple[int], txn.fetchone())
            return count

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("count_users", _count_users)

    async def count_real_users(self) -> int:
        """Counts all users without a special user_type registered on the homeserver."""

        def _count_users(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
            txn.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users where user_type is null")
            row = txn.fetchone()
            assert row is not None
            return row[0]

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("count_real_users", _count_users)

    async def generate_user_id(self) -> str:
        """Generate a suitable localpart for a guest user

        Returns: a (hopefully) free localpart
        """
        next_id = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "generate_user_id", self._user_id_seq.get_next_id_txn
        )

        return str(next_id)

    async def get_user_id_by_threepid(self, medium: str, address: str) -> Optional[str]:
        """Returns user id from threepid

        Args:
            medium: threepid medium e.g. email
            address: threepid address e.g. me@example.com. This must already be
                in canonical form.

        Returns:
            The user ID or None if no user id/threepid mapping exists
        """
        user_id = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "get_user_id_by_threepid", self.get_user_id_by_threepid_txn, medium, address
        )
        return user_id

    def get_user_id_by_threepid_txn(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, medium: str, address: str
    ) -> Optional[str]:
        """Returns user id from threepid

        Args:
            txn:
            medium: threepid medium e.g. email
            address: threepid address e.g. me@example.com

        Returns:
            user id, or None if no user id/threepid mapping exists
        """
        return self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
            txn,
            "user_threepids",
            {"medium": medium, "address": address},
            "user_id",
            True,
        )

    async def user_add_threepid(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        medium: str,
        address: str,
        validated_at: int,
        added_at: int,
    ) -> None:
        await self.db_pool.simple_upsert(
            "user_threepids",
            {"medium": medium, "address": address},
            {"user_id": user_id, "validated_at": validated_at, "added_at": added_at},
        )

    async def user_get_threepids(self, user_id: str) -> List[ThreepidResult]:
        results = cast(
            List[Tuple[str, str, int, int]],
            await self.db_pool.simple_select_list(
                "user_threepids",
                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
                retcols=["medium", "address", "validated_at", "added_at"],
                desc="user_get_threepids",
            ),
        )
        return [
            ThreepidResult(
                medium=r[0],
                address=r[1],
                validated_at=r[2],
                added_at=r[3],
            )
            for r in results
        ]

    async def user_delete_threepid(
        self, user_id: str, medium: str, address: str
    ) -> None:
        await self.db_pool.simple_delete(
            "user_threepids",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "medium": medium, "address": address},
            desc="user_delete_threepid",
        )

    async def add_user_bound_threepid(
        self, user_id: str, medium: str, address: str, id_server: str
    ) -> None:
        """The server proxied a bind request to the given identity server on
        behalf of the given user. We need to remember this in case the user
        asks us to unbind the threepid.

        Args:
            user_id
            medium
            address
            id_server
        """
        # We need to use an upsert, in case they user had already bound the
        # threepid
        await self.db_pool.simple_upsert(
            table="user_threepid_id_server",
            keyvalues={
                "user_id": user_id,
                "medium": medium,
                "address": address,
                "id_server": id_server,
            },
            values={},
            insertion_values={},
            desc="add_user_bound_threepid",
        )

    async def user_get_bound_threepids(self, user_id: str) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
        """Get the threepids that a user has bound to an identity server through the homeserver
        The homeserver remembers where binds to an identity server occurred. Using this
        method can retrieve those threepids.

        Args:
            user_id: The ID of the user to retrieve threepids for

        Returns:
            List of tuples of two strings:
                medium: The medium of the threepid (e.g "email")
                address: The address of the threepid (e.g "bob@example.com")
        """
        return cast(
            List[Tuple[str, str]],
            await self.db_pool.simple_select_list(
                table="user_threepid_id_server",
                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
                retcols=["medium", "address"],
                desc="user_get_bound_threepids",
            ),
        )

    async def remove_user_bound_threepid(
        self, user_id: str, medium: str, address: str, id_server: str
    ) -> None:
        """The server proxied an unbind request to the given identity server on
        behalf of the given user, so we remove the mapping of threepid to
        identity server.

        Args:
            user_id
            medium
            address
            id_server
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_delete(
            table="user_threepid_id_server",
            keyvalues={
                "user_id": user_id,
                "medium": medium,
                "address": address,
                "id_server": id_server,
            },
            desc="remove_user_bound_threepid",
        )

    async def get_id_servers_user_bound(
        self, user_id: str, medium: str, address: str
    ) -> List[str]:
        """Get the list of identity servers that the server proxied bind
        requests to for given user and threepid

        Args:
            user_id: The user to query for identity servers.
            medium: The medium to query for identity servers.
            address: The address to query for identity servers.

        Returns:
            A list of identity servers
        """
        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_onecol(
            table="user_threepid_id_server",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "medium": medium, "address": address},
            retcol="id_server",
            desc="get_id_servers_user_bound",
        )

    @cached()
    async def get_user_deactivated_status(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        """Retrieve the value for the `deactivated` property for the provided user.

        Args:
            user_id: The ID of the user to retrieve the status for.

        Returns:
            True if the user was deactivated, false if the user is still active.
        """

        res = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            retcol="deactivated",
            desc="get_user_deactivated_status",
        )

        # Convert the integer into a boolean.
        return res == 1

    @cached()
    async def get_user_locked_status(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        """Retrieve the value for the `locked` property for the provided user.

        Args:
            user_id: The ID of the user to retrieve the status for.

        Returns:
            True if the user was locked, false if the user is still active.
        """

        res = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            retcol="locked",
            desc="get_user_locked_status",
        )

        # Convert the potential integer into a boolean.
        return bool(res)

    async def get_threepid_validation_session(
        self,
        medium: Optional[str],
        client_secret: str,
        address: Optional[str] = None,
        sid: Optional[str] = None,
        validated: Optional[bool] = True,
    ) -> Optional[ThreepidValidationSession]:
        """Gets a session_id and last_send_attempt (if available) for a
        combination of validation metadata

        Args:
            medium: The medium of the 3PID
            client_secret: A unique string provided by the client to help identify this
                validation attempt
            address: The address of the 3PID
            sid: The ID of the validation session
            validated: Whether sessions should be filtered by
                whether they have been validated already or not. None to
                perform no filtering

        Returns:
            A ThreepidValidationSession or None if a validation session is not found
        """
        if not client_secret:
            raise SynapseError(
                400, "Missing parameter: client_secret", errcode=Codes.MISSING_PARAM
            )

        keyvalues = {"client_secret": client_secret}
        if medium:
            keyvalues["medium"] = medium
        if address:
            keyvalues["address"] = address
        if sid:
            keyvalues["session_id"] = sid

        assert address or sid

        def get_threepid_validation_session_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction,
        ) -> Optional[ThreepidValidationSession]:
            sql = """
                SELECT address, session_id, medium, client_secret,
                last_send_attempt, validated_at
                FROM threepid_validation_session WHERE %s
                """ % (
                " AND ".join("%s = ?" % k for k in keyvalues.keys()),
            )

            if validated is not None:
                sql += " AND validated_at IS " + ("NOT NULL" if validated else "NULL")

            sql += " LIMIT 1"

            txn.execute(sql, list(keyvalues.values()))
            row = txn.fetchone()
            if not row:
                return None

            return ThreepidValidationSession(
                address=row[0],
                session_id=row[1],
                medium=row[2],
                client_secret=row[3],
                last_send_attempt=row[4],
                validated_at=row[5],
            )

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "get_threepid_validation_session", get_threepid_validation_session_txn
        )

    async def delete_threepid_session(self, session_id: str) -> None:
        """Removes a threepid validation session from the database. This can
        be done after validation has been performed and whatever action was
        waiting on it has been carried out

        Args:
            session_id: The ID of the session to delete
        """

        def delete_threepid_session_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_token",
                keyvalues={"session_id": session_id},
            )
            self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_session",
                keyvalues={"session_id": session_id},
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "delete_threepid_session", delete_threepid_session_txn
        )

    @wrap_as_background_process("cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens")
    async def cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens(self) -> None:
        """Remove threepid validation tokens with expiry dates that have passed"""

        def cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction, ts: int
        ) -> None:
            sql = """
            DELETE FROM threepid_validation_token WHERE
            expires < ?
            """
            txn.execute(sql, (ts,))

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens",
            cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens_txn,
            self._clock.time_msec(),
        )

    @wrap_as_background_process("account_validity_set_expiration_dates")
    async def _set_expiration_date_when_missing(self) -> None:
        """
        Retrieves the list of registered users that don't have an expiration date, and
        adds an expiration date for each of them.
        """

        def select_users_with_no_expiration_date_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            """Retrieves the list of registered users with no expiration date from the
            database, filtering out deactivated users.
            """
            sql = (
                "SELECT users.name FROM users"
                " LEFT JOIN account_validity ON (users.name = account_validity.user_id)"
                " WHERE account_validity.user_id is NULL AND users.deactivated = 0;"
            )
            txn.execute(sql, [])

            for (name,) in txn.fetchall():
                self.set_expiration_date_for_user_txn(txn, name, use_delta=True)

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "get_users_with_no_expiration_date",
            select_users_with_no_expiration_date_txn,
        )

    def set_expiration_date_for_user_txn(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str, use_delta: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        """Sets an expiration date to the account with the given user ID.

        Args:
             user_id: User ID to set an expiration date for.
             use_delta: If set to False, the expiration date for the user will be
                now + validity period. If set to True, this expiration date will be a
                random value in the [now + period - d ; now + period] range, d being a
                delta equal to 10% of the validity period.
        """
        now_ms = self._clock.time_msec()
        assert self._account_validity_period is not None
        expiration_ts = now_ms + self._account_validity_period

        if use_delta:
            assert self._account_validity_startup_job_max_delta is not None
            expiration_ts = random.randrange(
                int(expiration_ts - self._account_validity_startup_job_max_delta),
                expiration_ts,
            )

        self.db_pool.simple_upsert_txn(
            txn,
            "account_validity",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            values={"expiration_ts_ms": expiration_ts, "email_sent": False},
        )

    async def get_user_pending_deactivation(self) -> Optional[str]:
        """
        Gets one user from the table of users waiting to be parted from all the rooms
        they're in.
        """
        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            "users_pending_deactivation",
            keyvalues={},
            retcol="user_id",
            allow_none=True,
            desc="get_users_pending_deactivation",
        )

    async def del_user_pending_deactivation(self, user_id: str) -> None:
        """
        Removes the given user to the table of users who need to be parted from all the
        rooms they're in, effectively marking that user as fully deactivated.
        """
        # XXX: This should be simple_delete_one but we failed to put a unique index on
        # the table, so somehow duplicate entries have ended up in it.
        await self.db_pool.simple_delete(
            "users_pending_deactivation",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id},
            desc="del_user_pending_deactivation",
        )

    async def get_access_token_last_validated(self, token_id: int) -> int:
        """Retrieves the time (in milliseconds) of the last validation of an access token.

        Args:
            token_id: The ID of the access token to update.
        Raises:
            StoreError if the access token was not found.

        Returns:
            The last validation time.
        """
        result = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            "access_tokens", {"id": token_id}, "last_validated"
        )

        # If this token has not been validated (since starting to track this),
        # return 0 instead of None.
        return result or 0

    async def update_access_token_last_validated(self, token_id: int) -> None:
        """Updates the last time an access token was validated.

        Args:
            token_id: The ID of the access token to update.
        Raises:
            StoreError if there was a problem updating this.
        """
        now = self._clock.time_msec()

        await self.db_pool.simple_update_one(
            "access_tokens",
            {"id": token_id},
            {"last_validated": now},
            desc="update_access_token_last_validated",
        )

    async def registration_token_is_valid(self, token: str) -> bool:
        """Checks if a token can be used to authenticate a registration.

        Args:
            token: The registration token to be checked
        Returns:
            True if the token is valid, False otherwise.
        """
        res = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
            "registration_tokens",
            keyvalues={"token": token},
            retcols=["uses_allowed", "pending", "completed", "expiry_time"],
            allow_none=True,
        )

        # Check if the token exists
        if res is None:
            return False

        uses_allowed, pending, completed, expiry_time = res

        # Check if the token has expired
        now = self._clock.time_msec()
        if expiry_time and expiry_time < now:
            return False

        # Check if the token has been used up
        if uses_allowed and pending + completed >= uses_allowed:
            return False

        # Otherwise, the token is valid
        return True

    async def set_registration_token_pending(self, token: str) -> None:
        """Increment the pending registrations counter for a token.

        Args:
            token: The registration token pending use
        """

        def _set_registration_token_pending_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            pending = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
                txn,
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                retcol="pending",
            )
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn,
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                updatevalues={"pending": pending + 1},
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "set_registration_token_pending", _set_registration_token_pending_txn
        )

    async def use_registration_token(self, token: str) -> None:
        """Complete a use of the given registration token.

        The `pending` counter will be decremented, and the `completed`
        counter will be incremented.

        Args:
            token: The registration token to be 'used'
        """

        def _use_registration_token_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            # Normally, res is Optional[Dict[str, Any]].
            # Override type because the return type is only optional if
            # allow_none is True, and we don't want mypy throwing errors
            # about None not being indexable.
            pending, completed = cast(
                Tuple[int, int],
                self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
                    txn,
                    "registration_tokens",
                    keyvalues={"token": token},
                    retcols=["pending", "completed"],
                ),
            )

            # Decrement pending and increment completed
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn,
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                updatevalues={
                    "completed": completed + 1,
                    "pending": pending - 1,
                },
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "use_registration_token", _use_registration_token_txn
        )

    async def get_registration_tokens(
        self, valid: Optional[bool] = None
    ) -> List[Tuple[str, Optional[int], int, int, Optional[int]]]:
        """List all registration tokens. Used by the admin API.

        Args:
            valid: If True, only valid tokens are returned.
              If False, only invalid tokens are returned.
              Default is None: return all tokens regardless of validity.

        Returns:
            A list of tuples containing:
                * The token
                * The number of users allowed (or None)
                * Whether it is pending
                * Whether it has been completed
                * An expiry time (or None if no expiry)
        """

        def select_registration_tokens_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction, now: int, valid: Optional[bool]
        ) -> List[Tuple[str, Optional[int], int, int, Optional[int]]]:
            if valid is None:
                # Return all tokens regardless of validity
                txn.execute(
                    """
                    SELECT token, uses_allowed, pending, completed, expiry_time
                    FROM registration_tokens
                    """
                )

            elif valid:
                # Select valid tokens only
                sql = """
                SELECT token, uses_allowed, pending, completed, expiry_time
                FROM registration_tokens
                WHERE (uses_allowed > pending + completed OR uses_allowed IS NULL)
                    AND (expiry_time > ? OR expiry_time IS NULL)
                """
                txn.execute(sql, [now])

            else:
                # Select invalid tokens only
                sql = """
                SELECT token, uses_allowed, pending, completed, expiry_time
                FROM registration_tokens
                WHERE uses_allowed <= pending + completed OR expiry_time <= ?
                """
                txn.execute(sql, [now])

            return cast(
                List[Tuple[str, Optional[int], int, int, Optional[int]]], txn.fetchall()
            )

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "select_registration_tokens",
            select_registration_tokens_txn,
            self._clock.time_msec(),
            valid,
        )

    async def get_one_registration_token(self, token: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get info about the given registration token. Used by the admin API.

        Args:
            token: The token to retrieve information about.

        Returns:
            A dict, or None if token doesn't exist.
        """
        row = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
            "registration_tokens",
            keyvalues={"token": token},
            retcols=["token", "uses_allowed", "pending", "completed", "expiry_time"],
            allow_none=True,
            desc="get_one_registration_token",
        )
        if row is None:
            return None
        return {
            "token": row[0],
            "uses_allowed": row[1],
            "pending": row[2],
            "completed": row[3],
            "expiry_time": row[4],
        }

    async def generate_registration_token(
        self, length: int, chars: str
    ) -> Optional[str]:
        """Generate a random registration token. Used by the admin API.

        Args:
            length: The length of the token to generate.
            chars: A string of the characters allowed in the generated token.

        Returns:
            The generated token.

        Raises:
            SynapseError if a unique registration token could still not be
            generated after a few tries.
        """
        # Make a few attempts at generating a unique token of the required
        # length before failing.
        for _i in range(3):
            # Generate token
            token = "".join(random.choices(chars, k=length))

            # Check if the token already exists
            existing_token = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                retcol="token",
                allow_none=True,
                desc="check_if_registration_token_exists",
            )

            if existing_token is None:
                # The generated token doesn't exist yet, return it
                return token

        raise SynapseError(
            500,
            "Unable to generate a unique registration token. Try again with a greater length",
            Codes.UNKNOWN,
        )

    async def create_registration_token(
        self, token: str, uses_allowed: Optional[int], expiry_time: Optional[int]
    ) -> bool:
        """Create a new registration token. Used by the admin API.

        Args:
            token: The token to create.
            uses_allowed: The number of times the token can be used to complete
              a registration before it becomes invalid. A value of None indicates
              unlimited uses.
            expiry_time: The latest time the token is valid. Given as the
              number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. A value of
              None indicates that the token does not expire.

        Returns:
            Whether the row was inserted or not.
        """

        def _create_registration_token_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
            row = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
                txn,
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                retcols=["token"],
                allow_none=True,
            )

            if row is not None:
                # Token already exists
                return False

            self.db_pool.simple_insert_txn(
                txn,
                "registration_tokens",
                values={
                    "token": token,
                    "uses_allowed": uses_allowed,
                    "pending": 0,
                    "completed": 0,
                    "expiry_time": expiry_time,
                },
            )

            return True

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "create_registration_token", _create_registration_token_txn
        )

    async def update_registration_token(
        self, token: str, updatevalues: Dict[str, Optional[int]]
    ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Update a registration token. Used by the admin API.

        Args:
            token: The token to update.
            updatevalues: A dict with the fields to update. E.g.:
              `{"uses_allowed": 3}` to update just uses_allowed, or
              `{"uses_allowed": 3, "expiry_time": None}` to update both.
              This is passed straight to simple_update_one.

        Returns:
            A dict with all info about the token, or None if token doesn't exist.
        """

        def _update_registration_token_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction,
        ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
            try:
                self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                    txn,
                    "registration_tokens",
                    keyvalues={"token": token},
                    updatevalues=updatevalues,
                )
            except StoreError:
                # Update failed because token does not exist
                return None

            # Get all info about the token so it can be sent in the response
            result = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
                txn,
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                retcols=[
                    "token",
                    "uses_allowed",
                    "pending",
                    "completed",
                    "expiry_time",
                ],
                allow_none=True,
            )

            if result is None:
                return result

            return {
                "token": result[0],
                "uses_allowed": result[1],
                "pending": result[2],
                "completed": result[3],
                "expiry_time": result[4],
            }

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "update_registration_token", _update_registration_token_txn
        )

    async def delete_registration_token(self, token: str) -> bool:
        """Delete a registration token. Used by the admin API.

        Args:
            token: The token to delete.

        Returns:
            Whether the token was successfully deleted or not.
        """
        try:
            await self.db_pool.simple_delete_one(
                "registration_tokens",
                keyvalues={"token": token},
                desc="delete_registration_token",
            )
        except StoreError:
            # Deletion failed because token does not exist
            return False

        return True

    @cached()
    async def mark_access_token_as_used(self, token_id: int) -> None:
        """
        Mark the access token as used, which invalidates the refresh token used
        to obtain it.

        Because get_user_by_access_token is cached, this function might be
        called multiple times for the same token, effectively doing unnecessary
        SQL updates. Because updating the `used` field only goes one way (from
        False to True) it is safe to cache this function as well to avoid this
        issue.

        Args:
            token_id: The ID of the access token to update.
        Raises:
            StoreError if there was a problem updating this.
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_update_one(
            "access_tokens",
            {"id": token_id},
            {"used": True},
            desc="mark_access_token_as_used",
        )

    async def lookup_refresh_token(
        self, token: str
    ) -> Optional[RefreshTokenLookupResult]:
        """Lookup a refresh token with hints about its validity."""

        def _lookup_refresh_token_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction,
        ) -> Optional[RefreshTokenLookupResult]:
            txn.execute(
                """
                SELECT
                    rt.id token_id,
                    rt.user_id,
                    rt.device_id,
                    rt.next_token_id,
                    (nrt.next_token_id IS NOT NULL) AS has_next_refresh_token_been_refreshed,
                    at.used AS has_next_access_token_been_used,
                    rt.expiry_ts,
                    rt.ultimate_session_expiry_ts
                FROM refresh_tokens rt
                LEFT JOIN refresh_tokens nrt ON rt.next_token_id = nrt.id
                LEFT JOIN access_tokens at ON at.refresh_token_id = nrt.id
                WHERE rt.token = ?
            """,
                (token,),
            )
            row = txn.fetchone()

            if row is None:
                return None

            return RefreshTokenLookupResult(
                token_id=row[0],
                user_id=row[1],
                device_id=row[2],
                next_token_id=row[3],
                # SQLite returns 0 or 1 for false/true, so convert to a bool.
                has_next_refresh_token_been_refreshed=bool(row[4]),
                # This column is nullable, ensure it's a boolean
                has_next_access_token_been_used=(row[5] or False),
                expiry_ts=row[6],
                ultimate_session_expiry_ts=row[7],
            )

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "lookup_refresh_token", _lookup_refresh_token_txn
        )

    async def replace_refresh_token(self, token_id: int, next_token_id: int) -> None:
        """
        Set the successor of a refresh token, removing the existing successor
        if any.

        This also deletes the predecessor refresh and access tokens,
        since they cannot be valid anymore.

        Args:
            token_id: ID of the refresh token to update.
            next_token_id: ID of its successor.
        """

        def _replace_refresh_token_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            # First check if there was an existing refresh token
            old_next_token_id = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
                txn,
                "refresh_tokens",
                {"id": token_id},
                "next_token_id",
                allow_none=True,
            )

            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn,
                "refresh_tokens",
                {"id": token_id},
                {"next_token_id": next_token_id},
            )

            # Delete the old "next" token if it exists. This should cascade and
            # delete the associated access_token
            if old_next_token_id is not None:
                self.db_pool.simple_delete_one_txn(
                    txn,
                    "refresh_tokens",
                    {"id": old_next_token_id},
                )

            # Delete the previous refresh token, since we only want to keep the
            # last 2 refresh tokens in the database.
            # (The predecessor of the latest refresh token is still useful in
            # case the refresh was interrupted and the client re-uses the old
            # one.)
            # This cascades to delete the associated access token.
            self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
                txn, "refresh_tokens", {"next_token_id": token_id}
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "replace_refresh_token", _replace_refresh_token_txn
        )

    async def add_login_token_to_user(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        token: str,
        expiry_ts: int,
        auth_provider_id: Optional[str],
        auth_provider_session_id: Optional[str],
    ) -> None:
        """Adds a short-term login token for the given user.

        Args:
            user_id: The user ID.
            token: The new login token to add.
            expiry_ts (milliseconds since the epoch): Time after which the login token
                cannot be used.
            auth_provider_id: The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with
                to get this token, if any
            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity
                Provider, if any.
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_insert(
            "login_tokens",
            {
                "token": token,
                "user_id": user_id,
                "expiry_ts": expiry_ts,
                "auth_provider_id": auth_provider_id,
                "auth_provider_session_id": auth_provider_session_id,
            },
            desc="add_login_token_to_user",
        )

    def _consume_login_token(
        self,
        txn: LoggingTransaction,
        token: str,
        ts: int,
    ) -> LoginTokenLookupResult:
        values = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
            txn,
            "login_tokens",
            keyvalues={"token": token},
            retcols=(
                "user_id",
                "expiry_ts",
                "used_ts",
                "auth_provider_id",
                "auth_provider_session_id",
            ),
            allow_none=True,
        )

        if values is None:
            raise NotFoundError()

        self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
            txn,
            "login_tokens",
            keyvalues={"token": token},
            updatevalues={"used_ts": ts},
        )
        (
            user_id,
            expiry_ts,
            used_ts,
            auth_provider_id,
            auth_provider_session_id,
        ) = values

        # Token was already used
        if used_ts is not None:
            raise LoginTokenReused()

        # Token expired
        if ts > int(expiry_ts):
            raise LoginTokenExpired()

        return LoginTokenLookupResult(
            user_id=user_id,
            auth_provider_id=auth_provider_id,
            auth_provider_session_id=auth_provider_session_id,
        )

    async def consume_login_token(self, token: str) -> LoginTokenLookupResult:
        """Lookup a login token and consume it.

        Args:
            token: The login token.

        Returns:
            The data stored with that token, including the `user_id`. Returns `None` if
            the token does not exist or if it expired.

        Raises:
            NotFound if the login token was not found in database
            LoginTokenExpired if the login token expired
            LoginTokenReused if the login token was already used
        """
        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "consume_login_token",
            self._consume_login_token,
            token,
            self._clock.time_msec(),
        )

    async def invalidate_login_tokens_by_session_id(
        self, auth_provider_id: str, auth_provider_session_id: str
    ) -> None:
        """Invalidate login tokens with the given IdP session ID.

        Args:
            auth_provider_id: The SSO Identity Provider that the user authenticated with
                to get this token
            auth_provider_session_id: The session ID advertised by the SSO Identity
                Provider
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_update(
            table="login_tokens",
            keyvalues={
                "auth_provider_id": auth_provider_id,
                "auth_provider_session_id": auth_provider_session_id,
            },
            updatevalues={"used_ts": self._clock.time_msec()},
            desc="invalidate_login_tokens_by_session_id",
        )

    @cached()
    async def is_guest(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        res = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            retcol="is_guest",
            allow_none=True,
            desc="is_guest",
        )

        return res if res else False

    @cached()
    async def is_user_approved(self, user_id: str) -> bool:
        """Checks if a user is approved and therefore can be allowed to log in.

        If the user's 'approved' column is NULL, we consider it as true given it means
        the user was registered when support for an approval flow was either disabled
        or nonexistent.

        Args:
            user_id: the user to check the approval status of.

        Returns:
            A boolean that is True if the user is approved, False otherwise.
        """

        def is_user_approved_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
            txn.execute(
                """
                SELECT COALESCE(approved, TRUE) AS approved FROM users WHERE name = ?
                """,
                (user_id,),
            )

            row = txn.fetchone()
            assert row is not None

            # We cast to bool because the value returned by the database engine might
            # be an integer if we're using SQLite.
            return bool(row[0])

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            desc="is_user_pending_approval",
            func=is_user_approved_txn,
        )


class RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore(RegistrationWorkerStore):
    def __init__(
        self,
        database: DatabasePool,
        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
        hs: "HomeServer",
    ):
        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)

        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
        self.config = hs.config

        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
            "access_tokens_device_index",
            index_name="access_tokens_device_id",
            table="access_tokens",
            columns=["user_id", "device_id"],
        )

        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
            "users_creation_ts",
            index_name="users_creation_ts",
            table="users",
            columns=["creation_ts"],
        )

        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler(
            "users_set_deactivated_flag", self._background_update_set_deactivated_flag
        )

        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
            "user_external_ids_user_id_idx",
            index_name="user_external_ids_user_id_idx",
            table="user_external_ids",
            columns=["user_id"],
            unique=False,
        )

    async def _background_update_set_deactivated_flag(
        self, progress: JsonDict, batch_size: int
    ) -> int:
        """Retrieves a list of all deactivated users and sets the 'deactivated' flag to 1
        for each of them.
        """

        last_user = progress.get("user_id", "")

        def _background_update_set_deactivated_flag_txn(
            txn: LoggingTransaction,
        ) -> Tuple[bool, int]:
            txn.execute(
                """
                SELECT
                    users.name,
                    COUNT(access_tokens.token) AS count_tokens,
                    COUNT(user_threepids.address) AS count_threepids
                FROM users
                    LEFT JOIN access_tokens ON (access_tokens.user_id = users.name)
                    LEFT JOIN user_threepids ON (user_threepids.user_id = users.name)
                WHERE (users.password_hash IS NULL OR users.password_hash = '')
                AND (users.appservice_id IS NULL OR users.appservice_id = '')
                AND users.is_guest = 0
                AND users.name > ?
                GROUP BY users.name
                ORDER BY users.name ASC
                LIMIT ?;
                """,
                (last_user, batch_size),
            )

            rows = txn.fetchall()

            if not rows:
                return True, 0

            rows_processed_nb = 0

            for name, count_tokens, count_threepids in rows:
                if not count_tokens and not count_threepids:
                    self.set_user_deactivated_status_txn(txn, name, True)
                    rows_processed_nb += 1

            logger.info("Marked %d rows as deactivated", rows_processed_nb)

            self.db_pool.updates._background_update_progress_txn(
                txn, "users_set_deactivated_flag", {"user_id": rows[-1][0]}
            )

            if batch_size > len(rows):
                return True, len(rows)
            else:
                return False, len(rows)

        end, nb_processed = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "users_set_deactivated_flag", _background_update_set_deactivated_flag_txn
        )

        if end:
            await self.db_pool.updates._end_background_update(
                "users_set_deactivated_flag"
            )

        return nb_processed

    async def set_user_deactivated_status(
        self, user_id: str, deactivated: bool
    ) -> None:
        """Set the `deactivated` property for the provided user to the provided value.

        Args:
            user_id: The ID of the user to set the status for.
            deactivated: The value to set for `deactivated`.
        """

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "set_user_deactivated_status",
            self.set_user_deactivated_status_txn,
            user_id,
            deactivated,
        )

    def set_user_deactivated_status_txn(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str, deactivated: bool
    ) -> None:
        self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
            txn=txn,
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            updatevalues={"deactivated": 1 if deactivated else 0},
        )
        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
            txn, self.get_user_deactivated_status, (user_id,)
        )
        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
        txn.call_after(self.is_guest.invalidate, (user_id,))

    async def set_user_locked_status(self, user_id: str, locked: bool) -> None:
        """Set the `locked` property for the provided user to the provided value.

        Args:
            user_id: The ID of the user to set the status for.
            locked: The value to set for `locked`.
        """

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "set_user_locked_status",
            self.set_user_locked_status_txn,
            user_id,
            locked,
        )

    def set_user_locked_status_txn(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str, locked: bool
    ) -> None:
        self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
            txn=txn,
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            updatevalues={"locked": locked},
        )
        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_locked_status, (user_id,))
        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))

    def update_user_approval_status_txn(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str, approved: bool
    ) -> None:
        """Set the user's 'approved' flag to the given value.

        The boolean is turned into an int because the column is a smallint.

        Args:
            txn: the current database transaction.
            user_id: the user to update the flag for.
            approved: the value to set the flag to.
        """
        self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
            txn=txn,
            table="users",
            keyvalues={"name": user_id},
            updatevalues={"approved": approved},
        )

        # Invalidate the caches of methods that read the value of the 'approved' flag.
        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.is_user_approved, (user_id,))


class RegistrationStore(StatsStore, RegistrationBackgroundUpdateStore):
    def __init__(
        self,
        database: DatabasePool,
        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
        hs: "HomeServer",
    ):
        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)

        self._ignore_unknown_session_error = (
            hs.config.server.request_token_inhibit_3pid_errors
        )

        self._access_tokens_id_gen = IdGenerator(db_conn, "access_tokens", "id")
        self._refresh_tokens_id_gen = IdGenerator(db_conn, "refresh_tokens", "id")

        # If support for MSC3866 is enabled and configured to require approval for new
        # account, we will create new users with an 'approved' flag set to false.
        self._require_approval = (
            hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled
            and hs.config.experimental.msc3866.require_approval_for_new_accounts
        )

        # Create a background job for removing expired login tokens
        if hs.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
            self._clock.looping_call(
                self._delete_expired_login_tokens, THIRTY_MINUTES_IN_MS
            )

    async def add_access_token_to_user(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        token: str,
        device_id: Optional[str],
        valid_until_ms: Optional[int],
        puppets_user_id: Optional[str] = None,
        refresh_token_id: Optional[int] = None,
    ) -> int:
        """Adds an access token for the given user.

        Args:
            user_id: The user ID.
            token: The new access token to add.
            device_id: ID of the device to associate with the access token.
            valid_until_ms: when the token is valid until. None for no expiry.
            puppets_user_id
            refresh_token_id: ID of the refresh token generated alongside this
                access token.
        Raises:
            StoreError if there was a problem adding this.
        Returns:
            The token ID
        """
        next_id = self._access_tokens_id_gen.get_next()
        now = self._clock.time_msec()

        await self.db_pool.simple_insert(
            "access_tokens",
            {
                "id": next_id,
                "user_id": user_id,
                "token": token,
                "device_id": device_id,
                "valid_until_ms": valid_until_ms,
                "puppets_user_id": puppets_user_id,
                "last_validated": now,
                "refresh_token_id": refresh_token_id,
                "used": False,
            },
            desc="add_access_token_to_user",
        )

        return next_id

    async def add_refresh_token_to_user(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        token: str,
        device_id: Optional[str],
        expiry_ts: Optional[int],
        ultimate_session_expiry_ts: Optional[int],
    ) -> int:
        """Adds a refresh token for the given user.

        Args:
            user_id: The user ID.
            token: The new access token to add.
            device_id: ID of the device to associate with the refresh token.
            expiry_ts (milliseconds since the epoch): Time after which the
                refresh token cannot be used.
                If None, the refresh token never expires until it has been used.
            ultimate_session_expiry_ts (milliseconds since the epoch):
                Time at which the session will end and can not be extended any
                further.
                If None, the session can be refreshed indefinitely.
        Raises:
            StoreError if there was a problem adding this.
        Returns:
            The token ID
        """
        next_id = self._refresh_tokens_id_gen.get_next()

        await self.db_pool.simple_insert(
            "refresh_tokens",
            {
                "id": next_id,
                "user_id": user_id,
                "device_id": device_id,
                "token": token,
                "next_token_id": None,
                "expiry_ts": expiry_ts,
                "ultimate_session_expiry_ts": ultimate_session_expiry_ts,
            },
            desc="add_refresh_token_to_user",
        )

        return next_id

    async def set_device_for_refresh_token(
        self, user_id: str, old_device_id: str, device_id: str
    ) -> None:
        """Moves refresh tokens from old device to current device

        Args:
            user_id: The user of the devices.
            old_device_id: The old device.
            device_id: The new device ID.
        Returns:
            None
        """

        await self.db_pool.simple_update(
            "refresh_tokens",
            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "device_id": old_device_id},
            updatevalues={"device_id": device_id},
            desc="set_device_for_refresh_token",
        )

    def _set_device_for_access_token_txn(
        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, token: str, device_id: str
    ) -> str:
        old_device_id = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
            txn, "access_tokens", {"token": token}, "device_id"
        )

        self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
            txn, "access_tokens", {"token": token}, {"device_id": device_id}
        )

        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_access_token, (token,))

        return old_device_id

    async def set_device_for_access_token(self, token: str, device_id: str) -> str:
        """Sets the device ID associated with an access token.

        Args:
            token: The access token to modify.
            device_id: The new device ID.
        Returns:
            The old device ID associated with the access token.
        """

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "set_device_for_access_token",
            self._set_device_for_access_token_txn,
            token,
            device_id,
        )

    async def register_user(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        password_hash: Optional[str] = None,
        was_guest: bool = False,
        make_guest: bool = False,
        appservice_id: Optional[str] = None,
        create_profile_with_displayname: Optional[str] = None,
        admin: bool = False,
        user_type: Optional[str] = None,
        shadow_banned: bool = False,
        approved: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Attempts to register an account.

        Args:
            user_id: The desired user ID to register.
            password_hash: Optional. The password hash for this user.
            was_guest: Whether this is a guest account being upgraded to a
                non-guest account.
            make_guest: True if the the new user should be guest, false to add a
                regular user account.
            appservice_id: The ID of the appservice registering the user.
            create_profile_with_displayname: Optionally create a profile for
                the user, setting their displayname to the given value
            admin: is an admin user?
            user_type: type of user. One of the values from api.constants.UserTypes,
                or None for a normal user.
            shadow_banned: Whether the user is shadow-banned, i.e. they may be
                told their requests succeeded but we ignore them.
            approved: Whether to consider the user has already been approved by an
                administrator.

        Raises:
            StoreError if the user_id could not be registered.
        """
        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "register_user",
            self._register_user,
            user_id,
            password_hash,
            was_guest,
            make_guest,
            appservice_id,
            create_profile_with_displayname,
            admin,
            user_type,
            shadow_banned,
            approved,
        )

    def _register_user(
        self,
        txn: LoggingTransaction,
        user_id: str,
        password_hash: Optional[str],
        was_guest: bool,
        make_guest: bool,
        appservice_id: Optional[str],
        create_profile_with_displayname: Optional[str],
        admin: bool,
        user_type: Optional[str],
        shadow_banned: bool,
        approved: bool,
    ) -> None:
        user_id_obj = UserID.from_string(user_id)

        now = int(self._clock.time())

        user_approved = approved or not self._require_approval

        try:
            if was_guest:
                # Ensure that the guest user actually exists
                # ``allow_none=False`` makes this raise an exception
                # if the row isn't in the database.
                self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
                    txn,
                    "users",
                    keyvalues={"name": user_id, "is_guest": 1},
                    retcols=("name",),
                    allow_none=False,
                )

                self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                    txn,
                    "users",
                    keyvalues={"name": user_id, "is_guest": 1},
                    updatevalues={
                        "password_hash": password_hash,
                        "upgrade_ts": now,
                        "is_guest": 1 if make_guest else 0,
                        "appservice_id": appservice_id,
                        "admin": 1 if admin else 0,
                        "user_type": user_type,
                        "shadow_banned": shadow_banned,
                        "approved": user_approved,
                    },
                )
            else:
                self.db_pool.simple_insert_txn(
                    txn,
                    "users",
                    values={
                        "name": user_id,
                        "password_hash": password_hash,
                        "creation_ts": now,
                        "is_guest": 1 if make_guest else 0,
                        "appservice_id": appservice_id,
                        "admin": 1 if admin else 0,
                        "user_type": user_type,
                        "shadow_banned": shadow_banned,
                        "approved": user_approved,
                    },
                )

        except self.database_engine.module.IntegrityError:
            raise StoreError(400, "User ID already taken.", errcode=Codes.USER_IN_USE)

        if self._account_validity_enabled:
            self.set_expiration_date_for_user_txn(txn, user_id)

        if create_profile_with_displayname:
            # set a default displayname serverside to avoid ugly race
            # between auto-joins and clients trying to set displaynames
            #
            # *obviously* the 'profiles' table uses localpart for user_id
            # while everything else uses the full mxid.
            txn.execute(
                "INSERT INTO profiles(full_user_id, user_id, displayname) VALUES (?,?,?)",
                (user_id, user_id_obj.localpart, create_profile_with_displayname),
            )

        if self.hs.config.stats.stats_enabled:
            # we create a new completed user statistics row

            # we don't strictly need current_token since this user really can't
            # have any state deltas before now (as it is a new user), but still,
            # we include it for completeness.
            current_token = self._get_max_stream_id_in_current_state_deltas_txn(txn)
            self._update_stats_delta_txn(
                txn, now, "user", user_id, {}, complete_with_stream_id=current_token
            )

        self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))

    async def user_set_password_hash(
        self, user_id: str, password_hash: Optional[str]
    ) -> None:
        """
        NB. This does *not* evict any cache because the one use for this
            removes most of the entries subsequently anyway so it would be
            pointless. Use flush_user separately.
        """

        def user_set_password_hash_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn, "users", {"name": user_id}, {"password_hash": password_hash}
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "user_set_password_hash", user_set_password_hash_txn
        )

    async def user_set_consent_version(
        self, user_id: str, consent_version: str
    ) -> None:
        """Updates the user table to record privacy policy consent

        Args:
            user_id: full mxid of the user to update
            consent_version: version of the policy the user has consented to

        Raises:
            StoreError(404) if user not found
        """

        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn,
                table="users",
                keyvalues={"name": user_id},
                updatevalues={
                    "consent_version": consent_version,
                    "consent_ts": self._clock.time_msec(),
                },
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("user_set_consent_version", f)

    async def user_set_consent_server_notice_sent(
        self, user_id: str, consent_version: str
    ) -> None:
        """Updates the user table to record that we have sent the user a server
        notice about privacy policy consent

        Args:
            user_id: full mxid of the user to update
            consent_version: version of the policy we have notified the user about

        Raises:
            StoreError(404) if user not found
        """

        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_update_one_txn(
                txn,
                table="users",
                keyvalues={"name": user_id},
                updatevalues={"consent_server_notice_sent": consent_version},
            )
            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("user_set_consent_server_notice_sent", f)

    async def user_delete_access_tokens(
        self,
        user_id: str,
        except_token_id: Optional[int] = None,
        device_id: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[Tuple[str, int, Optional[str]]]:
        """
        Invalidate access and refresh tokens belonging to a user

        Args:
            user_id: ID of user the tokens belong to
            except_token_id: access_tokens ID which should *not* be deleted
            device_id: ID of device the tokens are associated with.
                If None, tokens associated with any device (or no device) will
                be deleted
        Returns:
            A tuple of (token, token id, device id) for each of the deleted tokens
        """

        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> List[Tuple[str, int, Optional[str]]]:
            keyvalues = {"user_id": user_id}
            if device_id is not None:
                keyvalues["device_id"] = device_id

            items = keyvalues.items()
            where_clause = " AND ".join(k + " = ?" for k, _ in items)
            values: List[Union[str, int]] = [v for _, v in items]
            # Conveniently, refresh_tokens and access_tokens both use the user_id and device_id fields. Only caveat
            # is the `except_token_id` param that is tricky to get right, so for now we're just using the same where
            # clause and values before we handle that. This seems to be only used in the "set password" handler.
            refresh_where_clause = where_clause
            refresh_values = values.copy()
            if except_token_id:
                # TODO: support that for refresh tokens
                where_clause += " AND id != ?"
                values.append(except_token_id)

            txn.execute(
                "SELECT token, id, device_id FROM access_tokens WHERE %s"
                % where_clause,
                values,
            )
            tokens_and_devices = [(r[0], r[1], r[2]) for r in txn]

            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream_bulk(
                txn,
                self.get_user_by_access_token,
                [(token,) for token, _, _ in tokens_and_devices],
            )

            txn.execute("DELETE FROM access_tokens WHERE %s" % where_clause, values)

            txn.execute(
                "DELETE FROM refresh_tokens WHERE %s" % refresh_where_clause,
                refresh_values,
            )

            return tokens_and_devices

        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("user_delete_access_tokens", f)

    async def delete_access_token(self, access_token: str) -> None:
        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_delete_one_txn(
                txn, table="access_tokens", keyvalues={"token": access_token}
            )

            self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
                txn, self.get_user_by_access_token, (access_token,)
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("delete_access_token", f)

    async def delete_refresh_token(self, refresh_token: str) -> None:
        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            self.db_pool.simple_delete_one_txn(
                txn, table="refresh_tokens", keyvalues={"token": refresh_token}
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction("delete_refresh_token", f)

    async def add_user_pending_deactivation(self, user_id: str) -> None:
        """
        Adds a user to the table of users who need to be parted from all the rooms they're
        in
        """
        await self.db_pool.simple_insert(
            "users_pending_deactivation",
            values={"user_id": user_id},
            desc="add_user_pending_deactivation",
        )

    async def validate_threepid_session(
        self, session_id: str, client_secret: str, token: str, current_ts: int
    ) -> Optional[str]:
        """Attempt to validate a threepid session using a token

        Args:
            session_id: The id of a validation session
            client_secret: A unique string provided by the client to help identify
                this validation attempt
            token: A validation token
            current_ts: The current unix time in milliseconds. Used for checking
                token expiry status

        Raises:
            ThreepidValidationError: if a matching validation token was not found or has
                expired

        Returns:
            A str representing a link to redirect the user to if there is one.
        """

        # Insert everything into a transaction in order to run atomically
        def validate_threepid_session_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> Optional[str]:
            row = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_session",
                keyvalues={"session_id": session_id},
                retcols=["client_secret", "validated_at"],
                allow_none=True,
            )

            if not row:
                if self._ignore_unknown_session_error:
                    # If we need to inhibit the error caused by an incorrect session ID,
                    # use None as placeholder values for the client secret and the
                    # validation timestamp.
                    # It shouldn't be an issue because they're both only checked after
                    # the token check, which should fail. And if it doesn't for some
                    # reason, the next check is on the client secret, which is NOT NULL,
                    # so we don't have to worry about the client secret matching by
                    # accident.
                    row = None, None
                else:
                    raise ThreepidValidationError("Unknown session_id")

            retrieved_client_secret, validated_at = row

            row = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_token",
                keyvalues={"session_id": session_id, "token": token},
                retcols=["expires", "next_link"],
                allow_none=True,
            )

            if not row:
                raise ThreepidValidationError(
                    "Validation token not found or has expired"
                )
            expires, next_link = row

            if retrieved_client_secret != client_secret:
                raise ThreepidValidationError(
                    "This client_secret does not match the provided session_id"
                )

            # If the session is already validated, no need to revalidate
            if validated_at:
                return next_link

            if expires <= current_ts:
                raise ThreepidValidationError(
                    "This token has expired. Please request a new one"
                )

            # Looks good. Validate the session
            self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_session",
                keyvalues={"session_id": session_id},
                updatevalues={"validated_at": self._clock.time_msec()},
            )

            return next_link

        # Return next_link if it exists
        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "validate_threepid_session_txn", validate_threepid_session_txn
        )

    async def start_or_continue_validation_session(
        self,
        medium: str,
        address: str,
        session_id: str,
        client_secret: str,
        send_attempt: int,
        next_link: Optional[str],
        token: str,
        token_expires: int,
    ) -> None:
        """Creates a new threepid validation session if it does not already
        exist and associates a new validation token with it

        Args:
            medium: The medium of the 3PID
            address: The address of the 3PID
            session_id: The id of this validation session
            client_secret: A unique string provided by the client to help
                identify this validation attempt
            send_attempt: The latest send_attempt on this session
            next_link: The link to redirect the user to upon successful validation
            token: The validation token
            token_expires: The timestamp for which after the token will no
                longer be valid
        """

        def start_or_continue_validation_session_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
            # Create or update a validation session
            self.db_pool.simple_upsert_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_session",
                keyvalues={"session_id": session_id},
                values={"last_send_attempt": send_attempt},
                insertion_values={
                    "medium": medium,
                    "address": address,
                    "client_secret": client_secret,
                },
            )

            # Create a new validation token with this session ID
            self.db_pool.simple_insert_txn(
                txn,
                table="threepid_validation_token",
                values={
                    "session_id": session_id,
                    "token": token,
                    "next_link": next_link,
                    "expires": token_expires,
                },
            )

        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "start_or_continue_validation_session",
            start_or_continue_validation_session_txn,
        )

    async def update_user_approval_status(
        self, user_id: UserID, approved: bool
    ) -> None:
        """Set the user's 'approved' flag to the given value.

        The boolean will be turned into an int (in update_user_approval_status_txn)
        because the column is a smallint.

        Args:
            user_id: the user to update the flag for.
            approved: the value to set the flag to.
        """
        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "update_user_approval_status",
            self.update_user_approval_status_txn,
            user_id.to_string(),
            approved,
        )

    @wrap_as_background_process("delete_expired_login_tokens")
    async def _delete_expired_login_tokens(self) -> None:
        """Remove login tokens with expiry dates that have passed."""

        def _delete_expired_login_tokens_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction, ts: int) -> None:
            sql = "DELETE FROM login_tokens WHERE expiry_ts <= ?"
            txn.execute(sql, (ts,))

        # We keep the expired tokens for an extra 5 minutes so we can measure how many
        # times a token is being used after its expiry
        now = self._clock.time_msec()
        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
            "delete_expired_login_tokens",
            _delete_expired_login_tokens_txn,
            now - (5 * 60 * 1000),
        )


def find_max_generated_user_id_localpart(cur: Cursor) -> int:
    """
    Gets the localpart of the max current generated user ID.

    Generated user IDs are integers, so we find the largest integer user ID
    already taken and return that.
    """

    # We bound between '@0' and '@a' to avoid pulling the entire table
    # out.
    cur.execute("SELECT name FROM users WHERE '@0' <= name AND name < '@a'")

    regex = re.compile(r"^@(\d+):")

    max_found = 0

    for (user_id,) in cur:
        match = regex.search(user_id)
        if match:
            max_found = max(int(match.group(1)), max_found)
    return max_found