path: root/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py

# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
# Copyright 2020 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

from collections import OrderedDict
from typing import Hashable, Optional, Tuple

from synapse.api.errors import LimitExceededError
from synapse.config.ratelimiting import RateLimitConfig
from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
from synapse.types import Requester
from synapse.util import Clock


class Ratelimiter:
    """
    Ratelimit actions marked by arbitrary keys.

    Args:
        clock: A homeserver clock, for retrieving the current time
        rate_hz: The long term number of actions that can be performed in a second.
        burst_count: How many actions that can be performed before being limited.
    """

    def __init__(
        self, store: DataStore, clock: Clock, rate_hz: float, burst_count: int
    ):
        self.clock = clock
        self.rate_hz = rate_hz
        self.burst_count = burst_count
        self.store = store

        # A ordered dictionary keeping track of actions, when they were last
        # performed and how often. Each entry is a mapping from a key of arbitrary type
        # to a tuple representing:
        #   * How many times an action has occurred since a point in time
        #   * The point in time
        #   * The rate_hz of this particular entry. This can vary per request
        self.actions: OrderedDict[Hashable, Tuple[float, float, float]] = OrderedDict()

    async def can_do_action(
        self,
        requester: Optional[Requester],
        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
        rate_hz: Optional[float] = None,
        burst_count: Optional[int] = None,
        update: bool = True,
        n_actions: int = 1,
        _time_now_s: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[bool, float]:
        """Can the entity (e.g. user or IP address) perform the action?

        Checks if the user has ratelimiting disabled in the database by looking
        for null/zero values in the `ratelimit_override` table. (Non-zero
        values aren't honoured, as they're specific to the event sending
        ratelimiter, rather than all ratelimiters)

        Args:
            requester: The requester that is doing the action, if any. Used to check
                if the user has ratelimits disabled in the database.
            key: An arbitrary key used to classify an action. Defaults to the
                requester's user ID.
            rate_hz: The long term number of actions that can be performed in a second.
                Overrides the value set during instantiation if set.
            burst_count: How many actions that can be performed before being limited.
                Overrides the value set during instantiation if set.
            update: Whether to count this check as performing the action
            n_actions: The number of times the user wants to do this action. If the user
                cannot do all of the actions, the user's action count is not incremented
                at all.
            _time_now_s: The current time. Optional, defaults to the current time according
                to self.clock. Only used by tests.

        Returns:
            A tuple containing:
                * A bool indicating if they can perform the action now
                * The reactor timestamp for when the action can be performed next.
                  -1 if rate_hz is less than or equal to zero
        """
        if key is None:
            if not requester:
                raise ValueError("Must supply at least one of `requester` or `key`")

            key = requester.user.to_string()

        if requester:
            # Disable rate limiting of users belonging to any AS that is configured
            # not to be rate limited in its registration file (rate_limited: true|false).
            if requester.app_service and not requester.app_service.is_rate_limited():
                return True, -1.0

            # Check if ratelimiting has been disabled for the user.
            #
            # Note that we don't use the returned rate/burst count, as the table
            # is specifically for the event sending ratelimiter. Instead, we
            # only use it to (somewhat cheekily) infer whether the user should
            # be subject to any rate limiting or not.
            override = await self.store.get_ratelimit_for_user(
                requester.authenticated_entity
            )
            if override and not override.messages_per_second:
                return True, -1.0

        # Override default values if set
        time_now_s = _time_now_s if _time_now_s is not None else self.clock.time()
        rate_hz = rate_hz if rate_hz is not None else self.rate_hz
        burst_count = burst_count if burst_count is not None else self.burst_count

        # Remove any expired entries
        self._prune_message_counts(time_now_s)

        # Check if there is an existing count entry for this key
        action_count, time_start, _ = self.actions.get(key, (0.0, time_now_s, 0.0))

        # Check whether performing another action is allowed
        time_delta = time_now_s - time_start
        performed_count = action_count - time_delta * rate_hz
        if performed_count < 0:
            performed_count = 0
            time_start = time_now_s

        # This check would be easier read as performed_count + n_actions > burst_count,
        # but performed_count might be a very precise float (with lots of numbers
        # following the point) in which case Python might round it up when adding it to
        # n_actions. Writing it this way ensures it doesn't happen.
        if performed_count > burst_count - n_actions:
            # Deny, we have exceeded our burst count
            allowed = False
        else:
            # We haven't reached our limit yet
            allowed = True
            action_count = performed_count + n_actions

        if update:
            self.actions[key] = (action_count, time_start, rate_hz)

        if rate_hz > 0:
            # Find out when the count of existing actions expires
            time_allowed = time_start + (action_count - burst_count + 1) / rate_hz

            # Don't give back a time in the past
            if time_allowed < time_now_s:
                time_allowed = time_now_s

        else:
            # XXX: Why is this -1? This seems to only be used in
            # self.ratelimit. I guess so that clients get a time in the past and don't
            # feel afraid to try again immediately
            time_allowed = -1

        return allowed, time_allowed

    def _prune_message_counts(self, time_now_s: float) -> None:
        """Remove message count entries that have not exceeded their defined
        rate_hz limit

        Args:
            time_now_s: The current time
        """
        # We create a copy of the key list here as the dictionary is modified during
        # the loop
        for key in list(self.actions.keys()):
            action_count, time_start, rate_hz = self.actions[key]

            # Rate limit = "seconds since we started limiting this action" * rate_hz
            # If this limit has not been exceeded, wipe our record of this action
            time_delta = time_now_s - time_start
            if action_count - time_delta * rate_hz > 0:
                continue
            else:
                del self.actions[key]

    async def ratelimit(
        self,
        requester: Optional[Requester],
        key: Optional[Hashable] = None,
        rate_hz: Optional[float] = None,
        burst_count: Optional[int] = None,
        update: bool = True,
        n_actions: int = 1,
        _time_now_s: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Checks if an action can be performed. If not, raises a LimitExceededError

        Checks if the user has ratelimiting disabled in the database by looking
        for null/zero values in the `ratelimit_override` table. (Non-zero
        values aren't honoured, as they're specific to the event sending
        ratelimiter, rather than all ratelimiters)

        Args:
            requester: The requester that is doing the action, if any. Used to check for
                if the user has ratelimits disabled.
            key: An arbitrary key used to classify an action. Defaults to the
                requester's user ID.
            rate_hz: The long term number of actions that can be performed in a second.
                Overrides the value set during instantiation if set.
            burst_count: How many actions that can be performed before being limited.
                Overrides the value set during instantiation if set.
            update: Whether to count this check as performing the action
            n_actions: The number of times the user wants to do this action. If the user
                cannot do all of the actions, the user's action count is not incremented
                at all.
            _time_now_s: The current time. Optional, defaults to the current time according
                to self.clock. Only used by tests.

        Raises:
            LimitExceededError: If an action could not be performed, along with the time in
                milliseconds until the action can be performed again
        """
        time_now_s = _time_now_s if _time_now_s is not None else self.clock.time()

        allowed, time_allowed = await self.can_do_action(
            requester,
            key,
            rate_hz=rate_hz,
            burst_count=burst_count,
            update=update,
            n_actions=n_actions,
            _time_now_s=time_now_s,
        )

        if not allowed:
            raise LimitExceededError(
                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now_s))
            )


class RequestRatelimiter:
    def __init__(
        self,
        store: DataStore,
        clock: Clock,
        rc_message: RateLimitConfig,
        rc_admin_redaction: Optional[RateLimitConfig],
    ):
        self.store = store
        self.clock = clock

        # The rate_hz and burst_count are overridden on a per-user basis
        self.request_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter(
            store=self.store, clock=self.clock, rate_hz=0, burst_count=0
        )
        self._rc_message = rc_message

        # Check whether ratelimiting room admin message redaction is enabled
        # by the presence of rate limits in the config
        if rc_admin_redaction:
            self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter: Optional[Ratelimiter] = Ratelimiter(
                store=self.store,
                clock=self.clock,
                rate_hz=rc_admin_redaction.per_second,
                burst_count=rc_admin_redaction.burst_count,
            )
        else:
            self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter = None

    async def ratelimit(
        self,
        requester: Requester,
        update: bool = True,
        is_admin_redaction: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Ratelimits requests.

        Args:
            requester
            update: Whether to record that a request is being processed.
                Set to False when doing multiple checks for one request (e.g.
                to check up front if we would reject the request), and set to
                True for the last call for a given request.
            is_admin_redaction: Whether this is a room admin/moderator
                redacting an event. If so then we may apply different
                ratelimits depending on config.

        Raises:
            LimitExceededError if the request should be ratelimited
        """
        user_id = requester.user.to_string()

        # The AS user itself is never rate limited.
        app_service = self.store.get_app_service_by_user_id(user_id)
        if app_service is not None:
            return  # do not ratelimit app service senders

        messages_per_second = self._rc_message.per_second
        burst_count = self._rc_message.burst_count

        # Check if there is a per user override in the DB.
        override = await self.store.get_ratelimit_for_user(user_id)
        if override:
            # If overridden with a null Hz then ratelimiting has been entirely
            # disabled for the user
            if not override.messages_per_second:
                return

            messages_per_second = override.messages_per_second
            burst_count = override.burst_count

        if is_admin_redaction and self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter:
            # If we have separate config for admin redactions, use a separate
            # ratelimiter as to not have user_ids clash
            await self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter.ratelimit(requester, update=update)
        else:
            # Override rate and burst count per-user
            await self.request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
                requester,
                rate_hz=messages_per_second,
                burst_count=burst_count,
                update=update,
            )