From 2ddc13577c93505b887880fa715def9addeafafe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Morgan <1342360+anoadragon453@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 00:25:07 +0100
Subject: Don't warn user about password reset disabling through config code
 (#5387)

Moves the warning about password resets being disabled to the point where a user actually tries to reset their password. Is this an appropriate place for it to happen?

Also removed the disabling of msisdn password resets when you don't have an email config, as that just doesn't make sense.

Also change the error a user receives upon disabled passwords to specify that only email-based password reset is disabled.
---
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py | 19 +++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

(limited to 'synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha')

diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
index e4c63b69b9..7cfd7ae7dc 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
@@ -68,7 +68,13 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
         if self.config.email_password_reset_behaviour == "off":
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Password resets have been disabled on this server")
+            if self.config.password_resets_were_disabled_due_to_email_config:
+                logger.warn(
+                    "User password resets have been disabled due to lack of email config"
+                )
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "Email-based password resets have been disabled on this server",
+            )
 
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
@@ -196,9 +202,6 @@ class MsisdnPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
-        if not self.config.email_password_reset_behaviour == "off":
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Password resets have been disabled on this server")
-
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         assert_params_in_dict(body, [
@@ -251,6 +254,14 @@ class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
                 400,
                 "This medium is currently not supported for password resets",
             )
+        if self.config.email_password_reset_behaviour == "off":
+            if self.config.password_resets_were_disabled_due_to_email_config:
+                logger.warn(
+                    "User password resets have been disabled due to lack of email config"
+                )
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "Email-based password resets have been disabled on this server",
+            )
 
         sid = parse_string(request, "sid")
         client_secret = parse_string(request, "client_secret")
-- 
cgit 1.4.1


From 10383e6e6fefe29b007d11220841c17ad9cfc3e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Erik Johnston <erik@matrix.org>
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 11:31:12 +0100
Subject: Change password reset links to /_matrix.

---
 synapse/app/homeserver.py                         |   1 -
 synapse/push/mailer.py                            |   2 +-
 synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html |   2 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py           |   9 +-
 tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py        | 241 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/unittest.py                                 |  12 ++
 6 files changed, 260 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py

(limited to 'synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha')

diff --git a/synapse/app/homeserver.py b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
index df524a23dd..1045d28949 100755
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
 
             resources.update({
                 "/_matrix/client/api/v1": client_resource,
-                "/_synapse/password_reset": client_resource,
                 "/_matrix/client/r0": client_resource,
                 "/_matrix/client/unstable": client_resource,
                 "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": client_resource,
diff --git a/synapse/push/mailer.py b/synapse/push/mailer.py
index 4bc9eb7313..099f9545ab 100644
--- a/synapse/push/mailer.py
+++ b/synapse/push/mailer.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
 
         link = (
             self.hs.config.public_baseurl +
-            "_synapse/password_reset/email/submit_token"
+            "_matrix/client/unstable/password_reset/email/submit_token"
             "?token=%s&client_secret=%s&sid=%s" %
             (token, client_secret, sid)
         )
diff --git a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html
index 7b6fa5e6f0..7324d66d1e 100644
--- a/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html
+++ b/synapse/res/templates/password_reset_success.html
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <html>
 <head></head>
 <body>
-<p>Your password was successfully reset. You may now close this window.</p>
+<p>Your email has now been validated, please return to your client to reset your password. You may now close this window.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
index e4c63b69b9..7025f486e1 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 import logging
-import re
 
 from six.moves import http_client
 
@@ -228,9 +227,11 @@ class MsisdnPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
 class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
     """Handles 3PID validation token submission"""
-    PATTERNS = [
-        re.compile("^/_synapse/password_reset/(?P<medium>[^/]*)/submit_token/*$"),
-    ]
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
+        "/password_reset/(?P<medium>[^/]*)/submit_token/*$",
+        releases=(),
+        unstable=True,
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d1c0868ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2015-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright 2017-2018 New Vector Ltd
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+import re
+from email.parser import Parser
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+import synapse.rest.admin
+from synapse.api.constants import LoginType
+from synapse.rest.client.v1 import login
+from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha import account, register
+
+from tests import unittest
+
+
+class PasswordResetTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [
+        account.register_servlets,
+        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
+        register.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+        config = self.default_config()
+
+        # Email config.
+        self.email_attempts = []
+
+        def sendmail(smtphost, from_addr, to_addrs, msg, **kwargs):
+            self.email_attempts.append(msg)
+            return
+
+        config["email"] = {
+            "enable_notifs": False,
+            "template_dir": os.path.abspath(
+                pkg_resources.resource_filename("synapse", "res/templates")
+            ),
+            "smtp_host": "127.0.0.1",
+            "smtp_port": 20,
+            "require_transport_security": False,
+            "smtp_user": None,
+            "smtp_pass": None,
+            "notif_from": "test@example.com",
+        }
+        config["public_baseurl"] = "https://example.com"
+
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config, sendmail=sendmail)
+        return hs
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
+        self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+
+    def test_basic_password_reset(self):
+        """Test basic password reset flow
+        """
+        old_password = "monkey"
+        new_password = "kangeroo"
+
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", old_password)
+        self.login("kermit", old_password)
+
+        email = "test@example.com"
+
+        # Add a threepid
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.user_add_threepid(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                medium="email",
+                address=email,
+                validated_at=0,
+                added_at=0,
+            )
+        )
+
+        client_secret = "foobar"
+        session_id = self._request_token(email, client_secret)
+
+        self.assertEquals(len(self.email_attempts), 1)
+        link = self._get_link_from_email()
+
+        self._validate_token(link)
+
+        self._reset_password(new_password, session_id, client_secret)
+
+        # Assert we can log in with the new password
+        self.login("kermit", new_password)
+
+        # Assert we can't log in with the old password
+        self.attempt_wrong_password_login("kermit", old_password)
+
+    def test_cant_reset_password_without_clicking_link(self):
+        """Test that we do actually need to click the link in the email
+        """
+        old_password = "monkey"
+        new_password = "kangeroo"
+
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", old_password)
+        self.login("kermit", old_password)
+
+        email = "test@example.com"
+
+        # Add a threepid
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.user_add_threepid(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                medium="email",
+                address=email,
+                validated_at=0,
+                added_at=0,
+            )
+        )
+
+        client_secret = "foobar"
+        session_id = self._request_token(email, client_secret)
+
+        self.assertEquals(len(self.email_attempts), 1)
+
+        # Attempt to reset password without clicking the link
+        self._reset_password(
+            new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401,
+        )
+
+        # Assert we can log in with the old password
+        self.login("kermit", old_password)
+
+        # Assert we can't log in with the new password
+        self.attempt_wrong_password_login("kermit", new_password)
+
+    def test_no_valid_token(self):
+        """Test that we do actually need to request a token and can't just
+        make a session up.
+        """
+        old_password = "monkey"
+        new_password = "kangeroo"
+
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", old_password)
+        self.login("kermit", old_password)
+
+        email = "test@example.com"
+
+        # Add a threepid
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.user_add_threepid(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                medium="email",
+                address=email,
+                validated_at=0,
+                added_at=0,
+            )
+        )
+
+        client_secret = "foobar"
+        session_id = "weasle"
+
+        # Attempt to reset password without even requesting an email
+        self._reset_password(
+            new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401,
+        )
+
+        # Assert we can log in with the old password
+        self.login("kermit", old_password)
+
+        # Assert we can't log in with the new password
+        self.attempt_wrong_password_login("kermit", new_password)
+
+    def _request_token(self, email, client_secret):
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            b"account/password/email/requestToken",
+            {"client_secret": client_secret, "email": email, "send_attempt": 1},
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.result)
+
+        return channel.json_body["sid"]
+
+    def _validate_token(self, link):
+        # Remove the host
+        path = link.replace("https://example.com", "")
+
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", path, shorthand=False)
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.result)
+
+    def _get_link_from_email(self):
+        assert self.email_attempts, "No emails have been sent"
+
+        raw_msg = self.email_attempts[-1].decode("UTF-8")
+        mail = Parser().parsestr(raw_msg)
+
+        text = None
+        for part in mail.walk():
+            if part.get_content_type() == "text/plain":
+                text = part.get_payload(decode=True).decode("UTF-8")
+                break
+
+        if not text:
+            self.fail("Could not find text portion of email to parse")
+
+        match = re.search(r"https://example.com\S+", text)
+        assert match, "Could not find link in email"
+
+        return match.group(0)
+
+    def _reset_password(
+        self, new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=200
+    ):
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            b"account/password",
+            {
+                "new_password": new_password,
+                "auth": {
+                    "type": LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY,
+                    "threepid_creds": {
+                        "client_secret": client_secret,
+                        "sid": session_id,
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(expected_code, channel.code, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/unittest.py b/tests/unittest.py
index 26204470b1..7dbb64af59 100644
--- a/tests/unittest.py
+++ b/tests/unittest.py
@@ -441,3 +441,15 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
 
         access_token = channel.json_body["access_token"]
         return access_token
+
+    def attempt_wrong_password_login(self, username, password):
+        """Attempts to login as the user with the given password, asserting
+        that the attempt *fails*.
+        """
+        body = {"type": "m.login.password", "user": username, "password": password}
+
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 403, channel.result)
-- 
cgit 1.4.1


From 32e7c9e7f20b57dd081023ac42d6931a8da9b3a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amber Brown <hawkowl@atleastfornow.net>
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 19:32:02 +1000
Subject: Run Black. (#5482)

---
 .buildkite/pipeline.yml                            |   4 +-
 changelog.d/5482.misc                              |   1 +
 contrib/cmdclient/console.py                       | 309 ++++---
 contrib/cmdclient/http.py                          |  38 +-
 contrib/experiments/cursesio.py                    |  36 +-
 contrib/experiments/test_messaging.py              |  81 +-
 contrib/graph/graph.py                             |  33 +-
 contrib/graph/graph2.py                            |  51 +-
 contrib/graph/graph3.py                            |  46 +-
 contrib/jitsimeetbridge/jitsimeetbridge.py         | 257 +++---
 contrib/scripts/kick_users.py                      |  39 +-
 demo/webserver.py                                  |  25 +-
 docker/start.py                                    |  58 +-
 docs/sphinx/conf.py                                | 158 ++--
 pyproject.toml                                     |  19 +
 scripts-dev/check_auth.py                          |   4 +-
 scripts-dev/check_event_hash.py                    |   2 +-
 scripts-dev/check_signature.py                     |   5 +-
 scripts-dev/convert_server_keys.py                 |   2 +-
 scripts-dev/definitions.py                         |  62 +-
 scripts-dev/federation_client.py                   |  32 +-
 scripts-dev/hash_history.py                        |   2 +-
 scripts-dev/list_url_patterns.py                   |   4 +-
 scripts-dev/tail-synapse.py                        |   2 +-
 scripts/generate_signing_key.py                    |   8 +-
 scripts/move_remote_media_to_new_store.py          |   4 +-
 setup.cfg                                          |   7 +-
 setup.py                                           |  31 +-
 synapse/__init__.py                                |   1 +
 synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py       |  24 +-
 synapse/api/auth.py                                | 159 ++--
 synapse/api/constants.py                           |  46 +-
 synapse/api/errors.py                              | 112 ++-
 synapse/api/filtering.py                           | 189 ++---
 synapse/api/ratelimiting.py                        |  20 +-
 synapse/api/room_versions.py                       |  25 +-
 synapse/api/urls.py                                |  17 +-
 synapse/app/__init__.py                            |   4 +-
 synapse/app/_base.py                               |  77 +-
 synapse/app/appservice.py                          |  29 +-
 synapse/app/client_reader.py                       |  29 +-
 synapse/app/event_creator.py                       |  39 +-
 synapse/app/federation_reader.py                   |  38 +-
 synapse/app/federation_sender.py                   |  46 +-
 synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py                      |  69 +-
 synapse/app/homeserver.py                          | 163 ++--
 synapse/app/media_repository.py                    |  37 +-
 synapse/app/pusher.py                              |  60 +-
 synapse/app/synchrotron.py                         |  90 ++-
 synapse/app/user_dir.py                            |  45 +-
 synapse/appservice/__init__.py                     |  39 +-
 synapse/appservice/api.py                          |  66 +-
 synapse/appservice/scheduler.py                    |  50 +-
 synapse/config/_base.py                            |  12 +-
 synapse/config/api.py                              |  22 +-
 synapse/config/appservice.py                       |  54 +-
 synapse/config/captcha.py                          |   1 -
 synapse/config/consent_config.py                   |  27 +-
 synapse/config/database.py                         |  31 +-
 synapse/config/emailconfig.py                      |  71 +-
 synapse/config/jwt_config.py                       |   5 +-
 synapse/config/key.py                              |   5 +-
 synapse/config/logger.py                           |  70 +-
 synapse/config/metrics.py                          |   8 +-
 synapse/config/password_auth_providers.py          |  16 +-
 synapse/config/registration.py                     |  41 +-
 synapse/config/repository.py                       |  74 +-
 synapse/config/room_directory.py                   |  19 +-
 synapse/config/saml2_config.py                     |  18 +-
 synapse/config/server.py                           | 226 +++---
 synapse/config/server_notices_config.py            |  17 +-
 synapse/config/tls.py                              |  52 +-
 synapse/config/user_directory.py                   |   8 +-
 synapse/config/voip.py                             |   3 +-
 synapse/config/workers.py                          |  16 +-
 synapse/crypto/event_signing.py                    |  17 +-
 synapse/crypto/keyring.py                          |  33 +-
 synapse/event_auth.py                              | 177 ++---
 synapse/events/__init__.py                         |  30 +-
 synapse/events/builder.py                          |  37 +-
 synapse/events/snapshot.py                         |  49 +-
 synapse/events/spamcheck.py                        |   4 +-
 synapse/events/third_party_rules.py                |   5 +-
 synapse/events/utils.py                            |  58 +-
 synapse/events/validator.py                        |  21 +-
 synapse/federation/federation_base.py              |  78 +-
 synapse/federation/federation_client.py            | 217 +++--
 synapse/federation/federation_server.py            | 234 +++---
 synapse/federation/persistence.py                  |  15 +-
 synapse/federation/send_queue.py                   | 145 ++--
 synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py              |  67 +-
 synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py |   7 +-
 synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py   |  38 +-
 synapse/federation/transport/client.py             | 294 ++++---
 synapse/federation/transport/server.py             | 237 +++---
 synapse/federation/units.py                        |  33 +-
 synapse/groups/attestations.py                     |  35 +-
 synapse/groups/groups_server.py                    | 317 +++-----
 synapse/handlers/_base.py                          |  10 +-
 synapse/handlers/account_data.py                   |  23 +-
 synapse/handlers/account_validity.py               |  61 +-
 synapse/handlers/acme.py                           |  14 +-
 synapse/handlers/admin.py                          |  23 +-
 synapse/handlers/appservice.py                     |  74 +-
 synapse/handlers/auth.py                           | 266 +++----
 synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py             |  12 +-
 synapse/handlers/device.py                         | 112 ++-
 synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py                  |   7 +-
 synapse/handlers/directory.py                      | 136 ++--
 synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py                       | 119 ++-
 synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py                  |  38 +-
 synapse/handlers/events.py                         |  49 +-
 synapse/handlers/federation.py                     | 884 +++++++++------------
 synapse/handlers/groups_local.py                   |  95 +--
 synapse/handlers/identity.py                       | 132 ++-
 synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py                   | 170 ++--
 synapse/handlers/message.py                        | 258 +++---
 synapse/handlers/pagination.py                     |  68 +-
 synapse/handlers/presence.py                       | 311 ++++----
 synapse/handlers/profile.py                        |  65 +-
 synapse/handlers/read_marker.py                    |   9 +-
 synapse/handlers/receipts.py                       |  26 +-
 synapse/handlers/register.py                       | 224 +++---
 synapse/handlers/room.py                           | 295 +++----
 synapse/handlers/room_list.py                      | 254 +++---
 synapse/handlers/room_member.py                    | 304 +++----
 synapse/handlers/room_member_worker.py             |   8 +-
 synapse/handlers/search.py                         | 129 ++-
 synapse/handlers/set_password.py                   |   5 +-
 synapse/handlers/state_deltas.py                   |   1 -
 synapse/handlers/stats.py                          |   2 +-
 synapse/handlers/sync.py                           | 694 ++++++++--------
 synapse/handlers/typing.py                         |  74 +-
 synapse/http/__init__.py                           |   9 +-
 synapse/http/additional_resource.py                |   1 +
 synapse/http/client.py                             |  28 +-
 synapse/http/endpoint.py                           |  20 +-
 synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py |  98 ++-
 synapse/http/federation/srv_resolver.py            |  37 +-
 synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py             | 242 +++---
 synapse/http/server.py                             |  80 +-
 synapse/http/servlet.py                            |  45 +-
 synapse/http/site.py                               |  48 +-
 synapse/metrics/__init__.py                        |   7 +-
 synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py      |  33 +-
 synapse/module_api/__init__.py                     |   6 +-
 synapse/notifier.py                                |  70 +-
 synapse/push/action_generator.py                   |   4 +-
 synapse/push/baserules.py                          | 404 ++++------
 synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py           |  63 +-
 synapse/push/clientformat.py                       |  38 +-
 synapse/push/emailpusher.py                        |  63 +-
 synapse/push/httppusher.py                         | 226 +++---
 synapse/push/mailer.py                             | 347 ++++----
 synapse/push/presentable_names.py                  |  45 +-
 synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py                |  57 +-
 synapse/push/push_tools.py                         |   8 +-
 synapse/push/pusher.py                             |  10 +-
 synapse/push/pusherpool.py                         |  97 ++-
 synapse/push/rulekinds.py                          |  10 +-
 synapse/python_dependencies.py                     |  24 +-
 synapse/replication/http/_base.py                  |  22 +-
 synapse/replication/http/federation.py             |  51 +-
 synapse/replication/http/login.py                  |   7 +-
 synapse/replication/http/membership.py             |  34 +-
 synapse/replication/http/register.py               |  17 +-
 synapse/replication/http/send_event.py             |  13 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/_base.py         |   2 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/account_data.py  |  17 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/appservice.py    |   5 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/client_ips.py    |   4 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/deviceinbox.py   |   6 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py       |  14 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py        |  77 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/groups.py        |   9 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/presence.py      |   8 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py     |   6 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py       |   4 +-
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/receipts.py      |   1 -
 synapse/replication/slave/storage/room.py          |   4 +-
 synapse/replication/tcp/client.py                  |   6 +-
 synapse/replication/tcp/commands.py                |  71 +-
 synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py                |  76 +-
 synapse/replication/tcp/resource.py                |  54 +-
 synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py           | 160 ++--
 synapse/replication/tcp/streams/events.py          |  32 +-
 synapse/replication/tcp/streams/federation.py      |  12 +-
 synapse/rest/__init__.py                           |   1 +
 synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py                     | 153 ++--
 synapse/rest/admin/server_notice_servlet.py        |  13 +-
 synapse/rest/client/transactions.py                |   3 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/directory.py                |  31 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/events.py                   |   7 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/login.py                    | 121 ++-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/logout.py                   |   3 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/presence.py                 |   2 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/profile.py                  |   6 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/push_rule.py                | 119 ++-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/pusher.py                   |  70 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py                     | 185 ++---
 synapse/rest/client/v1/voip.py                     |  24 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/_base.py              |  12 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py            | 190 ++---
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_data.py       |  16 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_validity.py   |  16 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py               |  62 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/devices.py            |  19 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/filter.py             |  11 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/groups.py             | 157 ++--
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/keys.py               |  27 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/notifications.py      |  28 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/openid.py             |  22 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py        |   4 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py           |   5 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py           | 132 ++-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/relations.py          |   5 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/report_event.py       |   4 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py          |  54 +-
 .../client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py   |   9 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sendtodevice.py       |   2 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py               | 129 +--
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tags.py               |  14 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/thirdparty.py         |   2 +-
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tokenrefresh.py       |   1 +
 synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/user_directory.py     |   7 +-
 synapse/rest/client/versions.py                    |  43 +-
 synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py           |  28 +-
 synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py          |  28 +-
 synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py         |  56 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v0/content_repository.py        |  15 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/_base.py                     |  57 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/config_resource.py           |   4 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/download_resource.py         |   8 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/filepath.py                  | 131 ++-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py          | 215 ++---
 synapse/rest/media/v1/media_storage.py             |  17 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py      | 215 +++--
 synapse/rest/media/v1/storage_provider.py          |   6 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnail_resource.py        | 120 ++-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py               |  15 +-
 synapse/rest/media/v1/upload_resource.py           |  30 +-
 synapse/rest/saml2/metadata_resource.py            |   2 +-
 synapse/rest/saml2/response_resource.py            |  13 +-
 synapse/rest/well_known.py                         |  11 +-
 synapse/secrets.py                                 |   3 +-
 synapse/server.py                                  | 156 ++--
 synapse/server.pyi                                 |  51 +-
 synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py   |  24 +-
 .../resource_limits_server_notices.py              |  33 +-
 synapse/server_notices/server_notices_manager.py   |  30 +-
 synapse/server_notices/server_notices_sender.py    |  11 +-
 .../server_notices/worker_server_notices_sender.py |   1 +
 synapse/state/__init__.py                          | 107 +--
 synapse/state/v1.py                                |  56 +-
 synapse/state/v2.py                                |  92 +--
 synapse/storage/__init__.py                        |  10 +-
 synapse/storage/_base.py                           |   6 +-
 synapse/storage/background_updates.py              |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/devices.py                         |  12 +-
 synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py                   |  28 +-
 synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py                  |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/event_federation.py                |   3 +-
 synapse/storage/event_push_actions.py              |   4 +-
 synapse/storage/events.py                          |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/events_bg_updates.py               |  16 +-
 synapse/storage/events_worker.py                   |  10 +-
 synapse/storage/group_server.py                    |   8 +-
 synapse/storage/keys.py                            |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/media_repository.py                |  22 +-
 synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py            |   6 +-
 synapse/storage/prepare_database.py                |  13 +-
 synapse/storage/profile.py                         |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/push_rule.py                       |  30 +-
 synapse/storage/pusher.py                          |  36 +-
 synapse/storage/receipts.py                        |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/registration.py                    | 107 ++-
 synapse/storage/relations.py                       |   6 +-
 synapse/storage/roommember.py                      |   8 +-
 synapse/storage/schema/delta/20/pushers.py         |  22 +-
 synapse/storage/schema/delta/30/as_users.py        |  17 +-
 synapse/storage/schema/delta/31/pushers.py         |  24 +-
 synapse/storage/schema/delta/33/remote_media_ts.py |   2 +-
 synapse/storage/schema/delta/47/state_group_seq.py |   5 +-
 .../schema/delta/48/group_unique_indexes.py        |  14 +-
 .../schema/delta/50/make_event_content_nullable.py |  12 +-
 synapse/storage/search.py                          |   6 +-
 synapse/storage/stats.py                           |  34 +-
 synapse/storage/stream.py                          |  32 +-
 synapse/streams/config.py                          |  27 +-
 synapse/streams/events.py                          |  43 +-
 synapse/types.py                                   | 108 +--
 synapse/util/__init__.py                           |  23 +-
 synapse/util/async_helpers.py                      |  41 +-
 synapse/util/caches/__init__.py                    |   6 +-
 synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py                 | 100 +--
 synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py            |  15 +-
 synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py               |  18 +-
 synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py                    |  14 +-
 synapse/util/caches/response_cache.py              |  22 +-
 synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py         |  13 +-
 synapse/util/caches/treecache.py                   |   1 +
 synapse/util/caches/ttlcache.py                    |   1 +
 synapse/util/distributor.py                        |  29 +-
 synapse/util/frozenutils.py                        |   9 +-
 synapse/util/httpresourcetree.py                   |   8 +-
 synapse/util/jsonobject.py                         |   6 +-
 synapse/util/logcontext.py                         |  83 +-
 synapse/util/logformatter.py                       |   3 +-
 synapse/util/logutils.py                           |  51 +-
 synapse/util/manhole.py                            |  18 +-
 synapse/util/metrics.py                            |  32 +-
 synapse/util/module_loader.py                      |   6 +-
 synapse/util/msisdn.py                             |   6 +-
 synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py                     |  35 +-
 synapse/util/stringutils.py                        |  16 +-
 synapse/util/threepids.py                          |  10 +-
 synapse/util/versionstring.py                      |  61 +-
 synapse/util/wheel_timer.py                        |   4 +-
 synapse/visibility.py                              |  69 +-
 tests/api/test_auth.py                             |  12 +-
 tests/config/test_server.py                        |   8 +-
 tests/config/test_tls.py                           |   2 +-
 tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py                 |  46 +-
 tests/events/test_utils.py                         |  94 +--
 tests/federation/test_complexity.py                |   2 +-
 tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py         |  48 +-
 tests/handlers/test_auth.py                        |  10 +-
 tests/handlers/test_directory.py                   |   8 +-
 tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py               |  18 +-
 tests/handlers/test_register.py                    |  31 +-
 tests/handlers/test_stats.py                       |   5 +-
 tests/handlers/test_typing.py                      |  16 +-
 tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py              |   8 +-
 .../federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py     | 216 ++---
 tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py         |   2 +-
 tests/http/test_endpoint.py                        |  12 +-
 tests/http/test_fedclient.py                       |  19 +-
 tests/push/test_email.py                           |   6 +-
 tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py                     | 100 ++-
 tests/rest/client/test_consent.py                  |  10 +-
 tests/rest/client/test_identity.py                 |   2 +-
 tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py               |   7 +-
 tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py                 |  46 +-
 tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py                      |   8 +-
 tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py         |  31 +-
 tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py    |  14 +-
 tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py        |  35 +-
 tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py       |  10 +-
 tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py                   |  14 +-
 tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py          |   6 +-
 tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py            |  56 +-
 tests/server.py                                    |  16 +-
 .../test_resource_limits_server_notices.py         |   4 +-
 tests/state/test_v2.py                             |  20 +-
 tests/storage/test_appservice.py                   |   4 +-
 tests/storage/test_client_ips.py                   |  20 +-
 tests/storage/test_devices.py                      |  16 +-
 tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py              |   8 +-
 tests/storage/test_event_federation.py             |  14 +-
 tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py                |  36 +-
 tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py         |  22 +-
 tests/storage/test_redaction.py                    |   4 +-
 tests/storage/test_registration.py                 |   2 +-
 tests/storage/test_room.py                         |   4 +-
 tests/storage/test_state.py                        |  16 +-
 tests/test_preview.py                              | 136 ++--
 tests/test_server.py                               |  14 +-
 tests/test_state.py                                |   6 +-
 tests/test_types.py                                |   4 +-
 tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py                  |   2 +-
 tests/test_visibility.py                           |   2 +-
 tests/unittest.py                                  |  18 +-
 tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py              |  60 +-
 tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py                 |  46 +-
 tests/utils.py                                     |  18 +-
 tox.ini                                            |   9 +-
 376 files changed, 9153 insertions(+), 10399 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/5482.misc

(limited to 'synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha')

diff --git a/.buildkite/pipeline.yml b/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
index 20c7aab5a7..513eb3bde9 100644
--- a/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
+++ b/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ steps:
 
   - command:
       - "python -m pip install tox"
-      - "tox -e pep8"
-    label: "\U0001F9F9 PEP-8"
+      - "tox -e check_codestyle"
+    label: "\U0001F9F9 Check Style"
     plugins:
       - docker#v3.0.1:
           image: "python:3.6"
diff --git a/changelog.d/5482.misc b/changelog.d/5482.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0332d1133b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/5482.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Synapse's codebase is now formatted by `black`.
diff --git a/contrib/cmdclient/console.py b/contrib/cmdclient/console.py
index 462f146113..af8f39c8c2 100755
--- a/contrib/cmdclient/console.py
+++ b/contrib/cmdclient/console.py
@@ -37,9 +37,8 @@ from signedjson.sign import verify_signed_json, SignatureVerifyException
 
 CONFIG_JSON = "cmdclient_config.json"
 
-TRUSTED_ID_SERVERS = [
-    'localhost:8001'
-]
+TRUSTED_ID_SERVERS = ["localhost:8001"]
+
 
 class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
 
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             "token": token,
             "verbose": "on",
             "complete_usernames": "on",
-            "send_delivery_receipts": "on"
+            "send_delivery_receipts": "on",
         }
         self.path_prefix = "/_matrix/client/api/v1"
         self.event_stream_token = "END"
@@ -120,12 +119,11 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             config_rules = [  # key, valid_values
                 ("verbose", ["on", "off"]),
                 ("complete_usernames", ["on", "off"]),
-                ("send_delivery_receipts", ["on", "off"])
+                ("send_delivery_receipts", ["on", "off"]),
             ]
             for key, valid_vals in config_rules:
                 if key == args["key"] and args["val"] not in valid_vals:
-                    print("%s value must be one of %s" % (args["key"],
-                                                          valid_vals))
+                    print("%s value must be one of %s" % (args["key"], valid_vals))
                     return
 
             # toggle the http client verbosity
@@ -159,16 +157,13 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             else:
                 password = pwd
 
-        body = {
-            "type": "m.login.password"
-        }
+        body = {"type": "m.login.password"}
         if "userid" in args:
             body["user"] = args["userid"]
         if password:
             body["password"] = password
 
-        reactor.callFromThread(self._do_register, body,
-                               "noupdate" not in args)
+        reactor.callFromThread(self._do_register, body, "noupdate" not in args)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_register(self, data, update_config):
@@ -179,7 +174,9 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
 
         passwordFlow = None
         for flow in json_res["flows"]:
-            if flow["type"] == "m.login.recaptcha" or ("stages" in flow and "m.login.recaptcha" in flow["stages"]):
+            if flow["type"] == "m.login.recaptcha" or (
+                "stages" in flow and "m.login.recaptcha" in flow["stages"]
+            ):
                 print("Unable to register: Home server requires captcha.")
                 return
             if flow["type"] == "m.login.password" and "stages" not in flow:
@@ -202,9 +199,7 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         """
         try:
             args = self._parse(line, ["user_id"], force_keys=True)
-            can_login = threads.blockingCallFromThread(
-                reactor,
-                self._check_can_login)
+            can_login = threads.blockingCallFromThread(reactor, self._check_can_login)
             if can_login:
                 p = getpass.getpass("Enter your password: ")
                 user = args["user_id"]
@@ -212,20 +207,16 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
                     domain = self._domain()
                     if domain:
                         user = "@" + user + ":" + domain
-                
+
                 reactor.callFromThread(self._do_login, user, p)
-                #print " got %s " % p
+                # print " got %s " % p
         except Exception as e:
             print(e)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_login(self, user, password):
         path = "/login"
-        data = {
-            "user": user,
-            "password": password,
-            "type": "m.login.password"
-        }
+        data = {"user": user, "password": password, "type": "m.login.password"}
         url = self._url() + path
         json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request("POST", url, data=data)
         print(json_res)
@@ -249,12 +240,13 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             print("Failed to find any login flows.")
             defer.returnValue(False)
 
-        flow = json_res["flows"][0] # assume first is the one we want.
-        if ("type" not in flow or "m.login.password" != flow["type"] or
-                "stages" in flow):
+        flow = json_res["flows"][0]  # assume first is the one we want.
+        if "type" not in flow or "m.login.password" != flow["type"] or "stages" in flow:
             fallback_url = self._url() + "/login/fallback"
-            print ("Unable to login via the command line client. Please visit "
-                "%s to login." % fallback_url)
+            print(
+                "Unable to login via the command line client. Please visit "
+                "%s to login." % fallback_url
+            )
             defer.returnValue(False)
         defer.returnValue(True)
 
@@ -264,21 +256,33 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         <clientSecret> A string of characters generated when requesting an email that you'll supply in subsequent calls to identify yourself
         <sendAttempt> The number of times the user has requested an email. Leave this the same between requests to retry the request at the transport level. Increment it to request that the email be sent again.
         """
-        args = self._parse(line, ['address', 'clientSecret', 'sendAttempt'])
+        args = self._parse(line, ["address", "clientSecret", "sendAttempt"])
 
-        postArgs = {'email': args['address'], 'clientSecret': args['clientSecret'], 'sendAttempt': args['sendAttempt']}
+        postArgs = {
+            "email": args["address"],
+            "clientSecret": args["clientSecret"],
+            "sendAttempt": args["sendAttempt"],
+        }
 
         reactor.callFromThread(self._do_emailrequest, postArgs)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_emailrequest(self, args):
-        url = self._identityServerUrl()+"/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/email/requestToken"
-
-        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request("POST", url, data=urllib.urlencode(args), jsonreq=False,
-                                                     headers={'Content-Type': ['application/x-www-form-urlencoded']})
+        url = (
+            self._identityServerUrl()
+            + "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/email/requestToken"
+        )
+
+        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request(
+            "POST",
+            url,
+            data=urllib.urlencode(args),
+            jsonreq=False,
+            headers={"Content-Type": ["application/x-www-form-urlencoded"]},
+        )
         print(json_res)
-        if 'sid' in json_res:
-            print("Token sent. Your session ID is %s" % (json_res['sid']))
+        if "sid" in json_res:
+            print("Token sent. Your session ID is %s" % (json_res["sid"]))
 
     def do_emailvalidate(self, line):
         """Validate and associate a third party ID
@@ -286,18 +290,30 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         <token> The token sent to your third party identifier address
         <clientSecret> The same clientSecret you supplied in requestToken
         """
-        args = self._parse(line, ['sid', 'token', 'clientSecret'])
+        args = self._parse(line, ["sid", "token", "clientSecret"])
 
-        postArgs = { 'sid' : args['sid'], 'token' : args['token'], 'clientSecret': args['clientSecret'] }
+        postArgs = {
+            "sid": args["sid"],
+            "token": args["token"],
+            "clientSecret": args["clientSecret"],
+        }
 
         reactor.callFromThread(self._do_emailvalidate, postArgs)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_emailvalidate(self, args):
-        url = self._identityServerUrl()+"/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/email/submitToken"
-
-        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request("POST", url, data=urllib.urlencode(args), jsonreq=False,
-                                                     headers={'Content-Type': ['application/x-www-form-urlencoded']})
+        url = (
+            self._identityServerUrl()
+            + "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/email/submitToken"
+        )
+
+        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request(
+            "POST",
+            url,
+            data=urllib.urlencode(args),
+            jsonreq=False,
+            headers={"Content-Type": ["application/x-www-form-urlencoded"]},
+        )
         print(json_res)
 
     def do_3pidbind(self, line):
@@ -305,19 +321,24 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         <sid> The session ID (sid) given to you in the response to requestToken
         <clientSecret> The same clientSecret you supplied in requestToken
         """
-        args = self._parse(line, ['sid', 'clientSecret'])
+        args = self._parse(line, ["sid", "clientSecret"])
 
-        postArgs = { 'sid' : args['sid'], 'clientSecret': args['clientSecret'] }
-        postArgs['mxid'] = self.config["user"]
+        postArgs = {"sid": args["sid"], "clientSecret": args["clientSecret"]}
+        postArgs["mxid"] = self.config["user"]
 
         reactor.callFromThread(self._do_3pidbind, postArgs)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_3pidbind(self, args):
-        url = self._identityServerUrl()+"/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/bind"
-
-        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request("POST", url, data=urllib.urlencode(args), jsonreq=False,
-                                                     headers={'Content-Type': ['application/x-www-form-urlencoded']})
+        url = self._identityServerUrl() + "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/bind"
+
+        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request(
+            "POST",
+            url,
+            data=urllib.urlencode(args),
+            jsonreq=False,
+            headers={"Content-Type": ["application/x-www-form-urlencoded"]},
+        )
         print(json_res)
 
     def do_join(self, line):
@@ -356,9 +377,7 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
                 if "topic" not in args:
                     print("Must specify a new topic.")
                     return
-                body = {
-                    "topic": args["topic"]
-                }
+                body = {"topic": args["topic"]}
                 reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "PUT", path, body)
             elif args["action"].lower() == "get":
                 reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "GET", path)
@@ -378,45 +397,60 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_invite(self, roomid, userstring):
-        if (not userstring.startswith('@') and
-                    self._is_on("complete_usernames")):
-            url = self._identityServerUrl()+"/_matrix/identity/api/v1/lookup"
+        if not userstring.startswith("@") and self._is_on("complete_usernames"):
+            url = self._identityServerUrl() + "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/lookup"
 
-            json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request("GET", url, qparams={'medium':'email','address':userstring})
+            json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request(
+                "GET", url, qparams={"medium": "email", "address": userstring}
+            )
 
             mxid = None
 
-            if 'mxid' in json_res and 'signatures' in json_res:
-                url = self._identityServerUrl()+"/_matrix/identity/api/v1/pubkey/ed25519"
+            if "mxid" in json_res and "signatures" in json_res:
+                url = (
+                    self._identityServerUrl()
+                    + "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/pubkey/ed25519"
+                )
 
                 pubKey = None
                 pubKeyObj = yield self.http_client.do_request("GET", url)
-                if 'public_key' in pubKeyObj:
-                    pubKey = nacl.signing.VerifyKey(pubKeyObj['public_key'], encoder=nacl.encoding.HexEncoder)
+                if "public_key" in pubKeyObj:
+                    pubKey = nacl.signing.VerifyKey(
+                        pubKeyObj["public_key"], encoder=nacl.encoding.HexEncoder
+                    )
                 else:
                     print("No public key found in pubkey response!")
 
                 sigValid = False
 
                 if pubKey:
-                    for signame in json_res['signatures']:
+                    for signame in json_res["signatures"]:
                         if signame not in TRUSTED_ID_SERVERS:
-                            print("Ignoring signature from untrusted server %s" % (signame))
+                            print(
+                                "Ignoring signature from untrusted server %s"
+                                % (signame)
+                            )
                         else:
                             try:
                                 verify_signed_json(json_res, signame, pubKey)
                                 sigValid = True
-                                print("Mapping %s -> %s correctly signed by %s" % (userstring, json_res['mxid'], signame))
+                                print(
+                                    "Mapping %s -> %s correctly signed by %s"
+                                    % (userstring, json_res["mxid"], signame)
+                                )
                                 break
                             except SignatureVerifyException as e:
                                 print("Invalid signature from %s" % (signame))
                                 print(e)
 
                 if sigValid:
-                    print("Resolved 3pid %s to %s" % (userstring, json_res['mxid']))
-                    mxid = json_res['mxid']
+                    print("Resolved 3pid %s to %s" % (userstring, json_res["mxid"]))
+                    mxid = json_res["mxid"]
                 else:
-                    print("Got association for %s but couldn't verify signature" % (userstring))
+                    print(
+                        "Got association for %s but couldn't verify signature"
+                        % (userstring)
+                    )
 
             if not mxid:
                 mxid = "@" + userstring + ":" + self._domain()
@@ -435,12 +469,11 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         """Sends a message. "send <roomid> <body>" """
         args = self._parse(line, ["roomid", "body"])
         txn_id = "txn%s" % int(time.time())
-        path = "/rooms/%s/send/m.room.message/%s" % (urllib.quote(args["roomid"]),
-                                             txn_id)
-        body_json = {
-            "msgtype": "m.text",
-            "body": args["body"]
-        }
+        path = "/rooms/%s/send/m.room.message/%s" % (
+            urllib.quote(args["roomid"]),
+            txn_id,
+        )
+        body_json = {"msgtype": "m.text", "body": args["body"]}
         reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "PUT", path, body_json)
 
     def do_list(self, line):
@@ -472,8 +505,7 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
                     print("Bad query param: %s" % key_value)
                     return
 
-        reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "GET", path,
-                               query_params=qp)
+        reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "GET", path, query_params=qp)
 
     def do_create(self, line):
         """Creates a room.
@@ -513,8 +545,16 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             return
 
         args["method"] = args["method"].upper()
-        valid_methods = ["PUT", "GET", "POST", "DELETE",
-                         "XPUT", "XGET", "XPOST", "XDELETE"]
+        valid_methods = [
+            "PUT",
+            "GET",
+            "POST",
+            "DELETE",
+            "XPUT",
+            "XGET",
+            "XPOST",
+            "XDELETE",
+        ]
         if args["method"] not in valid_methods:
             print("Unsupported method: %s" % args["method"])
             return
@@ -541,10 +581,13 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             except:
                 pass
 
-        reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, args["method"],
-                                                     args["path"],
-                                                     args["data"],
-                                                     query_params=qp)
+        reactor.callFromThread(
+            self._run_and_pprint,
+            args["method"],
+            args["path"],
+            args["data"],
+            query_params=qp,
+        )
 
     def do_stream(self, line):
         """Stream data from the server: "stream <longpoll timeout ms>" """
@@ -561,19 +604,22 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _do_event_stream(self, timeout):
         res = yield self.http_client.get_json(
-                self._url() + "/events",
-                {
-                    "access_token": self._tok(),
-                    "timeout": str(timeout),
-                    "from": self.event_stream_token
-                })
+            self._url() + "/events",
+            {
+                "access_token": self._tok(),
+                "timeout": str(timeout),
+                "from": self.event_stream_token,
+            },
+        )
         print(json.dumps(res, indent=4))
 
         if "chunk" in res:
             for event in res["chunk"]:
-                if (event["type"] == "m.room.message" and
-                        self._is_on("send_delivery_receipts") and
-                        event["user_id"] != self._usr()):  # not sent by us
+                if (
+                    event["type"] == "m.room.message"
+                    and self._is_on("send_delivery_receipts")
+                    and event["user_id"] != self._usr()
+                ):  # not sent by us
                     self._send_receipt(event, "d")
 
         # update the position in the stram
@@ -581,18 +627,28 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
             self.event_stream_token = res["end"]
 
     def _send_receipt(self, event, feedback_type):
-        path = ("/rooms/%s/messages/%s/%s/feedback/%s/%s" %
-               (urllib.quote(event["room_id"]), event["user_id"], event["msg_id"],
-                self._usr(), feedback_type))
+        path = "/rooms/%s/messages/%s/%s/feedback/%s/%s" % (
+            urllib.quote(event["room_id"]),
+            event["user_id"],
+            event["msg_id"],
+            self._usr(),
+            feedback_type,
+        )
         data = {}
-        reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "PUT", path, data=data,
-                               alt_text="Sent receipt for %s" % event["msg_id"])
+        reactor.callFromThread(
+            self._run_and_pprint,
+            "PUT",
+            path,
+            data=data,
+            alt_text="Sent receipt for %s" % event["msg_id"],
+        )
 
     def _do_membership_change(self, roomid, membership, userid):
-        path = "/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s" % (urllib.quote(roomid), urllib.quote(userid))
-        data = {
-            "membership": membership
-        }
+        path = "/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s" % (
+            urllib.quote(roomid),
+            urllib.quote(userid),
+        )
+        data = {"membership": membership}
         reactor.callFromThread(self._run_and_pprint, "PUT", path, data=data)
 
     def do_displayname(self, line):
@@ -645,15 +701,20 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         for i, arg in enumerate(line_args):
             for config_key in self.config:
                 if ("$" + config_key) in arg:
-                    arg = arg.replace("$" + config_key,
-                                      self.config[config_key])
+                    arg = arg.replace("$" + config_key, self.config[config_key])
             line_args[i] = arg
 
         return dict(zip(keys, line_args))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _run_and_pprint(self, method, path, data=None,
-                        query_params={"access_token": None}, alt_text=None):
+    def _run_and_pprint(
+        self,
+        method,
+        path,
+        data=None,
+        query_params={"access_token": None},
+        alt_text=None,
+    ):
         """ Runs an HTTP request and pretty prints the output.
 
         Args:
@@ -666,9 +727,9 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
         if "access_token" in query_params:
             query_params["access_token"] = self._tok()
 
-        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request(method, url,
-                                                    data=data,
-                                                    qparams=query_params)
+        json_res = yield self.http_client.do_request(
+            method, url, data=data, qparams=query_params
+        )
         if alt_text:
             print(alt_text)
         else:
@@ -676,7 +737,7 @@ class SynapseCmd(cmd.Cmd):
 
 
 def save_config(config):
-    with open(CONFIG_JSON, 'w') as out:
+    with open(CONFIG_JSON, "w") as out:
         json.dump(config, out)
 
 
@@ -700,7 +761,7 @@ def main(server_url, identity_server_url, username, token, config_path):
     global CONFIG_JSON
     CONFIG_JSON = config_path  # bit cheeky, but just overwrite the global
     try:
-        with open(config_path, 'r') as config:
+        with open(config_path, "r") as config:
             syn_cmd.config = json.load(config)
             try:
                 http_client.verbose = "on" == syn_cmd.config["verbose"]
@@ -717,23 +778,33 @@ def main(server_url, identity_server_url, username, token, config_path):
     reactor.run()
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("Starts a synapse client.")
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-s", "--server", dest="server", default="http://localhost:8008",
-        help="The URL of the home server to talk to.")
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-i", "--identity-server", dest="identityserver", default="http://localhost:8090",
-        help="The URL of the identity server to talk to.")
+        "-s",
+        "--server",
+        dest="server",
+        default="http://localhost:8008",
+        help="The URL of the home server to talk to.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-u", "--username", dest="username",
-        help="Your username on the server.")
+        "-i",
+        "--identity-server",
+        dest="identityserver",
+        default="http://localhost:8090",
+        help="The URL of the identity server to talk to.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-t", "--token", dest="token",
-        help="Your access token.")
+        "-u", "--username", dest="username", help="Your username on the server."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-t", "--token", dest="token", help="Your access token.")
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-c", "--config", dest="config", default=CONFIG_JSON,
-        help="The location of the config.json file to read from.")
+        "-c",
+        "--config",
+        dest="config",
+        default=CONFIG_JSON,
+        help="The location of the config.json file to read from.",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     if not args.server:
diff --git a/contrib/cmdclient/http.py b/contrib/cmdclient/http.py
index 1bd600e148..0e101d2be5 100644
--- a/contrib/cmdclient/http.py
+++ b/contrib/cmdclient/http.py
@@ -73,9 +73,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def put_json(self, url, data):
         response = yield self._create_put_request(
-            url,
-            data,
-            headers_dict={"Content-Type": ["application/json"]}
+            url, data, headers_dict={"Content-Type": ["application/json"]}
         )
         body = yield readBody(response)
         defer.returnValue((response.code, body))
@@ -95,40 +93,34 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
         """
 
         if "Content-Type" not in headers_dict:
-            raise defer.error(
-                RuntimeError("Must include Content-Type header for PUTs"))
+            raise defer.error(RuntimeError("Must include Content-Type header for PUTs"))
 
         return self._create_request(
-            "PUT",
-            url,
-            producer=_JsonProducer(json_data),
-            headers_dict=headers_dict
+            "PUT", url, producer=_JsonProducer(json_data), headers_dict=headers_dict
         )
 
     def _create_get_request(self, url, headers_dict={}):
         """ Wrapper of _create_request to issue a GET request
         """
-        return self._create_request(
-            "GET",
-            url,
-            headers_dict=headers_dict
-        )
+        return self._create_request("GET", url, headers_dict=headers_dict)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def do_request(self, method, url, data=None, qparams=None, jsonreq=True, headers={}):
+    def do_request(
+        self, method, url, data=None, qparams=None, jsonreq=True, headers={}
+    ):
         if qparams:
             url = "%s?%s" % (url, urllib.urlencode(qparams, True))
 
         if jsonreq:
             prod = _JsonProducer(data)
-            headers['Content-Type'] = ["application/json"];
+            headers["Content-Type"] = ["application/json"]
         else:
             prod = _RawProducer(data)
 
         if method in ["POST", "PUT"]:
-            response = yield self._create_request(method, url,
-                    producer=prod,
-                    headers_dict=headers)
+            response = yield self._create_request(
+                method, url, producer=prod, headers_dict=headers
+            )
         else:
             response = yield self._create_request(method, url)
 
@@ -155,10 +147,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
         while True:
             try:
                 response = yield self.agent.request(
-                    method,
-                    url.encode("UTF8"),
-                    Headers(headers_dict),
-                    producer
+                    method, url.encode("UTF8"), Headers(headers_dict), producer
                 )
                 break
             except Exception as e:
@@ -179,6 +168,7 @@ class TwistedHttpClient(HttpClient):
         reactor.callLater(seconds, d.callback, seconds)
         return d
 
+
 class _RawProducer(object):
     def __init__(self, data):
         self.data = data
@@ -195,9 +185,11 @@ class _RawProducer(object):
     def stopProducing(self):
         pass
 
+
 class _JsonProducer(object):
     """ Used by the twisted http client to create the HTTP body from json
     """
+
     def __init__(self, jsn):
         self.data = jsn
         self.body = json.dumps(jsn).encode("utf8")
diff --git a/contrib/experiments/cursesio.py b/contrib/experiments/cursesio.py
index 44afe81008..ffefe3bb39 100644
--- a/contrib/experiments/cursesio.py
+++ b/contrib/experiments/cursesio.py
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ from curses.ascii import isprint
 from twisted.internet import reactor
 
 
-class CursesStdIO():
+class CursesStdIO:
     def __init__(self, stdscr, callback=None):
         self.statusText = "Synapse test app -"
-        self.searchText = ''
+        self.searchText = ""
         self.stdscr = stdscr
 
-        self.logLine = ''
+        self.logLine = ""
 
         self.callback = callback
 
@@ -71,8 +71,7 @@ class CursesStdIO():
         i = 0
         index = len(self.lines) - 1
         while i < (self.rows - 3) and index >= 0:
-            self.stdscr.addstr(self.rows - 3 - i, 0, self.lines[index],
-                               curses.A_NORMAL)
+            self.stdscr.addstr(self.rows - 3 - i, 0, self.lines[index], curses.A_NORMAL)
             i = i + 1
             index = index - 1
 
@@ -85,15 +84,13 @@ class CursesStdIO():
             raise RuntimeError("TextTooLongError")
 
         self.stdscr.addstr(
-            self.rows - 2, 0,
-            text + ' ' * (self.cols - len(text)),
-            curses.A_STANDOUT)
+            self.rows - 2, 0, text + " " * (self.cols - len(text)), curses.A_STANDOUT
+        )
 
     def printLogLine(self, text):
         self.stdscr.addstr(
-            0, 0,
-            text + ' ' * (self.cols - len(text)),
-            curses.A_STANDOUT)
+            0, 0, text + " " * (self.cols - len(text)), curses.A_STANDOUT
+        )
 
     def doRead(self):
         """ Input is ready! """
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@ class CursesStdIO():
 
         elif c == curses.KEY_ENTER or c == 10:
             text = self.searchText
-            self.searchText = ''
+            self.searchText = ""
 
             self.print_line(">> %s" % text)
 
@@ -122,11 +119,13 @@ class CursesStdIO():
                 return
             self.searchText = self.searchText + chr(c)
 
-        self.stdscr.addstr(self.rows - 1, 0,
-                           self.searchText + (' ' * (
-                           self.cols - len(self.searchText) - 2)))
+        self.stdscr.addstr(
+            self.rows - 1,
+            0,
+            self.searchText + (" " * (self.cols - len(self.searchText) - 2)),
+        )
 
-        self.paintStatus(self.statusText + ' %d' % len(self.searchText))
+        self.paintStatus(self.statusText + " %d" % len(self.searchText))
         self.stdscr.move(self.rows - 1, len(self.searchText))
         self.stdscr.refresh()
 
@@ -143,7 +142,6 @@ class CursesStdIO():
 
 
 class Callback(object):
-
     def __init__(self, stdio):
         self.stdio = stdio
 
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ class Callback(object):
 
 
 def main(stdscr):
-    screen = CursesStdIO(stdscr)   # create Screen object
+    screen = CursesStdIO(stdscr)  # create Screen object
 
     callback = Callback(screen)
 
@@ -164,5 +162,5 @@ def main(stdscr):
     screen.close()
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     curses.wrapper(main)
diff --git a/contrib/experiments/test_messaging.py b/contrib/experiments/test_messaging.py
index 85c9c11984..c7e55d8aa7 100644
--- a/contrib/experiments/test_messaging.py
+++ b/contrib/experiments/test_messaging.py
@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@ Currently assumes the local address is localhost:<port>
 """
 
 
-from synapse.federation import (
-    ReplicationHandler
-)
+from synapse.federation import ReplicationHandler
 
 from synapse.federation.units import Pdu
 
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ from synapse.util import origin_from_ucid
 
 from synapse.app.homeserver import SynapseHomeServer
 
-#from synapse.util.logutils import log_function
+# from synapse.util.logutils import log_function
 
 from twisted.internet import reactor, defer
 from twisted.python import log
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ class InputOutput(object):
                 room_name, = m.groups()
                 self.print_line("%s joining %s" % (self.user, room_name))
                 self.server.join_room(room_name, self.user, self.user)
-                #self.print_line("OK.")
+                # self.print_line("OK.")
                 return
 
             m = re.match("^invite (\S+) (\S+)$", line)
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ class InputOutput(object):
                 room_name, invitee = m.groups()
                 self.print_line("%s invited to %s" % (invitee, room_name))
                 self.server.invite_to_room(room_name, self.user, invitee)
-                #self.print_line("OK.")
+                # self.print_line("OK.")
                 return
 
             m = re.match("^send (\S+) (.*)$", line)
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ class InputOutput(object):
                 room_name, body = m.groups()
                 self.print_line("%s send to %s" % (self.user, room_name))
                 self.server.send_message(room_name, self.user, body)
-                #self.print_line("OK.")
+                # self.print_line("OK.")
                 return
 
             m = re.match("^backfill (\S+)$", line)
@@ -125,7 +123,6 @@ class InputOutput(object):
 
 
 class IOLoggerHandler(logging.Handler):
-
     def __init__(self, io):
         logging.Handler.__init__(self)
         self.io = io
@@ -142,6 +139,7 @@ class Room(object):
     """ Used to store (in memory) the current membership state of a room, and
     which home servers we should send PDUs associated with the room to.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, room_name):
         self.room_name = room_name
         self.invited = set()
@@ -175,6 +173,7 @@ class HomeServer(ReplicationHandler):
     """ A very basic home server implentation that allows people to join a
     room and then invite other people.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, server_name, replication_layer, output):
         self.server_name = server_name
         self.replication_layer = replication_layer
@@ -197,26 +196,27 @@ class HomeServer(ReplicationHandler):
             elif pdu.content["membership"] == "invite":
                 self._on_invite(pdu.origin, pdu.context, pdu.state_key)
         else:
-            self.output.print_line("#%s (unrec) %s = %s" %
-                (pdu.context, pdu.pdu_type, json.dumps(pdu.content))
+            self.output.print_line(
+                "#%s (unrec) %s = %s"
+                % (pdu.context, pdu.pdu_type, json.dumps(pdu.content))
             )
 
-    #def on_state_change(self, pdu):
-        ##self.output.print_line("#%s (state) %s *** %s" %
-                ##(pdu.context, pdu.state_key, pdu.pdu_type)
-            ##)
+    # def on_state_change(self, pdu):
+    ##self.output.print_line("#%s (state) %s *** %s" %
+    ##(pdu.context, pdu.state_key, pdu.pdu_type)
+    ##)
 
-        #if "joinee" in pdu.content:
-            #self._on_join(pdu.context, pdu.content["joinee"])
-        #elif "invitee" in pdu.content:
-            #self._on_invite(pdu.origin, pdu.context, pdu.content["invitee"])
+    # if "joinee" in pdu.content:
+    # self._on_join(pdu.context, pdu.content["joinee"])
+    # elif "invitee" in pdu.content:
+    # self._on_invite(pdu.origin, pdu.context, pdu.content["invitee"])
 
     def _on_message(self, pdu):
         """ We received a message
         """
-        self.output.print_line("#%s %s %s" %
-                (pdu.context, pdu.content["sender"], pdu.content["body"])
-            )
+        self.output.print_line(
+            "#%s %s %s" % (pdu.context, pdu.content["sender"], pdu.content["body"])
+        )
 
     def _on_join(self, context, joinee):
         """ Someone has joined a room, either a remote user or a local user
@@ -224,9 +224,7 @@ class HomeServer(ReplicationHandler):
         room = self._get_or_create_room(context)
         room.add_participant(joinee)
 
-        self.output.print_line("#%s %s %s" %
-                (context, joinee, "*** JOINED")
-            )
+        self.output.print_line("#%s %s %s" % (context, joinee, "*** JOINED"))
 
     def _on_invite(self, origin, context, invitee):
         """ Someone has been invited
@@ -234,9 +232,7 @@ class HomeServer(ReplicationHandler):
         room = self._get_or_create_room(context)
         room.add_invited(invitee)
 
-        self.output.print_line("#%s %s %s" %
-                (context, invitee, "*** INVITED")
-            )
+        self.output.print_line("#%s %s %s" % (context, invitee, "*** INVITED"))
 
         if not room.have_got_metadata and origin is not self.server_name:
             logger.debug("Get room state")
@@ -272,14 +268,14 @@ class HomeServer(ReplicationHandler):
 
         try:
             pdu = Pdu.create_new(
-                    context=room_name,
-                    pdu_type="sy.room.member",
-                    is_state=True,
-                    state_key=joinee,
-                    content={"membership": "join"},
-                    origin=self.server_name,
-                    destinations=destinations,
-                )
+                context=room_name,
+                pdu_type="sy.room.member",
+                is_state=True,
+                state_key=joinee,
+                content={"membership": "join"},
+                origin=self.server_name,
+                destinations=destinations,
+            )
             yield self.replication_layer.send_pdu(pdu)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception(e)
@@ -318,21 +314,21 @@ class HomeServer(ReplicationHandler):
         return self.replication_layer.backfill(dest, room_name, limit)
 
     def _get_room_remote_servers(self, room_name):
-        return [i for i in self.joined_rooms.setdefault(room_name,).servers]
+        return [i for i in self.joined_rooms.setdefault(room_name).servers]
 
     def _get_or_create_room(self, room_name):
         return self.joined_rooms.setdefault(room_name, Room(room_name))
 
     def get_servers_for_context(self, context):
         return defer.succeed(
-                self.joined_rooms.setdefault(context, Room(context)).servers
-            )
+            self.joined_rooms.setdefault(context, Room(context)).servers
+        )
 
 
 def main(stdscr):
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument('user', type=str)
-    parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count')
+    parser.add_argument("user", type=str)
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="count")
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     user = args.user
@@ -342,8 +338,9 @@ def main(stdscr):
 
     root_logger = logging.getLogger()
 
-    formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(lineno)d - '
-            '%(levelname)s - %(message)s')
+    formatter = logging.Formatter(
+        "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(lineno)d - " "%(levelname)s - %(message)s"
+    )
     if not os.path.exists("logs"):
         os.makedirs("logs")
     fh = logging.FileHandler("logs/%s" % user)
diff --git a/contrib/graph/graph.py b/contrib/graph/graph.py
index e174ff5026..92736480eb 100644
--- a/contrib/graph/graph.py
+++ b/contrib/graph/graph.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
+
 # Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -58,9 +59,9 @@ def make_graph(pdus, room, filename_prefix):
         name = make_name(pdu.get("pdu_id"), pdu.get("origin"))
         pdu_map[name] = pdu
 
-        t = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
-            float(pdu["ts"]) / 1000
-        ).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,%f')
+        t = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(float(pdu["ts"]) / 1000).strftime(
+            "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,%f"
+        )
 
         label = (
             "<"
@@ -80,11 +81,7 @@ def make_graph(pdus, room, filename_prefix):
             "depth": pdu.get("depth"),
         }
 
-        node = pydot.Node(
-            name=name,
-            label=label,
-            color=color_map[pdu.get("origin")]
-        )
+        node = pydot.Node(name=name, label=label, color=color_map[pdu.get("origin")])
         node_map[name] = node
         graph.add_node(node)
 
@@ -108,14 +105,13 @@ def make_graph(pdus, room, filename_prefix):
 
             if prev_state_name in node_map:
                 state_edge = pydot.Edge(
-                    node_map[start_name], node_map[prev_state_name],
-                    style='dotted'
+                    node_map[start_name], node_map[prev_state_name], style="dotted"
                 )
                 graph.add_edge(state_edge)
 
-    graph.write('%s.dot' % filename_prefix, format='raw', prog='dot')
-#    graph.write_png("%s.png" % filename_prefix, prog='dot')
-    graph.write_svg("%s.svg" % filename_prefix, prog='dot')
+    graph.write("%s.dot" % filename_prefix, format="raw", prog="dot")
+    #    graph.write_png("%s.png" % filename_prefix, prog='dot')
+    graph.write_svg("%s.svg" % filename_prefix, prog="dot")
 
 
 def get_pdus(host, room):
@@ -131,15 +127,14 @@ def get_pdus(host, room):
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Generate a PDU graph for a given room by talking "
-                    "to the given homeserver to get the list of PDUs. \n"
-                    "Requires pydot."
+        "to the given homeserver to get the list of PDUs. \n"
+        "Requires pydot."
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-p", "--prefix", dest="prefix",
-        help="String to prefix output files with"
+        "-p", "--prefix", dest="prefix", help="String to prefix output files with"
     )
-    parser.add_argument('host')
-    parser.add_argument('room')
+    parser.add_argument("host")
+    parser.add_argument("room")
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
diff --git a/contrib/graph/graph2.py b/contrib/graph/graph2.py
index 1ccad65728..9db8725eee 100644
--- a/contrib/graph/graph2.py
+++ b/contrib/graph/graph2.py
@@ -36,10 +36,7 @@ def make_graph(db_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
     args = [room_id]
 
     if limit:
-        sql += (
-            " ORDER BY topological_ordering DESC, stream_ordering DESC "
-            "LIMIT ?"
-        )
+        sql += " ORDER BY topological_ordering DESC, stream_ordering DESC " "LIMIT ?"
 
         args.append(limit)
 
@@ -56,9 +53,8 @@ def make_graph(db_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
 
     for event in events:
         c = conn.execute(
-            "SELECT state_group FROM event_to_state_groups "
-            "WHERE event_id = ?",
-            (event.event_id,)
+            "SELECT state_group FROM event_to_state_groups " "WHERE event_id = ?",
+            (event.event_id,),
         )
 
         res = c.fetchone()
@@ -69,7 +65,7 @@ def make_graph(db_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
 
         t = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
             float(event.origin_server_ts) / 1000
-        ).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,%f')
+        ).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,%f")
 
         content = json.dumps(unfreeze(event.get_dict()["content"]))
 
@@ -93,10 +89,7 @@ def make_graph(db_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
             "state_group": state_group,
         }
 
-        node = pydot.Node(
-            name=event.event_id,
-            label=label,
-        )
+        node = pydot.Node(name=event.event_id, label=label)
 
         node_map[event.event_id] = node
         graph.add_node(node)
@@ -106,10 +99,7 @@ def make_graph(db_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
             try:
                 end_node = node_map[prev_id]
             except:
-                end_node = pydot.Node(
-                    name=prev_id,
-                    label="<<b>%s</b>>" % (prev_id,),
-                )
+                end_node = pydot.Node(name=prev_id, label="<<b>%s</b>>" % (prev_id,))
 
                 node_map[prev_id] = end_node
                 graph.add_node(end_node)
@@ -121,36 +111,33 @@ def make_graph(db_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
         if len(event_ids) <= 1:
             continue
 
-        cluster = pydot.Cluster(
-            str(group),
-            label="<State Group: %s>" % (str(group),)
-        )
+        cluster = pydot.Cluster(str(group), label="<State Group: %s>" % (str(group),))
 
         for event_id in event_ids:
             cluster.add_node(node_map[event_id])
 
         graph.add_subgraph(cluster)
 
-    graph.write('%s.dot' % file_prefix, format='raw', prog='dot')
-    graph.write_svg("%s.svg" % file_prefix, prog='dot')
+    graph.write("%s.dot" % file_prefix, format="raw", prog="dot")
+    graph.write_svg("%s.svg" % file_prefix, prog="dot")
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Generate a PDU graph for a given room by talking "
-                    "to the given homeserver to get the list of PDUs. \n"
-                    "Requires pydot."
+        "to the given homeserver to get the list of PDUs. \n"
+        "Requires pydot."
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-p", "--prefix", dest="prefix",
+        "-p",
+        "--prefix",
+        dest="prefix",
         help="String to prefix output files with",
-        default="graph_output"
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-l", "--limit",
-        help="Only retrieve the last N events.",
+        default="graph_output",
     )
-    parser.add_argument('db')
-    parser.add_argument('room')
+    parser.add_argument("-l", "--limit", help="Only retrieve the last N events.")
+    parser.add_argument("db")
+    parser.add_argument("room")
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
diff --git a/contrib/graph/graph3.py b/contrib/graph/graph3.py
index fe1dc81e90..7f9e5374a6 100644
--- a/contrib/graph/graph3.py
+++ b/contrib/graph/graph3.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
+
 # Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ def make_graph(file_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
     print("Sorted events")
 
     if limit:
-        events = events[-int(limit):]
+        events = events[-int(limit) :]
 
     node_map = {}
 
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ def make_graph(file_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
     for event in events:
         t = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
             float(event.origin_server_ts) / 1000
-        ).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,%f')
+        ).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,%f")
 
         content = json.dumps(unfreeze(event.get_dict()["content"]), indent=4)
         content = content.replace("\n", "<br/>\n")
@@ -67,9 +68,10 @@ def make_graph(file_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
                 value = json.dumps(value)
 
             content.append(
-                "<b>%s</b>: %s," % (
-                    cgi.escape(key, quote=True).encode("ascii", 'xmlcharrefreplace'),
-                    cgi.escape(value, quote=True).encode("ascii", 'xmlcharrefreplace'),
+                "<b>%s</b>: %s,"
+                % (
+                    cgi.escape(key, quote=True).encode("ascii", "xmlcharrefreplace"),
+                    cgi.escape(value, quote=True).encode("ascii", "xmlcharrefreplace"),
                 )
             )
 
@@ -95,10 +97,7 @@ def make_graph(file_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
             "depth": event.depth,
         }
 
-        node = pydot.Node(
-            name=event.event_id,
-            label=label,
-        )
+        node = pydot.Node(name=event.event_id, label=label)
 
         node_map[event.event_id] = node
         graph.add_node(node)
@@ -110,10 +109,7 @@ def make_graph(file_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
             try:
                 end_node = node_map[prev_id]
             except:
-                end_node = pydot.Node(
-                    name=prev_id,
-                    label="<<b>%s</b>>" % (prev_id,),
-                )
+                end_node = pydot.Node(name=prev_id, label="<<b>%s</b>>" % (prev_id,))
 
                 node_map[prev_id] = end_node
                 graph.add_node(end_node)
@@ -123,31 +119,31 @@ def make_graph(file_name, room_id, file_prefix, limit):
 
     print("Created edges")
 
-    graph.write('%s.dot' % file_prefix, format='raw', prog='dot')
+    graph.write("%s.dot" % file_prefix, format="raw", prog="dot")
 
     print("Created Dot")
 
-    graph.write_svg("%s.svg" % file_prefix, prog='dot')
+    graph.write_svg("%s.svg" % file_prefix, prog="dot")
 
     print("Created svg")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Generate a PDU graph for a given room by reading "
-                    "from a file with line deliminated events. \n"
-                    "Requires pydot."
+        "from a file with line deliminated events. \n"
+        "Requires pydot."
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-p", "--prefix", dest="prefix",
+        "-p",
+        "--prefix",
+        dest="prefix",
         help="String to prefix output files with",
-        default="graph_output"
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-l", "--limit",
-        help="Only retrieve the last N events.",
+        default="graph_output",
     )
-    parser.add_argument('event_file')
-    parser.add_argument('room')
+    parser.add_argument("-l", "--limit", help="Only retrieve the last N events.")
+    parser.add_argument("event_file")
+    parser.add_argument("room")
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
diff --git a/contrib/jitsimeetbridge/jitsimeetbridge.py b/contrib/jitsimeetbridge/jitsimeetbridge.py
index e82d1be5d2..67fb2cd1a7 100644
--- a/contrib/jitsimeetbridge/jitsimeetbridge.py
+++ b/contrib/jitsimeetbridge/jitsimeetbridge.py
@@ -20,24 +20,25 @@ import urllib
 import subprocess
 import time
 
-#ACCESS_TOKEN="" #
+# ACCESS_TOKEN="" #
 
-MATRIXBASE = 'https://matrix.org/_matrix/client/api/v1/'
-MYUSERNAME = '@davetest:matrix.org'
+MATRIXBASE = "https://matrix.org/_matrix/client/api/v1/"
+MYUSERNAME = "@davetest:matrix.org"
 
-HTTPBIND = 'https://meet.jit.si/http-bind'
-#HTTPBIND = 'https://jitsi.vuc.me/http-bind'
-#ROOMNAME = "matrix"
+HTTPBIND = "https://meet.jit.si/http-bind"
+# HTTPBIND = 'https://jitsi.vuc.me/http-bind'
+# ROOMNAME = "matrix"
 ROOMNAME = "pibble"
 
-HOST="guest.jit.si"
-#HOST="jitsi.vuc.me"
+HOST = "guest.jit.si"
+# HOST="jitsi.vuc.me"
 
-TURNSERVER="turn.guest.jit.si"
-#TURNSERVER="turn.jitsi.vuc.me"
+TURNSERVER = "turn.guest.jit.si"
+# TURNSERVER="turn.jitsi.vuc.me"
+
+ROOMDOMAIN = "meet.jit.si"
+# ROOMDOMAIN="conference.jitsi.vuc.me"
 
-ROOMDOMAIN="meet.jit.si"
-#ROOMDOMAIN="conference.jitsi.vuc.me"
 
 class TrivialMatrixClient:
     def __init__(self, access_token):
@@ -46,38 +47,50 @@ class TrivialMatrixClient:
 
     def getEvent(self):
         while True:
-            url = MATRIXBASE+'events?access_token='+self.access_token+"&timeout=60000"
+            url = (
+                MATRIXBASE
+                + "events?access_token="
+                + self.access_token
+                + "&timeout=60000"
+            )
             if self.token:
-                url += "&from="+self.token
+                url += "&from=" + self.token
             req = grequests.get(url)
             resps = grequests.map([req])
             obj = json.loads(resps[0].content)
-            print("incoming from matrix",obj)
-            if 'end' not in obj:
+            print("incoming from matrix", obj)
+            if "end" not in obj:
                 continue
-            self.token = obj['end']
-            if len(obj['chunk']):
-                return obj['chunk'][0]
+            self.token = obj["end"]
+            if len(obj["chunk"]):
+                return obj["chunk"][0]
 
     def joinRoom(self, roomId):
-        url = MATRIXBASE+'rooms/'+roomId+'/join?access_token='+self.access_token
+        url = MATRIXBASE + "rooms/" + roomId + "/join?access_token=" + self.access_token
         print(url)
-        headers={ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
-        req = grequests.post(url, headers=headers, data='{}')
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        req = grequests.post(url, headers=headers, data="{}")
         resps = grequests.map([req])
         obj = json.loads(resps[0].content)
-        print("response: ",obj)
+        print("response: ", obj)
 
     def sendEvent(self, roomId, evType, event):
-        url = MATRIXBASE+'rooms/'+roomId+'/send/'+evType+'?access_token='+self.access_token
+        url = (
+            MATRIXBASE
+            + "rooms/"
+            + roomId
+            + "/send/"
+            + evType
+            + "?access_token="
+            + self.access_token
+        )
         print(url)
         print(json.dumps(event))
-        headers={ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
         req = grequests.post(url, headers=headers, data=json.dumps(event))
         resps = grequests.map([req])
         obj = json.loads(resps[0].content)
-        print("response: ",obj)
-
+        print("response: ", obj)
 
 
 xmppClients = {}
@@ -87,38 +100,39 @@ def matrixLoop():
     while True:
         ev = matrixCli.getEvent()
         print(ev)
-        if ev['type'] == 'm.room.member':
-            print('membership event')
-            if ev['membership'] == 'invite' and ev['state_key'] == MYUSERNAME:
-                roomId = ev['room_id']
+        if ev["type"] == "m.room.member":
+            print("membership event")
+            if ev["membership"] == "invite" and ev["state_key"] == MYUSERNAME:
+                roomId = ev["room_id"]
                 print("joining room %s" % (roomId))
                 matrixCli.joinRoom(roomId)
-        elif ev['type'] == 'm.room.message':
-            if ev['room_id'] in xmppClients:
+        elif ev["type"] == "m.room.message":
+            if ev["room_id"] in xmppClients:
                 print("already have a bridge for that user, ignoring")
                 continue
             print("got message, connecting")
-            xmppClients[ev['room_id']] = TrivialXmppClient(ev['room_id'], ev['user_id'])
-            gevent.spawn(xmppClients[ev['room_id']].xmppLoop)
-        elif ev['type'] == 'm.call.invite':
+            xmppClients[ev["room_id"]] = TrivialXmppClient(ev["room_id"], ev["user_id"])
+            gevent.spawn(xmppClients[ev["room_id"]].xmppLoop)
+        elif ev["type"] == "m.call.invite":
             print("Incoming call")
-            #sdp = ev['content']['offer']['sdp']
-            #print "sdp: %s" % (sdp)
-            #xmppClients[ev['room_id']] = TrivialXmppClient(ev['room_id'], ev['user_id'])
-            #gevent.spawn(xmppClients[ev['room_id']].xmppLoop)
-        elif ev['type'] == 'm.call.answer':
+            # sdp = ev['content']['offer']['sdp']
+            # print "sdp: %s" % (sdp)
+            # xmppClients[ev['room_id']] = TrivialXmppClient(ev['room_id'], ev['user_id'])
+            # gevent.spawn(xmppClients[ev['room_id']].xmppLoop)
+        elif ev["type"] == "m.call.answer":
             print("Call answered")
-            sdp = ev['content']['answer']['sdp']
-            if ev['room_id'] not in xmppClients:
+            sdp = ev["content"]["answer"]["sdp"]
+            if ev["room_id"] not in xmppClients:
                 print("We didn't have a call for that room")
                 continue
             # should probably check call ID too
-            xmppCli = xmppClients[ev['room_id']]
+            xmppCli = xmppClients[ev["room_id"]]
             xmppCli.sendAnswer(sdp)
-        elif ev['type'] == 'm.call.hangup':
-            if ev['room_id'] in xmppClients:
-                xmppClients[ev['room_id']].stop()
-                del xmppClients[ev['room_id']]
+        elif ev["type"] == "m.call.hangup":
+            if ev["room_id"] in xmppClients:
+                xmppClients[ev["room_id"]].stop()
+                del xmppClients[ev["room_id"]]
+
 
 class TrivialXmppClient:
     def __init__(self, matrixRoom, userId):
@@ -132,130 +146,155 @@ class TrivialXmppClient:
 
     def nextRid(self):
         self.rid += 1
-        return '%d' % (self.rid)
+        return "%d" % (self.rid)
 
     def sendIq(self, xml):
-        fullXml = "<body rid='%s' xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' sid='%s'>%s</body>" % (self.nextRid(), self.sid, xml)
-        #print "\t>>>%s" % (fullXml)
+        fullXml = (
+            "<body rid='%s' xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' sid='%s'>%s</body>"
+            % (self.nextRid(), self.sid, xml)
+        )
+        # print "\t>>>%s" % (fullXml)
         return self.xmppPoke(fullXml)
 
     def xmppPoke(self, xml):
-        headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/xml'}
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/xml"}
         req = grequests.post(HTTPBIND, verify=False, headers=headers, data=xml)
         resps = grequests.map([req])
         obj = BeautifulSoup(resps[0].content)
         return obj
 
     def sendAnswer(self, answer):
-        print("sdp from matrix client",answer)
-        p = subprocess.Popen(['node', 'unjingle/unjingle.js', '--sdp'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        print("sdp from matrix client", answer)
+        p = subprocess.Popen(
+            ["node", "unjingle/unjingle.js", "--sdp"],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
         jingle, out_err = p.communicate(answer)
         jingle = jingle % {
-            'tojid': self.callfrom,
-            'action': 'session-accept',
-            'initiator': self.callfrom,
-            'responder': self.jid,
-            'sid': self.callsid
+            "tojid": self.callfrom,
+            "action": "session-accept",
+            "initiator": self.callfrom,
+            "responder": self.jid,
+            "sid": self.callsid,
         }
-        print("answer jingle from sdp",jingle)
+        print("answer jingle from sdp", jingle)
         res = self.sendIq(jingle)
-        print("reply from answer: ",res)
+        print("reply from answer: ", res)
 
         self.ssrcs = {}
         jingleSoup = BeautifulSoup(jingle)
-        for cont in jingleSoup.iq.jingle.findAll('content'):
+        for cont in jingleSoup.iq.jingle.findAll("content"):
             if cont.description:
-                self.ssrcs[cont['name']] = cont.description['ssrc']
-        print("my ssrcs:",self.ssrcs)
+                self.ssrcs[cont["name"]] = cont.description["ssrc"]
+        print("my ssrcs:", self.ssrcs)
 
-        gevent.joinall([
-                gevent.spawn(self.advertiseSsrcs)
-        ])
+        gevent.joinall([gevent.spawn(self.advertiseSsrcs)])
 
     def advertiseSsrcs(self):
         time.sleep(7)
         print("SSRC spammer started")
         while self.running:
-            ssrcMsg = "<presence to='%(tojid)s' xmlns='jabber:client'><x xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/><c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps' hash='sha-1' node='http://jitsi.org/jitsimeet' ver='0WkSdhFnAUxrz4ImQQLdB80GFlE='/><nick xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/nick'>%(nick)s</nick><stats xmlns='http://jitsi.org/jitmeet/stats'><stat name='bitrate_download' value='175'/><stat name='bitrate_upload' value='176'/><stat name='packetLoss_total' value='0'/><stat name='packetLoss_download' value='0'/><stat name='packetLoss_upload' value='0'/></stats><media xmlns='http://estos.de/ns/mjs'><source type='audio' ssrc='%(assrc)s' direction='sendre'/><source type='video' ssrc='%(vssrc)s' direction='sendre'/></media></presence>" % { 'tojid': "%s@%s/%s" % (ROOMNAME, ROOMDOMAIN, self.shortJid), 'nick': self.userId, 'assrc': self.ssrcs['audio'], 'vssrc': self.ssrcs['video'] }
+            ssrcMsg = (
+                "<presence to='%(tojid)s' xmlns='jabber:client'><x xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/><c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps' hash='sha-1' node='http://jitsi.org/jitsimeet' ver='0WkSdhFnAUxrz4ImQQLdB80GFlE='/><nick xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/nick'>%(nick)s</nick><stats xmlns='http://jitsi.org/jitmeet/stats'><stat name='bitrate_download' value='175'/><stat name='bitrate_upload' value='176'/><stat name='packetLoss_total' value='0'/><stat name='packetLoss_download' value='0'/><stat name='packetLoss_upload' value='0'/></stats><media xmlns='http://estos.de/ns/mjs'><source type='audio' ssrc='%(assrc)s' direction='sendre'/><source type='video' ssrc='%(vssrc)s' direction='sendre'/></media></presence>"
+                % {
+                    "tojid": "%s@%s/%s" % (ROOMNAME, ROOMDOMAIN, self.shortJid),
+                    "nick": self.userId,
+                    "assrc": self.ssrcs["audio"],
+                    "vssrc": self.ssrcs["video"],
+                }
+            )
             res = self.sendIq(ssrcMsg)
-            print("reply from ssrc announce: ",res)
+            print("reply from ssrc announce: ", res)
             time.sleep(10)
 
-
-
     def xmppLoop(self):
         self.matrixCallId = time.time()
-        res = self.xmppPoke("<body rid='%s' xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' to='%s' xml:lang='en' wait='60' hold='1' content='text/xml; charset=utf-8' ver='1.6' xmpp:version='1.0' xmlns:xmpp='urn:xmpp:xbosh'/>" % (self.nextRid(), HOST))
+        res = self.xmppPoke(
+            "<body rid='%s' xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' to='%s' xml:lang='en' wait='60' hold='1' content='text/xml; charset=utf-8' ver='1.6' xmpp:version='1.0' xmlns:xmpp='urn:xmpp:xbosh'/>"
+            % (self.nextRid(), HOST)
+        )
 
         print(res)
-        self.sid = res.body['sid']
+        self.sid = res.body["sid"]
         print("sid %s" % (self.sid))
 
-        res = self.sendIq("<auth xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-sasl' mechanism='ANONYMOUS'/>")
+        res = self.sendIq(
+            "<auth xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-sasl' mechanism='ANONYMOUS'/>"
+        )
 
-        res = self.xmppPoke("<body rid='%s' xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' sid='%s' to='%s' xml:lang='en' xmpp:restart='true' xmlns:xmpp='urn:xmpp:xbosh'/>" % (self.nextRid(), self.sid, HOST))
+        res = self.xmppPoke(
+            "<body rid='%s' xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/httpbind' sid='%s' to='%s' xml:lang='en' xmpp:restart='true' xmlns:xmpp='urn:xmpp:xbosh'/>"
+            % (self.nextRid(), self.sid, HOST)
+        )
 
-        res = self.sendIq("<iq type='set' id='_bind_auth_2' xmlns='jabber:client'><bind xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-bind'/></iq>")
+        res = self.sendIq(
+            "<iq type='set' id='_bind_auth_2' xmlns='jabber:client'><bind xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-bind'/></iq>"
+        )
         print(res)
 
         self.jid = res.body.iq.bind.jid.string
         print("jid: %s" % (self.jid))
-        self.shortJid = self.jid.split('-')[0]
+        self.shortJid = self.jid.split("-")[0]
 
-        res = self.sendIq("<iq type='set' id='_session_auth_2' xmlns='jabber:client'><session xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-session'/></iq>")
+        res = self.sendIq(
+            "<iq type='set' id='_session_auth_2' xmlns='jabber:client'><session xmlns='urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-session'/></iq>"
+        )
 
-        #randomthing = res.body.iq['to']
-        #whatsitpart = randomthing.split('-')[0]
+        # randomthing = res.body.iq['to']
+        # whatsitpart = randomthing.split('-')[0]
 
-        #print "other random bind thing: %s" % (randomthing)
+        # print "other random bind thing: %s" % (randomthing)
 
         # advertise preence to the jitsi room, with our nick
-        res = self.sendIq("<iq type='get' to='%s' xmlns='jabber:client' id='1:sendIQ'><services xmlns='urn:xmpp:extdisco:1'><service host='%s'/></services></iq><presence to='%s@%s/d98f6c40' xmlns='jabber:client'><x xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/><c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps' hash='sha-1' node='http://jitsi.org/jitsimeet' ver='0WkSdhFnAUxrz4ImQQLdB80GFlE='/><nick xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/nick'>%s</nick></presence>" % (HOST, TURNSERVER, ROOMNAME, ROOMDOMAIN, self.userId))
-        self.muc = {'users': []}
-        for p in res.body.findAll('presence'):
+        res = self.sendIq(
+            "<iq type='get' to='%s' xmlns='jabber:client' id='1:sendIQ'><services xmlns='urn:xmpp:extdisco:1'><service host='%s'/></services></iq><presence to='%s@%s/d98f6c40' xmlns='jabber:client'><x xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/><c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps' hash='sha-1' node='http://jitsi.org/jitsimeet' ver='0WkSdhFnAUxrz4ImQQLdB80GFlE='/><nick xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/nick'>%s</nick></presence>"
+            % (HOST, TURNSERVER, ROOMNAME, ROOMDOMAIN, self.userId)
+        )
+        self.muc = {"users": []}
+        for p in res.body.findAll("presence"):
             u = {}
-            u['shortJid'] = p['from'].split('/')[1]
+            u["shortJid"] = p["from"].split("/")[1]
             if p.c and p.c.nick:
-                u['nick'] = p.c.nick.string
-            self.muc['users'].append(u)
-        print("muc: ",self.muc)
+                u["nick"] = p.c.nick.string
+            self.muc["users"].append(u)
+        print("muc: ", self.muc)
 
         # wait for stuff
         while True:
             print("waiting...")
             res = self.sendIq("")
-            print("got from stream: ",res)
+            print("got from stream: ", res)
             if res.body.iq:
-                jingles = res.body.iq.findAll('jingle')
+                jingles = res.body.iq.findAll("jingle")
                 if len(jingles):
-                    self.callfrom = res.body.iq['from']
+                    self.callfrom = res.body.iq["from"]
                     self.handleInvite(jingles[0])
-            elif 'type' in res.body and res.body['type'] == 'terminate':
+            elif "type" in res.body and res.body["type"] == "terminate":
                 self.running = False
                 del xmppClients[self.matrixRoom]
                 return
 
     def handleInvite(self, jingle):
-        self.initiator = jingle['initiator']
-        self.callsid = jingle['sid']
-        p = subprocess.Popen(['node', 'unjingle/unjingle.js', '--jingle'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        print("raw jingle invite",str(jingle))
+        self.initiator = jingle["initiator"]
+        self.callsid = jingle["sid"]
+        p = subprocess.Popen(
+            ["node", "unjingle/unjingle.js", "--jingle"],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        print("raw jingle invite", str(jingle))
         sdp, out_err = p.communicate(str(jingle))
-        print("transformed remote offer sdp",sdp)
+        print("transformed remote offer sdp", sdp)
         inviteEvent = {
-            'offer': {
-                'type': 'offer',
-                'sdp': sdp
-            },
-            'call_id': self.matrixCallId,
-            'version': 0,
-            'lifetime': 30000
+            "offer": {"type": "offer", "sdp": sdp},
+            "call_id": self.matrixCallId,
+            "version": 0,
+            "lifetime": 30000,
         }
-        matrixCli.sendEvent(self.matrixRoom, 'm.call.invite', inviteEvent)
+        matrixCli.sendEvent(self.matrixRoom, "m.call.invite", inviteEvent)
 
-matrixCli = TrivialMatrixClient(ACCESS_TOKEN)  # Undefined name
 
-gevent.joinall([
-    gevent.spawn(matrixLoop)
-])
+matrixCli = TrivialMatrixClient(ACCESS_TOKEN)  # Undefined name
 
+gevent.joinall([gevent.spawn(matrixLoop)])
diff --git a/contrib/scripts/kick_users.py b/contrib/scripts/kick_users.py
index b4a14385d0..f57e6e7d25 100755
--- a/contrib/scripts/kick_users.py
+++ b/contrib/scripts/kick_users.py
@@ -11,22 +11,22 @@ try:
 except NameError:  # Python 3
     raw_input = input
 
+
 def _mkurl(template, kws):
     for key in kws:
         template = template.replace(key, kws[key])
     return template
 
+
 def main(hs, room_id, access_token, user_id_prefix, why):
     if not why:
         why = "Automated kick."
-    print("Kicking members on %s in room %s matching %s" % (hs, room_id, user_id_prefix))
+    print(
+        "Kicking members on %s in room %s matching %s" % (hs, room_id, user_id_prefix)
+    )
     room_state_url = _mkurl(
         "$HS/_matrix/client/api/v1/rooms/$ROOM/state?access_token=$TOKEN",
-        {
-            "$HS": hs,
-            "$ROOM": room_id,
-            "$TOKEN": access_token
-        }
+        {"$HS": hs, "$ROOM": room_id, "$TOKEN": access_token},
     )
     print("Getting room state => %s" % room_state_url)
     res = requests.get(room_state_url)
@@ -57,24 +57,16 @@ def main(hs, room_id, access_token, user_id_prefix, why):
     for uid in kick_list:
         print(uid)
     doit = raw_input("Continue? [Y]es\n")
-    if len(doit) > 0 and doit.lower() == 'y':
+    if len(doit) > 0 and doit.lower() == "y":
         print("Kicking members...")
         # encode them all
         kick_list = [urllib.quote(uid) for uid in kick_list]
         for uid in kick_list:
             kick_url = _mkurl(
                 "$HS/_matrix/client/api/v1/rooms/$ROOM/state/m.room.member/$UID?access_token=$TOKEN",
-                {
-                    "$HS": hs,
-                    "$UID": uid,
-                    "$ROOM": room_id,
-                    "$TOKEN": access_token
-                }
+                {"$HS": hs, "$UID": uid, "$ROOM": room_id, "$TOKEN": access_token},
             )
-            kick_body = {
-                "membership": "leave",
-                "reason": why
-            }
+            kick_body = {"membership": "leave", "reason": why}
             print("Kicking %s" % uid)
             res = requests.put(kick_url, data=json.dumps(kick_body))
             if res.status_code != 200:
@@ -83,14 +75,15 @@ def main(hs, room_id, access_token, user_id_prefix, why):
                 print("ERROR: JSON %s" % res.json())
 
 
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = ArgumentParser("Kick members in a room matching a certain user ID prefix.")
-    parser.add_argument("-u","--user-id",help="The user ID prefix e.g. '@irc_'")
-    parser.add_argument("-t","--token",help="Your access_token")
-    parser.add_argument("-r","--room",help="The room ID to kick members in")
-    parser.add_argument("-s","--homeserver",help="The base HS url e.g. http://matrix.org")
-    parser.add_argument("-w","--why",help="Reason for the kick. Optional.")
+    parser.add_argument("-u", "--user-id", help="The user ID prefix e.g. '@irc_'")
+    parser.add_argument("-t", "--token", help="Your access_token")
+    parser.add_argument("-r", "--room", help="The room ID to kick members in")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-s", "--homeserver", help="The base HS url e.g. http://matrix.org"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-w", "--why", help="Reason for the kick. Optional.")
     args = parser.parse_args()
     if not args.room or not args.token or not args.user_id or not args.homeserver:
         parser.print_help()
diff --git a/demo/webserver.py b/demo/webserver.py
index 875095c877..ba176d3bd2 100644
--- a/demo/webserver.py
+++ b/demo/webserver.py
@@ -6,23 +6,25 @@ import cgi, logging
 
 from daemonize import Daemonize
 
+
 class SimpleHTTPRequestHandlerWithPOST(SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler):
     UPLOAD_PATH = "upload"
 
     """
     Accept all post request as file upload
     """
+
     def do_POST(self):
 
         path = os.path.join(self.UPLOAD_PATH, os.path.basename(self.path))
-        length = self.headers['content-length']
+        length = self.headers["content-length"]
         data = self.rfile.read(int(length))
 
-        with open(path, 'wb') as fh:
+        with open(path, "wb") as fh:
             fh.write(data)
 
         self.send_response(200)
-        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
+        self.send_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
         self.end_headers()
 
         # Return the absolute path of the uploaded file
@@ -33,30 +35,25 @@ def setup():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument("directory")
     parser.add_argument("-p", "--port", dest="port", type=int, default=8080)
-    parser.add_argument('-P', "--pid-file", dest="pid", default="web.pid")
+    parser.add_argument("-P", "--pid-file", dest="pid", default="web.pid")
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # Get absolute path to directory to serve, as daemonize changes to '/'
     os.chdir(args.directory)
     dr = os.getcwd()
 
-    httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer(
-        ('', args.port),
-        SimpleHTTPRequestHandlerWithPOST
-    )
+    httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer(("", args.port), SimpleHTTPRequestHandlerWithPOST)
 
     def run():
         os.chdir(dr)
         httpd.serve_forever()
 
     daemon = Daemonize(
-            app="synapse-webclient",
-            pid=args.pid,
-            action=run,
-            auto_close_fds=False,
-        )
+        app="synapse-webclient", pid=args.pid, action=run, auto_close_fds=False
+    )
 
     daemon.start()
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     setup()
diff --git a/docker/start.py b/docker/start.py
index 2da555272a..a7a54dacf7 100755
--- a/docker/start.py
+++ b/docker/start.py
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ import glob
 import codecs
 
 # Utility functions
-convert = lambda src, dst, environ: open(dst, "w").write(jinja2.Template(open(src).read()).render(**environ))
+convert = lambda src, dst, environ: open(dst, "w").write(
+    jinja2.Template(open(src).read()).render(**environ)
+)
+
 
 def check_arguments(environ, args):
     for argument in args:
@@ -16,18 +19,22 @@ def check_arguments(environ, args):
             print("Environment variable %s is mandatory, exiting." % argument)
             sys.exit(2)
 
+
 def generate_secrets(environ, secrets):
     for name, secret in secrets.items():
         if secret not in environ:
             filename = "/data/%s.%s.key" % (environ["SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME"], name)
             if os.path.exists(filename):
-                with open(filename) as handle: value = handle.read()
+                with open(filename) as handle:
+                    value = handle.read()
             else:
                 print("Generating a random secret for {}".format(name))
                 value = codecs.encode(os.urandom(32), "hex").decode()
-                with open(filename, "w") as handle: handle.write(value)
+                with open(filename, "w") as handle:
+                    handle.write(value)
             environ[secret] = value
 
+
 # Prepare the configuration
 mode = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else None
 environ = os.environ.copy()
@@ -36,12 +43,17 @@ args = ["python", "-m", "synapse.app.homeserver"]
 
 # In generate mode, generate a configuration, missing keys, then exit
 if mode == "generate":
-    check_arguments(environ, ("SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME", "SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS", "SYNAPSE_CONFIG_PATH"))
+    check_arguments(
+        environ, ("SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME", "SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS", "SYNAPSE_CONFIG_PATH")
+    )
     args += [
-        "--server-name", environ["SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME"],
-        "--report-stats", environ["SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS"],
-        "--config-path", environ["SYNAPSE_CONFIG_PATH"],
-        "--generate-config"
+        "--server-name",
+        environ["SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME"],
+        "--report-stats",
+        environ["SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS"],
+        "--config-path",
+        environ["SYNAPSE_CONFIG_PATH"],
+        "--generate-config",
     ]
     os.execv("/usr/local/bin/python", args)
 
@@ -51,15 +63,19 @@ else:
         config_path = environ["SYNAPSE_CONFIG_PATH"]
     else:
         check_arguments(environ, ("SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME", "SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS"))
-        generate_secrets(environ, {
-            "registration": "SYNAPSE_REGISTRATION_SHARED_SECRET",
-            "macaroon": "SYNAPSE_MACAROON_SECRET_KEY"
-        })
+        generate_secrets(
+            environ,
+            {
+                "registration": "SYNAPSE_REGISTRATION_SHARED_SECRET",
+                "macaroon": "SYNAPSE_MACAROON_SECRET_KEY",
+            },
+        )
         environ["SYNAPSE_APPSERVICES"] = glob.glob("/data/appservices/*.yaml")
-        if not os.path.exists("/compiled"): os.mkdir("/compiled")
+        if not os.path.exists("/compiled"):
+            os.mkdir("/compiled")
 
         config_path = "/compiled/homeserver.yaml"
-        
+
         # Convert SYNAPSE_NO_TLS to boolean if exists
         if "SYNAPSE_NO_TLS" in environ:
             tlsanswerstring = str.lower(environ["SYNAPSE_NO_TLS"])
@@ -69,19 +85,23 @@ else:
                 if tlsanswerstring in ("false", "off", "0", "no"):
                     environ["SYNAPSE_NO_TLS"] = False
                 else:
-                    print("Environment variable \"SYNAPSE_NO_TLS\" found but value \"" + tlsanswerstring + "\" unrecognized; exiting.")
+                    print(
+                        'Environment variable "SYNAPSE_NO_TLS" found but value "'
+                        + tlsanswerstring
+                        + '" unrecognized; exiting.'
+                    )
                     sys.exit(2)
 
         convert("/conf/homeserver.yaml", config_path, environ)
         convert("/conf/log.config", "/compiled/log.config", environ)
         subprocess.check_output(["chown", "-R", ownership, "/data"])
 
-
     args += [
-        "--config-path", config_path,
-
+        "--config-path",
+        config_path,
         # tell synapse to put any generated keys in /data rather than /compiled
-        "--keys-directory", "/data",
+        "--keys-directory",
+        "/data",
     ]
 
     # Generate missing keys and start synapse
diff --git a/docs/sphinx/conf.py b/docs/sphinx/conf.py
index 0b15bd8912..ca4b879526 100644
--- a/docs/sphinx/conf.py
+++ b/docs/sphinx/conf.py
@@ -18,226 +18,220 @@ import os
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(".."))
 
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
 extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-    'sphinx.ext.coverage',
-    'sphinx.ext.ifconfig',
-    'sphinxcontrib.napoleon',
+    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+    "sphinx.ext.coverage",
+    "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
+    "sphinxcontrib.napoleon",
 ]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u'Synapse'
-copyright = u'Copyright 2014-2017 OpenMarket Ltd, 2017 Vector Creations Ltd, 2017 New Vector Ltd'
+project = "Synapse"
+copyright = (
+    "Copyright 2014-2017 OpenMarket Ltd, 2017 Vector Creations Ltd, 2017 New Vector Ltd"
+)
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
 # built documents.
 #
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = '1.0'
+version = "1.0"
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = '1.0'
+release = "1.0"
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
-#language = None
+# language = None
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
 # documents.
-#default_role = None
+# default_role = None
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-#add_function_parentheses = True
+# add_function_parentheses = True
 
 # If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
 # unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
+# add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+pygments_style = "sphinx"
 
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
 
 # If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
-#keep_warnings = False
+# keep_warnings = False
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'default'
+html_theme = "default"
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
-#html_theme_options = {}
+# html_theme_options = {}
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-#html_theme_path = []
+# html_theme_path = []
 
 # The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
 # "<project> v<release> documentation".
-#html_title = None
+# html_title = None
 
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
+# html_short_title = None
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
-#html_logo = None
+# html_logo = None
 
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
+# html_favicon = None
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
 
 # Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
 # .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
 # directly to the root of the documentation.
-#html_extra_path = []
+# html_extra_path = []
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
+# html_use_smartypants = True
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-#html_sidebars = {}
+# html_sidebars = {}
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
+# html_domain_indices = True
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#html_use_index = True
+# html_use_index = True
 
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
+# html_split_index = False
 
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-#html_show_sourcelink = True
+# html_show_sourcelink = True
 
 # If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_sphinx = True
+# html_show_sphinx = True
 
 # If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_copyright = True
+# html_show_copyright = True
 
 # If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
 # contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
 # base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
 
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
+# html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'Synapsedoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "Synapsedoc"
 
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #'preamble': '',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
-latex_documents = [
-  ('index', 'Synapse.tex', u'Synapse Documentation',
-   u'TNG', 'manual'),
-]
+latex_documents = [("index", "Synapse.tex", "Synapse Documentation", "TNG", "manual")]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
+# latex_logo = None
 
 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_use_parts = False
 
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    ('index', 'synapse', u'Synapse Documentation',
-     [u'TNG'], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [("index", "synapse", "Synapse Documentation", ["TNG"], 1)]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
@@ -246,26 +240,32 @@ man_pages = [
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-  ('index', 'Synapse', u'Synapse Documentation',
-   u'TNG', 'Synapse', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        "index",
+        "Synapse",
+        "Synapse Documentation",
+        "TNG",
+        "Synapse",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    )
 ]
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
 
 # If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
-#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
 
 
 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {'http://docs.python.org/': None}
+intersphinx_mapping = {"http://docs.python.org/": None}
 
 napoleon_include_special_with_doc = True
 napoleon_use_ivar = True
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index dd099dc9c8..ec23258da8 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -28,3 +28,22 @@
         directory = "misc"
         name = "Internal Changes"
         showcontent = true
+
+[tool.black]
+target-version = ['py34']
+exclude = '''
+
+(
+  /(
+      \.eggs         # exclude a few common directories in the
+    | \.git          # root of the project
+    | \.tox
+    | \.venv
+    | _build
+    | _trial_temp.*
+    | build
+    | dist
+    | debian
+  )/
+)
+'''
diff --git a/scripts-dev/check_auth.py b/scripts-dev/check_auth.py
index b3d11f49ec..2a1c5f39d4 100644
--- a/scripts-dev/check_auth.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/check_auth.py
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ def check_auth(auth, auth_chain, events):
         print("Success:", e.event_id, e.type, e.state_key)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        'json', nargs='?', type=argparse.FileType('r'), default=sys.stdin
+        "json", nargs="?", type=argparse.FileType("r"), default=sys.stdin
     )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
diff --git a/scripts-dev/check_event_hash.py b/scripts-dev/check_event_hash.py
index 8535f99697..cd5599e9a1 100644
--- a/scripts-dev/check_event_hash.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/check_event_hash.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class dictobj(dict):
 def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
-        "input_json", nargs="?", type=argparse.FileType('r'), default=sys.stdin
+        "input_json", nargs="?", type=argparse.FileType("r"), default=sys.stdin
     )
     args = parser.parse_args()
     logging.basicConfig()
diff --git a/scripts-dev/check_signature.py b/scripts-dev/check_signature.py
index 612f17ca7f..ecda103cf7 100644
--- a/scripts-dev/check_signature.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/check_signature.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 import argparse
 import json
 import logging
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument("signature_name")
     parser.add_argument(
-        "input_json", nargs="?", type=argparse.FileType('r'), default=sys.stdin
+        "input_json", nargs="?", type=argparse.FileType("r"), default=sys.stdin
     )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
@@ -69,5 +68,5 @@ def main():
             print("FAIL %s" % (key_id,))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/scripts-dev/convert_server_keys.py b/scripts-dev/convert_server_keys.py
index ac152b5c42..179be61c30 100644
--- a/scripts-dev/convert_server_keys.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/convert_server_keys.py
@@ -116,5 +116,5 @@ def main():
     connection.commit()
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/scripts-dev/definitions.py b/scripts-dev/definitions.py
index 1deb0fe2b7..9eddb6d515 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/definitions.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/definitions.py
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ class DefinitionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
         self.names = {}
         self.attrs = set()
         self.definitions = {
-            'def': self.functions,
-            'class': self.classes,
-            'names': self.names,
-            'attrs': self.attrs,
+            "def": self.functions,
+            "class": self.classes,
+            "names": self.names,
+            "attrs": self.attrs,
         }
 
     def visit_Name(self, node):
@@ -47,23 +47,23 @@ class DefinitionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
 
 
 def non_empty(defs):
-    functions = {name: non_empty(f) for name, f in defs['def'].items()}
-    classes = {name: non_empty(f) for name, f in defs['class'].items()}
+    functions = {name: non_empty(f) for name, f in defs["def"].items()}
+    classes = {name: non_empty(f) for name, f in defs["class"].items()}
     result = {}
     if functions:
-        result['def'] = functions
+        result["def"] = functions
     if classes:
-        result['class'] = classes
-    names = defs['names']
+        result["class"] = classes
+    names = defs["names"]
     uses = []
-    for name in names.get('Load', ()):
-        if name not in names.get('Param', ()) and name not in names.get('Store', ()):
+    for name in names.get("Load", ()):
+        if name not in names.get("Param", ()) and name not in names.get("Store", ()):
             uses.append(name)
-    uses.extend(defs['attrs'])
+    uses.extend(defs["attrs"])
     if uses:
-        result['uses'] = uses
-    result['names'] = names
-    result['attrs'] = defs['attrs']
+        result["uses"] = uses
+    result["names"] = names
+    result["attrs"] = defs["attrs"]
     return result
 
 
@@ -81,33 +81,33 @@ def definitions_in_file(filepath):
 
 
 def defined_names(prefix, defs, names):
-    for name, funcs in defs.get('def', {}).items():
-        names.setdefault(name, {'defined': []})['defined'].append(prefix + name)
+    for name, funcs in defs.get("def", {}).items():
+        names.setdefault(name, {"defined": []})["defined"].append(prefix + name)
         defined_names(prefix + name + ".", funcs, names)
 
-    for name, funcs in defs.get('class', {}).items():
-        names.setdefault(name, {'defined': []})['defined'].append(prefix + name)
+    for name, funcs in defs.get("class", {}).items():
+        names.setdefault(name, {"defined": []})["defined"].append(prefix + name)
         defined_names(prefix + name + ".", funcs, names)
 
 
 def used_names(prefix, item, defs, names):
-    for name, funcs in defs.get('def', {}).items():
+    for name, funcs in defs.get("def", {}).items():
         used_names(prefix + name + ".", name, funcs, names)
 
-    for name, funcs in defs.get('class', {}).items():
+    for name, funcs in defs.get("class", {}).items():
         used_names(prefix + name + ".", name, funcs, names)
 
-    path = prefix.rstrip('.')
-    for used in defs.get('uses', ()):
+    path = prefix.rstrip(".")
+    for used in defs.get("uses", ()):
         if used in names:
             if item:
-                names[item].setdefault('uses', []).append(used)
-            names[used].setdefault('used', {}).setdefault(item, []).append(path)
+                names[item].setdefault("uses", []).append(used)
+            names[used].setdefault("used", {}).setdefault(item, []).append(path)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
 
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Find definitions.')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Find definitions.")
     parser.add_argument(
         "--unused", action="store_true", help="Only list unused definitions"
     )
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "directories",
-        nargs='+',
+        nargs="+",
         metavar="DIR",
         help="Directories to search for definitions",
     )
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
             continue
         if ignore and any(pattern.match(name) for pattern in ignore):
             continue
-        if args.unused and definition.get('used'):
+        if args.unused and definition.get("used"):
             continue
         result[name] = definition
 
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
                 continue
             result[name] = definition
 
-    if args.format == 'yaml':
+    if args.format == "yaml":
         yaml.dump(result, sys.stdout, default_flow_style=False)
-    elif args.format == 'dot':
+    elif args.format == "dot":
         print("digraph {")
         for name, entry in result.items():
             print(name)
diff --git a/scripts-dev/federation_client.py b/scripts-dev/federation_client.py
index 41e7b24418..7c19e405d4 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/federation_client.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/federation_client.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def encode_canonical_json(value):
         # Encode code-points outside of ASCII as UTF-8 rather than \u escapes
         ensure_ascii=False,
         # Remove unecessary white space.
-        separators=(',', ':'),
+        separators=(",", ":"),
         # Sort the keys of dictionaries.
         sort_keys=True,
         # Encode the resulting unicode as UTF-8 bytes.
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def request_json(method, origin_name, origin_key, destination, path, content):
     authorization_headers = []
 
     for key, sig in signed_json["signatures"][origin_name].items():
-        header = "X-Matrix origin=%s,key=\"%s\",sig=\"%s\"" % (origin_name, key, sig)
+        header = 'X-Matrix origin=%s,key="%s",sig="%s"' % (origin_name, key, sig)
         authorization_headers.append(header.encode("ascii"))
         print("Authorization: %s" % header, file=sys.stderr)
 
@@ -161,11 +161,7 @@ def request_json(method, origin_name, origin_key, destination, path, content):
         headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
 
     result = s.request(
-        method=method,
-        url=dest,
-        headers=headers,
-        verify=False,
-        data=content,
+        method=method, url=dest, headers=headers, verify=False, data=content
     )
     sys.stderr.write("Status Code: %d\n" % (result.status_code,))
     return result.json()
@@ -241,18 +237,18 @@ def main():
 
 
 def read_args_from_config(args):
-    with open(args.config, 'r') as fh:
+    with open(args.config, "r") as fh:
         config = yaml.safe_load(fh)
         if not args.server_name:
-            args.server_name = config['server_name']
+            args.server_name = config["server_name"]
         if not args.signing_key_path:
-            args.signing_key_path = config['signing_key_path']
+            args.signing_key_path = config["signing_key_path"]
 
 
 class MatrixConnectionAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
     @staticmethod
     def lookup(s, skip_well_known=False):
-        if s[-1] == ']':
+        if s[-1] == "]":
             # ipv6 literal (with no port)
             return s, 8448
 
@@ -268,9 +264,7 @@ class MatrixConnectionAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
         if not skip_well_known:
             well_known = MatrixConnectionAdapter.get_well_known(s)
             if well_known:
-                return MatrixConnectionAdapter.lookup(
-                    well_known, skip_well_known=True
-                )
+                return MatrixConnectionAdapter.lookup(well_known, skip_well_known=True)
 
         try:
             srv = srvlookup.lookup("matrix", "tcp", s)[0]
@@ -280,8 +274,8 @@ class MatrixConnectionAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_well_known(server_name):
-        uri = "https://%s/.well-known/matrix/server" % (server_name, )
-        print("fetching %s" % (uri, ), file=sys.stderr)
+        uri = "https://%s/.well-known/matrix/server" % (server_name,)
+        print("fetching %s" % (uri,), file=sys.stderr)
 
         try:
             resp = requests.get(uri)
@@ -294,12 +288,12 @@ class MatrixConnectionAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
                 raise Exception("not a dict")
             if "m.server" not in parsed_well_known:
                 raise Exception("Missing key 'm.server'")
-            new_name = parsed_well_known['m.server']
-            print("well-known lookup gave %s" % (new_name, ), file=sys.stderr)
+            new_name = parsed_well_known["m.server"]
+            print("well-known lookup gave %s" % (new_name,), file=sys.stderr)
             return new_name
 
         except Exception as e:
-            print("Invalid response from %s: %s" % (uri, e, ), file=sys.stderr)
+            print("Invalid response from %s: %s" % (uri, e), file=sys.stderr)
         return None
 
     def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
diff --git a/scripts-dev/hash_history.py b/scripts-dev/hash_history.py
index 514d80fa60..d20f6db176 100644
--- a/scripts-dev/hash_history.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/hash_history.py
@@ -79,5 +79,5 @@ def main():
     conn.commit()
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/scripts-dev/list_url_patterns.py b/scripts-dev/list_url_patterns.py
index 62e5a07472..26ad7c67f4 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/list_url_patterns.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/list_url_patterns.py
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ def find_patterns_in_file(filepath):
         find_patterns_in_code(f.read())
 
 
-parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Find url patterns.')
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Find url patterns.")
 
 parser.add_argument(
     "directories",
-    nargs='+',
+    nargs="+",
     metavar="DIR",
     help="Directories to search for definitions",
 )
diff --git a/scripts-dev/tail-synapse.py b/scripts-dev/tail-synapse.py
index 7c9985d9f0..44e3a6dbf1 100644
--- a/scripts-dev/tail-synapse.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/tail-synapse.py
@@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ def main():
             streams[update.name] = update.position
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/scripts/generate_signing_key.py b/scripts/generate_signing_key.py
index 36e9140b50..16d7c4f382 100755
--- a/scripts/generate_signing_key.py
+++ b/scripts/generate_signing_key.py
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-o", "--output_file",
-
-        type=argparse.FileType('w'),
+        "-o",
+        "--output_file",
+        type=argparse.FileType("w"),
         default=sys.stdout,
         help="Where to write the output to",
     )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     key_id = "a_" + random_string(4)
-    key = generate_signing_key(key_id),
+    key = (generate_signing_key(key_id),)
     write_signing_keys(args.output_file, key)
diff --git a/scripts/move_remote_media_to_new_store.py b/scripts/move_remote_media_to_new_store.py
index e630936f78..12747c6024 100755
--- a/scripts/move_remote_media_to_new_store.py
+++ b/scripts/move_remote_media_to_new_store.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def main(src_repo, dest_repo):
     dest_paths = MediaFilePaths(dest_repo)
     for line in sys.stdin:
         line = line.strip()
-        parts = line.split('|')
+        parts = line.split("|")
         if len(parts) != 2:
             print("Unable to parse input line %s" % line, file=sys.stderr)
             exit(1)
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
     )
-    parser.add_argument("-v", action='store_true', help='enable debug logging')
+    parser.add_argument("-v", action="store_true", help="enable debug logging")
     parser.add_argument("src_repo", help="Path to source content repo")
     parser.add_argument("dest_repo", help="Path to source content repo")
     args = parser.parse_args()
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index b6b4aa740d..12a7849081 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -15,18 +15,17 @@ ignore =
     tox.ini
 
 [flake8]
-max-line-length = 90
-
 # see https://pycodestyle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html#error-codes
 # for error codes. The ones we ignore are:
 #  W503: line break before binary operator
 #  W504: line break after binary operator
 #  E203: whitespace before ':' (which is contrary to pep8?)
 #  E731: do not assign a lambda expression, use a def
-ignore=W503,W504,E203,E731
+#  E501: Line too long (black enforces this for us)
+ignore=W503,W504,E203,E731,E501
 
 [isort]
-line_length = 89
+line_length = 88
 not_skip = __init__.py
 sections=FUTURE,STDLIB,COMPAT,THIRDPARTY,TWISTED,FIRSTPARTY,TESTS,LOCALFOLDER
 default_section=THIRDPARTY
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 3492cdc5a0..5ce06c8987 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -60,9 +60,12 @@ class TestCommand(Command):
         pass
 
     def run(self):
-        print ("""Synapse's tests cannot be run via setup.py. To run them, try:
+        print(
+            """Synapse's tests cannot be run via setup.py. To run them, try:
      PYTHONPATH="." trial tests
-""")
+"""
+        )
+
 
 def read_file(path_segments):
     """Read a file from the package. Takes a list of strings to join to
@@ -84,9 +87,9 @@ version = exec_file(("synapse", "__init__.py"))["__version__"]
 dependencies = exec_file(("synapse", "python_dependencies.py"))
 long_description = read_file(("README.rst",))
 
-REQUIREMENTS = dependencies['REQUIREMENTS']
-CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS = dependencies['CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS']
-ALL_OPTIONAL_REQUIREMENTS = dependencies['ALL_OPTIONAL_REQUIREMENTS']
+REQUIREMENTS = dependencies["REQUIREMENTS"]
+CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS = dependencies["CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS"]
+ALL_OPTIONAL_REQUIREMENTS = dependencies["ALL_OPTIONAL_REQUIREMENTS"]
 
 # Make `pip install matrix-synapse[all]` install all the optional dependencies.
 CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS["all"] = list(ALL_OPTIONAL_REQUIREMENTS)
@@ -102,16 +105,16 @@ setup(
     include_package_data=True,
     zip_safe=False,
     long_description=long_description,
-    python_requires='~=3.5',
+    python_requires="~=3.5",
     classifiers=[
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'Topic :: Communications :: Chat',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
+        "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+        "Topic :: Communications :: Chat",
+        "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
     ],
     scripts=["synctl"] + glob.glob("scripts/*"),
-    cmdclass={'test': TestCommand},
+    cmdclass={"test": TestCommand},
 )
diff --git a/synapse/__init__.py b/synapse/__init__.py
index 0c01546789..119359be68 100644
--- a/synapse/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/__init__.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ try:
     from twisted.internet import protocol
     from twisted.internet.protocol import Factory
     from twisted.names.dns import DNSDatagramProtocol
+
     protocol.Factory.noisy = False
     Factory.noisy = False
     DNSDatagramProtocol.noisy = False
diff --git a/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py b/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py
index 6e93f5a0c6..bdcd915bbe 100644
--- a/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py
@@ -57,18 +57,18 @@ def request_registration(
 
     nonce = r.json()["nonce"]
 
-    mac = hmac.new(key=shared_secret.encode('utf8'), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
+    mac = hmac.new(key=shared_secret.encode("utf8"), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
 
-    mac.update(nonce.encode('utf8'))
+    mac.update(nonce.encode("utf8"))
     mac.update(b"\x00")
-    mac.update(user.encode('utf8'))
+    mac.update(user.encode("utf8"))
     mac.update(b"\x00")
-    mac.update(password.encode('utf8'))
+    mac.update(password.encode("utf8"))
     mac.update(b"\x00")
     mac.update(b"admin" if admin else b"notadmin")
     if user_type:
         mac.update(b"\x00")
-        mac.update(user_type.encode('utf8'))
+        mac.update(user_type.encode("utf8"))
 
     mac = mac.hexdigest()
 
@@ -134,8 +134,9 @@ def register_new_user(user, password, server_location, shared_secret, admin, use
         else:
             admin = False
 
-    request_registration(user, password, server_location, shared_secret,
-                         bool(admin), user_type)
+    request_registration(
+        user, password, server_location, shared_secret, bool(admin), user_type
+    )
 
 
 def main():
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ def main():
     group.add_argument(
         "-c",
         "--config",
-        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
+        type=argparse.FileType("r"),
         help="Path to server config file. Used to read in shared secret.",
     )
 
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ def main():
     parser.add_argument(
         "server_url",
         default="https://localhost:8448",
-        nargs='?',
+        nargs="?",
         help="URL to use to talk to the home server. Defaults to "
         " 'https://localhost:8448'.",
     )
@@ -220,8 +221,9 @@ def main():
     if args.admin or args.no_admin:
         admin = args.admin
 
-    register_new_user(args.user, args.password, args.server_url, secret,
-                      admin, args.user_type)
+    register_new_user(
+        args.user, args.password, args.server_url, secret, admin, args.user_type
+    )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/synapse/api/auth.py b/synapse/api/auth.py
index 79e2808dc5..86f145649c 100644
--- a/synapse/api/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/api/auth.py
@@ -36,8 +36,11 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 AuthEventTypes = (
-    EventTypes.Create, EventTypes.Member, EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-    EventTypes.JoinRules, EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
+    EventTypes.Create,
+    EventTypes.Member,
+    EventTypes.PowerLevels,
+    EventTypes.JoinRules,
+    EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
     EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite,
 )
 
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ class Auth(object):
     FIXME: This class contains a mix of functions for authenticating users
     of our client-server API and authenticating events added to room graphs.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.hs = hs
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
@@ -70,15 +74,12 @@ class Auth(object):
     def check_from_context(self, room_version, event, context, do_sig_check=True):
         prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
         auth_events_ids = yield self.compute_auth_events(
-            event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True,
+            event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True
         )
         auth_events = yield self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
-        auth_events = {
-            (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in itervalues(auth_events)
-        }
+        auth_events = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in itervalues(auth_events)}
         self.check(
-            room_version, event,
-            auth_events=auth_events, do_sig_check=do_sig_check,
+            room_version, event, auth_events=auth_events, do_sig_check=do_sig_check
         )
 
     def check(self, room_version, event, auth_events, do_sig_check=True):
@@ -115,15 +116,10 @@ class Auth(object):
             the room.
         """
         if current_state:
-            member = current_state.get(
-                (EventTypes.Member, user_id),
-                None
-            )
+            member = current_state.get((EventTypes.Member, user_id), None)
         else:
             member = yield self.state.get_current_state(
-                room_id=room_id,
-                event_type=EventTypes.Member,
-                state_key=user_id
+                room_id=room_id, event_type=EventTypes.Member, state_key=user_id
             )
 
         self._check_joined_room(member, user_id, room_id)
@@ -143,23 +139,17 @@ class Auth(object):
             the room. This will be the leave event if they have left the room.
         """
         member = yield self.state.get_current_state(
-            room_id=room_id,
-            event_type=EventTypes.Member,
-            state_key=user_id
+            room_id=room_id, event_type=EventTypes.Member, state_key=user_id
         )
         membership = member.membership if member else None
 
         if membership not in (Membership.JOIN, Membership.LEAVE):
-            raise AuthError(403, "User %s not in room %s" % (
-                user_id, room_id
-            ))
+            raise AuthError(403, "User %s not in room %s" % (user_id, room_id))
 
         if membership == Membership.LEAVE:
             forgot = yield self.store.did_forget(user_id, room_id)
             if forgot:
-                raise AuthError(403, "User %s not in room %s" % (
-                    user_id, room_id
-                ))
+                raise AuthError(403, "User %s not in room %s" % (user_id, room_id))
 
         defer.returnValue(member)
 
@@ -171,9 +161,9 @@ class Auth(object):
 
     def _check_joined_room(self, member, user_id, room_id):
         if not member or member.membership != Membership.JOIN:
-            raise AuthError(403, "User %s not in room %s (%s)" % (
-                user_id, room_id, repr(member)
-            ))
+            raise AuthError(
+                403, "User %s not in room %s (%s)" % (user_id, room_id, repr(member))
+            )
 
     def can_federate(self, event, auth_events):
         creation_event = auth_events.get((EventTypes.Create, ""))
@@ -185,11 +175,7 @@ class Auth(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_user_by_req(
-        self,
-        request,
-        allow_guest=False,
-        rights="access",
-        allow_expired=False,
+        self, request, allow_guest=False, rights="access", allow_expired=False
     ):
         """ Get a registered user's ID.
 
@@ -209,9 +195,8 @@ class Auth(object):
         try:
             ip_addr = self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
             user_agent = request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(
-                b"User-Agent",
-                default=[b""]
-            )[0].decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+                b"User-Agent", default=[b""]
+            )[0].decode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
 
             access_token = self.get_access_token_from_request(
                 request, self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS
@@ -243,11 +228,12 @@ class Auth(object):
             if self._account_validity.enabled and not allow_expired:
                 user_id = user.to_string()
                 expiration_ts = yield self.store.get_expiration_ts_for_user(user_id)
-                if expiration_ts is not None and self.clock.time_msec() >= expiration_ts:
+                if (
+                    expiration_ts is not None
+                    and self.clock.time_msec() >= expiration_ts
+                ):
                     raise AuthError(
-                        403,
-                        "User account has expired",
-                        errcode=Codes.EXPIRED_ACCOUNT,
+                        403, "User account has expired", errcode=Codes.EXPIRED_ACCOUNT
                     )
 
             # device_id may not be present if get_user_by_access_token has been
@@ -265,18 +251,23 @@ class Auth(object):
 
             if is_guest and not allow_guest:
                 raise AuthError(
-                    403, "Guest access not allowed", errcode=Codes.GUEST_ACCESS_FORBIDDEN
+                    403,
+                    "Guest access not allowed",
+                    errcode=Codes.GUEST_ACCESS_FORBIDDEN,
                 )
 
             request.authenticated_entity = user.to_string()
 
-            defer.returnValue(synapse.types.create_requester(
-                user, token_id, is_guest, device_id, app_service=app_service)
+            defer.returnValue(
+                synapse.types.create_requester(
+                    user, token_id, is_guest, device_id, app_service=app_service
+                )
             )
         except KeyError:
             raise AuthError(
-                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS, "Missing access token.",
-                errcode=Codes.MISSING_TOKEN
+                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
+                "Missing access token.",
+                errcode=Codes.MISSING_TOKEN,
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -297,20 +288,14 @@ class Auth(object):
         if b"user_id" not in request.args:
             defer.returnValue((app_service.sender, app_service))
 
-        user_id = request.args[b"user_id"][0].decode('utf8')
+        user_id = request.args[b"user_id"][0].decode("utf8")
         if app_service.sender == user_id:
             defer.returnValue((app_service.sender, app_service))
 
         if not app_service.is_interested_in_user(user_id):
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "Application service cannot masquerade as this user."
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "Application service cannot masquerade as this user.")
         if not (yield self.store.get_user_by_id(user_id)):
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "Application service has not registered this user"
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "Application service has not registered this user")
         defer.returnValue((user_id, app_service))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -368,13 +353,13 @@ class Auth(object):
                     raise AuthError(
                         self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
                         "Unknown user_id %s" % user_id,
-                        errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN
+                        errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN,
                     )
                 if not stored_user["is_guest"]:
                     raise AuthError(
                         self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
                         "Guest access token used for regular user",
-                        errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN
+                        errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN,
                     )
                 ret = {
                     "user": user,
@@ -402,8 +387,9 @@ class Auth(object):
         ) as e:
             logger.warning("Invalid macaroon in auth: %s %s", type(e), e)
             raise AuthError(
-                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS, "Invalid macaroon passed.",
-                errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN
+                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
+                "Invalid macaroon passed.",
+                errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN,
             )
 
     def _parse_and_validate_macaroon(self, token, rights="access"):
@@ -441,13 +427,13 @@ class Auth(object):
                     guest = True
 
             self.validate_macaroon(
-                macaroon, rights, self.hs.config.expire_access_token,
-                user_id=user_id,
+                macaroon, rights, self.hs.config.expire_access_token, user_id=user_id
             )
         except (pymacaroons.exceptions.MacaroonException, TypeError, ValueError):
             raise AuthError(
-                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS, "Invalid macaroon passed.",
-                errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN
+                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
+                "Invalid macaroon passed.",
+                errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN,
             )
 
         if not has_expiry and rights == "access":
@@ -472,10 +458,11 @@ class Auth(object):
         user_prefix = "user_id = "
         for caveat in macaroon.caveats:
             if caveat.caveat_id.startswith(user_prefix):
-                return caveat.caveat_id[len(user_prefix):]
+                return caveat.caveat_id[len(user_prefix) :]
         raise AuthError(
-            self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS, "No user caveat in macaroon",
-            errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN
+            self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
+            "No user caveat in macaroon",
+            errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN,
         )
 
     def validate_macaroon(self, macaroon, type_string, verify_expiry, user_id):
@@ -522,7 +509,7 @@ class Auth(object):
         prefix = "time < "
         if not caveat.startswith(prefix):
             return False
-        expiry = int(caveat[len(prefix):])
+        expiry = int(caveat[len(prefix) :])
         now = self.hs.get_clock().time_msec()
         return now < expiry
 
@@ -554,14 +541,12 @@ class Auth(object):
                 raise AuthError(
                     self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS,
                     "Unrecognised access token.",
-                    errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN
+                    errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN_TOKEN,
                 )
             request.authenticated_entity = service.sender
             return defer.succeed(service)
         except KeyError:
-            raise AuthError(
-                self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS, "Missing access token."
-            )
+            raise AuthError(self.TOKEN_NOT_FOUND_HTTP_STATUS, "Missing access token.")
 
     def is_server_admin(self, user):
         """ Check if the given user is a local server admin.
@@ -581,19 +566,19 @@ class Auth(object):
 
         auth_ids = []
 
-        key = (EventTypes.PowerLevels, "", )
+        key = (EventTypes.PowerLevels, "")
         power_level_event_id = current_state_ids.get(key)
 
         if power_level_event_id:
             auth_ids.append(power_level_event_id)
 
-        key = (EventTypes.JoinRules, "", )
+        key = (EventTypes.JoinRules, "")
         join_rule_event_id = current_state_ids.get(key)
 
-        key = (EventTypes.Member, event.sender, )
+        key = (EventTypes.Member, event.sender)
         member_event_id = current_state_ids.get(key)
 
-        key = (EventTypes.Create, "", )
+        key = (EventTypes.Create, "")
         create_event_id = current_state_ids.get(key)
         if create_event_id:
             auth_ids.append(create_event_id)
@@ -619,7 +604,7 @@ class Auth(object):
                     auth_ids.append(member_event_id)
 
                 if for_verification:
-                    key = (EventTypes.Member, event.state_key, )
+                    key = (EventTypes.Member, event.state_key)
                     existing_event_id = current_state_ids.get(key)
                     if existing_event_id:
                         auth_ids.append(existing_event_id)
@@ -628,7 +613,7 @@ class Auth(object):
                 if "third_party_invite" in event.content:
                     key = (
                         EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite,
-                        event.content["third_party_invite"]["signed"]["token"]
+                        event.content["third_party_invite"]["signed"]["token"],
                     )
                     third_party_invite_id = current_state_ids.get(key)
                     if third_party_invite_id:
@@ -684,7 +669,7 @@ class Auth(object):
             auth_events[(EventTypes.PowerLevels, "")] = power_level_event
 
         send_level = event_auth.get_send_level(
-            EventTypes.Aliases, "", power_level_event,
+            EventTypes.Aliases, "", power_level_event
         )
         user_level = event_auth.get_user_power_level(user_id, auth_events)
 
@@ -692,7 +677,7 @@ class Auth(object):
             raise AuthError(
                 403,
                 "This server requires you to be a moderator in the room to"
-                " edit its room list entry"
+                " edit its room list entry",
             )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -742,7 +727,7 @@ class Auth(object):
                 )
             parts = auth_headers[0].split(b" ")
             if parts[0] == b"Bearer" and len(parts) == 2:
-                return parts[1].decode('ascii')
+                return parts[1].decode("ascii")
             else:
                 raise AuthError(
                     token_not_found_http_status,
@@ -755,10 +740,10 @@ class Auth(object):
                 raise AuthError(
                     token_not_found_http_status,
                     "Missing access token.",
-                    errcode=Codes.MISSING_TOKEN
+                    errcode=Codes.MISSING_TOKEN,
                 )
 
-            return query_params[0].decode('ascii')
+            return query_params[0].decode("ascii")
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def check_in_room_or_world_readable(self, room_id, user_id):
@@ -785,8 +770,8 @@ class Auth(object):
                 room_id, EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""
             )
             if (
-                visibility and
-                visibility.content["history_visibility"] == "world_readable"
+                visibility
+                and visibility.content["history_visibility"] == "world_readable"
             ):
                 defer.returnValue((Membership.JOIN, None))
                 return
@@ -820,10 +805,11 @@ class Auth(object):
 
         if self.hs.config.hs_disabled:
             raise ResourceLimitError(
-                403, self.hs.config.hs_disabled_message,
+                403,
+                self.hs.config.hs_disabled_message,
                 errcode=Codes.RESOURCE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED,
                 admin_contact=self.hs.config.admin_contact,
-                limit_type=self.hs.config.hs_disabled_limit_type
+                limit_type=self.hs.config.hs_disabled_limit_type,
             )
         if self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau is True:
             assert not (user_id and threepid)
@@ -848,8 +834,9 @@ class Auth(object):
             current_mau = yield self.store.get_monthly_active_count()
             if current_mau >= self.hs.config.max_mau_value:
                 raise ResourceLimitError(
-                    403, "Monthly Active User Limit Exceeded",
+                    403,
+                    "Monthly Active User Limit Exceeded",
                     admin_contact=self.hs.config.admin_contact,
                     errcode=Codes.RESOURCE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED,
-                    limit_type="monthly_active_user"
+                    limit_type="monthly_active_user",
                 )
diff --git a/synapse/api/constants.py b/synapse/api/constants.py
index ee129c8689..3ffde0d7fc 100644
--- a/synapse/api/constants.py
+++ b/synapse/api/constants.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 """Contains constants from the specification."""
 
 # the "depth" field on events is limited to 2**63 - 1
-MAX_DEPTH = 2**63 - 1
+MAX_DEPTH = 2 ** 63 - 1
 
 # the maximum length for a room alias is 255 characters
 MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH = 255
@@ -30,39 +30,41 @@ MAX_USERID_LENGTH = 255
 class Membership(object):
 
     """Represents the membership states of a user in a room."""
-    INVITE = u"invite"
-    JOIN = u"join"
-    KNOCK = u"knock"
-    LEAVE = u"leave"
-    BAN = u"ban"
+
+    INVITE = "invite"
+    JOIN = "join"
+    KNOCK = "knock"
+    LEAVE = "leave"
+    BAN = "ban"
     LIST = (INVITE, JOIN, KNOCK, LEAVE, BAN)
 
 
 class PresenceState(object):
     """Represents the presence state of a user."""
-    OFFLINE = u"offline"
-    UNAVAILABLE = u"unavailable"
-    ONLINE = u"online"
+
+    OFFLINE = "offline"
+    UNAVAILABLE = "unavailable"
+    ONLINE = "online"
 
 
 class JoinRules(object):
-    PUBLIC = u"public"
-    KNOCK = u"knock"
-    INVITE = u"invite"
-    PRIVATE = u"private"
+    PUBLIC = "public"
+    KNOCK = "knock"
+    INVITE = "invite"
+    PRIVATE = "private"
 
 
 class LoginType(object):
-    PASSWORD = u"m.login.password"
-    EMAIL_IDENTITY = u"m.login.email.identity"
-    MSISDN = u"m.login.msisdn"
-    RECAPTCHA = u"m.login.recaptcha"
-    TERMS = u"m.login.terms"
-    DUMMY = u"m.login.dummy"
+    PASSWORD = "m.login.password"
+    EMAIL_IDENTITY = "m.login.email.identity"
+    MSISDN = "m.login.msisdn"
+    RECAPTCHA = "m.login.recaptcha"
+    TERMS = "m.login.terms"
+    DUMMY = "m.login.dummy"
 
     # Only for C/S API v1
-    APPLICATION_SERVICE = u"m.login.application_service"
-    SHARED_SECRET = u"org.matrix.login.shared_secret"
+    APPLICATION_SERVICE = "m.login.application_service"
+    SHARED_SECRET = "org.matrix.login.shared_secret"
 
 
 class EventTypes(object):
@@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ class UserTypes(object):
     """Allows for user type specific behaviour. With the benefit of hindsight
     'admin' and 'guest' users should also be UserTypes. Normal users are type None
     """
+
     SUPPORT = "support"
     ALL_USER_TYPES = (SUPPORT,)
 
@@ -125,6 +128,7 @@ class UserTypes(object):
 class RelationTypes(object):
     """The types of relations known to this server.
     """
+
     ANNOTATION = "m.annotation"
     REPLACE = "m.replace"
     REFERENCE = "m.reference"
diff --git a/synapse/api/errors.py b/synapse/api/errors.py
index 66201d6efe..28b5c2af9b 100644
--- a/synapse/api/errors.py
+++ b/synapse/api/errors.py
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ class CodeMessageException(RuntimeError):
         code (int): HTTP error code
         msg (str): string describing the error
     """
+
     def __init__(self, code, msg):
         super(CodeMessageException, self).__init__("%d: %s" % (code, msg))
         self.code = code
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ class SynapseError(CodeMessageException):
     Attributes:
         errcode (str): Matrix error code e.g 'M_FORBIDDEN'
     """
+
     def __init__(self, code, msg, errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN):
         """Constructs a synapse error.
 
@@ -95,10 +97,7 @@ class SynapseError(CodeMessageException):
         self.errcode = errcode
 
     def error_dict(self):
-        return cs_error(
-            self.msg,
-            self.errcode,
-        )
+        return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode)
 
 
 class ProxiedRequestError(SynapseError):
@@ -107,27 +106,23 @@ class ProxiedRequestError(SynapseError):
     Attributes:
         errcode (str): Matrix error code e.g 'M_FORBIDDEN'
     """
+
     def __init__(self, code, msg, errcode=Codes.UNKNOWN, additional_fields=None):
-        super(ProxiedRequestError, self).__init__(
-            code, msg, errcode
-        )
+        super(ProxiedRequestError, self).__init__(code, msg, errcode)
         if additional_fields is None:
             self._additional_fields = {}
         else:
             self._additional_fields = dict(additional_fields)
 
     def error_dict(self):
-        return cs_error(
-            self.msg,
-            self.errcode,
-            **self._additional_fields
-        )
+        return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, **self._additional_fields)
 
 
 class ConsentNotGivenError(SynapseError):
     """The error returned to the client when the user has not consented to the
     privacy policy.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, msg, consent_uri):
         """Constructs a ConsentNotGivenError
 
@@ -136,22 +131,17 @@ class ConsentNotGivenError(SynapseError):
             consent_url (str): The URL where the user can give their consent
         """
         super(ConsentNotGivenError, self).__init__(
-            code=http_client.FORBIDDEN,
-            msg=msg,
-            errcode=Codes.CONSENT_NOT_GIVEN
+            code=http_client.FORBIDDEN, msg=msg, errcode=Codes.CONSENT_NOT_GIVEN
         )
         self._consent_uri = consent_uri
 
     def error_dict(self):
-        return cs_error(
-            self.msg,
-            self.errcode,
-            consent_uri=self._consent_uri
-        )
+        return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, consent_uri=self._consent_uri)
 
 
 class RegistrationError(SynapseError):
     """An error raised when a registration event fails."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -190,15 +180,17 @@ class InteractiveAuthIncompleteError(Exception):
         result (dict): the server response to the request, which should be
             passed back to the client
     """
+
     def __init__(self, result):
         super(InteractiveAuthIncompleteError, self).__init__(
-            "Interactive auth not yet complete",
+            "Interactive auth not yet complete"
         )
         self.result = result
 
 
 class UnrecognizedRequestError(SynapseError):
     """An error indicating we don't understand the request you're trying to make"""
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if "errcode" not in kwargs:
             kwargs["errcode"] = Codes.UNRECOGNIZED
@@ -207,21 +199,14 @@ class UnrecognizedRequestError(SynapseError):
             message = "Unrecognized request"
         else:
             message = args[0]
-        super(UnrecognizedRequestError, self).__init__(
-            400,
-            message,
-            **kwargs
-        )
+        super(UnrecognizedRequestError, self).__init__(400, message, **kwargs)
 
 
 class NotFoundError(SynapseError):
     """An error indicating we can't find the thing you asked for"""
+
     def __init__(self, msg="Not found", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND):
-        super(NotFoundError, self).__init__(
-            404,
-            msg,
-            errcode=errcode
-        )
+        super(NotFoundError, self).__init__(404, msg, errcode=errcode)
 
 
 class AuthError(SynapseError):
@@ -238,8 +223,11 @@ class ResourceLimitError(SynapseError):
     Any error raised when there is a problem with resource usage.
     For instance, the monthly active user limit for the server has been exceeded
     """
+
     def __init__(
-        self, code, msg,
+        self,
+        code,
+        msg,
         errcode=Codes.RESOURCE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED,
         admin_contact=None,
         limit_type=None,
@@ -253,7 +241,7 @@ class ResourceLimitError(SynapseError):
             self.msg,
             self.errcode,
             admin_contact=self.admin_contact,
-            limit_type=self.limit_type
+            limit_type=self.limit_type,
         )
 
 
@@ -268,6 +256,7 @@ class EventSizeError(SynapseError):
 
 class EventStreamError(SynapseError):
     """An error raised when there a problem with the event stream."""
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if "errcode" not in kwargs:
             kwargs["errcode"] = Codes.BAD_PAGINATION
@@ -276,47 +265,53 @@ class EventStreamError(SynapseError):
 
 class LoginError(SynapseError):
     """An error raised when there was a problem logging in."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class StoreError(SynapseError):
     """An error raised when there was a problem storing some data."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class InvalidCaptchaError(SynapseError):
-    def __init__(self, code=400, msg="Invalid captcha.", error_url=None,
-                 errcode=Codes.CAPTCHA_INVALID):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        code=400,
+        msg="Invalid captcha.",
+        error_url=None,
+        errcode=Codes.CAPTCHA_INVALID,
+    ):
         super(InvalidCaptchaError, self).__init__(code, msg, errcode)
         self.error_url = error_url
 
     def error_dict(self):
-        return cs_error(
-            self.msg,
-            self.errcode,
-            error_url=self.error_url,
-        )
+        return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, error_url=self.error_url)
 
 
 class LimitExceededError(SynapseError):
     """A client has sent too many requests and is being throttled.
     """
-    def __init__(self, code=429, msg="Too Many Requests", retry_after_ms=None,
-                 errcode=Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        code=429,
+        msg="Too Many Requests",
+        retry_after_ms=None,
+        errcode=Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED,
+    ):
         super(LimitExceededError, self).__init__(code, msg, errcode)
         self.retry_after_ms = retry_after_ms
 
     def error_dict(self):
-        return cs_error(
-            self.msg,
-            self.errcode,
-            retry_after_ms=self.retry_after_ms,
-        )
+        return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, retry_after_ms=self.retry_after_ms)
 
 
 class RoomKeysVersionError(SynapseError):
     """A client has tried to upload to a non-current version of the room_keys store
     """
+
     def __init__(self, current_version):
         """
         Args:
@@ -331,6 +326,7 @@ class RoomKeysVersionError(SynapseError):
 class UnsupportedRoomVersionError(SynapseError):
     """The client's request to create a room used a room version that the server does
     not support."""
+
     def __init__(self):
         super(UnsupportedRoomVersionError, self).__init__(
             code=400,
@@ -354,22 +350,19 @@ class IncompatibleRoomVersionError(SynapseError):
     Unlike UnsupportedRoomVersionError, it is specific to the case of the make_join
     failing.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, room_version):
         super(IncompatibleRoomVersionError, self).__init__(
             code=400,
             msg="Your homeserver does not support the features required to "
-                "join this room",
+            "join this room",
             errcode=Codes.INCOMPATIBLE_ROOM_VERSION,
         )
 
         self._room_version = room_version
 
     def error_dict(self):
-        return cs_error(
-            self.msg,
-            self.errcode,
-            room_version=self._room_version,
-        )
+        return cs_error(self.msg, self.errcode, room_version=self._room_version)
 
 
 class RequestSendFailed(RuntimeError):
@@ -380,11 +373,11 @@ class RequestSendFailed(RuntimeError):
     networking (e.g. DNS failures, connection timeouts etc), versus unexpected
     errors (like programming errors).
     """
+
     def __init__(self, inner_exception, can_retry):
         super(RequestSendFailed, self).__init__(
-            "Failed to send request: %s: %s" % (
-                type(inner_exception).__name__, inner_exception,
-            )
+            "Failed to send request: %s: %s"
+            % (type(inner_exception).__name__, inner_exception)
         )
         self.inner_exception = inner_exception
         self.can_retry = can_retry
@@ -428,7 +421,7 @@ class FederationError(RuntimeError):
         self.affected = affected
         self.source = source
 
-        msg = "%s %s: %s" % (level, code, reason,)
+        msg = "%s %s: %s" % (level, code, reason)
         super(FederationError, self).__init__(msg)
 
     def get_dict(self):
@@ -448,6 +441,7 @@ class HttpResponseException(CodeMessageException):
     Attributes:
         response (bytes): body of response
     """
+
     def __init__(self, code, msg, response):
         """
 
@@ -486,7 +480,7 @@ class HttpResponseException(CodeMessageException):
         if not isinstance(j, dict):
             j = {}
 
-        errcode = j.pop('errcode', Codes.UNKNOWN)
-        errmsg = j.pop('error', self.msg)
+        errcode = j.pop("errcode", Codes.UNKNOWN)
+        errmsg = j.pop("error", self.msg)
 
         return ProxiedRequestError(self.code, errmsg, errcode, j)
diff --git a/synapse/api/filtering.py b/synapse/api/filtering.py
index 3906475403..9b3daca29b 100644
--- a/synapse/api/filtering.py
+++ b/synapse/api/filtering.py
@@ -28,117 +28,55 @@ FILTER_SCHEMA = {
     "additionalProperties": False,
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {
-        "limit": {
-            "type": "number"
-        },
-        "senders": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"
-        },
-        "not_senders": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"
-        },
+        "limit": {"type": "number"},
+        "senders": {"$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"},
+        "not_senders": {"$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"},
         # TODO: We don't limit event type values but we probably should...
         # check types are valid event types
-        "types": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-            }
-        },
-        "not_types": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-            }
-        }
-    }
+        "types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+        "not_types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+    },
 }
 
 ROOM_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
     "additionalProperties": False,
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {
-        "not_rooms": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"
-        },
-        "rooms": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"
-        },
-        "ephemeral": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"
-        },
-        "include_leave": {
-            "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "state": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"
-        },
-        "timeline": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"
-        },
-        "account_data": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"
-        },
-    }
+        "not_rooms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"},
+        "rooms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"},
+        "ephemeral": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"},
+        "include_leave": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "state": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"},
+        "timeline": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"},
+        "account_data": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_event_filter"},
+    },
 }
 
 ROOM_EVENT_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
     "additionalProperties": False,
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {
-        "limit": {
-            "type": "number"
-        },
-        "senders": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"
-        },
-        "not_senders": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"
-        },
-        "types": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-            }
-        },
-        "not_types": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-            }
-        },
-        "rooms": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"
-        },
-        "not_rooms": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"
-        },
-        "contains_url": {
-            "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "lazy_load_members": {
-            "type": "boolean"
-        },
-        "include_redundant_members": {
-            "type": "boolean"
-        },
-    }
+        "limit": {"type": "number"},
+        "senders": {"$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"},
+        "not_senders": {"$ref": "#/definitions/user_id_array"},
+        "types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+        "not_types": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+        "rooms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"},
+        "not_rooms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_id_array"},
+        "contains_url": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "lazy_load_members": {"type": "boolean"},
+        "include_redundant_members": {"type": "boolean"},
+    },
 }
 
 USER_ID_ARRAY_SCHEMA = {
     "type": "array",
-    "items": {
-        "type": "string",
-        "format": "matrix_user_id"
-    }
+    "items": {"type": "string", "format": "matrix_user_id"},
 }
 
 ROOM_ID_ARRAY_SCHEMA = {
     "type": "array",
-    "items": {
-        "type": "string",
-        "format": "matrix_room_id"
-    }
+    "items": {"type": "string", "format": "matrix_room_id"},
 }
 
 USER_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
@@ -150,22 +88,13 @@ USER_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
         "user_id_array": USER_ID_ARRAY_SCHEMA,
         "filter": FILTER_SCHEMA,
         "room_filter": ROOM_FILTER_SCHEMA,
-        "room_event_filter": ROOM_EVENT_FILTER_SCHEMA
+        "room_event_filter": ROOM_EVENT_FILTER_SCHEMA,
     },
     "properties": {
-        "presence": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/filter"
-        },
-        "account_data": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/filter"
-        },
-        "room": {
-            "$ref": "#/definitions/room_filter"
-        },
-        "event_format": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "enum": ["client", "federation"]
-        },
+        "presence": {"$ref": "#/definitions/filter"},
+        "account_data": {"$ref": "#/definitions/filter"},
+        "room": {"$ref": "#/definitions/room_filter"},
+        "event_format": {"type": "string", "enum": ["client", "federation"]},
         "event_fields": {
             "type": "array",
             "items": {
@@ -177,26 +106,25 @@ USER_FILTER_SCHEMA = {
                 #
                 # Note that because this is a regular expression, we have to escape
                 # each backslash in the pattern.
-                "pattern": r"^((?!\\\\).)*$"
-            }
-        }
+                "pattern": r"^((?!\\\\).)*$",
+            },
+        },
     },
-    "additionalProperties": False
+    "additionalProperties": False,
 }
 
 
-@FormatChecker.cls_checks('matrix_room_id')
+@FormatChecker.cls_checks("matrix_room_id")
 def matrix_room_id_validator(room_id_str):
     return RoomID.from_string(room_id_str)
 
 
-@FormatChecker.cls_checks('matrix_user_id')
+@FormatChecker.cls_checks("matrix_user_id")
 def matrix_user_id_validator(user_id_str):
     return UserID.from_string(user_id_str)
 
 
 class Filtering(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(Filtering, self).__init__()
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
@@ -228,8 +156,9 @@ class Filtering(object):
         # individual top-level key e.g. public_user_data. Filters are made of
         # many definitions.
         try:
-            jsonschema.validate(user_filter_json, USER_FILTER_SCHEMA,
-                                format_checker=FormatChecker())
+            jsonschema.validate(
+                user_filter_json, USER_FILTER_SCHEMA, format_checker=FormatChecker()
+            )
         except jsonschema.ValidationError as e:
             raise SynapseError(400, str(e))
 
@@ -240,10 +169,9 @@ class FilterCollection(object):
 
         room_filter_json = self._filter_json.get("room", {})
 
-        self._room_filter = Filter({
-            k: v for k, v in room_filter_json.items()
-            if k in ("rooms", "not_rooms")
-        })
+        self._room_filter = Filter(
+            {k: v for k, v in room_filter_json.items() if k in ("rooms", "not_rooms")}
+        )
 
         self._room_timeline_filter = Filter(room_filter_json.get("timeline", {}))
         self._room_state_filter = Filter(room_filter_json.get("state", {}))
@@ -252,9 +180,7 @@ class FilterCollection(object):
         self._presence_filter = Filter(filter_json.get("presence", {}))
         self._account_data = Filter(filter_json.get("account_data", {}))
 
-        self.include_leave = filter_json.get("room", {}).get(
-            "include_leave", False
-        )
+        self.include_leave = filter_json.get("room", {}).get("include_leave", False)
         self.event_fields = filter_json.get("event_fields", [])
         self.event_format = filter_json.get("event_format", "client")
 
@@ -299,22 +225,22 @@ class FilterCollection(object):
 
     def blocks_all_presence(self):
         return (
-            self._presence_filter.filters_all_types() or
-            self._presence_filter.filters_all_senders()
+            self._presence_filter.filters_all_types()
+            or self._presence_filter.filters_all_senders()
         )
 
     def blocks_all_room_ephemeral(self):
         return (
-            self._room_ephemeral_filter.filters_all_types() or
-            self._room_ephemeral_filter.filters_all_senders() or
-            self._room_ephemeral_filter.filters_all_rooms()
+            self._room_ephemeral_filter.filters_all_types()
+            or self._room_ephemeral_filter.filters_all_senders()
+            or self._room_ephemeral_filter.filters_all_rooms()
         )
 
     def blocks_all_room_timeline(self):
         return (
-            self._room_timeline_filter.filters_all_types() or
-            self._room_timeline_filter.filters_all_senders() or
-            self._room_timeline_filter.filters_all_rooms()
+            self._room_timeline_filter.filters_all_types()
+            or self._room_timeline_filter.filters_all_senders()
+            or self._room_timeline_filter.filters_all_rooms()
         )
 
 
@@ -375,12 +301,7 @@ class Filter(object):
             # check if there is a string url field in the content for filtering purposes
             contains_url = isinstance(content.get("url"), text_type)
 
-        return self.check_fields(
-            room_id,
-            sender,
-            ev_type,
-            contains_url,
-        )
+        return self.check_fields(room_id, sender, ev_type, contains_url)
 
     def check_fields(self, room_id, sender, event_type, contains_url):
         """Checks whether the filter matches the given event fields.
@@ -391,7 +312,7 @@ class Filter(object):
         literal_keys = {
             "rooms": lambda v: room_id == v,
             "senders": lambda v: sender == v,
-            "types": lambda v: _matches_wildcard(event_type, v)
+            "types": lambda v: _matches_wildcard(event_type, v),
         }
 
         for name, match_func in literal_keys.items():
diff --git a/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py b/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
index 296c4a1c17..172841f595 100644
--- a/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
+++ b/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
@@ -44,29 +44,25 @@ class Ratelimiter(object):
         """
         self.prune_message_counts(time_now_s)
         message_count, time_start, _ignored = self.message_counts.get(
-            key, (0., time_now_s, None),
+            key, (0.0, time_now_s, None)
         )
         time_delta = time_now_s - time_start
         sent_count = message_count - time_delta * rate_hz
         if sent_count < 0:
             allowed = True
             time_start = time_now_s
-            message_count = 1.
-        elif sent_count > burst_count - 1.:
+            message_count = 1.0
+        elif sent_count > burst_count - 1.0:
             allowed = False
         else:
             allowed = True
             message_count += 1
 
         if update:
-            self.message_counts[key] = (
-                message_count, time_start, rate_hz
-            )
+            self.message_counts[key] = (message_count, time_start, rate_hz)
 
         if rate_hz > 0:
-            time_allowed = (
-                time_start + (message_count - burst_count + 1) / rate_hz
-            )
+            time_allowed = time_start + (message_count - burst_count + 1) / rate_hz
             if time_allowed < time_now_s:
                 time_allowed = time_now_s
         else:
@@ -76,9 +72,7 @@ class Ratelimiter(object):
 
     def prune_message_counts(self, time_now_s):
         for key in list(self.message_counts.keys()):
-            message_count, time_start, rate_hz = (
-                self.message_counts[key]
-            )
+            message_count, time_start, rate_hz = self.message_counts[key]
             time_delta = time_now_s - time_start
             if message_count - time_delta * rate_hz > 0:
                 break
@@ -92,5 +86,5 @@ class Ratelimiter(object):
 
         if not allowed:
             raise LimitExceededError(
-                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now_s)),
+                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now_s))
             )
diff --git a/synapse/api/room_versions.py b/synapse/api/room_versions.py
index d644803d38..95292b7dec 100644
--- a/synapse/api/room_versions.py
+++ b/synapse/api/room_versions.py
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@ class EventFormatVersions(object):
     """This is an internal enum for tracking the version of the event format,
     independently from the room version.
     """
-    V1 = 1   # $id:server event id format
-    V2 = 2   # MSC1659-style $hash event id format: introduced for room v3
-    V3 = 3   # MSC1884-style $hash format: introduced for room v4
+
+    V1 = 1  # $id:server event id format
+    V2 = 2  # MSC1659-style $hash event id format: introduced for room v3
+    V3 = 3  # MSC1884-style $hash format: introduced for room v4
 
 
 KNOWN_EVENT_FORMAT_VERSIONS = {
@@ -33,8 +34,9 @@ KNOWN_EVENT_FORMAT_VERSIONS = {
 
 class StateResolutionVersions(object):
     """Enum to identify the state resolution algorithms"""
-    V1 = 1   # room v1 state res
-    V2 = 2   # MSC1442 state res: room v2 and later
+
+    V1 = 1  # room v1 state res
+    V2 = 2  # MSC1442 state res: room v2 and later
 
 
 class RoomDisposition(object):
@@ -46,10 +48,10 @@ class RoomDisposition(object):
 class RoomVersion(object):
     """An object which describes the unique attributes of a room version."""
 
-    identifier = attr.ib()      # str; the identifier for this version
-    disposition = attr.ib()     # str; one of the RoomDispositions
-    event_format = attr.ib()    # int; one of the EventFormatVersions
-    state_res = attr.ib()       # int; one of the StateResolutionVersions
+    identifier = attr.ib()  # str; the identifier for this version
+    disposition = attr.ib()  # str; one of the RoomDispositions
+    event_format = attr.ib()  # int; one of the EventFormatVersions
+    state_res = attr.ib()  # int; one of the StateResolutionVersions
     enforce_key_validity = attr.ib()  # bool
 
 
@@ -92,11 +94,12 @@ class RoomVersions(object):
 
 
 KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS = {
-    v.identifier: v for v in (
+    v.identifier: v
+    for v in (
         RoomVersions.V1,
         RoomVersions.V2,
         RoomVersions.V3,
         RoomVersions.V4,
         RoomVersions.V5,
     )
-}   # type: dict[str, RoomVersion]
+}  # type: dict[str, RoomVersion]
diff --git a/synapse/api/urls.py b/synapse/api/urls.py
index e16c386a14..ff1f39e86c 100644
--- a/synapse/api/urls.py
+++ b/synapse/api/urls.py
@@ -42,13 +42,9 @@ class ConsentURIBuilder(object):
             hs_config (synapse.config.homeserver.HomeServerConfig):
         """
         if hs_config.form_secret is None:
-            raise ConfigError(
-                "form_secret not set in config",
-            )
+            raise ConfigError("form_secret not set in config")
         if hs_config.public_baseurl is None:
-            raise ConfigError(
-                "public_baseurl not set in config",
-            )
+            raise ConfigError("public_baseurl not set in config")
 
         self._hmac_secret = hs_config.form_secret.encode("utf-8")
         self._public_baseurl = hs_config.public_baseurl
@@ -64,15 +60,10 @@ class ConsentURIBuilder(object):
             (str) the URI where the user can do consent
         """
         mac = hmac.new(
-            key=self._hmac_secret,
-            msg=user_id.encode('ascii'),
-            digestmod=sha256,
+            key=self._hmac_secret, msg=user_id.encode("ascii"), digestmod=sha256
         ).hexdigest()
         consent_uri = "%s_matrix/consent?%s" % (
             self._public_baseurl,
-            urlencode({
-                "u": user_id,
-                "h": mac
-            }),
+            urlencode({"u": user_id, "h": mac}),
         )
         return consent_uri
diff --git a/synapse/app/__init__.py b/synapse/app/__init__.py
index f56f5fcc13..d877c77834 100644
--- a/synapse/app/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/app/__init__.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def check_bind_error(e, address, bind_addresses):
         address (str): Address on which binding was attempted.
         bind_addresses (list): Addresses on which the service listens.
     """
-    if address == '0.0.0.0' and '::' in bind_addresses:
-        logger.warn('Failed to listen on 0.0.0.0, continuing because listening on [::]')
+    if address == "0.0.0.0" and "::" in bind_addresses:
+        logger.warn("Failed to listen on 0.0.0.0, continuing because listening on [::]")
     else:
         raise e
diff --git a/synapse/app/_base.py b/synapse/app/_base.py
index 8cc990399f..df4c2d4c97 100644
--- a/synapse/app/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/app/_base.py
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ def start_worker_reactor(appname, config):
 
 
 def start_reactor(
-        appname,
-        soft_file_limit,
-        gc_thresholds,
-        pid_file,
-        daemonize,
-        cpu_affinity,
-        print_pidfile,
-        logger,
+    appname,
+    soft_file_limit,
+    gc_thresholds,
+    pid_file,
+    daemonize,
+    cpu_affinity,
+    print_pidfile,
+    logger,
 ):
     """ Run the reactor in the main process
 
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ def start_reactor(
 def quit_with_error(error_string):
     message_lines = error_string.split("\n")
     line_length = max([len(l) for l in message_lines if len(l) < 80]) + 2
-    sys.stderr.write("*" * line_length + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write("*" * line_length + "\n")
     for line in message_lines:
         sys.stderr.write(" %s\n" % (line.rstrip(),))
-    sys.stderr.write("*" * line_length + '\n')
+    sys.stderr.write("*" * line_length + "\n")
     sys.exit(1)
 
 
@@ -178,14 +178,7 @@ def listen_tcp(bind_addresses, port, factory, reactor=reactor, backlog=50):
     r = []
     for address in bind_addresses:
         try:
-            r.append(
-                reactor.listenTCP(
-                    port,
-                    factory,
-                    backlog,
-                    address
-                )
-            )
+            r.append(reactor.listenTCP(port, factory, backlog, address))
         except error.CannotListenError as e:
             check_bind_error(e, address, bind_addresses)
 
@@ -205,13 +198,7 @@ def listen_ssl(
     for address in bind_addresses:
         try:
             r.append(
-                reactor.listenSSL(
-                    port,
-                    factory,
-                    context_factory,
-                    backlog,
-                    address
-                )
+                reactor.listenSSL(port, factory, context_factory, backlog, address)
             )
         except error.CannotListenError as e:
             check_bind_error(e, address, bind_addresses)
@@ -243,15 +230,13 @@ def refresh_certificate(hs):
             if isinstance(i.factory, TLSMemoryBIOFactory):
                 addr = i.getHost()
                 logger.info(
-                    "Replacing TLS context factory on [%s]:%i", addr.host, addr.port,
+                    "Replacing TLS context factory on [%s]:%i", addr.host, addr.port
                 )
                 # We want to replace TLS factories with a new one, with the new
                 # TLS configuration. We do this by reaching in and pulling out
                 # the wrappedFactory, and then re-wrapping it.
                 i.factory = TLSMemoryBIOFactory(
-                    hs.tls_server_context_factory,
-                    False,
-                    i.factory.wrappedFactory
+                    hs.tls_server_context_factory, False, i.factory.wrappedFactory
                 )
         logger.info("Context factories updated.")
 
@@ -267,6 +252,7 @@ def start(hs, listeners=None):
     try:
         # Set up the SIGHUP machinery.
         if hasattr(signal, "SIGHUP"):
+
             def handle_sighup(*args, **kwargs):
                 for i in _sighup_callbacks:
                     i(hs)
@@ -302,10 +288,8 @@ def setup_sentry(hs):
         return
 
     import sentry_sdk
-    sentry_sdk.init(
-        dsn=hs.config.sentry_dsn,
-        release=get_version_string(synapse),
-    )
+
+    sentry_sdk.init(dsn=hs.config.sentry_dsn, release=get_version_string(synapse))
 
     # We set some default tags that give some context to this instance
     with sentry_sdk.configure_scope() as scope:
@@ -326,7 +310,7 @@ def install_dns_limiter(reactor, max_dns_requests_in_flight=100):
     many DNS queries at once
     """
     new_resolver = _LimitedHostnameResolver(
-        reactor.nameResolver, max_dns_requests_in_flight,
+        reactor.nameResolver, max_dns_requests_in_flight
     )
 
     reactor.installNameResolver(new_resolver)
@@ -339,11 +323,17 @@ class _LimitedHostnameResolver(object):
     def __init__(self, resolver, max_dns_requests_in_flight):
         self._resolver = resolver
         self._limiter = Linearizer(
-            name="dns_client_limiter", max_count=max_dns_requests_in_flight,
+            name="dns_client_limiter", max_count=max_dns_requests_in_flight
         )
 
-    def resolveHostName(self, resolutionReceiver, hostName, portNumber=0,
-                        addressTypes=None, transportSemantics='TCP'):
+    def resolveHostName(
+        self,
+        resolutionReceiver,
+        hostName,
+        portNumber=0,
+        addressTypes=None,
+        transportSemantics="TCP",
+    ):
         # We need this function to return `resolutionReceiver` so we do all the
         # actual logic involving deferreds in a separate function.
 
@@ -363,8 +353,14 @@ class _LimitedHostnameResolver(object):
         return resolutionReceiver
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _resolve(self, resolutionReceiver, hostName, portNumber=0,
-                 addressTypes=None, transportSemantics='TCP'):
+    def _resolve(
+        self,
+        resolutionReceiver,
+        hostName,
+        portNumber=0,
+        addressTypes=None,
+        transportSemantics="TCP",
+    ):
 
         with (yield self._limiter.queue(())):
             # resolveHostName doesn't return a Deferred, so we need to hook into
@@ -374,8 +370,7 @@ class _LimitedHostnameResolver(object):
             receiver = _DeferredResolutionReceiver(resolutionReceiver, deferred)
 
             self._resolver.resolveHostName(
-                receiver, hostName, portNumber,
-                addressTypes, transportSemantics,
+                receiver, hostName, portNumber, addressTypes, transportSemantics
             )
 
             yield deferred
diff --git a/synapse/app/appservice.py b/synapse/app/appservice.py
index 33107f56d1..9120bdb143 100644
--- a/synapse/app/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/app/appservice.py
@@ -44,7 +44,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.appservice")
 
 
 class AppserviceSlaveStore(
-    DirectoryStore, SlavedEventStore, SlavedApplicationServiceStore,
+    DirectoryStore,
+    SlavedEventStore,
+    SlavedApplicationServiceStore,
     SlavedRegistrationStore,
 ):
     pass
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ class AppserviceServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse appservice now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -88,18 +90,19 @@ class AppserviceServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -132,9 +135,7 @@ class ASReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse appservice", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse appservice", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -173,6 +174,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-appservice", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/client_reader.py b/synapse/app/client_reader.py
index a16e037f32..310cdab2e4 100644
--- a/synapse/app/client_reader.py
+++ b/synapse/app/client_reader.py
@@ -118,9 +118,7 @@ class ClientReaderServer(HomeServer):
                     PushRuleRestServlet(self).register(resource)
                     VersionsRestServlet().register(resource)
 
-                    resources.update({
-                        "/_matrix/client": resource,
-                    })
+                    resources.update({"/_matrix/client": resource})
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, NoResource())
 
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ class ClientReaderServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse client reader now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -147,18 +145,19 @@ class ClientReaderServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -170,9 +169,7 @@ class ClientReaderServer(HomeServer):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse client reader", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse client reader", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -199,6 +196,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-client-reader", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/event_creator.py b/synapse/app/event_creator.py
index b8e5196152..ff522e4499 100644
--- a/synapse/app/event_creator.py
+++ b/synapse/app/event_creator.py
@@ -109,12 +109,14 @@ class EventCreatorServer(HomeServer):
                     ProfileAvatarURLRestServlet(self).register(resource)
                     ProfileDisplaynameRestServlet(self).register(resource)
                     ProfileRestServlet(self).register(resource)
-                    resources.update({
-                        "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
-                    })
+                    resources.update(
+                        {
+                            "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
+                        }
+                    )
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, NoResource())
 
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ class EventCreatorServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse event creator now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -141,18 +143,19 @@ class EventCreatorServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -164,9 +167,7 @@ class EventCreatorServer(HomeServer):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse event creator", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse event creator", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -198,6 +199,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-event-creator", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/federation_reader.py b/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
index 7da79dc827..9421420930 100644
--- a/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
+++ b/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
@@ -86,19 +86,18 @@ class FederationReaderServer(HomeServer):
                 if name == "metrics":
                     resources[METRICS_PREFIX] = MetricsResource(RegistryProxy)
                 elif name == "federation":
-                    resources.update({
-                        FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(self),
-                    })
+                    resources.update({FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(self)})
                 if name == "openid" and "federation" not in res["names"]:
                     # Only load the openid resource separately if federation resource
                     # is not specified since federation resource includes openid
                     # resource.
-                    resources.update({
-                        FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(
-                            self,
-                            servlet_groups=["openid"],
-                        ),
-                    })
+                    resources.update(
+                        {
+                            FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(
+                                self, servlet_groups=["openid"]
+                            )
+                        }
+                    )
 
                 if name in ["keys", "federation"]:
                     resources[SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX] = KeyApiV2Resource(self)
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ class FederationReaderServer(HomeServer):
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
             ),
-            reactor=self.get_reactor()
+            reactor=self.get_reactor(),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse federation reader now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -129,18 +128,19 @@ class FederationReaderServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -181,6 +181,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-federation-reader", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/federation_sender.py b/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
index 1d43f2b075..969be58d0b 100644
--- a/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
+++ b/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
@@ -52,8 +52,13 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.federation_sender")
 
 
 class FederationSenderSlaveStore(
-    SlavedDeviceInboxStore, SlavedTransactionStore, SlavedReceiptsStore, SlavedEventStore,
-    SlavedRegistrationStore, SlavedDeviceStore, SlavedPresenceStore,
+    SlavedDeviceInboxStore,
+    SlavedTransactionStore,
+    SlavedReceiptsStore,
+    SlavedEventStore,
+    SlavedRegistrationStore,
+    SlavedDeviceStore,
+    SlavedPresenceStore,
 ):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(FederationSenderSlaveStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
@@ -65,10 +70,7 @@ class FederationSenderSlaveStore(
         self.federation_out_pos_startup = self._get_federation_out_pos(db_conn)
 
     def _get_federation_out_pos(self, db_conn):
-        sql = (
-            "SELECT stream_id FROM federation_stream_position"
-            " WHERE type = ?"
-        )
+        sql = "SELECT stream_id FROM federation_stream_position" " WHERE type = ?"
         sql = self.database_engine.convert_param_style(sql)
 
         txn = db_conn.cursor()
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ class FederationSenderServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse federation_sender now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -117,18 +119,19 @@ class FederationSenderServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -151,7 +154,9 @@ class FederationSenderReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
         self.send_handler.process_replication_rows(stream_name, token, rows)
 
     def get_streams_to_replicate(self):
-        args = super(FederationSenderReplicationHandler, self).get_streams_to_replicate()
+        args = super(
+            FederationSenderReplicationHandler, self
+        ).get_streams_to_replicate()
         args.update(self.send_handler.stream_positions())
         return args
 
@@ -203,6 +208,7 @@ class FederationSenderHandler(object):
     """Processes the replication stream and forwards the appropriate entries
     to the federation sender.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs, replication_client):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
         self._is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
@@ -241,7 +247,7 @@ class FederationSenderHandler(object):
         # ... and when new receipts happen
         elif stream_name == ReceiptsStream.NAME:
             run_as_background_process(
-                "process_receipts_for_federation", self._on_new_receipts, rows,
+                "process_receipts_for_federation", self._on_new_receipts, rows
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -278,12 +284,14 @@ class FederationSenderHandler(object):
 
                     # We ACK this token over replication so that the master can drop
                     # its in memory queues
-                    self.replication_client.send_federation_ack(self.federation_position)
+                    self.replication_client.send_federation_ack(
+                        self.federation_position
+                    )
                     self._last_ack = self.federation_position
         except Exception:
             logger.exception("Error updating federation stream position")
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py b/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
index 6504da5278..2fd7d57ebf 100644
--- a/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
+++ b/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
@@ -62,14 +62,11 @@ class PresenceStatusStubServlet(RestServlet):
         # Pass through the auth headers, if any, in case the access token
         # is there.
         auth_headers = request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders("Authorization", [])
-        headers = {
-            "Authorization": auth_headers,
-        }
+        headers = {"Authorization": auth_headers}
 
         try:
             result = yield self.http_client.get_json(
-                self.main_uri + request.uri.decode('ascii'),
-                headers=headers,
+                self.main_uri + request.uri.decode("ascii"), headers=headers
             )
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             raise e.to_synapse_error()
@@ -105,18 +102,19 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
         if device_id is not None:
             # passing the device_id here is deprecated; however, we allow it
             # for now for compatibility with older clients.
-            if (requester.device_id is not None and
-                    device_id != requester.device_id):
-                logger.warning("Client uploading keys for a different device "
-                               "(logged in as %s, uploading for %s)",
-                               requester.device_id, device_id)
+            if requester.device_id is not None and device_id != requester.device_id:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Client uploading keys for a different device "
+                    "(logged in as %s, uploading for %s)",
+                    requester.device_id,
+                    device_id,
+                )
         else:
             device_id = requester.device_id
 
         if device_id is None:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
+                400, "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
             )
 
         if body:
@@ -124,13 +122,9 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
             # Pass through the auth headers, if any, in case the access token
             # is there.
             auth_headers = request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"Authorization", [])
-            headers = {
-                "Authorization": auth_headers,
-            }
+            headers = {"Authorization": auth_headers}
             result = yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(
-                self.main_uri + request.uri.decode('ascii'),
-                body,
-                headers=headers,
+                self.main_uri + request.uri.decode("ascii"), body, headers=headers
             )
 
             defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -171,12 +165,14 @@ class FrontendProxyServer(HomeServer):
                     if not self.config.use_presence:
                         PresenceStatusStubServlet(self).register(resource)
 
-                    resources.update({
-                        "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
-                    })
+                    resources.update(
+                        {
+                            "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
+                        }
+                    )
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, NoResource())
 
@@ -190,7 +186,7 @@ class FrontendProxyServer(HomeServer):
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
             ),
-            reactor=self.get_reactor()
+            reactor=self.get_reactor(),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse client reader now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -204,18 +200,19 @@ class FrontendProxyServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -227,9 +224,7 @@ class FrontendProxyServer(HomeServer):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse frontend proxy", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse frontend proxy", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -258,6 +253,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-frontend-proxy", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/homeserver.py b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
index b27b12e73d..d19c7c7d71 100755
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -101,13 +101,12 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                     # Skip loading openid resource if federation is defined
                     # since federation resource will include openid
                     continue
-                resources.update(self._configure_named_resource(
-                    name, res.get("compress", False),
-                ))
+                resources.update(
+                    self._configure_named_resource(name, res.get("compress", False))
+                )
 
         additional_resources = listener_config.get("additional_resources", {})
-        logger.debug("Configuring additional resources: %r",
-                     additional_resources)
+        logger.debug("Configuring additional resources: %r", additional_resources)
         module_api = ModuleApi(self, self.get_auth_handler())
         for path, resmodule in additional_resources.items():
             handler_cls, config = load_module(resmodule)
@@ -174,59 +173,67 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
             if compress:
                 client_resource = gz_wrap(client_resource)
 
-            resources.update({
-                "/_matrix/client/api/v1": client_resource,
-                "/_matrix/client/r0": client_resource,
-                "/_matrix/client/unstable": client_resource,
-                "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": client_resource,
-                "/_matrix/client/versions": client_resource,
-                "/.well-known/matrix/client": WellKnownResource(self),
-                "/_synapse/admin": AdminRestResource(self),
-            })
+            resources.update(
+                {
+                    "/_matrix/client/api/v1": client_resource,
+                    "/_matrix/client/r0": client_resource,
+                    "/_matrix/client/unstable": client_resource,
+                    "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": client_resource,
+                    "/_matrix/client/versions": client_resource,
+                    "/.well-known/matrix/client": WellKnownResource(self),
+                    "/_synapse/admin": AdminRestResource(self),
+                }
+            )
 
             if self.get_config().saml2_enabled:
                 from synapse.rest.saml2 import SAML2Resource
+
                 resources["/_matrix/saml2"] = SAML2Resource(self)
 
         if name == "consent":
             from synapse.rest.consent.consent_resource import ConsentResource
+
             consent_resource = ConsentResource(self)
             if compress:
                 consent_resource = gz_wrap(consent_resource)
-            resources.update({
-                "/_matrix/consent": consent_resource,
-            })
+            resources.update({"/_matrix/consent": consent_resource})
 
         if name == "federation":
-            resources.update({
-                FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(self),
-            })
+            resources.update({FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(self)})
 
         if name == "openid":
-            resources.update({
-                FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(self, servlet_groups=["openid"]),
-            })
+            resources.update(
+                {
+                    FEDERATION_PREFIX: TransportLayerServer(
+                        self, servlet_groups=["openid"]
+                    )
+                }
+            )
 
         if name in ["static", "client"]:
-            resources.update({
-                STATIC_PREFIX: File(
-                    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(synapse.__file__), "static")
-                ),
-            })
+            resources.update(
+                {
+                    STATIC_PREFIX: File(
+                        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(synapse.__file__), "static")
+                    )
+                }
+            )
 
         if name in ["media", "federation", "client"]:
             if self.get_config().enable_media_repo:
                 media_repo = self.get_media_repository_resource()
-                resources.update({
-                    MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
-                    LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
-                    CONTENT_REPO_PREFIX: ContentRepoResource(
-                        self, self.config.uploads_path
-                    ),
-                })
+                resources.update(
+                    {
+                        MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
+                        LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
+                        CONTENT_REPO_PREFIX: ContentRepoResource(
+                            self, self.config.uploads_path
+                        ),
+                    }
+                )
             elif name == "media":
                 raise ConfigError(
-                    "'media' resource conflicts with enable_media_repo=False",
+                    "'media' resource conflicts with enable_media_repo=False"
                 )
 
         if name in ["keys", "federation"]:
@@ -257,18 +264,14 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
 
         for listener in listeners:
             if listener["type"] == "http":
-                self._listening_services.extend(
-                    self._listener_http(config, listener)
-                )
+                self._listening_services.extend(self._listener_http(config, listener))
             elif listener["type"] == "manhole":
                 listen_tcp(
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "replication":
                 services = listen_tcp(
@@ -277,16 +280,17 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                     ReplicationStreamProtocolFactory(self),
                 )
                 for s in services:
-                    reactor.addSystemEventTrigger(
-                        "before", "shutdown", s.stopListening,
-                    )
+                    reactor.addSystemEventTrigger("before", "shutdown", s.stopListening)
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -312,7 +316,7 @@ current_mau_gauge = Gauge("synapse_admin_mau:current", "Current MAU")
 max_mau_gauge = Gauge("synapse_admin_mau:max", "MAU Limit")
 registered_reserved_users_mau_gauge = Gauge(
     "synapse_admin_mau:registered_reserved_users",
-    "Registered users with reserved threepids"
+    "Registered users with reserved threepids",
 )
 
 
@@ -327,8 +331,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
     """
     try:
         config = HomeServerConfig.load_or_generate_config(
-            "Synapse Homeserver",
-            config_options,
+            "Synapse Homeserver", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
@@ -339,10 +342,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
         # generating config files and shouldn't try to continue.
         sys.exit(0)
 
-    synapse.config.logger.setup_logging(
-        config,
-        use_worker_options=False
-    )
+    synapse.config.logger.setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False)
 
     events.USE_FROZEN_DICTS = config.use_frozen_dicts
 
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
         database_engine=database_engine,
     )
 
-    logger.info("Preparing database: %s...", config.database_config['name'])
+    logger.info("Preparing database: %s...", config.database_config["name"])
 
     try:
         with hs.get_db_conn(run_new_connection=False) as db_conn:
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
         )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    logger.info("Database prepared in %s.", config.database_config['name'])
+    logger.info("Database prepared in %s.", config.database_config["name"])
 
     hs.setup()
     hs.setup_master()
@@ -391,9 +391,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
         acme = hs.get_acme_handler()
 
         # Check how long the certificate is active for.
-        cert_days_remaining = hs.config.is_disk_cert_valid(
-            allow_self_signed=False
-        )
+        cert_days_remaining = hs.config.is_disk_cert_valid(allow_self_signed=False)
 
         # We want to reprovision if cert_days_remaining is None (meaning no
         # certificate exists), or the days remaining number it returns
@@ -401,8 +399,8 @@ def setup(config_options):
         provision = False
 
         if (
-            cert_days_remaining is None or
-            cert_days_remaining < hs.config.acme_reprovision_threshold
+            cert_days_remaining is None
+            or cert_days_remaining < hs.config.acme_reprovision_threshold
         ):
             provision = True
 
@@ -433,10 +431,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
                 yield do_acme()
 
                 # Check if it needs to be reprovisioned every day.
-                hs.get_clock().looping_call(
-                    reprovision_acme,
-                    24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
-                )
+                hs.get_clock().looping_call(reprovision_acme, 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
 
             _base.start(hs, config.listeners)
 
@@ -463,6 +458,7 @@ class SynapseService(service.Service):
     A twisted Service class that will start synapse. Used to run synapse
     via twistd and a .tac.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, config):
         self.config = config
 
@@ -479,6 +475,7 @@ class SynapseService(service.Service):
 def run(hs):
     PROFILE_SYNAPSE = False
     if PROFILE_SYNAPSE:
+
         def profile(func):
             from cProfile import Profile
             from threading import current_thread
@@ -489,13 +486,14 @@ def run(hs):
                 func(*args, **kargs)
                 profile.disable()
                 ident = current_thread().ident
-                profile.dump_stats("/tmp/%s.%s.%i.pstat" % (
-                    hs.hostname, func.__name__, ident
-                ))
+                profile.dump_stats(
+                    "/tmp/%s.%s.%i.pstat" % (hs.hostname, func.__name__, ident)
+                )
 
             return profiled
 
         from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
+
         ThreadPool._worker = profile(ThreadPool._worker)
         reactor.run = profile(reactor.run)
 
@@ -541,7 +539,9 @@ def run(hs):
 
         stats["daily_active_users"] = yield hs.get_datastore().count_daily_users()
         stats["monthly_active_users"] = yield hs.get_datastore().count_monthly_users()
-        stats["daily_active_rooms"] = yield hs.get_datastore().count_daily_active_rooms()
+        stats[
+            "daily_active_rooms"
+        ] = yield hs.get_datastore().count_daily_active_rooms()
         stats["daily_messages"] = yield hs.get_datastore().count_daily_messages()
 
         r30_results = yield hs.get_datastore().count_r30_users()
@@ -565,8 +565,7 @@ def run(hs):
         logger.info("Reporting stats to matrix.org: %s" % (stats,))
         try:
             yield hs.get_simple_http_client().put_json(
-                "https://matrix.org/report-usage-stats/push",
-                stats
+                "https://matrix.org/report-usage-stats/push", stats
             )
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warn("Error reporting stats: %s", e)
@@ -581,14 +580,11 @@ def run(hs):
             logger.info("report_stats can use psutil")
             stats_process.append(process)
         except (AttributeError):
-            logger.warning(
-                "Unable to read memory/cpu stats. Disabling reporting."
-            )
+            logger.warning("Unable to read memory/cpu stats. Disabling reporting.")
 
     def generate_user_daily_visit_stats():
         return run_as_background_process(
-            "generate_user_daily_visits",
-            hs.get_datastore().generate_user_daily_visits,
+            "generate_user_daily_visits", hs.get_datastore().generate_user_daily_visits
         )
 
     # Rather than update on per session basis, batch up the requests.
@@ -599,9 +595,9 @@ def run(hs):
     # monthly active user limiting functionality
     def reap_monthly_active_users():
         return run_as_background_process(
-            "reap_monthly_active_users",
-            hs.get_datastore().reap_monthly_active_users,
+            "reap_monthly_active_users", hs.get_datastore().reap_monthly_active_users
         )
+
     clock.looping_call(reap_monthly_active_users, 1000 * 60 * 60)
     reap_monthly_active_users()
 
@@ -619,8 +615,7 @@ def run(hs):
 
     def start_generate_monthly_active_users():
         return run_as_background_process(
-            "generate_monthly_active_users",
-            generate_monthly_active_users,
+            "generate_monthly_active_users", generate_monthly_active_users
         )
 
     start_generate_monthly_active_users()
@@ -660,5 +655,5 @@ def main():
         run(hs)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/synapse/app/media_repository.py b/synapse/app/media_repository.py
index d4cc4e9443..cf0e2036c3 100644
--- a/synapse/app/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/app/media_repository.py
@@ -72,13 +72,15 @@ class MediaRepositoryServer(HomeServer):
                     resources[METRICS_PREFIX] = MetricsResource(RegistryProxy)
                 elif name == "media":
                     media_repo = self.get_media_repository_resource()
-                    resources.update({
-                        MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
-                        LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
-                        CONTENT_REPO_PREFIX: ContentRepoResource(
-                            self, self.config.uploads_path
-                        ),
-                    })
+                    resources.update(
+                        {
+                            MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
+                            LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX: media_repo,
+                            CONTENT_REPO_PREFIX: ContentRepoResource(
+                                self, self.config.uploads_path
+                            ),
+                        }
+                    )
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, NoResource())
 
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ class MediaRepositoryServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse media repository now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -105,18 +107,19 @@ class MediaRepositoryServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -164,6 +167,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-media-repository", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/pusher.py b/synapse/app/pusher.py
index cbf0d67f51..df29ea5ecb 100644
--- a/synapse/app/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/app/pusher.py
@@ -46,36 +46,27 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.pusher")
 
 
 class PusherSlaveStore(
-    SlavedEventStore, SlavedPusherStore, SlavedReceiptsStore,
-    SlavedAccountDataStore
+    SlavedEventStore, SlavedPusherStore, SlavedReceiptsStore, SlavedAccountDataStore
 ):
-    update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success = (
-        __func__(DataStore.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success)
+    update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success = __func__(
+        DataStore.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success
     )
 
-    update_pusher_failing_since = (
-        __func__(DataStore.update_pusher_failing_since)
-    )
+    update_pusher_failing_since = __func__(DataStore.update_pusher_failing_since)
 
-    update_pusher_last_stream_ordering = (
-        __func__(DataStore.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering)
+    update_pusher_last_stream_ordering = __func__(
+        DataStore.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering
     )
 
-    get_throttle_params_by_room = (
-        __func__(DataStore.get_throttle_params_by_room)
-    )
+    get_throttle_params_by_room = __func__(DataStore.get_throttle_params_by_room)
 
-    set_throttle_params = (
-        __func__(DataStore.set_throttle_params)
-    )
+    set_throttle_params = __func__(DataStore.set_throttle_params)
 
-    get_time_of_last_push_action_before = (
-        __func__(DataStore.get_time_of_last_push_action_before)
+    get_time_of_last_push_action_before = __func__(
+        DataStore.get_time_of_last_push_action_before
     )
 
-    get_profile_displayname = (
-        __func__(DataStore.get_profile_displayname)
-    )
+    get_profile_displayname = __func__(DataStore.get_profile_displayname)
 
 
 class PusherServer(HomeServer):
@@ -105,7 +96,7 @@ class PusherServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse pusher now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -119,18 +110,19 @@ class PusherServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -161,9 +153,7 @@ class PusherReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
                     else:
                         yield self.start_pusher(row.user_id, row.app_id, row.pushkey)
             elif stream_name == "events":
-                yield self.pusher_pool.on_new_notifications(
-                    token, token,
-                )
+                yield self.pusher_pool.on_new_notifications(token, token)
             elif stream_name == "receipts":
                 yield self.pusher_pool.on_new_receipts(
                     token, token, set(row.room_id for row in rows)
@@ -188,9 +178,7 @@ class PusherReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse pusher", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse pusher", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -234,6 +222,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-pusher", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         ps = start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
index 5388def28a..858949910d 100644
--- a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
+++ b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
@@ -98,10 +98,7 @@ class SynchrotronPresence(object):
         self.notifier = hs.get_notifier()
 
         active_presence = self.store.take_presence_startup_info()
-        self.user_to_current_state = {
-            state.user_id: state
-            for state in active_presence
-        }
+        self.user_to_current_state = {state.user_id: state for state in active_presence}
 
         # user_id -> last_sync_ms. Lists the users that have stopped syncing
         # but we haven't notified the master of that yet
@@ -196,17 +193,26 @@ class SynchrotronPresence(object):
         room_ids_to_states, users_to_states = parties
 
         self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "presence_key", stream_id, rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
-            users=users_to_states.keys()
+            "presence_key",
+            stream_id,
+            rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
+            users=users_to_states.keys(),
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def process_replication_rows(self, token, rows):
-        states = [UserPresenceState(
-            row.user_id, row.state, row.last_active_ts,
-            row.last_federation_update_ts, row.last_user_sync_ts, row.status_msg,
-            row.currently_active
-        ) for row in rows]
+        states = [
+            UserPresenceState(
+                row.user_id,
+                row.state,
+                row.last_active_ts,
+                row.last_federation_update_ts,
+                row.last_user_sync_ts,
+                row.status_msg,
+                row.currently_active,
+            )
+            for row in rows
+        ]
 
         for state in states:
             self.user_to_current_state[state.user_id] = state
@@ -217,7 +223,8 @@ class SynchrotronPresence(object):
     def get_currently_syncing_users(self):
         if self.hs.config.use_presence:
             return [
-                user_id for user_id, count in iteritems(self.user_to_num_current_syncs)
+                user_id
+                for user_id, count in iteritems(self.user_to_num_current_syncs)
                 if count > 0
             ]
         else:
@@ -281,12 +288,14 @@ class SynchrotronServer(HomeServer):
                     events.register_servlets(self, resource)
                     InitialSyncRestServlet(self).register(resource)
                     RoomInitialSyncRestServlet(self).register(resource)
-                    resources.update({
-                        "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
-                    })
+                    resources.update(
+                        {
+                            "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
+                        }
+                    )
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, NoResource())
 
@@ -299,7 +308,7 @@ class SynchrotronServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse synchrotron now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -313,18 +322,19 @@ class SynchrotronServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -382,40 +392,36 @@ class SyncReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
                     )
             elif stream_name == "push_rules":
                 self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                    "push_rules_key", token, users=[row.user_id for row in rows],
+                    "push_rules_key", token, users=[row.user_id for row in rows]
                 )
-            elif stream_name in ("account_data", "tag_account_data",):
+            elif stream_name in ("account_data", "tag_account_data"):
                 self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                    "account_data_key", token, users=[row.user_id for row in rows],
+                    "account_data_key", token, users=[row.user_id for row in rows]
                 )
             elif stream_name == "receipts":
                 self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                    "receipt_key", token, rooms=[row.room_id for row in rows],
+                    "receipt_key", token, rooms=[row.room_id for row in rows]
                 )
             elif stream_name == "typing":
                 self.typing_handler.process_replication_rows(token, rows)
                 self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                    "typing_key", token, rooms=[row.room_id for row in rows],
+                    "typing_key", token, rooms=[row.room_id for row in rows]
                 )
             elif stream_name == "to_device":
                 entities = [row.entity for row in rows if row.entity.startswith("@")]
                 if entities:
-                    self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                        "to_device_key", token, users=entities,
-                    )
+                    self.notifier.on_new_event("to_device_key", token, users=entities)
             elif stream_name == "device_lists":
                 all_room_ids = set()
                 for row in rows:
                     room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(row.user_id)
                     all_room_ids.update(room_ids)
-                self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                    "device_list_key", token, rooms=all_room_ids,
-                )
+                self.notifier.on_new_event("device_list_key", token, rooms=all_room_ids)
             elif stream_name == "presence":
                 yield self.presence_handler.process_replication_rows(token, rows)
             elif stream_name == "receipts":
                 self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                    "groups_key", token, users=[row.user_id for row in rows],
+                    "groups_key", token, users=[row.user_id for row in rows]
                 )
         except Exception:
             logger.exception("Error processing replication")
@@ -423,9 +429,7 @@ class SyncReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse synchrotron", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse synchrotron", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -453,6 +457,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-synchrotron", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/app/user_dir.py b/synapse/app/user_dir.py
index 355f5aa71d..2d9d2e1bbc 100644
--- a/synapse/app/user_dir.py
+++ b/synapse/app/user_dir.py
@@ -66,14 +66,16 @@ class UserDirectorySlaveStore(
 
         events_max = self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
         curr_state_delta_prefill, min_curr_state_delta_id = self._get_cache_dict(
-            db_conn, "current_state_delta_stream",
+            db_conn,
+            "current_state_delta_stream",
             entity_column="room_id",
             stream_column="stream_id",
             max_value=events_max,  # As we share the stream id with events token
             limit=1000,
         )
         self._curr_state_delta_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "_curr_state_delta_stream_cache", min_curr_state_delta_id,
+            "_curr_state_delta_stream_cache",
+            min_curr_state_delta_id,
             prefilled_cache=curr_state_delta_prefill,
         )
 
@@ -110,12 +112,14 @@ class UserDirectoryServer(HomeServer):
                 elif name == "client":
                     resource = JsonResource(self, canonical_json=False)
                     user_directory.register_servlets(self, resource)
-                    resources.update({
-                        "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
-                        "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
-                    })
+                    resources.update(
+                        {
+                            "/_matrix/client/r0": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/unstable": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha": resource,
+                            "/_matrix/client/api/v1": resource,
+                        }
+                    )
 
         root_resource = create_resource_tree(resources, NoResource())
 
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ class UserDirectoryServer(HomeServer):
                 listener_config,
                 root_resource,
                 self.version_string,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         logger.info("Synapse user_dir now listening on port %d", port)
@@ -142,18 +146,19 @@ class UserDirectoryServer(HomeServer):
                     listener["bind_addresses"],
                     listener["port"],
                     manhole(
-                        username="matrix",
-                        password="rabbithole",
-                        globals={"hs": self},
-                    )
+                        username="matrix", password="rabbithole", globals={"hs": self}
+                    ),
                 )
             elif listener["type"] == "metrics":
                 if not self.get_config().enable_metrics:
-                    logger.warn(("Metrics listener configured, but "
-                                 "enable_metrics is not True!"))
+                    logger.warn(
+                        (
+                            "Metrics listener configured, but "
+                            "enable_metrics is not True!"
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"],
-                                         listener["port"])
+                    _base.listen_metrics(listener["bind_addresses"], listener["port"])
             else:
                 logger.warn("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener["type"])
 
@@ -186,9 +191,7 @@ class UserDirectoryReplicationHandler(ReplicationClientHandler):
 
 def start(config_options):
     try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config(
-            "Synapse user directory", config_options
-        )
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse user directory", config_options)
     except ConfigError as e:
         sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -227,6 +230,6 @@ def start(config_options):
     _base.start_worker_reactor("synapse-user-dir", config)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     with LoggingContext("main"):
         start(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/synapse/appservice/__init__.py b/synapse/appservice/__init__.py
index 57ed8a3ca2..b26a31dd54 100644
--- a/synapse/appservice/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/__init__.py
@@ -48,9 +48,7 @@ class AppServiceTransaction(object):
             A Deferred which resolves to True if the transaction was sent.
         """
         return as_api.push_bulk(
-            service=self.service,
-            events=self.events,
-            txn_id=self.id
+            service=self.service, events=self.events, txn_id=self.id
         )
 
     def complete(self, store):
@@ -64,10 +62,7 @@ class AppServiceTransaction(object):
         Returns:
             A Deferred which resolves to True if the transaction was completed.
         """
-        return store.complete_appservice_txn(
-            service=self.service,
-            txn_id=self.id
-        )
+        return store.complete_appservice_txn(service=self.service, txn_id=self.id)
 
 
 class ApplicationService(object):
@@ -76,6 +71,7 @@ class ApplicationService(object):
 
     Provides methods to check if this service is "interested" in events.
     """
+
     NS_USERS = "users"
     NS_ALIASES = "aliases"
     NS_ROOMS = "rooms"
@@ -84,9 +80,19 @@ class ApplicationService(object):
     # values.
     NS_LIST = [NS_USERS, NS_ALIASES, NS_ROOMS]
 
-    def __init__(self, token, hostname, url=None, namespaces=None, hs_token=None,
-                 sender=None, id=None, protocols=None, rate_limited=True,
-                 ip_range_whitelist=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        token,
+        hostname,
+        url=None,
+        namespaces=None,
+        hs_token=None,
+        sender=None,
+        id=None,
+        protocols=None,
+        rate_limited=True,
+        ip_range_whitelist=None,
+    ):
         self.token = token
         self.url = url
         self.hs_token = hs_token
@@ -128,9 +134,7 @@ class ApplicationService(object):
                 if not isinstance(regex_obj, dict):
                     raise ValueError("Expected dict regex for ns '%s'" % ns)
                 if not isinstance(regex_obj.get("exclusive"), bool):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Expected bool for 'exclusive' in ns '%s'" % ns
-                    )
+                    raise ValueError("Expected bool for 'exclusive' in ns '%s'" % ns)
                 group_id = regex_obj.get("group_id")
                 if group_id:
                     if not isinstance(group_id, str):
@@ -153,9 +157,7 @@ class ApplicationService(object):
                 if isinstance(regex, string_types):
                     regex_obj["regex"] = re.compile(regex)  # Pre-compile regex
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Expected string for 'regex' in ns '%s'" % ns
-                    )
+                    raise ValueError("Expected string for 'regex' in ns '%s'" % ns)
         return namespaces
 
     def _matches_regex(self, test_string, namespace_key):
@@ -178,8 +180,9 @@ class ApplicationService(object):
         if self.is_interested_in_user(event.sender):
             defer.returnValue(True)
         # also check m.room.member state key
-        if (event.type == EventTypes.Member and
-                self.is_interested_in_user(event.state_key)):
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and self.is_interested_in_user(
+            event.state_key
+        ):
             defer.returnValue(True)
 
         if not store:
diff --git a/synapse/appservice/api.py b/synapse/appservice/api.py
index 9ccc5a80fc..571881775b 100644
--- a/synapse/appservice/api.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/api.py
@@ -32,19 +32,17 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 sent_transactions_counter = Counter(
     "synapse_appservice_api_sent_transactions",
     "Number of /transactions/ requests sent",
-    ["service"]
+    ["service"],
 )
 
 failed_transactions_counter = Counter(
     "synapse_appservice_api_failed_transactions",
     "Number of /transactions/ requests that failed to send",
-    ["service"]
+    ["service"],
 )
 
 sent_events_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_appservice_api_sent_events",
-    "Number of events sent to the AS",
-    ["service"]
+    "synapse_appservice_api_sent_events", "Number of events sent to the AS", ["service"]
 )
 
 HOUR_IN_MS = 60 * 60 * 1000
@@ -92,8 +90,9 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         super(ApplicationServiceApi, self).__init__(hs)
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
 
-        self.protocol_meta_cache = ResponseCache(hs, "as_protocol_meta",
-                                                 timeout_ms=HOUR_IN_MS)
+        self.protocol_meta_cache = ResponseCache(
+            hs, "as_protocol_meta", timeout_ms=HOUR_IN_MS
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def query_user(self, service, user_id):
@@ -102,9 +101,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         uri = service.url + ("/users/%s" % urllib.parse.quote(user_id))
         response = None
         try:
-            response = yield self.get_json(uri, {
-                "access_token": service.hs_token
-            })
+            response = yield self.get_json(uri, {"access_token": service.hs_token})
             if response is not None:  # just an empty json object
                 defer.returnValue(True)
         except CodeMessageException as e:
@@ -123,9 +120,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         uri = service.url + ("/rooms/%s" % urllib.parse.quote(alias))
         response = None
         try:
-            response = yield self.get_json(uri, {
-                "access_token": service.hs_token
-            })
+            response = yield self.get_json(uri, {"access_token": service.hs_token})
             if response is not None:  # just an empty json object
                 defer.returnValue(True)
         except CodeMessageException as e:
@@ -144,9 +139,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         elif kind == ThirdPartyEntityKind.LOCATION:
             required_field = "alias"
         else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Unrecognised 'kind' argument %r to query_3pe()", kind
-            )
+            raise ValueError("Unrecognised 'kind' argument %r to query_3pe()", kind)
         if service.url is None:
             defer.returnValue([])
 
@@ -154,14 +147,13 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
             service.url,
             APP_SERVICE_PREFIX,
             kind,
-            urllib.parse.quote(protocol)
+            urllib.parse.quote(protocol),
         )
         try:
             response = yield self.get_json(uri, fields)
             if not isinstance(response, list):
                 logger.warning(
-                    "query_3pe to %s returned an invalid response %r",
-                    uri, response
+                    "query_3pe to %s returned an invalid response %r", uri, response
                 )
                 defer.returnValue([])
 
@@ -171,8 +163,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
                     ret.append(r)
                 else:
                     logger.warning(
-                        "query_3pe to %s returned an invalid result %r",
-                        uri, r
+                        "query_3pe to %s returned an invalid result %r", uri, r
                     )
 
             defer.returnValue(ret)
@@ -189,27 +180,27 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
             uri = "%s%s/thirdparty/protocol/%s" % (
                 service.url,
                 APP_SERVICE_PREFIX,
-                urllib.parse.quote(protocol)
+                urllib.parse.quote(protocol),
             )
             try:
                 info = yield self.get_json(uri, {})
 
                 if not _is_valid_3pe_metadata(info):
-                    logger.warning("query_3pe_protocol to %s did not return a"
-                                   " valid result", uri)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "query_3pe_protocol to %s did not return a" " valid result", uri
+                    )
                     defer.returnValue(None)
 
                 for instance in info.get("instances", []):
                     network_id = instance.get("network_id", None)
                     if network_id is not None:
                         instance["instance_id"] = ThirdPartyInstanceID(
-                            service.id, network_id,
+                            service.id, network_id
                         ).to_string()
 
                 defer.returnValue(info)
             except Exception as ex:
-                logger.warning("query_3pe_protocol to %s threw exception %s",
-                               uri, ex)
+                logger.warning("query_3pe_protocol to %s threw exception %s", uri, ex)
                 defer.returnValue(None)
 
         key = (service.id, protocol)
@@ -223,22 +214,19 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
         events = self._serialize(events)
 
         if txn_id is None:
-            logger.warning("push_bulk: Missing txn ID sending events to %s",
-                           service.url)
+            logger.warning(
+                "push_bulk: Missing txn ID sending events to %s", service.url
+            )
             txn_id = str(0)
         txn_id = str(txn_id)
 
-        uri = service.url + ("/transactions/%s" %
-                             urllib.parse.quote(txn_id))
+        uri = service.url + ("/transactions/%s" % urllib.parse.quote(txn_id))
         try:
             yield self.put_json(
                 uri=uri,
-                json_body={
-                    "events": events
-                },
-                args={
-                    "access_token": service.hs_token
-                })
+                json_body={"events": events},
+                args={"access_token": service.hs_token},
+            )
             sent_transactions_counter.labels(service.id).inc()
             sent_events_counter.labels(service.id).inc(len(events))
             defer.returnValue(True)
@@ -252,6 +240,4 @@ class ApplicationServiceApi(SimpleHttpClient):
 
     def _serialize(self, events):
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        return [
-            serialize_event(e, time_now, as_client_event=True) for e in events
-        ]
+        return [serialize_event(e, time_now, as_client_event=True) for e in events]
diff --git a/synapse/appservice/scheduler.py b/synapse/appservice/scheduler.py
index 685f15c061..b54bf5411f 100644
--- a/synapse/appservice/scheduler.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/scheduler.py
@@ -112,15 +112,14 @@ class _ServiceQueuer(object):
             return
 
         run_as_background_process(
-            "as-sender-%s" % (service.id, ),
-            self._send_request, service,
+            "as-sender-%s" % (service.id,), self._send_request, service
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _send_request(self, service):
         # sanity-check: we shouldn't get here if this service already has a sender
         # running.
-        assert(service.id not in self.requests_in_flight)
+        assert service.id not in self.requests_in_flight
 
         self.requests_in_flight.add(service.id)
         try:
@@ -137,7 +136,6 @@ class _ServiceQueuer(object):
 
 
 class _TransactionController(object):
-
     def __init__(self, clock, store, as_api, recoverer_fn):
         self.clock = clock
         self.store = store
@@ -149,10 +147,7 @@ class _TransactionController(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send(self, service, events):
         try:
-            txn = yield self.store.create_appservice_txn(
-                service=service,
-                events=events
-            )
+            txn = yield self.store.create_appservice_txn(service=service, events=events)
             service_is_up = yield self._is_service_up(service)
             if service_is_up:
                 sent = yield txn.send(self.as_api)
@@ -167,12 +162,12 @@ class _TransactionController(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_recovered(self, recoverer):
         self.recoverers.remove(recoverer)
-        logger.info("Successfully recovered application service AS ID %s",
-                    recoverer.service.id)
+        logger.info(
+            "Successfully recovered application service AS ID %s", recoverer.service.id
+        )
         logger.info("Remaining active recoverers: %s", len(self.recoverers))
         yield self.store.set_appservice_state(
-            recoverer.service,
-            ApplicationServiceState.UP
+            recoverer.service, ApplicationServiceState.UP
         )
 
     def add_recoverers(self, recoverers):
@@ -184,13 +179,10 @@ class _TransactionController(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _start_recoverer(self, service):
         try:
-            yield self.store.set_appservice_state(
-                service,
-                ApplicationServiceState.DOWN
-            )
+            yield self.store.set_appservice_state(service, ApplicationServiceState.DOWN)
             logger.info(
                 "Application service falling behind. Starting recoverer. AS ID %s",
-                service.id
+                service.id,
             )
             recoverer = self.recoverer_fn(service, self.on_recovered)
             self.add_recoverers([recoverer])
@@ -205,19 +197,16 @@ class _TransactionController(object):
 
 
 class _Recoverer(object):
-
     @staticmethod
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def start(clock, store, as_api, callback):
-        services = yield store.get_appservices_by_state(
-            ApplicationServiceState.DOWN
-        )
-        recoverers = [
-            _Recoverer(clock, store, as_api, s, callback) for s in services
-        ]
+        services = yield store.get_appservices_by_state(ApplicationServiceState.DOWN)
+        recoverers = [_Recoverer(clock, store, as_api, s, callback) for s in services]
         for r in recoverers:
-            logger.info("Starting recoverer for AS ID %s which was marked as "
-                        "DOWN", r.service.id)
+            logger.info(
+                "Starting recoverer for AS ID %s which was marked as " "DOWN",
+                r.service.id,
+            )
             r.recover()
         defer.returnValue(recoverers)
 
@@ -232,9 +221,9 @@ class _Recoverer(object):
     def recover(self):
         def _retry():
             run_as_background_process(
-                "as-recoverer-%s" % (self.service.id,),
-                self.retry,
+                "as-recoverer-%s" % (self.service.id,), self.retry
             )
+
         self.clock.call_later((2 ** self.backoff_counter), _retry)
 
     def _backoff(self):
@@ -248,8 +237,9 @@ class _Recoverer(object):
         try:
             txn = yield self.store.get_oldest_unsent_txn(self.service)
             if txn:
-                logger.info("Retrying transaction %s for AS ID %s",
-                            txn.id, txn.service.id)
+                logger.info(
+                    "Retrying transaction %s for AS ID %s", txn.id, txn.service.id
+                )
                 sent = yield txn.send(self.as_api)
                 if sent:
                     yield txn.complete(self.store)
diff --git a/synapse/config/_base.py b/synapse/config/_base.py
index f7d7f153bb..8284aa4c6d 100644
--- a/synapse/config/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/config/_base.py
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ class Config(object):
             if not config_files:
                 config_parser.error(
                     "Must supply a config file.\nA config file can be automatically"
-                    " generated using \"--generate-config -H SERVER_NAME"
-                    " -c CONFIG-FILE\""
+                    ' generated using "--generate-config -H SERVER_NAME'
+                    ' -c CONFIG-FILE"'
                 )
             (config_path,) = config_files
             if not cls.path_exists(config_path):
@@ -313,9 +313,7 @@ class Config(object):
                 if not cls.path_exists(config_dir_path):
                     os.makedirs(config_dir_path)
                 with open(config_path, "w") as config_file:
-                    config_file.write(
-                        "# vim:ft=yaml\n\n"
-                    )
+                    config_file.write("# vim:ft=yaml\n\n")
                     config_file.write(config_str)
 
                 config = yaml.safe_load(config_str)
@@ -352,8 +350,8 @@ class Config(object):
         if not config_files:
             config_parser.error(
                 "Must supply a config file.\nA config file can be automatically"
-                " generated using \"--generate-config -H SERVER_NAME"
-                " -c CONFIG-FILE\""
+                ' generated using "--generate-config -H SERVER_NAME'
+                ' -c CONFIG-FILE"'
             )
 
         obj.read_config_files(
diff --git a/synapse/config/api.py b/synapse/config/api.py
index 5eb4f86fa2..23b0ea6962 100644
--- a/synapse/config/api.py
+++ b/synapse/config/api.py
@@ -18,15 +18,17 @@ from ._base import Config
 
 
 class ApiConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
-        self.room_invite_state_types = config.get("room_invite_state_types", [
-            EventTypes.JoinRules,
-            EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
-            EventTypes.RoomAvatar,
-            EventTypes.RoomEncryption,
-            EventTypes.Name,
-        ])
+        self.room_invite_state_types = config.get(
+            "room_invite_state_types",
+            [
+                EventTypes.JoinRules,
+                EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
+                EventTypes.RoomAvatar,
+                EventTypes.RoomEncryption,
+                EventTypes.Name,
+            ],
+        )
 
     def default_config(cls, **kwargs):
         return """\
@@ -40,4 +42,6 @@ class ApiConfig(Config):
         #  - "{RoomAvatar}"
         #  - "{RoomEncryption}"
         #  - "{Name}"
-        """.format(**vars(EventTypes))
+        """.format(
+            **vars(EventTypes)
+        )
diff --git a/synapse/config/appservice.py b/synapse/config/appservice.py
index 7e89d345d8..679ee62480 100644
--- a/synapse/config/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/config/appservice.py
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class AppServiceConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
         self.app_service_config_files = config.get("app_service_config_files", [])
         self.notify_appservices = config.get("notify_appservices", True)
@@ -53,9 +52,7 @@ class AppServiceConfig(Config):
 def load_appservices(hostname, config_files):
     """Returns a list of Application Services from the config files."""
     if not isinstance(config_files, list):
-        logger.warning(
-            "Expected %s to be a list of AS config files.", config_files
-        )
+        logger.warning("Expected %s to be a list of AS config files.", config_files)
         return []
 
     # Dicts of value -> filename
@@ -66,22 +63,20 @@ def load_appservices(hostname, config_files):
 
     for config_file in config_files:
         try:
-            with open(config_file, 'r') as f:
-                appservice = _load_appservice(
-                    hostname, yaml.safe_load(f), config_file
-                )
+            with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+                appservice = _load_appservice(hostname, yaml.safe_load(f), config_file)
                 if appservice.id in seen_ids:
                     raise ConfigError(
                         "Cannot reuse ID across application services: "
-                        "%s (files: %s, %s)" % (
-                            appservice.id, config_file, seen_ids[appservice.id],
-                        )
+                        "%s (files: %s, %s)"
+                        % (appservice.id, config_file, seen_ids[appservice.id])
                     )
                 seen_ids[appservice.id] = config_file
                 if appservice.token in seen_as_tokens:
                     raise ConfigError(
                         "Cannot reuse as_token across application services: "
-                        "%s (files: %s, %s)" % (
+                        "%s (files: %s, %s)"
+                        % (
                             appservice.token,
                             config_file,
                             seen_as_tokens[appservice.token],
@@ -98,28 +93,26 @@ def load_appservices(hostname, config_files):
 
 
 def _load_appservice(hostname, as_info, config_filename):
-    required_string_fields = [
-        "id", "as_token", "hs_token", "sender_localpart"
-    ]
+    required_string_fields = ["id", "as_token", "hs_token", "sender_localpart"]
     for field in required_string_fields:
         if not isinstance(as_info.get(field), string_types):
-            raise KeyError("Required string field: '%s' (%s)" % (
-                field, config_filename,
-            ))
+            raise KeyError(
+                "Required string field: '%s' (%s)" % (field, config_filename)
+            )
 
     # 'url' must either be a string or explicitly null, not missing
     # to avoid accidentally turning off push for ASes.
-    if (not isinstance(as_info.get("url"), string_types) and
-            as_info.get("url", "") is not None):
+    if (
+        not isinstance(as_info.get("url"), string_types)
+        and as_info.get("url", "") is not None
+    ):
         raise KeyError(
             "Required string field or explicit null: 'url' (%s)" % (config_filename,)
         )
 
     localpart = as_info["sender_localpart"]
     if urlparse.quote(localpart) != localpart:
-        raise ValueError(
-            "sender_localpart needs characters which are not URL encoded."
-        )
+        raise ValueError("sender_localpart needs characters which are not URL encoded.")
     user = UserID(localpart, hostname)
     user_id = user.to_string()
 
@@ -138,13 +131,12 @@ def _load_appservice(hostname, as_info, config_filename):
             for regex_obj in as_info["namespaces"][ns]:
                 if not isinstance(regex_obj, dict):
                     raise ValueError(
-                        "Expected namespace entry in %s to be an object,"
-                        " but got %s", ns, regex_obj
+                        "Expected namespace entry in %s to be an object," " but got %s",
+                        ns,
+                        regex_obj,
                     )
                 if not isinstance(regex_obj.get("regex"), string_types):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Missing/bad type 'regex' key in %s", regex_obj
-                    )
+                    raise ValueError("Missing/bad type 'regex' key in %s", regex_obj)
                 if not isinstance(regex_obj.get("exclusive"), bool):
                     raise ValueError(
                         "Missing/bad type 'exclusive' key in %s", regex_obj
@@ -167,10 +159,8 @@ def _load_appservice(hostname, as_info, config_filename):
         )
 
     ip_range_whitelist = None
-    if as_info.get('ip_range_whitelist'):
-        ip_range_whitelist = IPSet(
-            as_info.get('ip_range_whitelist')
-        )
+    if as_info.get("ip_range_whitelist"):
+        ip_range_whitelist = IPSet(as_info.get("ip_range_whitelist"))
 
     return ApplicationService(
         token=as_info["as_token"],
diff --git a/synapse/config/captcha.py b/synapse/config/captcha.py
index f7eebf26d2..e2eb473a92 100644
--- a/synapse/config/captcha.py
+++ b/synapse/config/captcha.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from ._base import Config
 
 
 class CaptchaConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
         self.recaptcha_private_key = config.get("recaptcha_private_key")
         self.recaptcha_public_key = config.get("recaptcha_public_key")
diff --git a/synapse/config/consent_config.py b/synapse/config/consent_config.py
index abeb0180d3..5b0bf919c7 100644
--- a/synapse/config/consent_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/consent_config.py
@@ -89,29 +89,26 @@ class ConsentConfig(Config):
         if consent_config is None:
             return
         self.user_consent_version = str(consent_config["version"])
-        self.user_consent_template_dir = self.abspath(
-            consent_config["template_dir"]
-        )
+        self.user_consent_template_dir = self.abspath(consent_config["template_dir"])
         if not path.isdir(self.user_consent_template_dir):
             raise ConfigError(
-                "Could not find template directory '%s'" % (
-                    self.user_consent_template_dir,
-                ),
+                "Could not find template directory '%s'"
+                % (self.user_consent_template_dir,)
             )
         self.user_consent_server_notice_content = consent_config.get(
-            "server_notice_content",
+            "server_notice_content"
         )
         self.block_events_without_consent_error = consent_config.get(
-            "block_events_error",
+            "block_events_error"
+        )
+        self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = bool(
+            consent_config.get("send_server_notice_to_guests", False)
+        )
+        self.user_consent_at_registration = bool(
+            consent_config.get("require_at_registration", False)
         )
-        self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = bool(consent_config.get(
-            "send_server_notice_to_guests", False,
-        ))
-        self.user_consent_at_registration = bool(consent_config.get(
-            "require_at_registration", False,
-        ))
         self.user_consent_policy_name = consent_config.get(
-            "policy_name", "Privacy Policy",
+            "policy_name", "Privacy Policy"
         )
 
     def default_config(self, **kwargs):
diff --git a/synapse/config/database.py b/synapse/config/database.py
index 3c27ed6b4a..adc0a47ddf 100644
--- a/synapse/config/database.py
+++ b/synapse/config/database.py
@@ -18,29 +18,21 @@ from ._base import Config
 
 
 class DatabaseConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
-        self.event_cache_size = self.parse_size(
-            config.get("event_cache_size", "10K")
-        )
+        self.event_cache_size = self.parse_size(config.get("event_cache_size", "10K"))
 
         self.database_config = config.get("database")
 
         if self.database_config is None:
-            self.database_config = {
-                "name": "sqlite3",
-                "args": {},
-            }
+            self.database_config = {"name": "sqlite3", "args": {}}
 
         name = self.database_config.get("name", None)
         if name == "psycopg2":
             pass
         elif name == "sqlite3":
-            self.database_config.setdefault("args", {}).update({
-                "cp_min": 1,
-                "cp_max": 1,
-                "check_same_thread": False,
-            })
+            self.database_config.setdefault("args", {}).update(
+                {"cp_min": 1, "cp_max": 1, "check_same_thread": False}
+            )
         else:
             raise RuntimeError("Unsupported database type '%s'" % (name,))
 
@@ -48,7 +40,8 @@ class DatabaseConfig(Config):
 
     def default_config(self, data_dir_path, **kwargs):
         database_path = os.path.join(data_dir_path, "homeserver.db")
-        return """\
+        return (
+            """\
         ## Database ##
 
         database:
@@ -62,7 +55,9 @@ class DatabaseConfig(Config):
         # Number of events to cache in memory.
         #
         #event_cache_size: 10K
-        """ % locals()
+        """
+            % locals()
+        )
 
     def read_arguments(self, args):
         self.set_databasepath(args.database_path)
@@ -77,6 +72,8 @@ class DatabaseConfig(Config):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         db_group = parser.add_argument_group("database")
         db_group.add_argument(
-            "-d", "--database-path", metavar="SQLITE_DATABASE_PATH",
-            help="The path to a sqlite database to use."
+            "-d",
+            "--database-path",
+            metavar="SQLITE_DATABASE_PATH",
+            help="The path to a sqlite database to use.",
         )
diff --git a/synapse/config/emailconfig.py b/synapse/config/emailconfig.py
index 86018dfcce..3a6cb07206 100644
--- a/synapse/config/emailconfig.py
+++ b/synapse/config/emailconfig.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class EmailConfig(Config):
         if self.email_notif_from is not None:
             # make sure it's valid
             parsed = email.utils.parseaddr(self.email_notif_from)
-            if parsed[1] == '':
+            if parsed[1] == "":
                 raise RuntimeError("Invalid notif_from address")
 
         template_dir = email_config.get("template_dir")
@@ -65,19 +65,17 @@ class EmailConfig(Config):
         # (Note that loading as package_resources with jinja.PackageLoader doesn't
         # work for the same reason.)
         if not template_dir:
-            template_dir = pkg_resources.resource_filename(
-                'synapse', 'res/templates'
-            )
+            template_dir = pkg_resources.resource_filename("synapse", "res/templates")
 
         self.email_template_dir = os.path.abspath(template_dir)
 
         self.email_enable_notifs = email_config.get("enable_notifs", False)
-        account_validity_renewal_enabled = config.get(
-            "account_validity", {},
-        ).get("renew_at")
+        account_validity_renewal_enabled = config.get("account_validity", {}).get(
+            "renew_at"
+        )
 
         email_trust_identity_server_for_password_resets = email_config.get(
-            "trust_identity_server_for_password_resets", False,
+            "trust_identity_server_for_password_resets", False
         )
         self.email_password_reset_behaviour = (
             "remote" if email_trust_identity_server_for_password_resets else "local"
@@ -103,62 +101,59 @@ class EmailConfig(Config):
             # make sure we can import the required deps
             import jinja2
             import bleach
+
             # prevent unused warnings
             jinja2
             bleach
 
         if self.email_password_reset_behaviour == "local":
-            required = [
-                "smtp_host",
-                "smtp_port",
-                "notif_from",
-            ]
+            required = ["smtp_host", "smtp_port", "notif_from"]
 
             missing = []
             for k in required:
                 if k not in email_config:
                     missing.append(k)
 
-            if (len(missing) > 0):
+            if len(missing) > 0:
                 raise RuntimeError(
                     "email.password_reset_behaviour is set to 'local' "
-                    "but required keys are missing: %s" %
-                    (", ".join(["email." + k for k in missing]),)
+                    "but required keys are missing: %s"
+                    % (", ".join(["email." + k for k in missing]),)
                 )
 
             # Templates for password reset emails
             self.email_password_reset_template_html = email_config.get(
-                "password_reset_template_html", "password_reset.html",
+                "password_reset_template_html", "password_reset.html"
             )
             self.email_password_reset_template_text = email_config.get(
-                "password_reset_template_text", "password_reset.txt",
+                "password_reset_template_text", "password_reset.txt"
             )
             self.email_password_reset_failure_template = email_config.get(
-                "password_reset_failure_template", "password_reset_failure.html",
+                "password_reset_failure_template", "password_reset_failure.html"
             )
             # This template does not support any replaceable variables, so we will
             # read it from the disk once during setup
             email_password_reset_success_template = email_config.get(
-                "password_reset_success_template", "password_reset_success.html",
+                "password_reset_success_template", "password_reset_success.html"
             )
 
             # Check templates exist
-            for f in [self.email_password_reset_template_html,
-                      self.email_password_reset_template_text,
-                      self.email_password_reset_failure_template,
-                      email_password_reset_success_template]:
+            for f in [
+                self.email_password_reset_template_html,
+                self.email_password_reset_template_text,
+                self.email_password_reset_failure_template,
+                email_password_reset_success_template,
+            ]:
                 p = os.path.join(self.email_template_dir, f)
                 if not os.path.isfile(p):
-                    raise ConfigError("Unable to find template file %s" % (p, ))
+                    raise ConfigError("Unable to find template file %s" % (p,))
 
             # Retrieve content of web templates
             filepath = os.path.join(
-                self.email_template_dir,
-                email_password_reset_success_template,
+                self.email_template_dir, email_password_reset_success_template
             )
             self.email_password_reset_success_html_content = self.read_file(
-                filepath,
-                "email.password_reset_template_success_html",
+                filepath, "email.password_reset_template_success_html"
             )
 
             if config.get("public_baseurl") is None:
@@ -182,10 +177,10 @@ class EmailConfig(Config):
                 if k not in email_config:
                     missing.append(k)
 
-            if (len(missing) > 0):
+            if len(missing) > 0:
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    "email.enable_notifs is True but required keys are missing: %s" %
-                    (", ".join(["email." + k for k in missing]),)
+                    "email.enable_notifs is True but required keys are missing: %s"
+                    % (", ".join(["email." + k for k in missing]),)
                 )
 
             if config.get("public_baseurl") is None:
@@ -199,27 +194,25 @@ class EmailConfig(Config):
             for f in self.email_notif_template_text, self.email_notif_template_html:
                 p = os.path.join(self.email_template_dir, f)
                 if not os.path.isfile(p):
-                    raise ConfigError("Unable to find email template file %s" % (p, ))
+                    raise ConfigError("Unable to find email template file %s" % (p,))
 
             self.email_notif_for_new_users = email_config.get(
                 "notif_for_new_users", True
             )
-            self.email_riot_base_url = email_config.get(
-                "riot_base_url", None
-            )
+            self.email_riot_base_url = email_config.get("riot_base_url", None)
 
         if account_validity_renewal_enabled:
             self.email_expiry_template_html = email_config.get(
-                "expiry_template_html", "notice_expiry.html",
+                "expiry_template_html", "notice_expiry.html"
             )
             self.email_expiry_template_text = email_config.get(
-                "expiry_template_text", "notice_expiry.txt",
+                "expiry_template_text", "notice_expiry.txt"
             )
 
             for f in self.email_expiry_template_text, self.email_expiry_template_html:
                 p = os.path.join(self.email_template_dir, f)
                 if not os.path.isfile(p):
-                    raise ConfigError("Unable to find email template file %s" % (p, ))
+                    raise ConfigError("Unable to find email template file %s" % (p,))
 
     def default_config(self, config_dir_path, server_name, **kwargs):
         return """
diff --git a/synapse/config/jwt_config.py b/synapse/config/jwt_config.py
index ecb4124096..b190dcbe38 100644
--- a/synapse/config/jwt_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/jwt_config.py
@@ -15,13 +15,11 @@
 
 from ._base import Config, ConfigError
 
-MISSING_JWT = (
-    """Missing jwt library. This is required for jwt login.
+MISSING_JWT = """Missing jwt library. This is required for jwt login.
 
     Install by running:
         pip install pyjwt
     """
-)
 
 
 class JWTConfig(Config):
@@ -34,6 +32,7 @@ class JWTConfig(Config):
 
             try:
                 import jwt
+
                 jwt  # To stop unused lint.
             except ImportError:
                 raise ConfigError(MISSING_JWT)
diff --git a/synapse/config/key.py b/synapse/config/key.py
index 424875feae..94a0f47ea4 100644
--- a/synapse/config/key.py
+++ b/synapse/config/key.py
@@ -348,9 +348,8 @@ def _parse_key_servers(key_servers, federation_verify_certificates):
 
                 result.verify_keys[key_id] = verify_key
 
-        if (
-            not federation_verify_certificates and
-            not server.get("accept_keys_insecurely")
+        if not federation_verify_certificates and not server.get(
+            "accept_keys_insecurely"
         ):
             _assert_keyserver_has_verify_keys(result)
 
diff --git a/synapse/config/logger.py b/synapse/config/logger.py
index c1febbe9d3..a22655b125 100644
--- a/synapse/config/logger.py
+++ b/synapse/config/logger.py
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ from synapse.util.versionstring import get_version_string
 
 from ._base import Config
 
-DEFAULT_LOG_CONFIG = Template("""
+DEFAULT_LOG_CONFIG = Template(
+    """
 version: 1
 
 formatters:
@@ -68,11 +69,11 @@ loggers:
 root:
     level: INFO
     handlers: [file, console]
-""")
+"""
+)
 
 
 class LoggingConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
         self.verbosity = config.get("verbose", 0)
         self.no_redirect_stdio = config.get("no_redirect_stdio", False)
@@ -81,13 +82,16 @@ class LoggingConfig(Config):
 
     def default_config(self, config_dir_path, server_name, **kwargs):
         log_config = os.path.join(config_dir_path, server_name + ".log.config")
-        return """\
+        return (
+            """\
         ## Logging ##
 
         # A yaml python logging config file
         #
         log_config: "%(log_config)s"
-        """ % locals()
+        """
+            % locals()
+        )
 
     def read_arguments(self, args):
         if args.verbose is not None:
@@ -102,22 +106,31 @@ class LoggingConfig(Config):
     def add_arguments(cls, parser):
         logging_group = parser.add_argument_group("logging")
         logging_group.add_argument(
-            '-v', '--verbose', dest="verbose", action='count',
+            "-v",
+            "--verbose",
+            dest="verbose",
+            action="count",
             help="The verbosity level. Specify multiple times to increase "
-            "verbosity. (Ignored if --log-config is specified.)"
+            "verbosity. (Ignored if --log-config is specified.)",
         )
         logging_group.add_argument(
-            '-f', '--log-file', dest="log_file",
-            help="File to log to. (Ignored if --log-config is specified.)"
+            "-f",
+            "--log-file",
+            dest="log_file",
+            help="File to log to. (Ignored if --log-config is specified.)",
         )
         logging_group.add_argument(
-            '--log-config', dest="log_config", default=None,
-            help="Python logging config file"
+            "--log-config",
+            dest="log_config",
+            default=None,
+            help="Python logging config file",
         )
         logging_group.add_argument(
-            '-n', '--no-redirect-stdio',
-            action='store_true', default=None,
-            help="Do not redirect stdout/stderr to the log"
+            "-n",
+            "--no-redirect-stdio",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=None,
+            help="Do not redirect stdout/stderr to the log",
         )
 
     def generate_files(self, config):
@@ -125,9 +138,7 @@ class LoggingConfig(Config):
         if log_config and not os.path.exists(log_config):
             log_file = self.abspath("homeserver.log")
             with open(log_config, "w") as log_config_file:
-                log_config_file.write(
-                    DEFAULT_LOG_CONFIG.substitute(log_file=log_file)
-                )
+                log_config_file.write(DEFAULT_LOG_CONFIG.substitute(log_file=log_file))
 
 
 def setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False):
@@ -143,10 +154,8 @@ def setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False):
         register_sighup (func | None): Function to call to register a
             sighup handler.
     """
-    log_config = (config.worker_log_config if use_worker_options
-                  else config.log_config)
-    log_file = (config.worker_log_file if use_worker_options
-                else config.log_file)
+    log_config = config.worker_log_config if use_worker_options else config.log_config
+    log_file = config.worker_log_file if use_worker_options else config.log_file
 
     log_format = (
         "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(lineno)d - %(levelname)s - %(request)s"
@@ -164,23 +173,23 @@ def setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False):
             if config.verbosity > 1:
                 level_for_storage = logging.DEBUG
 
-        logger = logging.getLogger('')
+        logger = logging.getLogger("")
         logger.setLevel(level)
 
-        logging.getLogger('synapse.storage.SQL').setLevel(level_for_storage)
+        logging.getLogger("synapse.storage.SQL").setLevel(level_for_storage)
 
         formatter = logging.Formatter(log_format)
         if log_file:
             # TODO: Customisable file size / backup count
             handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
-                log_file, maxBytes=(1000 * 1000 * 100), backupCount=3,
-                encoding='utf8'
+                log_file, maxBytes=(1000 * 1000 * 100), backupCount=3, encoding="utf8"
             )
 
             def sighup(signum, stack):
                 logger.info("Closing log file due to SIGHUP")
                 handler.doRollover()
                 logger.info("Opened new log file due to SIGHUP")
+
         else:
             handler = logging.StreamHandler()
 
@@ -193,8 +202,9 @@ def setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False):
 
         logger.addHandler(handler)
     else:
+
         def load_log_config():
-            with open(log_config, 'r') as f:
+            with open(log_config, "r") as f:
                 logging.config.dictConfig(yaml.safe_load(f))
 
         def sighup(*args):
@@ -209,10 +219,7 @@ def setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False):
     # make sure that the first thing we log is a thing we can grep backwards
     # for
     logging.warn("***** STARTING SERVER *****")
-    logging.warn(
-        "Server %s version %s",
-        sys.argv[0], get_version_string(synapse),
-    )
+    logging.warn("Server %s version %s", sys.argv[0], get_version_string(synapse))
     logging.info("Server hostname: %s", config.server_name)
 
     # It's critical to point twisted's internal logging somewhere, otherwise it
@@ -242,8 +249,7 @@ def setup_logging(config, use_worker_options=False):
         return observer(event)
 
     globalLogBeginner.beginLoggingTo(
-        [_log],
-        redirectStandardIO=not config.no_redirect_stdio,
+        [_log], redirectStandardIO=not config.no_redirect_stdio
     )
     if not config.no_redirect_stdio:
         print("Redirected stdout/stderr to logs")
diff --git a/synapse/config/metrics.py b/synapse/config/metrics.py
index 2de51979d8..c85e234d22 100644
--- a/synapse/config/metrics.py
+++ b/synapse/config/metrics.py
@@ -15,11 +15,9 @@
 
 from ._base import Config, ConfigError
 
-MISSING_SENTRY = (
-    """Missing sentry-sdk library. This is required to enable sentry
+MISSING_SENTRY = """Missing sentry-sdk library. This is required to enable sentry
     integration.
     """
-)
 
 
 class MetricsConfig(Config):
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ class MetricsConfig(Config):
             self.sentry_dsn = config["sentry"].get("dsn")
             if not self.sentry_dsn:
                 raise ConfigError(
-                    "sentry.dsn field is required when sentry integration is enabled",
+                    "sentry.dsn field is required when sentry integration is enabled"
                 )
 
     def default_config(self, report_stats=None, **kwargs):
@@ -66,6 +64,6 @@ class MetricsConfig(Config):
         if report_stats is None:
             res += "# report_stats: true|false\n"
         else:
-            res += "report_stats: %s\n" % ('true' if report_stats else 'false')
+            res += "report_stats: %s\n" % ("true" if report_stats else "false")
 
         return res
diff --git a/synapse/config/password_auth_providers.py b/synapse/config/password_auth_providers.py
index f0a6be0679..fcf279e8e1 100644
--- a/synapse/config/password_auth_providers.py
+++ b/synapse/config/password_auth_providers.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from synapse.util.module_loader import load_module
 
 from ._base import Config
 
-LDAP_PROVIDER = 'ldap_auth_provider.LdapAuthProvider'
+LDAP_PROVIDER = "ldap_auth_provider.LdapAuthProvider"
 
 
 class PasswordAuthProviderConfig(Config):
@@ -29,24 +29,20 @@ class PasswordAuthProviderConfig(Config):
         # param.
         ldap_config = config.get("ldap_config", {})
         if ldap_config.get("enabled", False):
-            providers.append({
-                'module': LDAP_PROVIDER,
-                'config': ldap_config,
-            })
+            providers.append({"module": LDAP_PROVIDER, "config": ldap_config})
 
         providers.extend(config.get("password_providers", []))
         for provider in providers:
-            mod_name = provider['module']
+            mod_name = provider["module"]
 
             # This is for backwards compat when the ldap auth provider resided
             # in this package.
             if mod_name == "synapse.util.ldap_auth_provider.LdapAuthProvider":
                 mod_name = LDAP_PROVIDER
 
-            (provider_class, provider_config) = load_module({
-                "module": mod_name,
-                "config": provider['config'],
-            })
+            (provider_class, provider_config) = load_module(
+                {"module": mod_name, "config": provider["config"]}
+            )
 
             self.password_providers.append((provider_class, provider_config))
 
diff --git a/synapse/config/registration.py b/synapse/config/registration.py
index aad3400819..a1e27ba66c 100644
--- a/synapse/config/registration.py
+++ b/synapse/config/registration.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string_with_symbols
 class AccountValidityConfig(Config):
     def __init__(self, config, synapse_config):
         self.enabled = config.get("enabled", False)
-        self.renew_by_email_enabled = ("renew_at" in config)
+        self.renew_by_email_enabled = "renew_at" in config
 
         if self.enabled:
             if "period" in config:
@@ -39,14 +39,13 @@ class AccountValidityConfig(Config):
             else:
                 self.renew_email_subject = "Renew your %(app)s account"
 
-            self.startup_job_max_delta = self.period * 10. / 100.
+            self.startup_job_max_delta = self.period * 10.0 / 100.0
 
         if self.renew_by_email_enabled and "public_baseurl" not in synapse_config:
             raise ConfigError("Can't send renewal emails without 'public_baseurl'")
 
 
 class RegistrationConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
         self.enable_registration = bool(
             strtobool(str(config.get("enable_registration", False)))
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
             )
 
         self.account_validity = AccountValidityConfig(
-            config.get("account_validity", {}), config,
+            config.get("account_validity", {}), config
         )
 
         self.registrations_require_3pid = config.get("registrations_require_3pid", [])
@@ -67,24 +66,23 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
 
         self.bcrypt_rounds = config.get("bcrypt_rounds", 12)
         self.trusted_third_party_id_servers = config.get(
-            "trusted_third_party_id_servers",
-            ["matrix.org", "vector.im"],
+            "trusted_third_party_id_servers", ["matrix.org", "vector.im"]
         )
         self.default_identity_server = config.get("default_identity_server")
         self.allow_guest_access = config.get("allow_guest_access", False)
 
-        self.invite_3pid_guest = (
-            self.allow_guest_access and config.get("invite_3pid_guest", False)
+        self.invite_3pid_guest = self.allow_guest_access and config.get(
+            "invite_3pid_guest", False
         )
 
         self.auto_join_rooms = config.get("auto_join_rooms", [])
         for room_alias in self.auto_join_rooms:
             if not RoomAlias.is_valid(room_alias):
-                raise ConfigError('Invalid auto_join_rooms entry %s' % (room_alias,))
+                raise ConfigError("Invalid auto_join_rooms entry %s" % (room_alias,))
         self.autocreate_auto_join_rooms = config.get("autocreate_auto_join_rooms", True)
 
-        self.disable_msisdn_registration = (
-            config.get("disable_msisdn_registration", False)
+        self.disable_msisdn_registration = config.get(
+            "disable_msisdn_registration", False
         )
 
     def default_config(self, generate_secrets=False, **kwargs):
@@ -93,9 +91,12 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
                 random_string_with_symbols(50),
             )
         else:
-            registration_shared_secret = '# registration_shared_secret: <PRIVATE STRING>'
+            registration_shared_secret = (
+                "# registration_shared_secret: <PRIVATE STRING>"
+            )
 
-        return """\
+        return (
+            """\
         ## Registration ##
         #
         # Registration can be rate-limited using the parameters in the "Ratelimiting"
@@ -217,17 +218,19 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
         # users cannot be auto-joined since they do not exist.
         #
         #autocreate_auto_join_rooms: true
-        """ % locals()
+        """
+            % locals()
+        )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         reg_group = parser.add_argument_group("registration")
         reg_group.add_argument(
-            "--enable-registration", action="store_true", default=None,
-            help="Enable registration for new users."
+            "--enable-registration",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=None,
+            help="Enable registration for new users.",
         )
 
     def read_arguments(self, args):
         if args.enable_registration is not None:
-            self.enable_registration = bool(
-                strtobool(str(args.enable_registration))
-            )
+            self.enable_registration = bool(strtobool(str(args.enable_registration)))
diff --git a/synapse/config/repository.py b/synapse/config/repository.py
index fbfcecc240..9f9669ebb1 100644
--- a/synapse/config/repository.py
+++ b/synapse/config/repository.py
@@ -20,27 +20,11 @@ from synapse.util.module_loader import load_module
 from ._base import Config, ConfigError
 
 DEFAULT_THUMBNAIL_SIZES = [
-    {
-        "width": 32,
-        "height": 32,
-        "method": "crop",
-    }, {
-        "width": 96,
-        "height": 96,
-        "method": "crop",
-    }, {
-        "width": 320,
-        "height": 240,
-        "method": "scale",
-    }, {
-        "width": 640,
-        "height": 480,
-        "method": "scale",
-    }, {
-        "width": 800,
-        "height": 600,
-        "method": "scale"
-    },
+    {"width": 32, "height": 32, "method": "crop"},
+    {"width": 96, "height": 96, "method": "crop"},
+    {"width": 320, "height": 240, "method": "scale"},
+    {"width": 640, "height": 480, "method": "scale"},
+    {"width": 800, "height": 600, "method": "scale"},
 ]
 
 THUMBNAIL_SIZE_YAML = """\
@@ -49,19 +33,15 @@ THUMBNAIL_SIZE_YAML = """\
         #    method: %(method)s
 """
 
-MISSING_NETADDR = (
-    "Missing netaddr library. This is required for URL preview API."
-)
+MISSING_NETADDR = "Missing netaddr library. This is required for URL preview API."
 
-MISSING_LXML = (
-    """Missing lxml library. This is required for URL preview API.
+MISSING_LXML = """Missing lxml library. This is required for URL preview API.
 
     Install by running:
         pip install lxml
 
     Requires libxslt1-dev system package.
     """
-)
 
 
 ThumbnailRequirement = namedtuple(
@@ -69,7 +49,8 @@ ThumbnailRequirement = namedtuple(
 )
 
 MediaStorageProviderConfig = namedtuple(
-    "MediaStorageProviderConfig", (
+    "MediaStorageProviderConfig",
+    (
         "store_local",  # Whether to store newly uploaded local files
         "store_remote",  # Whether to store newly downloaded remote files
         "store_synchronous",  # Whether to wait for successful storage for local uploads
@@ -100,8 +81,7 @@ def parse_thumbnail_requirements(thumbnail_sizes):
         requirements.setdefault("image/gif", []).append(png_thumbnail)
         requirements.setdefault("image/png", []).append(png_thumbnail)
     return {
-        media_type: tuple(thumbnails)
-        for media_type, thumbnails in requirements.items()
+        media_type: tuple(thumbnails) for media_type, thumbnails in requirements.items()
     }
 
 
@@ -127,15 +107,15 @@ class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
                     "Cannot use both 'backup_media_store_path' and 'storage_providers'"
                 )
 
-            storage_providers = [{
-                "module": "file_system",
-                "store_local": True,
-                "store_synchronous": synchronous_backup_media_store,
-                "store_remote": True,
-                "config": {
-                    "directory": backup_media_store_path,
+            storage_providers = [
+                {
+                    "module": "file_system",
+                    "store_local": True,
+                    "store_synchronous": synchronous_backup_media_store,
+                    "store_remote": True,
+                    "config": {"directory": backup_media_store_path},
                 }
-            }]
+            ]
 
         # This is a list of config that can be used to create the storage
         # providers. The entries are tuples of (Class, class_config,
@@ -165,18 +145,19 @@ class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
             )
 
             self.media_storage_providers.append(
-                (provider_class, parsed_config, wrapper_config,)
+                (provider_class, parsed_config, wrapper_config)
             )
 
         self.uploads_path = self.ensure_directory(config["uploads_path"])
         self.dynamic_thumbnails = config.get("dynamic_thumbnails", False)
         self.thumbnail_requirements = parse_thumbnail_requirements(
-            config.get("thumbnail_sizes", DEFAULT_THUMBNAIL_SIZES),
+            config.get("thumbnail_sizes", DEFAULT_THUMBNAIL_SIZES)
         )
         self.url_preview_enabled = config.get("url_preview_enabled", False)
         if self.url_preview_enabled:
             try:
                 import lxml
+
                 lxml  # To stop unused lint.
             except ImportError:
                 raise ConfigError(MISSING_LXML)
@@ -199,15 +180,13 @@ class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
 
             # we always blacklist '0.0.0.0' and '::', which are supposed to be
             # unroutable addresses.
-            self.url_preview_ip_range_blacklist.update(['0.0.0.0', '::'])
+            self.url_preview_ip_range_blacklist.update(["0.0.0.0", "::"])
 
             self.url_preview_ip_range_whitelist = IPSet(
                 config.get("url_preview_ip_range_whitelist", ())
             )
 
-            self.url_preview_url_blacklist = config.get(
-                "url_preview_url_blacklist", ()
-            )
+            self.url_preview_url_blacklist = config.get("url_preview_url_blacklist", ())
 
     def default_config(self, data_dir_path, **kwargs):
         media_store = os.path.join(data_dir_path, "media_store")
@@ -219,7 +198,8 @@ class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
         # strip final NL
         formatted_thumbnail_sizes = formatted_thumbnail_sizes[:-1]
 
-        return r"""
+        return (
+            r"""
         # Directory where uploaded images and attachments are stored.
         #
         media_store_path: "%(media_store)s"
@@ -342,4 +322,6 @@ class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
         # The largest allowed URL preview spidering size in bytes
         #
         #max_spider_size: 10M
-        """ % locals()
+        """
+            % locals()
+        )
diff --git a/synapse/config/room_directory.py b/synapse/config/room_directory.py
index 8a9fded4c5..c1da0e20e0 100644
--- a/synapse/config/room_directory.py
+++ b/synapse/config/room_directory.py
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ from ._base import Config, ConfigError
 
 class RoomDirectoryConfig(Config):
     def read_config(self, config):
-        self.enable_room_list_search = config.get(
-            "enable_room_list_search", True,
-        )
+        self.enable_room_list_search = config.get("enable_room_list_search", True)
 
         alias_creation_rules = config.get("alias_creation_rules")
 
@@ -33,11 +31,7 @@ class RoomDirectoryConfig(Config):
             ]
         else:
             self._alias_creation_rules = [
-                _RoomDirectoryRule(
-                    "alias_creation_rules", {
-                        "action": "allow",
-                    }
-                )
+                _RoomDirectoryRule("alias_creation_rules", {"action": "allow"})
             ]
 
         room_list_publication_rules = config.get("room_list_publication_rules")
@@ -49,11 +43,7 @@ class RoomDirectoryConfig(Config):
             ]
         else:
             self._room_list_publication_rules = [
-                _RoomDirectoryRule(
-                    "room_list_publication_rules", {
-                        "action": "allow",
-                    }
-                )
+                _RoomDirectoryRule("room_list_publication_rules", {"action": "allow"})
             ]
 
     def default_config(self, config_dir_path, server_name, **kwargs):
@@ -178,8 +168,7 @@ class _RoomDirectoryRule(object):
             self.action = action
         else:
             raise ConfigError(
-                "%s rules can only have action of 'allow'"
-                " or 'deny'" % (option_name,)
+                "%s rules can only have action of 'allow'" " or 'deny'" % (option_name,)
             )
 
         self._alias_matches_all = alias == "*"
diff --git a/synapse/config/saml2_config.py b/synapse/config/saml2_config.py
index aa6eac271f..2ec38e48e9 100644
--- a/synapse/config/saml2_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/saml2_config.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class SAML2Config(Config):
         self.saml2_enabled = True
 
         import saml2.config
+
         self.saml2_sp_config = saml2.config.SPConfig()
         self.saml2_sp_config.load(self._default_saml_config_dict())
         self.saml2_sp_config.load(saml2_config.get("sp_config", {}))
@@ -41,26 +42,23 @@ class SAML2Config(Config):
 
         public_baseurl = self.public_baseurl
         if public_baseurl is None:
-            raise ConfigError(
-                "saml2_config requires a public_baseurl to be set"
-            )
+            raise ConfigError("saml2_config requires a public_baseurl to be set")
 
         metadata_url = public_baseurl + "_matrix/saml2/metadata.xml"
         response_url = public_baseurl + "_matrix/saml2/authn_response"
         return {
             "entityid": metadata_url,
-
             "service": {
                 "sp": {
                     "endpoints": {
                         "assertion_consumer_service": [
-                            (response_url, saml2.BINDING_HTTP_POST),
-                        ],
+                            (response_url, saml2.BINDING_HTTP_POST)
+                        ]
                     },
                     "required_attributes": ["uid"],
                     "optional_attributes": ["mail", "surname", "givenname"],
-                },
-            }
+                }
+            },
         }
 
     def default_config(self, config_dir_path, server_name, **kwargs):
@@ -106,4 +104,6 @@ class SAML2Config(Config):
         #  # separate pysaml2 configuration file:
         #  #
         #  config_path: "%(config_dir_path)s/sp_conf.py"
-        """ % {"config_dir_path": config_dir_path}
+        """ % {
+            "config_dir_path": config_dir_path
+        }
diff --git a/synapse/config/server.py b/synapse/config/server.py
index 6e5b46e6c3..6d3f1da96c 100644
--- a/synapse/config/server.py
+++ b/synapse/config/server.py
@@ -34,13 +34,12 @@ logger = logging.Logger(__name__)
 #
 # We later check for errors when binding to 0.0.0.0 and ignore them if :: is also in
 # in the list.
-DEFAULT_BIND_ADDRESSES = ['::', '0.0.0.0']
+DEFAULT_BIND_ADDRESSES = ["::", "0.0.0.0"]
 
 DEFAULT_ROOM_VERSION = "4"
 
 
 class ServerConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
         self.server_name = config["server_name"]
         self.server_context = config.get("server_context", None)
@@ -81,27 +80,25 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # Whether to require authentication to retrieve profile data (avatars,
         # display names) of other users through the client API.
         self.require_auth_for_profile_requests = config.get(
-            "require_auth_for_profile_requests", False,
+            "require_auth_for_profile_requests", False
         )
 
         # If set to 'True', requires authentication to access the server's
         # public rooms directory through the client API, and forbids any other
         # homeserver to fetch it via federation.
         self.restrict_public_rooms_to_local_users = config.get(
-            "restrict_public_rooms_to_local_users", False,
+            "restrict_public_rooms_to_local_users", False
         )
 
-        default_room_version = config.get(
-            "default_room_version", DEFAULT_ROOM_VERSION,
-        )
+        default_room_version = config.get("default_room_version", DEFAULT_ROOM_VERSION)
 
         # Ensure room version is a str
         default_room_version = str(default_room_version)
 
         if default_room_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
             raise ConfigError(
-                "Unknown default_room_version: %s, known room versions: %s" %
-                (default_room_version, list(KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS.keys()))
+                "Unknown default_room_version: %s, known room versions: %s"
+                % (default_room_version, list(KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS.keys()))
             )
 
         # Get the actual room version object rather than just the identifier
@@ -116,31 +113,25 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
 
         # Whether we should block invites sent to users on this server
         # (other than those sent by local server admins)
-        self.block_non_admin_invites = config.get(
-            "block_non_admin_invites", False,
-        )
+        self.block_non_admin_invites = config.get("block_non_admin_invites", False)
 
         # Whether to enable experimental MSC1849 (aka relations) support
         self.experimental_msc1849_support_enabled = config.get(
-            "experimental_msc1849_support_enabled", False,
+            "experimental_msc1849_support_enabled", False
         )
 
         # Options to control access by tracking MAU
         self.limit_usage_by_mau = config.get("limit_usage_by_mau", False)
         self.max_mau_value = 0
         if self.limit_usage_by_mau:
-            self.max_mau_value = config.get(
-                "max_mau_value", 0,
-            )
+            self.max_mau_value = config.get("max_mau_value", 0)
         self.mau_stats_only = config.get("mau_stats_only", False)
 
         self.mau_limits_reserved_threepids = config.get(
             "mau_limit_reserved_threepids", []
         )
 
-        self.mau_trial_days = config.get(
-            "mau_trial_days", 0,
-        )
+        self.mau_trial_days = config.get("mau_trial_days", 0)
 
         # Options to disable HS
         self.hs_disabled = config.get("hs_disabled", False)
@@ -153,9 +144,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
 
         # FIXME: federation_domain_whitelist needs sytests
         self.federation_domain_whitelist = None
-        federation_domain_whitelist = config.get(
-            "federation_domain_whitelist", None,
-        )
+        federation_domain_whitelist = config.get("federation_domain_whitelist", None)
 
         if federation_domain_whitelist is not None:
             # turn the whitelist into a hash for speed of lookup
@@ -165,7 +154,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
                 self.federation_domain_whitelist[domain] = True
 
         self.federation_ip_range_blacklist = config.get(
-            "federation_ip_range_blacklist", [],
+            "federation_ip_range_blacklist", []
         )
 
         # Attempt to create an IPSet from the given ranges
@@ -178,13 +167,12 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
             self.federation_ip_range_blacklist.update(["0.0.0.0", "::"])
         except Exception as e:
             raise ConfigError(
-                "Invalid range(s) provided in "
-                "federation_ip_range_blacklist: %s" % e
+                "Invalid range(s) provided in " "federation_ip_range_blacklist: %s" % e
             )
 
         if self.public_baseurl is not None:
-            if self.public_baseurl[-1] != '/':
-                self.public_baseurl += '/'
+            if self.public_baseurl[-1] != "/":
+                self.public_baseurl += "/"
         self.start_pushers = config.get("start_pushers", True)
 
         # (undocumented) option for torturing the worker-mode replication a bit,
@@ -195,7 +183,7 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # Whether to require a user to be in the room to add an alias to it.
         # Defaults to True.
         self.require_membership_for_aliases = config.get(
-            "require_membership_for_aliases", True,
+            "require_membership_for_aliases", True
         )
 
         # Whether to allow per-room membership profiles through the send of membership
@@ -227,9 +215,9 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
 
             # if we still have an empty list of addresses, use the default list
             if not bind_addresses:
-                if listener['type'] == 'metrics':
+                if listener["type"] == "metrics":
                     # the metrics listener doesn't support IPv6
-                    bind_addresses.append('0.0.0.0')
+                    bind_addresses.append("0.0.0.0")
                 else:
                     bind_addresses.extend(DEFAULT_BIND_ADDRESSES)
 
@@ -249,78 +237,72 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
             bind_host = config.get("bind_host", "")
             gzip_responses = config.get("gzip_responses", True)
 
-            self.listeners.append({
-                "port": bind_port,
-                "bind_addresses": [bind_host],
-                "tls": True,
-                "type": "http",
-                "resources": [
-                    {
-                        "names": ["client"],
-                        "compress": gzip_responses,
-                    },
-                    {
-                        "names": ["federation"],
-                        "compress": False,
-                    }
-                ]
-            })
-
-            unsecure_port = config.get("unsecure_port", bind_port - 400)
-            if unsecure_port:
-                self.listeners.append({
-                    "port": unsecure_port,
+            self.listeners.append(
+                {
+                    "port": bind_port,
                     "bind_addresses": [bind_host],
-                    "tls": False,
+                    "tls": True,
                     "type": "http",
                     "resources": [
-                        {
-                            "names": ["client"],
-                            "compress": gzip_responses,
-                        },
-                        {
-                            "names": ["federation"],
-                            "compress": False,
-                        }
-                    ]
-                })
+                        {"names": ["client"], "compress": gzip_responses},
+                        {"names": ["federation"], "compress": False},
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
+
+            unsecure_port = config.get("unsecure_port", bind_port - 400)
+            if unsecure_port:
+                self.listeners.append(
+                    {
+                        "port": unsecure_port,
+                        "bind_addresses": [bind_host],
+                        "tls": False,
+                        "type": "http",
+                        "resources": [
+                            {"names": ["client"], "compress": gzip_responses},
+                            {"names": ["federation"], "compress": False},
+                        ],
+                    }
+                )
 
         manhole = config.get("manhole")
         if manhole:
-            self.listeners.append({
-                "port": manhole,
-                "bind_addresses": ["127.0.0.1"],
-                "type": "manhole",
-                "tls": False,
-            })
+            self.listeners.append(
+                {
+                    "port": manhole,
+                    "bind_addresses": ["127.0.0.1"],
+                    "type": "manhole",
+                    "tls": False,
+                }
+            )
 
         metrics_port = config.get("metrics_port")
         if metrics_port:
             logger.warn(
-                ("The metrics_port configuration option is deprecated in Synapse 0.31 "
-                 "in favour of a listener. Please see "
-                 "http://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/docs/metrics-howto.rst"
-                 " on how to configure the new listener."))
-
-            self.listeners.append({
-                "port": metrics_port,
-                "bind_addresses": [config.get("metrics_bind_host", "127.0.0.1")],
-                "tls": False,
-                "type": "http",
-                "resources": [
-                    {
-                        "names": ["metrics"],
-                        "compress": False,
-                    },
-                ]
-            })
+                (
+                    "The metrics_port configuration option is deprecated in Synapse 0.31 "
+                    "in favour of a listener. Please see "
+                    "http://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/docs/metrics-howto.rst"
+                    " on how to configure the new listener."
+                )
+            )
+
+            self.listeners.append(
+                {
+                    "port": metrics_port,
+                    "bind_addresses": [config.get("metrics_bind_host", "127.0.0.1")],
+                    "tls": False,
+                    "type": "http",
+                    "resources": [{"names": ["metrics"], "compress": False}],
+                }
+            )
 
         _check_resource_config(self.listeners)
 
         # An experimental option to try and periodically clean up extremities
         # by sending dummy events.
         self.cleanup_extremities_with_dummy_events = config.get(
-            "cleanup_extremities_with_dummy_events", False,
+            "cleanup_extremities_with_dummy_events", False
         )
 
     def has_tls_listener(self):
@@ -339,7 +321,8 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # Bring DEFAULT_ROOM_VERSION into the local-scope for use in the
         # default config string
         default_room_version = DEFAULT_ROOM_VERSION
-        return """\
+        return (
+            """\
         ## Server ##
 
         # The domain name of the server, with optional explicit port.
@@ -637,7 +620,9 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
         # Defaults to 'true'.
         #
         #allow_per_room_profiles: false
-        """ % locals()
+        """
+            % locals()
+        )
 
     def read_arguments(self, args):
         if args.manhole is not None:
@@ -649,17 +634,26 @@ class ServerConfig(Config):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         server_group = parser.add_argument_group("server")
-        server_group.add_argument("-D", "--daemonize", action='store_true',
-                                  default=None,
-                                  help="Daemonize the home server")
-        server_group.add_argument("--print-pidfile", action='store_true',
-                                  default=None,
-                                  help="Print the path to the pidfile just"
-                                  " before daemonizing")
-        server_group.add_argument("--manhole", metavar="PORT", dest="manhole",
-                                  type=int,
-                                  help="Turn on the twisted telnet manhole"
-                                  " service on the given port.")
+        server_group.add_argument(
+            "-D",
+            "--daemonize",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=None,
+            help="Daemonize the home server",
+        )
+        server_group.add_argument(
+            "--print-pidfile",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=None,
+            help="Print the path to the pidfile just" " before daemonizing",
+        )
+        server_group.add_argument(
+            "--manhole",
+            metavar="PORT",
+            dest="manhole",
+            type=int,
+            help="Turn on the twisted telnet manhole" " service on the given port.",
+        )
 
 
 def is_threepid_reserved(reserved_threepids, threepid):
@@ -673,7 +667,7 @@ def is_threepid_reserved(reserved_threepids, threepid):
     """
 
     for tp in reserved_threepids:
-        if (threepid['medium'] == tp['medium'] and threepid['address'] == tp['address']):
+        if threepid["medium"] == tp["medium"] and threepid["address"] == tp["address"]:
             return True
     return False
 
@@ -686,9 +680,7 @@ def read_gc_thresholds(thresholds):
         return None
     try:
         assert len(thresholds) == 3
-        return (
-            int(thresholds[0]), int(thresholds[1]), int(thresholds[2]),
-        )
+        return (int(thresholds[0]), int(thresholds[1]), int(thresholds[2]))
     except Exception:
         raise ConfigError(
             "Value of `gc_threshold` must be a list of three integers if set"
@@ -706,22 +698,22 @@ def _warn_if_webclient_configured(listeners):
     for listener in listeners:
         for res in listener.get("resources", []):
             for name in res.get("names", []):
-                if name == 'webclient':
+                if name == "webclient":
                     logger.warning(NO_MORE_WEB_CLIENT_WARNING)
                     return
 
 
 KNOWN_RESOURCES = (
-    'client',
-    'consent',
-    'federation',
-    'keys',
-    'media',
-    'metrics',
-    'openid',
-    'replication',
-    'static',
-    'webclient',
+    "client",
+    "consent",
+    "federation",
+    "keys",
+    "media",
+    "metrics",
+    "openid",
+    "replication",
+    "static",
+    "webclient",
 )
 
 
@@ -735,11 +727,9 @@ def _check_resource_config(listeners):
 
     for resource in resource_names:
         if resource not in KNOWN_RESOURCES:
-            raise ConfigError(
-                "Unknown listener resource '%s'" % (resource, )
-            )
+            raise ConfigError("Unknown listener resource '%s'" % (resource,))
         if resource == "consent":
             try:
-                check_requirements('resources.consent')
+                check_requirements("resources.consent")
             except DependencyException as e:
                 raise ConfigError(e.message)
diff --git a/synapse/config/server_notices_config.py b/synapse/config/server_notices_config.py
index 529dc0a617..d930eb33b5 100644
--- a/synapse/config/server_notices_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/server_notices_config.py
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ class ServerNoticesConfig(Config):
             The name to use for the server notices room.
             None if server notices are not enabled.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         super(ServerNoticesConfig, self).__init__()
         self.server_notices_mxid = None
@@ -70,18 +71,12 @@ class ServerNoticesConfig(Config):
         if c is None:
             return
 
-        mxid_localpart = c['system_mxid_localpart']
-        self.server_notices_mxid = UserID(
-            mxid_localpart, self.server_name,
-        ).to_string()
-        self.server_notices_mxid_display_name = c.get(
-            'system_mxid_display_name', None,
-        )
-        self.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url = c.get(
-            'system_mxid_avatar_url', None,
-        )
+        mxid_localpart = c["system_mxid_localpart"]
+        self.server_notices_mxid = UserID(mxid_localpart, self.server_name).to_string()
+        self.server_notices_mxid_display_name = c.get("system_mxid_display_name", None)
+        self.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url = c.get("system_mxid_avatar_url", None)
         # todo: i18n
-        self.server_notices_room_name = c.get('room_name', "Server Notices")
+        self.server_notices_room_name = c.get("room_name", "Server Notices")
 
     def default_config(self, **kwargs):
         return DEFAULT_CONFIG
diff --git a/synapse/config/tls.py b/synapse/config/tls.py
index 658f9dd361..7951bf21fa 100644
--- a/synapse/config/tls.py
+++ b/synapse/config/tls.py
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
         self.acme_enabled = acme_config.get("enabled", False)
 
         # hyperlink complains on py2 if this is not a Unicode
-        self.acme_url = six.text_type(acme_config.get(
-            "url", u"https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
-        ))
+        self.acme_url = six.text_type(
+            acme_config.get("url", "https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory")
+        )
         self.acme_port = acme_config.get("port", 80)
-        self.acme_bind_addresses = acme_config.get("bind_addresses", ['::', '0.0.0.0'])
+        self.acme_bind_addresses = acme_config.get("bind_addresses", ["::", "0.0.0.0"])
         self.acme_reprovision_threshold = acme_config.get("reprovision_threshold", 30)
         self.acme_domain = acme_config.get("domain", config.get("server_name"))
 
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
 
         # Whether to verify certificates on outbound federation traffic
         self.federation_verify_certificates = config.get(
-            "federation_verify_certificates", True,
+            "federation_verify_certificates", True
         )
 
         # Whitelist of domains to not verify certificates for
         fed_whitelist_entries = config.get(
-            "federation_certificate_verification_whitelist", [],
+            "federation_certificate_verification_whitelist", []
         )
 
         # Support globs (*) in whitelist values
@@ -90,9 +90,7 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
             self.federation_certificate_verification_whitelist.append(entry_regex)
 
         # List of custom certificate authorities for federation traffic validation
-        custom_ca_list = config.get(
-            "federation_custom_ca_list", None,
-        )
+        custom_ca_list = config.get("federation_custom_ca_list", None)
 
         # Read in and parse custom CA certificates
         self.federation_ca_trust_root = None
@@ -101,8 +99,10 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
                 # A trustroot cannot be generated without any CA certificates.
                 # Raise an error if this option has been specified without any
                 # corresponding certificates.
-                raise ConfigError("federation_custom_ca_list specified without "
-                                  "any certificate files")
+                raise ConfigError(
+                    "federation_custom_ca_list specified without "
+                    "any certificate files"
+                )
 
             certs = []
             for ca_file in custom_ca_list:
@@ -114,8 +114,9 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
                     cert_base = Certificate.loadPEM(content)
                     certs.append(cert_base)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    raise ConfigError("Error parsing custom CA certificate file %s: %s"
-                                      % (ca_file, e))
+                    raise ConfigError(
+                        "Error parsing custom CA certificate file %s: %s" % (ca_file, e)
+                    )
 
             self.federation_ca_trust_root = trustRootFromCertificates(certs)
 
@@ -146,17 +147,21 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
             return None
 
         try:
-            with open(self.tls_certificate_file, 'rb') as f:
+            with open(self.tls_certificate_file, "rb") as f:
                 cert_pem = f.read()
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ConfigError("Failed to read existing certificate file %s: %s"
-                              % (self.tls_certificate_file, e))
+            raise ConfigError(
+                "Failed to read existing certificate file %s: %s"
+                % (self.tls_certificate_file, e)
+            )
 
         try:
             tls_certificate = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert_pem)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ConfigError("Failed to parse existing certificate file %s: %s"
-                              % (self.tls_certificate_file, e))
+            raise ConfigError(
+                "Failed to parse existing certificate file %s: %s"
+                % (self.tls_certificate_file, e)
+            )
 
         if not allow_self_signed:
             if tls_certificate.get_subject() == tls_certificate.get_issuer():
@@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
 
         # YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ -- in UTC
         expires_on = datetime.strptime(
-            tls_certificate.get_notAfter().decode('ascii'), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
+            tls_certificate.get_notAfter().decode("ascii"), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
         )
         now = datetime.utcnow()
         days_remaining = (expires_on - now).days
@@ -191,7 +196,8 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.info(
                     "Unable to read TLS certificate (%s). Ignoring as no "
-                    "tls listeners enabled.", e,
+                    "tls listeners enabled.",
+                    e,
                 )
 
         self.tls_fingerprints = list(self._original_tls_fingerprints)
@@ -205,7 +211,7 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
             sha256_fingerprint = encode_base64(sha256(x509_certificate_bytes).digest())
             sha256_fingerprints = set(f["sha256"] for f in self.tls_fingerprints)
             if sha256_fingerprint not in sha256_fingerprints:
-                self.tls_fingerprints.append({u"sha256": sha256_fingerprint})
+                self.tls_fingerprints.append({"sha256": sha256_fingerprint})
 
     def default_config(self, config_dir_path, server_name, **kwargs):
         base_key_name = os.path.join(config_dir_path, server_name)
@@ -215,8 +221,8 @@ class TlsConfig(Config):
 
         # this is to avoid the max line length. Sorrynotsorry
         proxypassline = (
-            'ProxyPass /.well-known/acme-challenge '
-            'http://localhost:8009/.well-known/acme-challenge'
+            "ProxyPass /.well-known/acme-challenge "
+            "http://localhost:8009/.well-known/acme-challenge"
         )
 
         return (
diff --git a/synapse/config/user_directory.py b/synapse/config/user_directory.py
index 023997ccde..e031b11599 100644
--- a/synapse/config/user_directory.py
+++ b/synapse/config/user_directory.py
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ class UserDirectoryConfig(Config):
         self.user_directory_search_all_users = False
         user_directory_config = config.get("user_directory", None)
         if user_directory_config:
-            self.user_directory_search_enabled = (
-                user_directory_config.get("enabled", True)
+            self.user_directory_search_enabled = user_directory_config.get(
+                "enabled", True
             )
-            self.user_directory_search_all_users = (
-                user_directory_config.get("search_all_users", False)
+            self.user_directory_search_all_users = user_directory_config.get(
+                "search_all_users", False
             )
 
     def default_config(self, config_dir_path, server_name, **kwargs):
diff --git a/synapse/config/voip.py b/synapse/config/voip.py
index 2a1f005a37..82cf8c53a8 100644
--- a/synapse/config/voip.py
+++ b/synapse/config/voip.py
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@ from ._base import Config
 
 
 class VoipConfig(Config):
-
     def read_config(self, config):
         self.turn_uris = config.get("turn_uris", [])
         self.turn_shared_secret = config.get("turn_shared_secret")
         self.turn_username = config.get("turn_username")
         self.turn_password = config.get("turn_password")
         self.turn_user_lifetime = self.parse_duration(
-            config.get("turn_user_lifetime", "1h"),
+            config.get("turn_user_lifetime", "1h")
         )
         self.turn_allow_guests = config.get("turn_allow_guests", True)
 
diff --git a/synapse/config/workers.py b/synapse/config/workers.py
index bfbd8b6c91..75993abf35 100644
--- a/synapse/config/workers.py
+++ b/synapse/config/workers.py
@@ -52,12 +52,14 @@ class WorkerConfig(Config):
         # argument.
         manhole = config.get("worker_manhole")
         if manhole:
-            self.worker_listeners.append({
-                "port": manhole,
-                "bind_addresses": ["127.0.0.1"],
-                "type": "manhole",
-                "tls": False,
-            })
+            self.worker_listeners.append(
+                {
+                    "port": manhole,
+                    "bind_addresses": ["127.0.0.1"],
+                    "type": "manhole",
+                    "tls": False,
+                }
+            )
 
         if self.worker_listeners:
             for listener in self.worker_listeners:
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ class WorkerConfig(Config):
                 if bind_address:
                     bind_addresses.append(bind_address)
                 elif not bind_addresses:
-                    bind_addresses.append('')
+                    bind_addresses.append("")
 
     def read_arguments(self, args):
         # We support a bunch of command line arguments that override options in
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py b/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py
index 99a586655b..41eabbe717 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ def check_event_content_hash(event, hash_algorithm=hashlib.sha256):
     if name not in hashes:
         raise SynapseError(
             400,
-            "Algorithm %s not in hashes %s" % (
-                name, list(hashes),
-            ),
+            "Algorithm %s not in hashes %s" % (name, list(hashes)),
             Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
         )
     message_hash_base64 = hashes[name]
@@ -56,9 +54,7 @@ def check_event_content_hash(event, hash_algorithm=hashlib.sha256):
         message_hash_bytes = decode_base64(message_hash_base64)
     except Exception:
         raise SynapseError(
-            400,
-            "Invalid base64: %s" % (message_hash_base64,),
-            Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
+            400, "Invalid base64: %s" % (message_hash_base64,), Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
         )
     return message_hash_bytes == expected_hash
 
@@ -135,8 +131,9 @@ def compute_event_signature(event_dict, signature_name, signing_key):
     return redact_json["signatures"]
 
 
-def add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, signature_name, signing_key,
-                              hash_algorithm=hashlib.sha256):
+def add_hashes_and_signatures(
+    event_dict, signature_name, signing_key, hash_algorithm=hashlib.sha256
+):
     """Add content hash and sign the event
 
     Args:
@@ -153,7 +150,5 @@ def add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, signature_name, signing_key,
     event_dict.setdefault("hashes", {})[name] = encode_base64(digest)
 
     event_dict["signatures"] = compute_event_signature(
-        event_dict,
-        signature_name=signature_name,
-        signing_key=signing_key,
+        event_dict, signature_name=signature_name, signing_key=signing_key
     )
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
index 6f603f1961..10c2eb7f0f 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class BaseV2KeyFetcher(object):
         Returns:
             Deferred[dict[str, FetchKeyResult]]: map from key_id to result object
         """
-        ts_valid_until_ms = response_json[u"valid_until_ts"]
+        ts_valid_until_ms = response_json["valid_until_ts"]
 
         # start by extracting the keys from the response, since they may be required
         # to validate the signature on the response.
@@ -614,10 +614,7 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
 
         results = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
             defer.gatherResults(
-                [
-                    run_in_background(get_key, server)
-                    for server in self.key_servers
-                ],
+                [run_in_background(get_key, server) for server in self.key_servers],
                 consumeErrors=True,
             ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
         )
@@ -630,9 +627,7 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
         defer.returnValue(union_of_keys)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_server_verify_key_v2_indirect(
-        self, keys_to_fetch, key_server
-    ):
+    def get_server_verify_key_v2_indirect(self, keys_to_fetch, key_server):
         """
         Args:
             keys_to_fetch (dict[str, dict[str, int]]):
@@ -661,9 +656,9 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
                 destination=perspective_name,
                 path="/_matrix/key/v2/query",
                 data={
-                    u"server_keys": {
+                    "server_keys": {
                         server_name: {
-                            key_id: {u"minimum_valid_until_ts": min_valid_ts}
+                            key_id: {"minimum_valid_until_ts": min_valid_ts}
                             for key_id, min_valid_ts in server_keys.items()
                         }
                         for server_name, server_keys in keys_to_fetch.items()
@@ -690,10 +685,7 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
                 )
 
             try:
-                self._validate_perspectives_response(
-                    key_server,
-                    response,
-                )
+                self._validate_perspectives_response(key_server, response)
 
                 processed_response = yield self.process_v2_response(
                     perspective_name, response, time_added_ms=time_now_ms
@@ -720,9 +712,7 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
 
         defer.returnValue(keys)
 
-    def _validate_perspectives_response(
-        self, key_server, response,
-    ):
+    def _validate_perspectives_response(self, key_server, response):
         """Optionally check the signature on the result of a /key/query request
 
         Args:
@@ -739,13 +729,13 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
             return
 
         if (
-            u"signatures" not in response
-            or perspective_name not in response[u"signatures"]
+            "signatures" not in response
+            or perspective_name not in response["signatures"]
         ):
             raise KeyLookupError("Response not signed by the notary server")
 
         verified = False
-        for key_id in response[u"signatures"][perspective_name]:
+        for key_id in response["signatures"][perspective_name]:
             if key_id in perspective_keys:
                 verify_signed_json(response, perspective_name, perspective_keys[key_id])
                 verified = True
@@ -754,7 +744,7 @@ class PerspectivesKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
             raise KeyLookupError(
                 "Response not signed with a known key: signed with: %r, known keys: %r"
                 % (
-                    list(response[u"signatures"][perspective_name].keys()),
+                    list(response["signatures"][perspective_name].keys()),
                     list(perspective_keys.keys()),
                 )
             )
@@ -826,7 +816,6 @@ class ServerKeyFetcher(BaseV2KeyFetcher):
                     path="/_matrix/key/v2/server/"
                     + urllib.parse.quote(requested_key_id),
                     ignore_backoff=True,
-
                     # we only give the remote server 10s to respond. It should be an
                     # easy request to handle, so if it doesn't reply within 10s, it's
                     # probably not going to.
diff --git a/synapse/event_auth.py b/synapse/event_auth.py
index 203490fc36..cd52e3f867 100644
--- a/synapse/event_auth.py
+++ b/synapse/event_auth.py
@@ -85,17 +85,14 @@ def check(room_version, event, auth_events, do_sig_check=True, do_size_check=Tru
         room_id_domain = get_domain_from_id(event.room_id)
         if room_id_domain != sender_domain:
             raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "Creation event's room_id domain does not match sender's"
+                403, "Creation event's room_id domain does not match sender's"
             )
 
         room_version = event.content.get("room_version", "1")
         if room_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
             raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "room appears to have unsupported version %s" % (
-                    room_version,
-                ))
+                403, "room appears to have unsupported version %s" % (room_version,)
+            )
         # FIXME
         logger.debug("Allowing! %s", event)
         return
@@ -103,46 +100,30 @@ def check(room_version, event, auth_events, do_sig_check=True, do_size_check=Tru
     creation_event = auth_events.get((EventTypes.Create, ""), None)
 
     if not creation_event:
-        raise AuthError(
-            403,
-            "No create event in auth events",
-        )
+        raise AuthError(403, "No create event in auth events")
 
     creating_domain = get_domain_from_id(event.room_id)
     originating_domain = get_domain_from_id(event.sender)
     if creating_domain != originating_domain:
         if not _can_federate(event, auth_events):
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "This room has been marked as unfederatable."
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "This room has been marked as unfederatable.")
 
     # FIXME: Temp hack
     if event.type == EventTypes.Aliases:
         if not event.is_state():
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "Alias event must be a state event",
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "Alias event must be a state event")
         if not event.state_key:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "Alias event must have non-empty state_key"
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "Alias event must have non-empty state_key")
         sender_domain = get_domain_from_id(event.sender)
         if event.state_key != sender_domain:
             raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "Alias event's state_key does not match sender's domain"
+                403, "Alias event's state_key does not match sender's domain"
             )
         logger.debug("Allowing! %s", event)
         return
 
     if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
-        logger.debug(
-            "Auth events: %s",
-            [a.event_id for a in auth_events.values()]
-        )
+        logger.debug("Auth events: %s", [a.event_id for a in auth_events.values()])
 
     if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
         _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events)
@@ -159,9 +140,7 @@ def check(room_version, event, auth_events, do_sig_check=True, do_size_check=Tru
         invite_level = _get_named_level(auth_events, "invite", 0)
 
         if user_level < invite_level:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403, "You don't have permission to invite users",
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to invite users")
         else:
             logger.debug("Allowing! %s", event)
             return
@@ -207,7 +186,7 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
     # Check if this is the room creator joining:
     if len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1 and Membership.JOIN == membership:
         # Get room creation event:
-        key = (EventTypes.Create, "", )
+        key = (EventTypes.Create, "")
         create = auth_events.get(key)
         if create and event.prev_event_ids()[0] == create.event_id:
             if create.content["creator"] == event.state_key:
@@ -219,38 +198,31 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
     target_domain = get_domain_from_id(target_user_id)
     if creating_domain != target_domain:
         if not _can_federate(event, auth_events):
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "This room has been marked as unfederatable."
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "This room has been marked as unfederatable.")
 
     # get info about the caller
-    key = (EventTypes.Member, event.user_id, )
+    key = (EventTypes.Member, event.user_id)
     caller = auth_events.get(key)
 
     caller_in_room = caller and caller.membership == Membership.JOIN
     caller_invited = caller and caller.membership == Membership.INVITE
 
     # get info about the target
-    key = (EventTypes.Member, target_user_id, )
+    key = (EventTypes.Member, target_user_id)
     target = auth_events.get(key)
 
     target_in_room = target and target.membership == Membership.JOIN
     target_banned = target and target.membership == Membership.BAN
 
-    key = (EventTypes.JoinRules, "", )
+    key = (EventTypes.JoinRules, "")
     join_rule_event = auth_events.get(key)
     if join_rule_event:
-        join_rule = join_rule_event.content.get(
-            "join_rule", JoinRules.INVITE
-        )
+        join_rule = join_rule_event.content.get("join_rule", JoinRules.INVITE)
     else:
         join_rule = JoinRules.INVITE
 
     user_level = get_user_power_level(event.user_id, auth_events)
-    target_level = get_user_power_level(
-        target_user_id, auth_events
-    )
+    target_level = get_user_power_level(target_user_id, auth_events)
 
     # FIXME (erikj): What should we do here as the default?
     ban_level = _get_named_level(auth_events, "ban", 50)
@@ -266,29 +238,26 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
             "join_rule": join_rule,
             "target_user_id": target_user_id,
             "event.user_id": event.user_id,
-        }
+        },
     )
 
     if Membership.INVITE == membership and "third_party_invite" in event.content:
         if not _verify_third_party_invite(event, auth_events):
             raise AuthError(403, "You are not invited to this room.")
         if target_banned:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403, "%s is banned from the room" % (target_user_id,)
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "%s is banned from the room" % (target_user_id,))
         return
 
     if Membership.JOIN != membership:
-        if (caller_invited
-                and Membership.LEAVE == membership
-                and target_user_id == event.user_id):
+        if (
+            caller_invited
+            and Membership.LEAVE == membership
+            and target_user_id == event.user_id
+        ):
             return
 
         if not caller_in_room:  # caller isn't joined
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "%s not in room %s." % (event.user_id, event.room_id,)
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "%s not in room %s." % (event.user_id, event.room_id))
 
     if Membership.INVITE == membership:
         # TODO (erikj): We should probably handle this more intelligently
@@ -296,19 +265,14 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
 
         # Invites are valid iff caller is in the room and target isn't.
         if target_banned:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403, "%s is banned from the room" % (target_user_id,)
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "%s is banned from the room" % (target_user_id,))
         elif target_in_room:  # the target is already in the room.
-            raise AuthError(403, "%s is already in the room." %
-                                 target_user_id)
+            raise AuthError(403, "%s is already in the room." % target_user_id)
         else:
             invite_level = _get_named_level(auth_events, "invite", 0)
 
             if user_level < invite_level:
-                raise AuthError(
-                    403, "You don't have permission to invite users",
-                )
+                raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to invite users")
     elif Membership.JOIN == membership:
         # Joins are valid iff caller == target and they were:
         # invited: They are accepting the invitation
@@ -329,16 +293,12 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
     elif Membership.LEAVE == membership:
         # TODO (erikj): Implement kicks.
         if target_banned and user_level < ban_level:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403, "You cannot unban user %s." % (target_user_id,)
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "You cannot unban user %s." % (target_user_id,))
         elif target_user_id != event.user_id:
             kick_level = _get_named_level(auth_events, "kick", 50)
 
             if user_level < kick_level or user_level <= target_level:
-                raise AuthError(
-                    403, "You cannot kick user %s." % target_user_id
-                )
+                raise AuthError(403, "You cannot kick user %s." % target_user_id)
     elif Membership.BAN == membership:
         if user_level < ban_level or user_level <= target_level:
             raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to ban")
@@ -347,21 +307,17 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
 
 
 def _check_event_sender_in_room(event, auth_events):
-    key = (EventTypes.Member, event.user_id, )
+    key = (EventTypes.Member, event.user_id)
     member_event = auth_events.get(key)
 
-    return _check_joined_room(
-        member_event,
-        event.user_id,
-        event.room_id
-    )
+    return _check_joined_room(member_event, event.user_id, event.room_id)
 
 
 def _check_joined_room(member, user_id, room_id):
     if not member or member.membership != Membership.JOIN:
-        raise AuthError(403, "User %s not in room %s (%s)" % (
-            user_id, room_id, repr(member)
-        ))
+        raise AuthError(
+            403, "User %s not in room %s (%s)" % (user_id, room_id, repr(member))
+        )
 
 
 def get_send_level(etype, state_key, power_levels_event):
@@ -402,26 +358,21 @@ def get_send_level(etype, state_key, power_levels_event):
 def _can_send_event(event, auth_events):
     power_levels_event = _get_power_level_event(auth_events)
 
-    send_level = get_send_level(
-        event.type, event.get("state_key"), power_levels_event,
-    )
+    send_level = get_send_level(event.type, event.get("state_key"), power_levels_event)
     user_level = get_user_power_level(event.user_id, auth_events)
 
     if user_level < send_level:
         raise AuthError(
             403,
-            "You don't have permission to post that to the room. " +
-            "user_level (%d) < send_level (%d)" % (user_level, send_level)
+            "You don't have permission to post that to the room. "
+            + "user_level (%d) < send_level (%d)" % (user_level, send_level),
         )
 
     # Check state_key
     if hasattr(event, "state_key"):
         if event.state_key.startswith("@"):
             if event.state_key != event.user_id:
-                raise AuthError(
-                    403,
-                    "You are not allowed to set others state"
-                )
+                raise AuthError(403, "You are not allowed to set others state")
 
     return True
 
@@ -459,10 +410,7 @@ def check_redaction(room_version, event, auth_events):
         event.internal_metadata.recheck_redaction = True
         return True
 
-    raise AuthError(
-        403,
-        "You don't have permission to redact events"
-    )
+    raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to redact events")
 
 
 def _check_power_levels(event, auth_events):
@@ -479,7 +427,7 @@ def _check_power_levels(event, auth_events):
         except Exception:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Not a valid power level: %s" % (v,))
 
-    key = (event.type, event.state_key, )
+    key = (event.type, event.state_key)
     current_state = auth_events.get(key)
 
     if not current_state:
@@ -500,16 +448,12 @@ def _check_power_levels(event, auth_events):
 
     old_list = current_state.content.get("users", {})
     for user in set(list(old_list) + list(user_list)):
-        levels_to_check.append(
-            (user, "users")
-        )
+        levels_to_check.append((user, "users"))
 
     old_list = current_state.content.get("events", {})
     new_list = event.content.get("events", {})
     for ev_id in set(list(old_list) + list(new_list)):
-        levels_to_check.append(
-            (ev_id, "events")
-        )
+        levels_to_check.append((ev_id, "events"))
 
     old_state = current_state.content
     new_state = event.content
@@ -540,7 +484,7 @@ def _check_power_levels(event, auth_events):
                 raise AuthError(
                     403,
                     "You don't have permission to remove ops level equal "
-                    "to your own"
+                    "to your own",
                 )
 
         # Check if the old and new levels are greater than the user level
@@ -550,8 +494,7 @@ def _check_power_levels(event, auth_events):
         if old_level_too_big or new_level_too_big:
             raise AuthError(
                 403,
-                "You don't have permission to add ops level greater "
-                "than your own"
+                "You don't have permission to add ops level greater " "than your own",
             )
 
 
@@ -587,10 +530,9 @@ def get_user_power_level(user_id, auth_events):
 
         # some things which call this don't pass the create event: hack around
         # that.
-        key = (EventTypes.Create, "", )
+        key = (EventTypes.Create, "")
         create_event = auth_events.get(key)
-        if (create_event is not None and
-                create_event.content["creator"] == user_id):
+        if create_event is not None and create_event.content["creator"] == user_id:
             return 100
         else:
             return 0
@@ -636,9 +578,7 @@ def _verify_third_party_invite(event, auth_events):
 
     token = signed["token"]
 
-    invite_event = auth_events.get(
-        (EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite, token,)
-    )
+    invite_event = auth_events.get((EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite, token))
     if not invite_event:
         return False
 
@@ -661,8 +601,7 @@ def _verify_third_party_invite(event, auth_events):
                     if not key_name.startswith("ed25519:"):
                         continue
                     verify_key = decode_verify_key_bytes(
-                        key_name,
-                        decode_base64(public_key)
+                        key_name, decode_base64(public_key)
                     )
                     verify_signed_json(signed, server, verify_key)
 
@@ -671,7 +610,7 @@ def _verify_third_party_invite(event, auth_events):
                     # The caller is responsible for checking that the signing
                     # server has not revoked that public key.
                     return True
-        except (KeyError, SignatureVerifyException,):
+        except (KeyError, SignatureVerifyException):
             continue
     return False
 
@@ -679,9 +618,7 @@ def _verify_third_party_invite(event, auth_events):
 def get_public_keys(invite_event):
     public_keys = []
     if "public_key" in invite_event.content:
-        o = {
-            "public_key": invite_event.content["public_key"],
-        }
+        o = {"public_key": invite_event.content["public_key"]}
         if "key_validity_url" in invite_event.content:
             o["key_validity_url"] = invite_event.content["key_validity_url"]
         public_keys.append(o)
@@ -702,22 +639,22 @@ def auth_types_for_event(event):
 
     auth_types = []
 
-    auth_types.append((EventTypes.PowerLevels, "", ))
-    auth_types.append((EventTypes.Member, event.sender, ))
-    auth_types.append((EventTypes.Create, "", ))
+    auth_types.append((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""))
+    auth_types.append((EventTypes.Member, event.sender))
+    auth_types.append((EventTypes.Create, ""))
 
     if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
         membership = event.content["membership"]
         if membership in [Membership.JOIN, Membership.INVITE]:
-            auth_types.append((EventTypes.JoinRules, "", ))
+            auth_types.append((EventTypes.JoinRules, ""))
 
-        auth_types.append((EventTypes.Member, event.state_key, ))
+        auth_types.append((EventTypes.Member, event.state_key))
 
         if membership == Membership.INVITE:
             if "third_party_invite" in event.content:
                 key = (
                     EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite,
-                    event.content["third_party_invite"]["signed"]["token"]
+                    event.content["third_party_invite"]["signed"]["token"],
                 )
                 auth_types.append(key)
 
diff --git a/synapse/events/__init__.py b/synapse/events/__init__.py
index 7154bcbea6..d3de70e671 100644
--- a/synapse/events/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/events/__init__.py
@@ -127,25 +127,25 @@ def _event_dict_property(key):
         except KeyError:
             raise AttributeError(key)
 
-    return property(
-        getter,
-        setter,
-        delete,
-    )
+    return property(getter, setter, delete)
 
 
 class EventBase(object):
-    def __init__(self, event_dict, signatures={}, unsigned={},
-                 internal_metadata_dict={}, rejected_reason=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        event_dict,
+        signatures={},
+        unsigned={},
+        internal_metadata_dict={},
+        rejected_reason=None,
+    ):
         self.signatures = signatures
         self.unsigned = unsigned
         self.rejected_reason = rejected_reason
 
         self._event_dict = event_dict
 
-        self.internal_metadata = _EventInternalMetadata(
-            internal_metadata_dict
-        )
+        self.internal_metadata = _EventInternalMetadata(internal_metadata_dict)
 
     auth_events = _event_dict_property("auth_events")
     depth = _event_dict_property("depth")
@@ -168,10 +168,7 @@ class EventBase(object):
 
     def get_dict(self):
         d = dict(self._event_dict)
-        d.update({
-            "signatures": self.signatures,
-            "unsigned": dict(self.unsigned),
-        })
+        d.update({"signatures": self.signatures, "unsigned": dict(self.unsigned)})
 
         return d
 
@@ -358,6 +355,7 @@ class FrozenEventV2(EventBase):
 
 class FrozenEventV3(FrozenEventV2):
     """FrozenEventV3, which differs from FrozenEventV2 only in the event_id format"""
+
     format_version = EventFormatVersions.V3  # All events of this type are V3
 
     @property
@@ -414,6 +412,4 @@ def event_type_from_format_version(format_version):
     elif format_version == EventFormatVersions.V3:
         return FrozenEventV3
     else:
-        raise Exception(
-            "No event format %r" % (format_version,)
-        )
+        raise Exception("No event format %r" % (format_version,))
diff --git a/synapse/events/builder.py b/synapse/events/builder.py
index 546b6f4982..db011e0407 100644
--- a/synapse/events/builder.py
+++ b/synapse/events/builder.py
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ class EventBuilder(object):
     _redacts = attr.ib(default=None)
     _origin_server_ts = attr.ib(default=None)
 
-    internal_metadata = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(lambda: _EventInternalMetadata({})))
+    internal_metadata = attr.ib(
+        default=attr.Factory(lambda: _EventInternalMetadata({}))
+    )
 
     @property
     def state_key(self):
@@ -102,11 +104,9 @@ class EventBuilder(object):
         """
 
         state_ids = yield self._state.get_current_state_ids(
-            self.room_id, prev_event_ids,
-        )
-        auth_ids = yield self._auth.compute_auth_events(
-            self, state_ids,
+            self.room_id, prev_event_ids
         )
+        auth_ids = yield self._auth.compute_auth_events(self, state_ids)
 
         if self.format_version == EventFormatVersions.V1:
             auth_events = yield self._store.add_event_hashes(auth_ids)
@@ -115,9 +115,7 @@ class EventBuilder(object):
             auth_events = auth_ids
             prev_events = prev_event_ids
 
-        old_depth = yield self._store.get_max_depth_of(
-            prev_event_ids,
-        )
+        old_depth = yield self._store.get_max_depth_of(prev_event_ids)
         depth = old_depth + 1
 
         # we cap depth of generated events, to ensure that they are not
@@ -217,9 +215,14 @@ class EventBuilderFactory(object):
         )
 
 
-def create_local_event_from_event_dict(clock, hostname, signing_key,
-                                       format_version, event_dict,
-                                       internal_metadata_dict=None):
+def create_local_event_from_event_dict(
+    clock,
+    hostname,
+    signing_key,
+    format_version,
+    event_dict,
+    internal_metadata_dict=None,
+):
     """Takes a fully formed event dict, ensuring that fields like `origin`
     and `origin_server_ts` have correct values for a locally produced event,
     then signs and hashes it.
@@ -237,9 +240,7 @@ def create_local_event_from_event_dict(clock, hostname, signing_key,
     """
 
     if format_version not in KNOWN_EVENT_FORMAT_VERSIONS:
-        raise Exception(
-            "No event format defined for version %r" % (format_version,)
-        )
+        raise Exception("No event format defined for version %r" % (format_version,))
 
     if internal_metadata_dict is None:
         internal_metadata_dict = {}
@@ -258,13 +259,9 @@ def create_local_event_from_event_dict(clock, hostname, signing_key,
 
     event_dict.setdefault("signatures", {})
 
-    add_hashes_and_signatures(
-        event_dict,
-        hostname,
-        signing_key,
-    )
+    add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, hostname, signing_key)
     return event_type_from_format_version(format_version)(
-        event_dict, internal_metadata_dict=internal_metadata_dict,
+        event_dict, internal_metadata_dict=internal_metadata_dict
     )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/events/snapshot.py b/synapse/events/snapshot.py
index fa09c132a0..a96cdada3d 100644
--- a/synapse/events/snapshot.py
+++ b/synapse/events/snapshot.py
@@ -88,8 +88,9 @@ class EventContext(object):
         self.app_service = None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def with_state(state_group, current_state_ids, prev_state_ids,
-                   prev_group=None, delta_ids=None):
+    def with_state(
+        state_group, current_state_ids, prev_state_ids, prev_group=None, delta_ids=None
+    ):
         context = EventContext()
 
         # The current state including the current event
@@ -132,17 +133,19 @@ class EventContext(object):
         else:
             prev_state_id = None
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "prev_state_id": prev_state_id,
-            "event_type": event.type,
-            "event_state_key": event.state_key if event.is_state() else None,
-            "state_group": self.state_group,
-            "rejected": self.rejected,
-            "prev_group": self.prev_group,
-            "delta_ids": _encode_state_dict(self.delta_ids),
-            "prev_state_events": self.prev_state_events,
-            "app_service_id": self.app_service.id if self.app_service else None
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "prev_state_id": prev_state_id,
+                "event_type": event.type,
+                "event_state_key": event.state_key if event.is_state() else None,
+                "state_group": self.state_group,
+                "rejected": self.rejected,
+                "prev_group": self.prev_group,
+                "delta_ids": _encode_state_dict(self.delta_ids),
+                "prev_state_events": self.prev_state_events,
+                "app_service_id": self.app_service.id if self.app_service else None,
+            }
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def deserialize(store, input):
@@ -194,7 +197,7 @@ class EventContext(object):
 
         if not self._fetching_state_deferred:
             self._fetching_state_deferred = run_in_background(
-                self._fill_out_state, store,
+                self._fill_out_state, store
             )
 
         yield make_deferred_yieldable(self._fetching_state_deferred)
@@ -214,7 +217,7 @@ class EventContext(object):
 
         if not self._fetching_state_deferred:
             self._fetching_state_deferred = run_in_background(
-                self._fill_out_state, store,
+                self._fill_out_state, store
             )
 
         yield make_deferred_yieldable(self._fetching_state_deferred)
@@ -240,9 +243,7 @@ class EventContext(object):
         if self.state_group is None:
             return
 
-        self._current_state_ids = yield store.get_state_ids_for_group(
-            self.state_group,
-        )
+        self._current_state_ids = yield store.get_state_ids_for_group(self.state_group)
         if self._prev_state_id and self._event_state_key is not None:
             self._prev_state_ids = dict(self._current_state_ids)
 
@@ -252,8 +253,9 @@ class EventContext(object):
             self._prev_state_ids = self._current_state_ids
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def update_state(self, state_group, prev_state_ids, current_state_ids,
-                     prev_group, delta_ids):
+    def update_state(
+        self, state_group, prev_state_ids, current_state_ids, prev_group, delta_ids
+    ):
         """Replace the state in the context
         """
 
@@ -279,10 +281,7 @@ def _encode_state_dict(state_dict):
     if state_dict is None:
         return None
 
-    return [
-        (etype, state_key, v)
-        for (etype, state_key), v in iteritems(state_dict)
-    ]
+    return [(etype, state_key, v) for (etype, state_key), v in iteritems(state_dict)]
 
 
 def _decode_state_dict(input):
@@ -291,4 +290,4 @@ def _decode_state_dict(input):
     if input is None:
         return None
 
-    return frozendict({(etype, state_key,): v for etype, state_key, v in input})
+    return frozendict({(etype, state_key): v for etype, state_key, v in input})
diff --git a/synapse/events/spamcheck.py b/synapse/events/spamcheck.py
index 6058077f75..129771f183 100644
--- a/synapse/events/spamcheck.py
+++ b/synapse/events/spamcheck.py
@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ class SpamChecker(object):
         if self.spam_checker is None:
             return True
 
-        return self.spam_checker.user_may_invite(inviter_userid, invitee_userid, room_id)
+        return self.spam_checker.user_may_invite(
+            inviter_userid, invitee_userid, room_id
+        )
 
     def user_may_create_room(self, userid):
         """Checks if a given user may create a room
diff --git a/synapse/events/third_party_rules.py b/synapse/events/third_party_rules.py
index 50ceeb1e8e..8f5d95696b 100644
--- a/synapse/events/third_party_rules.py
+++ b/synapse/events/third_party_rules.py
@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@ class ThirdPartyEventRules(object):
 
         if module is not None:
             self.third_party_rules = module(
-                config=config,
-                http_client=hs.get_simple_http_client(),
+                config=config, http_client=hs.get_simple_http_client()
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -109,6 +108,6 @@ class ThirdPartyEventRules(object):
             state_events[key] = room_state_events[event_id]
 
         ret = yield self.third_party_rules.check_threepid_can_be_invited(
-            medium, address, state_events,
+            medium, address, state_events
         )
         defer.returnValue(ret)
diff --git a/synapse/events/utils.py b/synapse/events/utils.py
index e2d4384de1..f24f0c16f0 100644
--- a/synapse/events/utils.py
+++ b/synapse/events/utils.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ from . import EventBase
 # by a match for 'stuff'.
 # TODO: This is fast, but fails to handle "foo\\.bar" which should be treated as
 #       the literal fields "foo\" and "bar" but will instead be treated as "foo\\.bar"
-SPLIT_FIELD_REGEX = re.compile(r'(?<!\\)\.')
+SPLIT_FIELD_REGEX = re.compile(r"(?<!\\)\.")
 
 
 def prune_event(event):
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ def prune_event(event):
     pruned_event_dict = prune_event_dict(event.get_dict())
 
     from . import event_type_from_format_version
+
     return event_type_from_format_version(event.format_version)(
         pruned_event_dict, event.internal_metadata.get_dict()
     )
@@ -116,11 +117,7 @@ def prune_event_dict(event_dict):
     elif event_type == EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility:
         add_fields("history_visibility")
 
-    allowed_fields = {
-        k: v
-        for k, v in event_dict.items()
-        if k in allowed_keys
-    }
+    allowed_fields = {k: v for k, v in event_dict.items() if k in allowed_keys}
 
     allowed_fields["content"] = new_content
 
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ def only_fields(dictionary, fields):
     # for each element of the output array of arrays:
     # remove escaping so we can use the right key names.
     split_fields[:] = [
-        [f.replace(r'\.', r'.') for f in field_array] for field_array in split_fields
+        [f.replace(r"\.", r".") for f in field_array] for field_array in split_fields
     ]
 
     output = {}
@@ -226,7 +223,10 @@ def format_event_for_client_v1(d):
         d["user_id"] = sender
 
     copy_keys = (
-        "age", "redacted_because", "replaces_state", "prev_content",
+        "age",
+        "redacted_because",
+        "replaces_state",
+        "prev_content",
         "invite_room_state",
     )
     for key in copy_keys:
@@ -238,8 +238,13 @@ def format_event_for_client_v1(d):
 
 def format_event_for_client_v2(d):
     drop_keys = (
-        "auth_events", "prev_events", "hashes", "signatures", "depth",
-        "origin", "prev_state",
+        "auth_events",
+        "prev_events",
+        "hashes",
+        "signatures",
+        "depth",
+        "origin",
+        "prev_state",
     )
     for key in drop_keys:
         d.pop(key, None)
@@ -252,9 +257,15 @@ def format_event_for_client_v2_without_room_id(d):
     return d
 
 
-def serialize_event(e, time_now_ms, as_client_event=True,
-                    event_format=format_event_for_client_v1,
-                    token_id=None, only_event_fields=None, is_invite=False):
+def serialize_event(
+    e,
+    time_now_ms,
+    as_client_event=True,
+    event_format=format_event_for_client_v1,
+    token_id=None,
+    only_event_fields=None,
+    is_invite=False,
+):
     """Serialize event for clients
 
     Args:
@@ -288,8 +299,7 @@ def serialize_event(e, time_now_ms, as_client_event=True,
 
     if "redacted_because" in e.unsigned:
         d["unsigned"]["redacted_because"] = serialize_event(
-            e.unsigned["redacted_because"], time_now_ms,
-            event_format=event_format
+            e.unsigned["redacted_because"], time_now_ms, event_format=event_format
         )
 
     if token_id is not None:
@@ -308,8 +318,9 @@ def serialize_event(e, time_now_ms, as_client_event=True,
         d = event_format(d)
 
     if only_event_fields:
-        if (not isinstance(only_event_fields, list) or
-                not all(isinstance(f, string_types) for f in only_event_fields)):
+        if not isinstance(only_event_fields, list) or not all(
+            isinstance(f, string_types) for f in only_event_fields
+        ):
             raise TypeError("only_event_fields must be a list of strings")
         d = only_fields(d, only_event_fields)
 
@@ -352,11 +363,9 @@ class EventClientSerializer(object):
         # If MSC1849 is enabled then we need to look if thre are any relations
         # we need to bundle in with the event
         if self.experimental_msc1849_support_enabled and bundle_aggregations:
-            annotations = yield self.store.get_aggregation_groups_for_event(
-                event_id,
-            )
+            annotations = yield self.store.get_aggregation_groups_for_event(event_id)
             references = yield self.store.get_relations_for_event(
-                event_id, RelationTypes.REFERENCE, direction="f",
+                event_id, RelationTypes.REFERENCE, direction="f"
             )
 
             if annotations.chunk:
@@ -383,9 +392,7 @@ class EventClientSerializer(object):
                     serialized_event["content"].pop("m.relates_to", None)
 
                 r = serialized_event["unsigned"].setdefault("m.relations", {})
-                r[RelationTypes.REPLACE] = {
-                    "event_id": edit.event_id,
-                }
+                r[RelationTypes.REPLACE] = {"event_id": edit.event_id}
 
         defer.returnValue(serialized_event)
 
@@ -401,6 +408,5 @@ class EventClientSerializer(object):
             Deferred[list[dict]]: The list of serialized events
         """
         return yieldable_gather_results(
-            self.serialize_event, events,
-            time_now=time_now, **kwargs
+            self.serialize_event, events, time_now=time_now, **kwargs
         )
diff --git a/synapse/events/validator.py b/synapse/events/validator.py
index 711af512b2..f7ffd1d561 100644
--- a/synapse/events/validator.py
+++ b/synapse/events/validator.py
@@ -48,9 +48,7 @@ class EventValidator(object):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Event does not have key %s" % (k,))
 
         # Check that the following keys have string values
-        event_strings = [
-            "origin",
-        ]
+        event_strings = ["origin"]
 
         for s in event_strings:
             if not isinstance(getattr(event, s), string_types):
@@ -62,8 +60,10 @@ class EventValidator(object):
                     if len(alias) > MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH:
                         raise SynapseError(
                             400,
-                            ("Can't create aliases longer than"
-                             " %d characters" % (MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH,)),
+                            (
+                                "Can't create aliases longer than"
+                                " %d characters" % (MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH,)
+                            ),
                             Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
                         )
 
@@ -76,11 +76,7 @@ class EventValidator(object):
             event (EventBuilder|FrozenEvent)
         """
 
-        strings = [
-            "room_id",
-            "sender",
-            "type",
-        ]
+        strings = ["room_id", "sender", "type"]
 
         if hasattr(event, "state_key"):
             strings.append("state_key")
@@ -93,10 +89,7 @@ class EventValidator(object):
         UserID.from_string(event.sender)
 
         if event.type == EventTypes.Message:
-            strings = [
-                "body",
-                "msgtype",
-            ]
+            strings = ["body", "msgtype"]
 
             self._ensure_strings(event.content, strings)
 
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
index fc5cfb7d83..58b929363f 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
@@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ class FederationBase(object):
         self._clock = hs.get_clock()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(self, origin, pdus, room_version,
-                                       outlier=False, include_none=False):
+    def _check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+        self, origin, pdus, room_version, outlier=False, include_none=False
+    ):
         """Takes a list of PDUs and checks the signatures and hashs of each
         one. If a PDU fails its signature check then we check if we have it in
         the database and if not then request if from the originating server of
@@ -79,9 +80,7 @@ class FederationBase(object):
             if not res:
                 # Check local db.
                 res = yield self.store.get_event(
-                    pdu.event_id,
-                    allow_rejected=True,
-                    allow_none=True,
+                    pdu.event_id, allow_rejected=True, allow_none=True
                 )
 
             if not res and pdu.origin != origin:
@@ -98,23 +97,16 @@ class FederationBase(object):
 
             if not res:
                 logger.warn(
-                    "Failed to find copy of %s with valid signature",
-                    pdu.event_id,
+                    "Failed to find copy of %s with valid signature", pdu.event_id
                 )
 
             defer.returnValue(res)
 
         handle = logcontext.preserve_fn(handle_check_result)
-        deferreds2 = [
-            handle(pdu, deferred)
-            for pdu, deferred in zip(pdus, deferreds)
-        ]
+        deferreds2 = [handle(pdu, deferred) for pdu, deferred in zip(pdus, deferreds)]
 
         valid_pdus = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
-            defer.gatherResults(
-                deferreds2,
-                consumeErrors=True,
-            )
+            defer.gatherResults(deferreds2, consumeErrors=True)
         ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
 
         if include_none:
@@ -124,7 +116,7 @@ class FederationBase(object):
 
     def _check_sigs_and_hash(self, room_version, pdu):
         return logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
-            self._check_sigs_and_hashes(room_version, [pdu])[0],
+            self._check_sigs_and_hashes(room_version, [pdu])[0]
         )
 
     def _check_sigs_and_hashes(self, room_version, pdus):
@@ -159,11 +151,9 @@ class FederationBase(object):
                     # received event was probably a redacted copy (but we then use our
                     # *actual* redacted copy to be on the safe side.)
                     redacted_event = prune_event(pdu)
-                    if (
-                        set(redacted_event.keys()) == set(pdu.keys()) and
-                        set(six.iterkeys(redacted_event.content))
-                            == set(six.iterkeys(pdu.content))
-                    ):
+                    if set(redacted_event.keys()) == set(pdu.keys()) and set(
+                        six.iterkeys(redacted_event.content)
+                    ) == set(six.iterkeys(pdu.content)):
                         logger.info(
                             "Event %s seems to have been redacted; using our redacted "
                             "copy",
@@ -172,14 +162,16 @@ class FederationBase(object):
                     else:
                         logger.warning(
                             "Event %s content has been tampered, redacting",
-                            pdu.event_id, pdu.get_pdu_json(),
+                            pdu.event_id,
+                            pdu.get_pdu_json(),
                         )
                     return redacted_event
 
                 if self.spam_checker.check_event_for_spam(pdu):
                     logger.warn(
                         "Event contains spam, redacting %s: %s",
-                        pdu.event_id, pdu.get_pdu_json()
+                        pdu.event_id,
+                        pdu.get_pdu_json(),
                     )
                     return prune_event(pdu)
 
@@ -190,23 +182,24 @@ class FederationBase(object):
             with logcontext.PreserveLoggingContext(ctx):
                 logger.warn(
                     "Signature check failed for %s: %s",
-                    pdu.event_id, failure.getErrorMessage(),
+                    pdu.event_id,
+                    failure.getErrorMessage(),
                 )
             return failure
 
         for deferred, pdu in zip(deferreds, pdus):
             deferred.addCallbacks(
-                callback, errback,
-                callbackArgs=[pdu],
-                errbackArgs=[pdu],
+                callback, errback, callbackArgs=[pdu], errbackArgs=[pdu]
             )
 
         return deferreds
 
 
-class PduToCheckSig(namedtuple("PduToCheckSig", [
-    "pdu", "redacted_pdu_json", "sender_domain", "deferreds",
-])):
+class PduToCheckSig(
+    namedtuple(
+        "PduToCheckSig", ["pdu", "redacted_pdu_json", "sender_domain", "deferreds"]
+    )
+):
     pass
 
 
@@ -260,10 +253,7 @@ def _check_sigs_on_pdus(keyring, room_version, pdus):
 
     # First we check that the sender event is signed by the sender's domain
     # (except if its a 3pid invite, in which case it may be sent by any server)
-    pdus_to_check_sender = [
-        p for p in pdus_to_check
-        if not _is_invite_via_3pid(p.pdu)
-    ]
+    pdus_to_check_sender = [p for p in pdus_to_check if not _is_invite_via_3pid(p.pdu)]
 
     more_deferreds = keyring.verify_json_objects_for_server(
         [
@@ -297,7 +287,8 @@ def _check_sigs_on_pdus(keyring, room_version, pdus):
     # (ie, the room version uses old-style non-hash event IDs).
     if v.event_format == EventFormatVersions.V1:
         pdus_to_check_event_id = [
-            p for p in pdus_to_check
+            p
+            for p in pdus_to_check
             if p.sender_domain != get_domain_from_id(p.pdu.event_id)
         ]
 
@@ -315,10 +306,8 @@ def _check_sigs_on_pdus(keyring, room_version, pdus):
 
         def event_err(e, pdu_to_check):
             errmsg = (
-                "event id %s: unable to verify signature for event id domain: %s" % (
-                    pdu_to_check.pdu.event_id,
-                    e.getErrorMessage(),
-                )
+                "event id %s: unable to verify signature for event id domain: %s"
+                % (pdu_to_check.pdu.event_id, e.getErrorMessage())
             )
             # XX as above: not really sure if these are the right codes
             raise SynapseError(400, errmsg, Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
@@ -368,21 +357,18 @@ def event_from_pdu_json(pdu_json, event_format_version, outlier=False):
     """
     # we could probably enforce a bunch of other fields here (room_id, sender,
     # origin, etc etc)
-    assert_params_in_dict(pdu_json, ('type', 'depth'))
+    assert_params_in_dict(pdu_json, ("type", "depth"))
 
-    depth = pdu_json['depth']
+    depth = pdu_json["depth"]
     if not isinstance(depth, six.integer_types):
-        raise SynapseError(400, "Depth %r not an intger" % (depth, ),
-                           Codes.BAD_JSON)
+        raise SynapseError(400, "Depth %r not an intger" % (depth,), Codes.BAD_JSON)
 
     if depth < 0:
         raise SynapseError(400, "Depth too small", Codes.BAD_JSON)
     elif depth > MAX_DEPTH:
         raise SynapseError(400, "Depth too large", Codes.BAD_JSON)
 
-    event = event_type_from_format_version(event_format_version)(
-        pdu_json,
-    )
+    event = event_type_from_format_version(event_format_version)(pdu_json)
 
     event.internal_metadata.outlier = outlier
 
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
index 70573746d6..3883eb525e 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ class InvalidResponseError(RuntimeError):
     """Helper for _try_destination_list: indicates that the server returned a response
     we couldn't parse
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -65,9 +66,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         super(FederationClient, self).__init__(hs)
 
         self.pdu_destination_tried = {}
-        self._clock.looping_call(
-            self._clear_tried_cache, 60 * 1000,
-        )
+        self._clock.looping_call(self._clear_tried_cache, 60 * 1000)
         self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
         self.transport_layer = hs.get_federation_transport_client()
 
@@ -99,8 +98,14 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 self.pdu_destination_tried[event_id] = destination_dict
 
     @log_function
-    def make_query(self, destination, query_type, args,
-                   retry_on_dns_fail=False, ignore_backoff=False):
+    def make_query(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        query_type,
+        args,
+        retry_on_dns_fail=False,
+        ignore_backoff=False,
+    ):
         """Sends a federation Query to a remote homeserver of the given type
         and arguments.
 
@@ -120,7 +125,10 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         sent_queries_counter.labels(query_type).inc()
 
         return self.transport_layer.make_query(
-            destination, query_type, args, retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail,
+            destination,
+            query_type,
+            args,
+            retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail,
             ignore_backoff=ignore_backoff,
         )
 
@@ -137,9 +145,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             response
         """
         sent_queries_counter.labels("client_device_keys").inc()
-        return self.transport_layer.query_client_keys(
-            destination, content, timeout
-        )
+        return self.transport_layer.query_client_keys(destination, content, timeout)
 
     @log_function
     def query_user_devices(self, destination, user_id, timeout=30000):
@@ -147,9 +153,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         server.
         """
         sent_queries_counter.labels("user_devices").inc()
-        return self.transport_layer.query_user_devices(
-            destination, user_id, timeout
-        )
+        return self.transport_layer.query_user_devices(destination, user_id, timeout)
 
     @log_function
     def claim_client_keys(self, destination, content, timeout):
@@ -164,9 +168,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             response
         """
         sent_queries_counter.labels("client_one_time_keys").inc()
-        return self.transport_layer.claim_client_keys(
-            destination, content, timeout
-        )
+        return self.transport_layer.claim_client_keys(destination, content, timeout)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
@@ -191,7 +193,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             return
 
         transaction_data = yield self.transport_layer.backfill(
-            dest, room_id, extremities, limit)
+            dest, room_id, extremities, limit
+        )
 
         logger.debug("backfill transaction_data=%s", repr(transaction_data))
 
@@ -204,17 +207,19 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         ]
 
         # FIXME: We should handle signature failures more gracefully.
-        pdus[:] = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-            self._check_sigs_and_hashes(room_version, pdus),
-            consumeErrors=True,
-        ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError))
+        pdus[:] = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                self._check_sigs_and_hashes(room_version, pdus), consumeErrors=True
+            ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
+        )
 
         defer.returnValue(pdus)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def get_pdu(self, destinations, event_id, room_version, outlier=False,
-                timeout=None):
+    def get_pdu(
+        self, destinations, event_id, room_version, outlier=False, timeout=None
+    ):
         """Requests the PDU with given origin and ID from the remote home
         servers.
 
@@ -255,7 +260,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
             try:
                 transaction_data = yield self.transport_layer.get_event(
-                    destination, event_id, timeout=timeout,
+                    destination, event_id, timeout=timeout
                 )
 
                 logger.debug(
@@ -282,8 +287,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
             except SynapseError as e:
                 logger.info(
-                    "Failed to get PDU %s from %s because %s",
-                    event_id, destination, e,
+                    "Failed to get PDU %s from %s because %s", event_id, destination, e
                 )
                 continue
             except NotRetryingDestination as e:
@@ -296,8 +300,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 pdu_attempts[destination] = now
 
                 logger.info(
-                    "Failed to get PDU %s from %s because %s",
-                    event_id, destination, e,
+                    "Failed to get PDU %s from %s because %s", event_id, destination, e
                 )
                 continue
 
@@ -326,7 +329,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             # we have most of the state and auth_chain already.
             # However, this may 404 if the other side has an old synapse.
             result = yield self.transport_layer.get_room_state_ids(
-                destination, room_id, event_id=event_id,
+                destination, room_id, event_id=event_id
             )
 
             state_event_ids = result["pdu_ids"]
@@ -340,12 +343,10 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 logger.warning(
                     "Failed to fetch missing state/auth events for %s: %s",
                     room_id,
-                    failed_to_fetch
+                    failed_to_fetch,
                 )
 
-            event_map = {
-                ev.event_id: ev for ev in fetched_events
-            }
+            event_map = {ev.event_id: ev for ev in fetched_events}
 
             pdus = [event_map[e_id] for e_id in state_event_ids if e_id in event_map]
             auth_chain = [
@@ -362,15 +363,14 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 raise e
 
         result = yield self.transport_layer.get_room_state(
-            destination, room_id, event_id=event_id,
+            destination, room_id, event_id=event_id
         )
 
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
 
         pdus = [
-            event_from_pdu_json(p, format_ver, outlier=True)
-            for p in result["pdus"]
+            event_from_pdu_json(p, format_ver, outlier=True) for p in result["pdus"]
         ]
 
         auth_chain = [
@@ -378,9 +378,9 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             for p in result.get("auth_chain", [])
         ]
 
-        seen_events = yield self.store.get_events([
-            ev.event_id for ev in itertools.chain(pdus, auth_chain)
-        ])
+        seen_events = yield self.store.get_events(
+            [ev.event_id for ev in itertools.chain(pdus, auth_chain)]
+        )
 
         signed_pdus = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
             destination,
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         batch_size = 20
         missing_events = list(missing_events)
         for i in range(0, len(missing_events), batch_size):
-            batch = set(missing_events[i:i + batch_size])
+            batch = set(missing_events[i : i + batch_size])
 
             deferreds = [
                 run_in_background(
@@ -470,21 +470,17 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
     def get_event_auth(self, destination, room_id, event_id):
-        res = yield self.transport_layer.get_event_auth(
-            destination, room_id, event_id,
-        )
+        res = yield self.transport_layer.get_event_auth(destination, room_id, event_id)
 
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
 
         auth_chain = [
-            event_from_pdu_json(p, format_ver, outlier=True)
-            for p in res["auth_chain"]
+            event_from_pdu_json(p, format_ver, outlier=True) for p in res["auth_chain"]
         ]
 
         signed_auth = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
-            destination, auth_chain,
-            outlier=True, room_version=room_version,
+            destination, auth_chain, outlier=True, room_version=room_version
         )
 
         signed_auth.sort(key=lambda e: e.depth)
@@ -527,28 +523,26 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 res = yield callback(destination)
                 defer.returnValue(res)
             except InvalidResponseError as e:
-                logger.warn(
-                    "Failed to %s via %s: %s",
-                    description, destination, e,
-                )
+                logger.warn("Failed to %s via %s: %s", description, destination, e)
             except HttpResponseException as e:
                 if not 500 <= e.code < 600:
                     raise e.to_synapse_error()
                 else:
                     logger.warn(
                         "Failed to %s via %s: %i %s",
-                        description, destination, e.code, e.args[0],
+                        description,
+                        destination,
+                        e.code,
+                        e.args[0],
                     )
             except Exception:
-                logger.warn(
-                    "Failed to %s via %s",
-                    description, destination, exc_info=1,
-                )
+                logger.warn("Failed to %s via %s", description, destination, exc_info=1)
 
-        raise RuntimeError("Failed to %s via any server" % (description, ))
+        raise RuntimeError("Failed to %s via any server" % (description,))
 
-    def make_membership_event(self, destinations, room_id, user_id, membership,
-                              content, params):
+    def make_membership_event(
+        self, destinations, room_id, user_id, membership, content, params
+    ):
         """
         Creates an m.room.member event, with context, without participating in the room.
 
@@ -584,14 +578,14 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         valid_memberships = {Membership.JOIN, Membership.LEAVE}
         if membership not in valid_memberships:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                "make_membership_event called with membership='%s', must be one of %s" %
-                (membership, ",".join(valid_memberships))
+                "make_membership_event called with membership='%s', must be one of %s"
+                % (membership, ",".join(valid_memberships))
             )
 
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def send_request(destination):
             ret = yield self.transport_layer.make_membership_event(
-                destination, room_id, user_id, membership, params,
+                destination, room_id, user_id, membership, params
             )
 
             # Note: If not supplied, the room version may be either v1 or v2,
@@ -614,16 +608,17 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 pdu_dict["prev_state"] = []
 
             ev = builder.create_local_event_from_event_dict(
-                self._clock, self.hostname, self.signing_key,
-                format_version=event_format, event_dict=pdu_dict,
+                self._clock,
+                self.hostname,
+                self.signing_key,
+                format_version=event_format,
+                event_dict=pdu_dict,
             )
 
-            defer.returnValue(
-                (destination, ev, event_format)
-            )
+            defer.returnValue((destination, ev, event_format))
 
         return self._try_destination_list(
-            "make_" + membership, destinations, send_request,
+            "make_" + membership, destinations, send_request
         )
 
     def send_join(self, destinations, pdu, event_format_version):
@@ -655,9 +650,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                     create_event = e
                     break
             else:
-                raise InvalidResponseError(
-                    "no %s in auth chain" % (EventTypes.Create,),
-                )
+                raise InvalidResponseError("no %s in auth chain" % (EventTypes.Create,))
 
             # the room version should be sane.
             room_version = create_event.content.get("room_version", "1")
@@ -665,9 +658,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 # This shouldn't be possible, because the remote server should have
                 # rejected the join attempt during make_join.
                 raise InvalidResponseError(
-                    "room appears to have unsupported version %s" % (
-                        room_version,
-                    ))
+                    "room appears to have unsupported version %s" % (room_version,)
+                )
 
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def send_request(destination):
@@ -691,10 +683,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 for p in content.get("auth_chain", [])
             ]
 
-            pdus = {
-                p.event_id: p
-                for p in itertools.chain(state, auth_chain)
-            }
+            pdus = {p.event_id: p for p in itertools.chain(state, auth_chain)}
 
             room_version = None
             for e in state:
@@ -710,15 +699,13 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "No create event in state")
 
             valid_pdus = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
-                destination, list(pdus.values()),
+                destination,
+                list(pdus.values()),
                 outlier=True,
                 room_version=room_version,
             )
 
-            valid_pdus_map = {
-                p.event_id: p
-                for p in valid_pdus
-            }
+            valid_pdus_map = {p.event_id: p for p in valid_pdus}
 
             # NB: We *need* to copy to ensure that we don't have multiple
             # references being passed on, as that causes... issues.
@@ -741,11 +728,14 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
             check_authchain_validity(signed_auth)
 
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "state": signed_state,
-                "auth_chain": signed_auth,
-                "origin": destination,
-            })
+            defer.returnValue(
+                {
+                    "state": signed_state,
+                    "auth_chain": signed_auth,
+                    "origin": destination,
+                }
+            )
+
         return self._try_destination_list("send_join", destinations, send_request)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -854,6 +844,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
             Fails with a ``RuntimeError`` if no servers were reachable.
         """
+
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def send_request(destination):
             time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
@@ -869,14 +860,23 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
         return self._try_destination_list("send_leave", destinations, send_request)
 
-    def get_public_rooms(self, destination, limit=None, since_token=None,
-                         search_filter=None, include_all_networks=False,
-                         third_party_instance_id=None):
+    def get_public_rooms(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        limit=None,
+        since_token=None,
+        search_filter=None,
+        include_all_networks=False,
+        third_party_instance_id=None,
+    ):
         if destination == self.server_name:
             return
 
         return self.transport_layer.get_public_rooms(
-            destination, limit, since_token, search_filter,
+            destination,
+            limit,
+            since_token,
+            search_filter,
             include_all_networks=include_all_networks,
             third_party_instance_id=third_party_instance_id,
         )
@@ -891,9 +891,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         """
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
 
-        send_content = {
-            "auth_chain": [e.get_pdu_json(time_now) for e in local_auth],
-        }
+        send_content = {"auth_chain": [e.get_pdu_json(time_now) for e in local_auth]}
 
         code, content = yield self.transport_layer.send_query_auth(
             destination=destination,
@@ -905,13 +903,10 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
 
-        auth_chain = [
-            event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver)
-            for e in content["auth_chain"]
-        ]
+        auth_chain = [event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver) for e in content["auth_chain"]]
 
         signed_auth = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
-            destination, auth_chain, outlier=True, room_version=room_version,
+            destination, auth_chain, outlier=True, room_version=room_version
         )
 
         signed_auth.sort(key=lambda e: e.depth)
@@ -925,8 +920,16 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         defer.returnValue(ret)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_missing_events(self, destination, room_id, earliest_events_ids,
-                           latest_events, limit, min_depth, timeout):
+    def get_missing_events(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        room_id,
+        earliest_events_ids,
+        latest_events,
+        limit,
+        min_depth,
+        timeout,
+    ):
         """Tries to fetch events we are missing. This is called when we receive
         an event without having received all of its ancestors.
 
@@ -957,12 +960,11 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
 
             events = [
-                event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver)
-                for e in content.get("events", [])
+                event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver) for e in content.get("events", [])
             ]
 
             signed_events = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
-                destination, events, outlier=False, room_version=room_version,
+                destination, events, outlier=False, room_version=room_version
             )
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             if not e.code == 400:
@@ -982,17 +984,14 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
 
             try:
                 yield self.transport_layer.exchange_third_party_invite(
-                    destination=destination,
-                    room_id=room_id,
-                    event_dict=event_dict,
+                    destination=destination, room_id=room_id, event_dict=event_dict
                 )
                 defer.returnValue(None)
             except CodeMessageException:
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.exception(
-                    "Failed to send_third_party_invite via %s: %s",
-                    destination, str(e)
+                    "Failed to send_third_party_invite via %s: %s", destination, str(e)
                 )
 
         raise RuntimeError("Failed to send to any server.")
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
index 4c28c1dc3c..2e0cebb638 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ received_queries_counter = Counter(
 
 
 class FederationServer(FederationBase):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(FederationServer, self).__init__(hs)
 
@@ -118,11 +117,13 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         # use a linearizer to ensure that we don't process the same transaction
         # multiple times in parallel.
-        with (yield self._transaction_linearizer.queue(
-                (origin, transaction.transaction_id),
-        )):
+        with (
+            yield self._transaction_linearizer.queue(
+                (origin, transaction.transaction_id)
+            )
+        ):
             result = yield self._handle_incoming_transaction(
-                origin, transaction, request_time,
+                origin, transaction, request_time
             )
 
         defer.returnValue(result)
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         if response:
             logger.debug(
                 "[%s] We've already responded to this request",
-                transaction.transaction_id
+                transaction.transaction_id,
             )
             defer.returnValue(response)
             return
@@ -152,18 +153,15 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         logger.debug("[%s] Transaction is new", transaction.transaction_id)
 
         # Reject if PDU count > 50 and EDU count > 100
-        if (len(transaction.pdus) > 50
-                or (hasattr(transaction, "edus") and len(transaction.edus) > 100)):
+        if len(transaction.pdus) > 50 or (
+            hasattr(transaction, "edus") and len(transaction.edus) > 100
+        ):
 
-            logger.info(
-                "Transaction PDU or EDU count too large. Returning 400",
-            )
+            logger.info("Transaction PDU or EDU count too large. Returning 400")
 
             response = {}
             yield self.transaction_actions.set_response(
-                origin,
-                transaction,
-                400, response
+                origin, transaction, 400, response
             )
             defer.returnValue((400, response))
 
@@ -230,9 +228,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             try:
                 yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
             except AuthError as e:
-                logger.warn(
-                    "Ignoring PDUs for room %s from banned server", room_id,
-                )
+                logger.warn("Ignoring PDUs for room %s from banned server", room_id)
                 for pdu in pdus_by_room[room_id]:
                     event_id = pdu.event_id
                     pdu_results[event_id] = e.error_dict()
@@ -242,9 +238,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 event_id = pdu.event_id
                 with nested_logging_context(event_id):
                     try:
-                        yield self._handle_received_pdu(
-                            origin, pdu
-                        )
+                        yield self._handle_received_pdu(origin, pdu)
                         pdu_results[event_id] = {}
                     except FederationError as e:
                         logger.warn("Error handling PDU %s: %s", event_id, e)
@@ -259,29 +253,18 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                         )
 
         yield concurrently_execute(
-            process_pdus_for_room, pdus_by_room.keys(),
-            TRANSACTION_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT,
+            process_pdus_for_room, pdus_by_room.keys(), TRANSACTION_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT
         )
 
         if hasattr(transaction, "edus"):
             for edu in (Edu(**x) for x in transaction.edus):
-                yield self.received_edu(
-                    origin,
-                    edu.edu_type,
-                    edu.content
-                )
+                yield self.received_edu(origin, edu.edu_type, edu.content)
 
-        response = {
-            "pdus": pdu_results,
-        }
+        response = {"pdus": pdu_results}
 
         logger.debug("Returning: %s", str(response))
 
-        yield self.transaction_actions.set_response(
-            origin,
-            transaction,
-            200, response
-        )
+        yield self.transaction_actions.set_response(origin, transaction, 200, response)
         defer.returnValue((200, response))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -311,7 +294,8 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             resp = yield self._state_resp_cache.wrap(
                 (room_id, event_id),
                 self._on_context_state_request_compute,
-                room_id, event_id,
+                room_id,
+                event_id,
             )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -328,24 +312,17 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         if not in_room:
             raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
-        state_ids = yield self.handler.get_state_ids_for_pdu(
-            room_id, event_id,
-        )
+        state_ids = yield self.handler.get_state_ids_for_pdu(room_id, event_id)
         auth_chain_ids = yield self.store.get_auth_chain_ids(state_ids)
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "pdu_ids": state_ids,
-            "auth_chain_ids": auth_chain_ids,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (200, {"pdu_ids": state_ids, "auth_chain_ids": auth_chain_ids})
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _on_context_state_request_compute(self, room_id, event_id):
-        pdus = yield self.handler.get_state_for_pdu(
-            room_id, event_id,
-        )
-        auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [pdu.event_id for pdu in pdus]
-        )
+        pdus = yield self.handler.get_state_for_pdu(room_id, event_id)
+        auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain([pdu.event_id for pdu in pdus])
 
         for event in auth_chain:
             # We sign these again because there was a bug where we
@@ -355,14 +332,16 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                     compute_event_signature(
                         event.get_pdu_json(),
                         self.hs.hostname,
-                        self.hs.config.signing_key[0]
+                        self.hs.config.signing_key[0],
                     )
                 )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "pdus": [pdu.get_pdu_json() for pdu in pdus],
-            "auth_chain": [pdu.get_pdu_json() for pdu in auth_chain],
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "pdus": [pdu.get_pdu_json() for pdu in pdus],
+                "auth_chain": [pdu.get_pdu_json() for pdu in auth_chain],
+            }
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
@@ -370,9 +349,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         pdu = yield self.handler.get_persisted_pdu(origin, event_id)
 
         if pdu:
-            defer.returnValue(
-                (200, self._transaction_from_pdus([pdu]).get_dict())
-            )
+            defer.returnValue((200, self._transaction_from_pdus([pdu]).get_dict()))
         else:
             defer.returnValue((404, ""))
 
@@ -394,10 +371,9 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         pdu = yield self.handler.on_make_join_request(room_id, user_id)
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "event": pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now),
-            "room_version": room_version,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"event": pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now), "room_version": room_version}
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_invite_request(self, origin, content, room_version):
@@ -431,12 +407,17 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         logger.debug("on_send_join_request: pdu sigs: %s", pdu.signatures)
         res_pdus = yield self.handler.on_send_join_request(origin, pdu)
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "state": [p.get_pdu_json(time_now) for p in res_pdus["state"]],
-            "auth_chain": [
-                p.get_pdu_json(time_now) for p in res_pdus["auth_chain"]
-            ],
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (
+                200,
+                {
+                    "state": [p.get_pdu_json(time_now) for p in res_pdus["state"]],
+                    "auth_chain": [
+                        p.get_pdu_json(time_now) for p in res_pdus["auth_chain"]
+                    ],
+                },
+            )
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_make_leave_request(self, origin, room_id, user_id):
@@ -447,10 +428,9 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
 
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "event": pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now),
-            "room_version": room_version,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"event": pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now), "room_version": room_version}
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_send_leave_request(self, origin, content, room_id):
@@ -475,9 +455,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
             time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
             auth_pdus = yield self.handler.on_event_auth(event_id)
-            res = {
-                "auth_chain": [a.get_pdu_json(time_now) for a in auth_pdus],
-            }
+            res = {"auth_chain": [a.get_pdu_json(time_now) for a in auth_pdus]}
         defer.returnValue((200, res))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -508,12 +486,11 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
 
             auth_chain = [
-                event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver)
-                for e in content["auth_chain"]
+                event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver) for e in content["auth_chain"]
             ]
 
             signed_auth = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
-                origin, auth_chain, outlier=True, room_version=room_version,
+                origin, auth_chain, outlier=True, room_version=room_version
             )
 
             ret = yield self.handler.on_query_auth(
@@ -527,17 +504,12 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
             time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
             send_content = {
-                "auth_chain": [
-                    e.get_pdu_json(time_now)
-                    for e in ret["auth_chain"]
-                ],
+                "auth_chain": [e.get_pdu_json(time_now) for e in ret["auth_chain"]],
                 "rejects": ret.get("rejects", []),
                 "missing": ret.get("missing", []),
             }
 
-        defer.returnValue(
-            (200, send_content)
-        )
+        defer.returnValue((200, send_content))
 
     @log_function
     def on_query_client_keys(self, origin, content):
@@ -566,20 +538,23 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         logger.info(
             "Claimed one-time-keys: %s",
-            ",".join((
-                "%s for %s:%s" % (key_id, user_id, device_id)
-                for user_id, user_keys in iteritems(json_result)
-                for device_id, device_keys in iteritems(user_keys)
-                for key_id, _ in iteritems(device_keys)
-            )),
+            ",".join(
+                (
+                    "%s for %s:%s" % (key_id, user_id, device_id)
+                    for user_id, user_keys in iteritems(json_result)
+                    for device_id, device_keys in iteritems(user_keys)
+                    for key_id, _ in iteritems(device_keys)
+                )
+            ),
         )
 
         defer.returnValue({"one_time_keys": json_result})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def on_get_missing_events(self, origin, room_id, earliest_events,
-                              latest_events, limit):
+    def on_get_missing_events(
+        self, origin, room_id, earliest_events, latest_events, limit
+    ):
         with (yield self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
             origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
             yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
@@ -587,11 +562,13 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             logger.info(
                 "on_get_missing_events: earliest_events: %r, latest_events: %r,"
                 " limit: %d",
-                earliest_events, latest_events, limit,
+                earliest_events,
+                latest_events,
+                limit,
             )
 
             missing_events = yield self.handler.on_get_missing_events(
-                origin, room_id, earliest_events, latest_events, limit,
+                origin, room_id, earliest_events, latest_events, limit
             )
 
             if len(missing_events) < 5:
@@ -603,9 +580,9 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
             time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "events": [ev.get_pdu_json(time_now) for ev in missing_events],
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"events": [ev.get_pdu_json(time_now) for ev in missing_events]}
+        )
 
     @log_function
     def on_openid_userinfo(self, token):
@@ -666,22 +643,17 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             # origin. See bug #1893. This is also true for some third party
             # invites).
             if not (
-                pdu.type == 'm.room.member' and
-                pdu.content and
-                pdu.content.get("membership", None) in (
-                    Membership.JOIN, Membership.INVITE,
-                )
+                pdu.type == "m.room.member"
+                and pdu.content
+                and pdu.content.get("membership", None)
+                in (Membership.JOIN, Membership.INVITE)
             ):
                 logger.info(
-                    "Discarding PDU %s from invalid origin %s",
-                    pdu.event_id, origin
+                    "Discarding PDU %s from invalid origin %s", pdu.event_id, origin
                 )
                 return
             else:
-                logger.info(
-                    "Accepting join PDU %s from %s",
-                    pdu.event_id, origin
-                )
+                logger.info("Accepting join PDU %s from %s", pdu.event_id, origin)
 
         # We've already checked that we know the room version by this point
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(pdu.room_id)
@@ -690,33 +662,19 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         try:
             pdu = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
         except SynapseError as e:
-            raise FederationError(
-                "ERROR",
-                e.code,
-                e.msg,
-                affected=pdu.event_id,
-            )
+            raise FederationError("ERROR", e.code, e.msg, affected=pdu.event_id)
 
-        yield self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
-            origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=True,
-        )
+        yield self.handler.on_receive_pdu(origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "<ReplicationLayer(%s)>" % self.server_name
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def exchange_third_party_invite(
-            self,
-            sender_user_id,
-            target_user_id,
-            room_id,
-            signed,
+        self, sender_user_id, target_user_id, room_id, signed
     ):
         ret = yield self.handler.exchange_third_party_invite(
-            sender_user_id,
-            target_user_id,
-            room_id,
-            signed,
+            sender_user_id, target_user_id, room_id, signed
         )
         defer.returnValue(ret)
 
@@ -771,7 +729,7 @@ def server_matches_acl_event(server_name, acl_event):
         allow_ip_literals = True
     if not allow_ip_literals:
         # check for ipv6 literals. These start with '['.
-        if server_name[0] == '[':
+        if server_name[0] == "[":
             return False
 
         # check for ipv4 literals. We can just lift the routine from twisted.
@@ -805,7 +763,9 @@ def server_matches_acl_event(server_name, acl_event):
 
 def _acl_entry_matches(server_name, acl_entry):
     if not isinstance(acl_entry, six.string_types):
-        logger.warn("Ignoring non-str ACL entry '%s' (is %s)", acl_entry, type(acl_entry))
+        logger.warn(
+            "Ignoring non-str ACL entry '%s' (is %s)", acl_entry, type(acl_entry)
+        )
         return False
     regex = glob_to_regex(acl_entry)
     return regex.match(server_name)
@@ -815,6 +775,7 @@ class FederationHandlerRegistry(object):
     """Allows classes to register themselves as handlers for a given EDU or
     query type for incoming federation traffic.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         self.edu_handlers = {}
         self.query_handlers = {}
@@ -848,9 +809,7 @@ class FederationHandlerRegistry(object):
                 on and the result used as the response to the query request.
         """
         if query_type in self.query_handlers:
-            raise KeyError(
-                "Already have a Query handler for %s" % (query_type,)
-            )
+            raise KeyError("Already have a Query handler for %s" % (query_type,))
 
         logger.info("Registering federation query handler for %r", query_type)
 
@@ -905,14 +864,10 @@ class ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry(FederationHandlerRegistry):
         handler = self.edu_handlers.get(edu_type)
         if handler:
             return super(ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry, self).on_edu(
-                edu_type, origin, content,
+                edu_type, origin, content
             )
 
-        return self._send_edu(
-            edu_type=edu_type,
-            origin=origin,
-            content=content,
-        )
+        return self._send_edu(edu_type=edu_type, origin=origin, content=content)
 
     def on_query(self, query_type, args):
         """Overrides FederationHandlerRegistry
@@ -921,7 +876,4 @@ class ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry(FederationHandlerRegistry):
         if handler:
             return handler(args)
 
-        return self._get_query_client(
-            query_type=query_type,
-            args=args,
-        )
+        return self._get_query_client(query_type=query_type, args=args)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/persistence.py b/synapse/federation/persistence.py
index 74ffd13b4f..7535f79203 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/persistence.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/persistence.py
@@ -46,12 +46,9 @@ class TransactionActions(object):
             response code and response body.
         """
         if not transaction.transaction_id:
-            raise RuntimeError("Cannot persist a transaction with no "
-                               "transaction_id")
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot persist a transaction with no " "transaction_id")
 
-        return self.store.get_received_txn_response(
-            transaction.transaction_id, origin
-        )
+        return self.store.get_received_txn_response(transaction.transaction_id, origin)
 
     @log_function
     def set_response(self, origin, transaction, code, response):
@@ -61,14 +58,10 @@ class TransactionActions(object):
             Deferred
         """
         if not transaction.transaction_id:
-            raise RuntimeError("Cannot persist a transaction with no "
-                               "transaction_id")
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot persist a transaction with no " "transaction_id")
 
         return self.store.set_received_txn_response(
-            transaction.transaction_id,
-            origin,
-            code,
-            response,
+            transaction.transaction_id, origin, code, response
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/synapse/federation/send_queue.py b/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
index 0240b339b0..454456a52d 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
@@ -77,12 +77,22 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(object):
         # lambda binds to the queue rather than to the name of the queue which
         # changes. ARGH.
         def register(name, queue):
-            LaterGauge("synapse_federation_send_queue_%s_size" % (queue_name,),
-                       "", [], lambda: len(queue))
+            LaterGauge(
+                "synapse_federation_send_queue_%s_size" % (queue_name,),
+                "",
+                [],
+                lambda: len(queue),
+            )
 
         for queue_name in [
-            "presence_map", "presence_changed", "keyed_edu", "keyed_edu_changed",
-            "edus", "device_messages", "pos_time", "presence_destinations",
+            "presence_map",
+            "presence_changed",
+            "keyed_edu",
+            "keyed_edu_changed",
+            "edus",
+            "device_messages",
+            "pos_time",
+            "presence_destinations",
         ]:
             register(queue_name, getattr(self, queue_name))
 
@@ -121,9 +131,7 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(object):
                 del self.presence_changed[key]
 
             user_ids = set(
-                user_id
-                for uids in self.presence_changed.values()
-                for user_id in uids
+                user_id for uids in self.presence_changed.values() for user_id in uids
             )
 
             keys = self.presence_destinations.keys()
@@ -285,19 +293,21 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(object):
         ]
 
         for (key, user_id) in dest_user_ids:
-            rows.append((key, PresenceRow(
-                state=self.presence_map[user_id],
-            )))
+            rows.append((key, PresenceRow(state=self.presence_map[user_id])))
 
         # Fetch presence to send to destinations
         i = self.presence_destinations.bisect_right(from_token)
         j = self.presence_destinations.bisect_right(to_token) + 1
 
         for pos, (user_id, dests) in self.presence_destinations.items()[i:j]:
-            rows.append((pos, PresenceDestinationsRow(
-                state=self.presence_map[user_id],
-                destinations=list(dests),
-            )))
+            rows.append(
+                (
+                    pos,
+                    PresenceDestinationsRow(
+                        state=self.presence_map[user_id], destinations=list(dests)
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
 
         # Fetch changes keyed edus
         i = self.keyed_edu_changed.bisect_right(from_token)
@@ -308,10 +318,14 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(object):
         keyed_edus = {v: k for k, v in self.keyed_edu_changed.items()[i:j]}
 
         for ((destination, edu_key), pos) in iteritems(keyed_edus):
-            rows.append((pos, KeyedEduRow(
-                key=edu_key,
-                edu=self.keyed_edu[(destination, edu_key)],
-            )))
+            rows.append(
+                (
+                    pos,
+                    KeyedEduRow(
+                        key=edu_key, edu=self.keyed_edu[(destination, edu_key)]
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
 
         # Fetch changed edus
         i = self.edus.bisect_right(from_token)
@@ -327,9 +341,7 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(object):
         device_messages = {v: k for k, v in self.device_messages.items()[i:j]}
 
         for (destination, pos) in iteritems(device_messages):
-            rows.append((pos, DeviceRow(
-                destination=destination,
-            )))
+            rows.append((pos, DeviceRow(destination=destination)))
 
         # Sort rows based on pos
         rows.sort()
@@ -377,16 +389,14 @@ class BaseFederationRow(object):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
-class PresenceRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("PresenceRow", (
-    "state",  # UserPresenceState
-))):
+class PresenceRow(
+    BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("PresenceRow", ("state",))  # UserPresenceState
+):
     TypeId = "p"
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_data(data):
-        return PresenceRow(
-            state=UserPresenceState.from_dict(data)
-        )
+        return PresenceRow(state=UserPresenceState.from_dict(data))
 
     def to_data(self):
         return self.state.as_dict()
@@ -395,33 +405,35 @@ class PresenceRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("PresenceRow", (
         buff.presence.append(self.state)
 
 
-class PresenceDestinationsRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("PresenceDestinationsRow", (
-    "state",  # UserPresenceState
-    "destinations",  # list[str]
-))):
+class PresenceDestinationsRow(
+    BaseFederationRow,
+    namedtuple(
+        "PresenceDestinationsRow",
+        ("state", "destinations"),  # UserPresenceState  # list[str]
+    ),
+):
     TypeId = "pd"
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_data(data):
         return PresenceDestinationsRow(
-            state=UserPresenceState.from_dict(data["state"]),
-            destinations=data["dests"],
+            state=UserPresenceState.from_dict(data["state"]), destinations=data["dests"]
         )
 
     def to_data(self):
-        return {
-            "state": self.state.as_dict(),
-            "dests": self.destinations,
-        }
+        return {"state": self.state.as_dict(), "dests": self.destinations}
 
     def add_to_buffer(self, buff):
         buff.presence_destinations.append((self.state, self.destinations))
 
 
-class KeyedEduRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("KeyedEduRow", (
-    "key",  # tuple(str) - the edu key passed to send_edu
-    "edu",  # Edu
-))):
+class KeyedEduRow(
+    BaseFederationRow,
+    namedtuple(
+        "KeyedEduRow",
+        ("key", "edu"),  # tuple(str) - the edu key passed to send_edu  # Edu
+    ),
+):
     """Streams EDUs that have an associated key that is ued to clobber. For example,
     typing EDUs clobber based on room_id.
     """
@@ -430,28 +442,19 @@ class KeyedEduRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("KeyedEduRow", (
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_data(data):
-        return KeyedEduRow(
-            key=tuple(data["key"]),
-            edu=Edu(**data["edu"]),
-        )
+        return KeyedEduRow(key=tuple(data["key"]), edu=Edu(**data["edu"]))
 
     def to_data(self):
-        return {
-            "key": self.key,
-            "edu": self.edu.get_internal_dict(),
-        }
+        return {"key": self.key, "edu": self.edu.get_internal_dict()}
 
     def add_to_buffer(self, buff):
-        buff.keyed_edus.setdefault(
-            self.edu.destination, {}
-        )[self.key] = self.edu
+        buff.keyed_edus.setdefault(self.edu.destination, {})[self.key] = self.edu
 
 
-class EduRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("EduRow", (
-    "edu",  # Edu
-))):
+class EduRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("EduRow", ("edu",))):  # Edu
     """Streams EDUs that don't have keys. See KeyedEduRow
     """
+
     TypeId = "e"
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -465,13 +468,12 @@ class EduRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("EduRow", (
         buff.edus.setdefault(self.edu.destination, []).append(self.edu)
 
 
-class DeviceRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("DeviceRow", (
-    "destination",  # str
-))):
+class DeviceRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("DeviceRow", ("destination",))):  # str
     """Streams the fact that either a) there is pending to device messages for
     users on the remote, or b) a local users device has changed and needs to
     be sent to the remote.
     """
+
     TypeId = "d"
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -487,23 +489,20 @@ class DeviceRow(BaseFederationRow, namedtuple("DeviceRow", (
 
 TypeToRow = {
     Row.TypeId: Row
-    for Row in (
-        PresenceRow,
-        PresenceDestinationsRow,
-        KeyedEduRow,
-        EduRow,
-        DeviceRow,
-    )
+    for Row in (PresenceRow, PresenceDestinationsRow, KeyedEduRow, EduRow, DeviceRow)
 }
 
 
-ParsedFederationStreamData = namedtuple("ParsedFederationStreamData", (
-    "presence",  # list(UserPresenceState)
-    "presence_destinations",  # list of tuples of UserPresenceState and destinations
-    "keyed_edus",  # dict of destination -> { key -> Edu }
-    "edus",  # dict of destination -> [Edu]
-    "device_destinations",  # set of destinations
-))
+ParsedFederationStreamData = namedtuple(
+    "ParsedFederationStreamData",
+    (
+        "presence",  # list(UserPresenceState)
+        "presence_destinations",  # list of tuples of UserPresenceState and destinations
+        "keyed_edus",  # dict of destination -> { key -> Edu }
+        "edus",  # dict of destination -> [Edu]
+        "device_destinations",  # set of destinations
+    ),
+)
 
 
 def process_rows_for_federation(transaction_queue, rows):
@@ -542,7 +541,7 @@ def process_rows_for_federation(transaction_queue, rows):
 
     for state, destinations in buff.presence_destinations:
         transaction_queue.send_presence_to_destinations(
-            states=[state], destinations=destinations,
+            states=[state], destinations=destinations
         )
 
     for destination, edu_map in iteritems(buff.keyed_edus):
diff --git a/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py b/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py
index 4224b29ecf..766c5a37cd 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/__init__.py
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ sent_pdus_destination_dist_count = Counter(
 )
 
 sent_pdus_destination_dist_total = Counter(
-    "synapse_federation_client_sent_pdu_destinations:total", ""
-    "Total number of PDUs queued for sending across all destinations",
+    "synapse_federation_client_sent_pdu_destinations:total",
+    "" "Total number of PDUs queued for sending across all destinations",
 )
 
 
@@ -63,14 +63,15 @@ class FederationSender(object):
         self._transaction_manager = TransactionManager(hs)
 
         # map from destination to PerDestinationQueue
-        self._per_destination_queues = {}   # type: dict[str, PerDestinationQueue]
+        self._per_destination_queues = {}  # type: dict[str, PerDestinationQueue]
 
         LaterGauge(
             "synapse_federation_transaction_queue_pending_destinations",
             "",
             [],
             lambda: sum(
-                1 for d in self._per_destination_queues.values()
+                1
+                for d in self._per_destination_queues.values()
                 if d.transmission_loop_running
             ),
         )
@@ -108,8 +109,9 @@ class FederationSender(object):
         # awaiting a call to flush_read_receipts_for_room. The presence of an entry
         # here for a given room means that we are rate-limiting RR flushes to that room,
         # and that there is a pending call to _flush_rrs_for_room in the system.
-        self._queues_awaiting_rr_flush_by_room = {
-        }   # type: dict[str, set[PerDestinationQueue]]
+        self._queues_awaiting_rr_flush_by_room = (
+            {}
+        )  # type: dict[str, set[PerDestinationQueue]]
 
         self._rr_txn_interval_per_room_ms = (
             1000.0 / hs.get_config().federation_rr_transactions_per_room_per_second
@@ -141,8 +143,7 @@ class FederationSender(object):
 
         # fire off a processing loop in the background
         run_as_background_process(
-            "process_event_queue_for_federation",
-            self._process_event_queue_loop,
+            "process_event_queue_for_federation", self._process_event_queue_loop
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ class FederationSender(object):
             while True:
                 last_token = yield self.store.get_federation_out_pos("events")
                 next_token, events = yield self.store.get_all_new_events_stream(
-                    last_token, self._last_poked_id, limit=100,
+                    last_token, self._last_poked_id, limit=100
                 )
 
                 logger.debug("Handling %s -> %s", last_token, next_token)
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ class FederationSender(object):
                         # banned then it won't receive the event because it won't
                         # be in the room after the ban.
                         destinations = yield self.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(
-                            event.room_id, latest_event_ids=event.prev_event_ids(),
+                            event.room_id, latest_event_ids=event.prev_event_ids()
                         )
                     except Exception:
                         logger.exception(
@@ -209,37 +210,40 @@ class FederationSender(object):
                 for event in events:
                     events_by_room.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append(event)
 
-                yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-                    [
-                        logcontext.run_in_background(handle_room_events, evs)
-                        for evs in itervalues(events_by_room)
-                    ],
-                    consumeErrors=True
-                ))
-
-                yield self.store.update_federation_out_pos(
-                    "events", next_token
+                yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+                    defer.gatherResults(
+                        [
+                            logcontext.run_in_background(handle_room_events, evs)
+                            for evs in itervalues(events_by_room)
+                        ],
+                        consumeErrors=True,
+                    )
                 )
 
+                yield self.store.update_federation_out_pos("events", next_token)
+
                 if events:
                     now = self.clock.time_msec()
                     ts = yield self.store.get_received_ts(events[-1].event_id)
 
                     synapse.metrics.event_processing_lag.labels(
-                        "federation_sender").set(now - ts)
+                        "federation_sender"
+                    ).set(now - ts)
                     synapse.metrics.event_processing_last_ts.labels(
-                        "federation_sender").set(ts)
+                        "federation_sender"
+                    ).set(ts)
 
                     events_processed_counter.inc(len(events))
 
-                    event_processing_loop_room_count.labels(
-                        "federation_sender"
-                    ).inc(len(events_by_room))
+                    event_processing_loop_room_count.labels("federation_sender").inc(
+                        len(events_by_room)
+                    )
 
                 event_processing_loop_counter.labels("federation_sender").inc()
 
                 synapse.metrics.event_processing_positions.labels(
-                    "federation_sender").set(next_token)
+                    "federation_sender"
+                ).set(next_token)
 
         finally:
             self._is_processing = False
@@ -312,9 +316,7 @@ class FederationSender(object):
         if not domains:
             return
 
-        queues_pending_flush = self._queues_awaiting_rr_flush_by_room.get(
-            room_id
-        )
+        queues_pending_flush = self._queues_awaiting_rr_flush_by_room.get(room_id)
 
         # if there is no flush yet scheduled, we will send out these receipts with
         # immediate flushes, and schedule the next flush for this room.
@@ -377,10 +379,9 @@ class FederationSender(object):
         # updates in quick succession are correctly handled.
         # We only want to send presence for our own users, so lets always just
         # filter here just in case.
-        self.pending_presence.update({
-            state.user_id: state for state in states
-            if self.is_mine_id(state.user_id)
-        })
+        self.pending_presence.update(
+            {state.user_id: state for state in states if self.is_mine_id(state.user_id)}
+        )
 
         # We then handle the new pending presence in batches, first figuring
         # out the destinations we need to send each state to and then poking it
diff --git a/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py b/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
index 22a2735405..9aab12c0d3 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue(object):
 
         # Retrieve list of new device updates to send to the destination
         now_stream_id, results = yield self._store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            self._destination, last_device_list, limit=limit,
+            self._destination, last_device_list, limit=limit
         )
         edus = [
             Edu(
@@ -381,10 +381,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue(object):
         last_device_stream_id = self._last_device_stream_id
         to_device_stream_id = self._store.get_to_device_stream_token()
         contents, stream_id = yield self._store.get_new_device_msgs_for_remote(
-            self._destination,
-            last_device_stream_id,
-            to_device_stream_id,
-            limit,
+            self._destination, last_device_stream_id, to_device_stream_id, limit
         )
         edus = [
             Edu(
diff --git a/synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py b/synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py
index 35e6b8ff5b..c987bb9a0d 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py
@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ class TransactionManager(object):
 
     shared between PerDestinationQueue objects
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self._server_name = hs.hostname
-        self.clock = hs.get_clock()   # nb must be called this for @measure_func
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()  # nb must be called this for @measure_func
         self._store = hs.get_datastore()
         self._transaction_actions = TransactionActions(self._store)
         self._transport_layer = hs.get_federation_transport_client()
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ class TransactionManager(object):
         txn_id = str(self._next_txn_id)
 
         logger.debug(
-            "TX [%s] {%s} Attempting new transaction"
-            " (pdus: %d, edus: %d)",
-            destination, txn_id,
+            "TX [%s] {%s} Attempting new transaction" " (pdus: %d, edus: %d)",
+            destination,
+            txn_id,
             len(pdus),
             len(edus),
         )
@@ -79,9 +80,9 @@ class TransactionManager(object):
 
         logger.debug("TX [%s] Persisted transaction", destination)
         logger.info(
-            "TX [%s] {%s} Sending transaction [%s],"
-            " (PDUs: %d, EDUs: %d)",
-            destination, txn_id,
+            "TX [%s] {%s} Sending transaction [%s]," " (PDUs: %d, EDUs: %d)",
+            destination,
+            txn_id,
             transaction.transaction_id,
             len(pdus),
             len(edus),
@@ -112,20 +113,12 @@ class TransactionManager(object):
             response = e.response
 
             if e.code in (401, 404, 429) or 500 <= e.code:
-                logger.info(
-                    "TX [%s] {%s} got %d response",
-                    destination, txn_id, code
-                )
+                logger.info("TX [%s] {%s} got %d response", destination, txn_id, code)
                 raise e
 
-        logger.info(
-            "TX [%s] {%s} got %d response",
-            destination, txn_id, code
-        )
+        logger.info("TX [%s] {%s} got %d response", destination, txn_id, code)
 
-        yield self._transaction_actions.delivered(
-            transaction, code, response
-        )
+        yield self._transaction_actions.delivered(transaction, code, response)
 
         logger.debug("TX [%s] {%s} Marked as delivered", destination, txn_id)
 
@@ -134,13 +127,18 @@ class TransactionManager(object):
                 if "error" in r:
                     logger.warn(
                         "TX [%s] {%s} Remote returned error for %s: %s",
-                        destination, txn_id, e_id, r,
+                        destination,
+                        txn_id,
+                        e_id,
+                        r,
                     )
         else:
             for p in pdus:
                 logger.warn(
                     "TX [%s] {%s} Failed to send event %s",
-                    destination, txn_id, p.event_id,
+                    destination,
+                    txn_id,
+                    p.event_id,
                 )
             success = False
 
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
index e424c40fdf..aecd142309 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
@@ -48,12 +48,13 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         Returns:
             Deferred: Results in a dict received from the remote homeserver.
         """
-        logger.debug("get_room_state dest=%s, room=%s",
-                     destination, room_id)
+        logger.debug("get_room_state dest=%s, room=%s", destination, room_id)
 
         path = _create_v1_path("/state/%s", room_id)
         return self.client.get_json(
-            destination, path=path, args={"event_id": event_id},
+            destination,
+            path=path,
+            args={"event_id": event_id},
             try_trailing_slash_on_400=True,
         )
 
@@ -71,12 +72,13 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         Returns:
             Deferred: Results in a dict received from the remote homeserver.
         """
-        logger.debug("get_room_state_ids dest=%s, room=%s",
-                     destination, room_id)
+        logger.debug("get_room_state_ids dest=%s, room=%s", destination, room_id)
 
         path = _create_v1_path("/state_ids/%s", room_id)
         return self.client.get_json(
-            destination, path=path, args={"event_id": event_id},
+            destination,
+            path=path,
+            args={"event_id": event_id},
             try_trailing_slash_on_400=True,
         )
 
@@ -94,13 +96,11 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         Returns:
             Deferred: Results in a dict received from the remote homeserver.
         """
-        logger.debug("get_pdu dest=%s, event_id=%s",
-                     destination, event_id)
+        logger.debug("get_pdu dest=%s, event_id=%s", destination, event_id)
 
         path = _create_v1_path("/event/%s", event_id)
         return self.client.get_json(
-            destination, path=path, timeout=timeout,
-            try_trailing_slash_on_400=True,
+            destination, path=path, timeout=timeout, try_trailing_slash_on_400=True
         )
 
     @log_function
@@ -119,7 +119,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         """
         logger.debug(
             "backfill dest=%s, room_id=%s, event_tuples=%s, limit=%s",
-            destination, room_id, repr(event_tuples), str(limit)
+            destination,
+            room_id,
+            repr(event_tuples),
+            str(limit),
         )
 
         if not event_tuples:
@@ -128,16 +131,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
 
         path = _create_v1_path("/backfill/%s", room_id)
 
-        args = {
-            "v": event_tuples,
-            "limit": [str(limit)],
-        }
+        args = {"v": event_tuples, "limit": [str(limit)]}
 
         return self.client.get_json(
-            destination,
-            path=path,
-            args=args,
-            try_trailing_slash_on_400=True,
+            destination, path=path, args=args, try_trailing_slash_on_400=True
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -163,7 +160,8 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         """
         logger.debug(
             "send_data dest=%s, txid=%s",
-            transaction.destination, transaction.transaction_id
+            transaction.destination,
+            transaction.transaction_id,
         )
 
         if transaction.destination == self.server_name:
@@ -189,8 +187,9 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def make_query(self, destination, query_type, args, retry_on_dns_fail,
-                   ignore_backoff=False):
+    def make_query(
+        self, destination, query_type, args, retry_on_dns_fail, ignore_backoff=False
+    ):
         path = _create_v1_path("/query/%s", query_type)
 
         content = yield self.client.get_json(
@@ -235,8 +234,8 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         valid_memberships = {Membership.JOIN, Membership.LEAVE}
         if membership not in valid_memberships:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                "make_membership_event called with membership='%s', must be one of %s" %
-                (membership, ",".join(valid_memberships))
+                "make_membership_event called with membership='%s', must be one of %s"
+                % (membership, ",".join(valid_memberships))
             )
         path = _create_v1_path("/make_%s/%s/%s", membership, room_id, user_id)
 
@@ -268,9 +267,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/send_join/%s/%s", room_id, event_id)
 
         response = yield self.client.put_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(response)
@@ -284,7 +281,6 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
             destination=destination,
             path=path,
             data=content,
-
             # we want to do our best to send this through. The problem is
             # that if it fails, we won't retry it later, so if the remote
             # server was just having a momentary blip, the room will be out of
@@ -300,10 +296,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/invite/%s/%s", room_id, event_id)
 
         response = yield self.client.put_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(response)
@@ -314,26 +307,27 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v2_path("/invite/%s/%s", room_id, event_id)
 
         response = yield self.client.put_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(response)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def get_public_rooms(self, remote_server, limit, since_token,
-                         search_filter=None, include_all_networks=False,
-                         third_party_instance_id=None):
+    def get_public_rooms(
+        self,
+        remote_server,
+        limit,
+        since_token,
+        search_filter=None,
+        include_all_networks=False,
+        third_party_instance_id=None,
+    ):
         path = _create_v1_path("/publicRooms")
 
-        args = {
-            "include_all_networks": "true" if include_all_networks else "false",
-        }
+        args = {"include_all_networks": "true" if include_all_networks else "false"}
         if third_party_instance_id:
-            args["third_party_instance_id"] = third_party_instance_id,
+            args["third_party_instance_id"] = (third_party_instance_id,)
         if limit:
             args["limit"] = [str(limit)]
         if since_token:
@@ -342,10 +336,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         # TODO(erikj): Actually send the search_filter across federation.
 
         response = yield self.client.get_json(
-            destination=remote_server,
-            path=path,
-            args=args,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=remote_server, path=path, args=args, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(response)
@@ -353,12 +344,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
     def exchange_third_party_invite(self, destination, room_id, event_dict):
-        path = _create_v1_path("/exchange_third_party_invite/%s", room_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/exchange_third_party_invite/%s", room_id)
 
         response = yield self.client.put_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=event_dict,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=event_dict
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(response)
@@ -368,10 +357,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_event_auth(self, destination, room_id, event_id):
         path = _create_v1_path("/event_auth/%s/%s", room_id, event_id)
 
-        content = yield self.client.get_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-        )
+        content = yield self.client.get_json(destination=destination, path=path)
 
         defer.returnValue(content)
 
@@ -381,9 +367,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/query_auth/%s/%s", room_id, event_id)
 
         content = yield self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(content)
@@ -416,10 +400,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/user/keys/query")
 
         content = yield self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=query_content,
-            timeout=timeout,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=query_content, timeout=timeout
         )
         defer.returnValue(content)
 
@@ -443,9 +424,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/user/devices/%s", user_id)
 
         content = yield self.client.get_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            timeout=timeout,
+            destination=destination, path=path, timeout=timeout
         )
         defer.returnValue(content)
 
@@ -479,18 +458,23 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/user/keys/claim")
 
         content = yield self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=query_content,
-            timeout=timeout,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=query_content, timeout=timeout
         )
         defer.returnValue(content)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def get_missing_events(self, destination, room_id, earliest_events,
-                           latest_events, limit, min_depth, timeout):
-        path = _create_v1_path("/get_missing_events/%s", room_id,)
+    def get_missing_events(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        room_id,
+        earliest_events,
+        latest_events,
+        limit,
+        min_depth,
+        timeout,
+    ):
+        path = _create_v1_path("/get_missing_events/%s", room_id)
 
         content = yield self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -510,7 +494,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_group_profile(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get a group profile
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/profile", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/profile", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -529,7 +513,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
             requester_user_id (str)
             content (dict): The new profile of the group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/profile", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/profile", group_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -543,7 +527,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_group_summary(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get a group summary
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -556,7 +540,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_rooms_in_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get all rooms in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/rooms", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/rooms", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -565,11 +549,12 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
             ignore_backoff=True,
         )
 
-    def add_room_to_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id,
-                          content):
+    def add_room_to_group(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, content
+    ):
         """Add a room to a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/room/%s", group_id, room_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/room/%s", group_id, room_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -579,13 +564,13 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
             ignore_backoff=True,
         )
 
-    def update_room_in_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id,
-                             config_key, content):
+    def update_room_in_group(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key, content
+    ):
         """Update room in group
         """
         path = _create_v1_path(
-            "/groups/%s/room/%s/config/%s",
-            group_id, room_id, config_key,
+            "/groups/%s/room/%s/config/%s", group_id, room_id, config_key
         )
 
         return self.client.post_json(
@@ -599,7 +584,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def remove_room_from_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id):
         """Remove a room from a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/room/%s", group_id, room_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/room/%s", group_id, room_id)
 
         return self.client.delete_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -612,7 +597,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_users_in_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get users in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/users", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/users", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -625,7 +610,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_invited_users_in_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get users that have been invited to a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/invited_users", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/invited_users", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -638,16 +623,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def accept_group_invite(self, destination, group_id, user_id, content):
         """Accept a group invite
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path(
-            "/groups/%s/users/%s/accept_invite",
-            group_id, user_id,
-        )
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/users/%s/accept_invite", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
     @log_function
@@ -657,14 +636,13 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/users/%s/join", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def invite_to_group(self, destination, group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content):
+    def invite_to_group(
+        self, destination, group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content
+    ):
         """Invite a user to a group
         """
         path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/users/%s/invite", group_id, user_id)
@@ -686,15 +664,13 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/groups/local/%s/users/%s/invite", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def remove_user_from_group(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                               user_id, content):
+    def remove_user_from_group(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, user_id, content
+    ):
         """Remove a user fron a group
         """
         path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/users/%s/remove", group_id, user_id)
@@ -708,8 +684,9 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def remove_user_from_group_notification(self, destination, group_id, user_id,
-                                            content):
+    def remove_user_from_group_notification(
+        self, destination, group_id, user_id, content
+    ):
         """Sent by group server to inform a user's server that they have been
         kicked from the group.
         """
@@ -717,10 +694,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/groups/local/%s/users/%s/remove", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
     @log_function
@@ -732,24 +706,24 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/renew_attestation/%s", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def update_group_summary_room(self, destination, group_id, user_id, room_id,
-                                  category_id, content):
+    def update_group_summary_room(
+        self, destination, group_id, user_id, room_id, category_id, content
+    ):
         """Update a room entry in a group summary
         """
         if category_id:
             path = _create_v1_path(
                 "/groups/%s/summary/categories/%s/rooms/%s",
-                group_id, category_id, room_id,
+                group_id,
+                category_id,
+                room_id,
             )
         else:
-            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/rooms/%s", group_id, room_id,)
+            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/rooms/%s", group_id, room_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -760,17 +734,20 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def delete_group_summary_room(self, destination, group_id, user_id, room_id,
-                                  category_id):
+    def delete_group_summary_room(
+        self, destination, group_id, user_id, room_id, category_id
+    ):
         """Delete a room entry in a group summary
         """
         if category_id:
             path = _create_v1_path(
                 "/groups/%s/summary/categories/%s/rooms/%s",
-                group_id, category_id, room_id,
+                group_id,
+                category_id,
+                room_id,
             )
         else:
-            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/rooms/%s", group_id, room_id,)
+            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/rooms/%s", group_id, room_id)
 
         return self.client.delete_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -783,7 +760,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_group_categories(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get all categories in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -796,7 +773,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_group_category(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, category_id):
         """Get category info in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories/%s", group_id, category_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories/%s", group_id, category_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -806,11 +783,12 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def update_group_category(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, category_id,
-                              content):
+    def update_group_category(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, category_id, content
+    ):
         """Update a category in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories/%s", group_id, category_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories/%s", group_id, category_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -821,11 +799,12 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def delete_group_category(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                              category_id):
+    def delete_group_category(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, category_id
+    ):
         """Delete a category in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories/%s", group_id, category_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/categories/%s", group_id, category_id)
 
         return self.client.delete_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -838,7 +817,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_group_roles(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id):
         """Get all roles in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles", group_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -851,7 +830,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def get_group_role(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, role_id):
         """Get a roles info
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles/%s", group_id, role_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles/%s", group_id, role_id)
 
         return self.client.get_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -861,11 +840,12 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def update_group_role(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, role_id,
-                          content):
+    def update_group_role(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, role_id, content
+    ):
         """Update a role in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles/%s", group_id, role_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles/%s", group_id, role_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -879,7 +859,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
     def delete_group_role(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, role_id):
         """Delete a role in a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles/%s", group_id, role_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/roles/%s", group_id, role_id)
 
         return self.client.delete_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -889,17 +869,17 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def update_group_summary_user(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                                  user_id, role_id, content):
+    def update_group_summary_user(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, user_id, role_id, content
+    ):
         """Update a users entry in a group
         """
         if role_id:
             path = _create_v1_path(
-                "/groups/%s/summary/roles/%s/users/%s",
-                group_id, role_id, user_id,
+                "/groups/%s/summary/roles/%s/users/%s", group_id, role_id, user_id
             )
         else:
-            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/users/%s", group_id, user_id,)
+            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/users/%s", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.post_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -910,11 +890,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def set_group_join_policy(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                              content):
+    def set_group_join_policy(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, content):
         """Sets the join policy for a group
         """
-        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/settings/m.join_policy", group_id,)
+        path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/settings/m.join_policy", group_id)
 
         return self.client.put_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -925,17 +904,17 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         )
 
     @log_function
-    def delete_group_summary_user(self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                                  user_id, role_id):
+    def delete_group_summary_user(
+        self, destination, group_id, requester_user_id, user_id, role_id
+    ):
         """Delete a users entry in a group
         """
         if role_id:
             path = _create_v1_path(
-                "/groups/%s/summary/roles/%s/users/%s",
-                group_id, role_id, user_id,
+                "/groups/%s/summary/roles/%s/users/%s", group_id, role_id, user_id
             )
         else:
-            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/users/%s", group_id, user_id,)
+            path = _create_v1_path("/groups/%s/summary/users/%s", group_id, user_id)
 
         return self.client.delete_json(
             destination=destination,
@@ -953,10 +932,7 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
         content = {"user_ids": user_ids}
 
         return self.client.post_json(
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            data=content,
-            ignore_backoff=True,
+            destination=destination, path=path, data=content, ignore_backoff=True
         )
 
 
@@ -975,9 +951,8 @@ def _create_v1_path(path, *args):
     Returns:
         str
     """
-    return (
-        FEDERATION_V1_PREFIX
-        + path % tuple(urllib.parse.quote(arg, "") for arg in args)
+    return FEDERATION_V1_PREFIX + path % tuple(
+        urllib.parse.quote(arg, "") for arg in args
     )
 
 
@@ -996,7 +971,6 @@ def _create_v2_path(path, *args):
     Returns:
         str
     """
-    return (
-        FEDERATION_V2_PREFIX
-        + path % tuple(urllib.parse.quote(arg, "") for arg in args)
+    return FEDERATION_V2_PREFIX + path % tuple(
+        urllib.parse.quote(arg, "") for arg in args
     )
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/server.py b/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
index 949a5fb2aa..b4854e82f6 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ class TransportLayerServer(JsonResource):
 
         self.authenticator = Authenticator(hs)
         self.ratelimiter = FederationRateLimiter(
-            self.clock,
-            config=hs.config.rc_federation,
+            self.clock, config=hs.config.rc_federation
         )
 
         self.register_servlets()
@@ -84,11 +83,13 @@ class TransportLayerServer(JsonResource):
 
 class AuthenticationError(SynapseError):
     """There was a problem authenticating the request"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class NoAuthenticationError(AuthenticationError):
     """The request had no authentication information"""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -105,8 +106,8 @@ class Authenticator(object):
     def authenticate_request(self, request, content):
         now = self._clock.time_msec()
         json_request = {
-            "method": request.method.decode('ascii'),
-            "uri": request.uri.decode('ascii'),
+            "method": request.method.decode("ascii"),
+            "uri": request.uri.decode("ascii"),
             "destination": self.server_name,
             "signatures": {},
         }
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ class Authenticator(object):
 
         if not auth_headers:
             raise NoAuthenticationError(
-                401, "Missing Authorization headers", Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
+                401, "Missing Authorization headers", Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
             )
 
         for auth in auth_headers:
@@ -130,14 +131,14 @@ class Authenticator(object):
                 json_request["signatures"].setdefault(origin, {})[key] = sig
 
         if (
-            self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None and
-            origin not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
+            self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None
+            and origin not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
         ):
             raise FederationDeniedError(origin)
 
         if not json_request["signatures"]:
             raise NoAuthenticationError(
-                401, "Missing Authorization headers", Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
+                401, "Missing Authorization headers", Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
             )
 
         yield self.keyring.verify_json_for_server(
@@ -177,12 +178,12 @@ def _parse_auth_header(header_bytes):
         AuthenticationError if the header could not be parsed
     """
     try:
-        header_str = header_bytes.decode('utf-8')
+        header_str = header_bytes.decode("utf-8")
         params = header_str.split(" ")[1].split(",")
         param_dict = dict(kv.split("=") for kv in params)
 
         def strip_quotes(value):
-            if value.startswith("\""):
+            if value.startswith('"'):
                 return value[1:-1]
             else:
                 return value
@@ -198,11 +199,11 @@ def _parse_auth_header(header_bytes):
     except Exception as e:
         logger.warn(
             "Error parsing auth header '%s': %s",
-            header_bytes.decode('ascii', 'replace'),
+            header_bytes.decode("ascii", "replace"),
             e,
         )
         raise AuthenticationError(
-            400, "Malformed Authorization header", Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
+            400, "Malformed Authorization header", Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
         )
 
 
@@ -242,6 +243,7 @@ class BaseFederationServlet(object):
             Exception: other exceptions will be caught, logged, and a 500 will be
                 returned.
     """
+
     REQUIRE_AUTH = True
 
     PREFIX = FEDERATION_V1_PREFIX  # Allows specifying the API version
@@ -293,9 +295,7 @@ class BaseFederationServlet(object):
                         origin, content, request.args, *args, **kwargs
                     )
             else:
-                response = yield func(
-                    origin, content, request.args, *args, **kwargs
-                )
+                response = yield func(origin, content, request.args, *args, **kwargs)
 
             defer.returnValue(response)
 
@@ -343,14 +343,12 @@ class FederationSendServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         try:
             transaction_data = content
 
-            logger.debug(
-                "Decoded %s: %s",
-                transaction_id, str(transaction_data)
-            )
+            logger.debug("Decoded %s: %s", transaction_id, str(transaction_data))
 
             logger.info(
                 "Received txn %s from %s. (PDUs: %d, EDUs: %d)",
-                transaction_id, origin,
+                transaction_id,
+                origin,
                 len(transaction_data.get("pdus", [])),
                 len(transaction_data.get("edus", [])),
             )
@@ -361,8 +359,7 @@ class FederationSendServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             # Add some extra data to the transaction dict that isn't included
             # in the request body.
             transaction_data.update(
-                transaction_id=transaction_id,
-                destination=self.server_name
+                transaction_id=transaction_id, destination=self.server_name
             )
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -372,7 +369,7 @@ class FederationSendServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 
         try:
             code, response = yield self.handler.on_incoming_transaction(
-                origin, transaction_data,
+                origin, transaction_data
             )
         except Exception:
             logger.exception("on_incoming_transaction failed")
@@ -416,7 +413,7 @@ class FederationBackfillServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     PATH = "/backfill/(?P<context>[^/]*)/?"
 
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, context):
-        versions = [x.decode('ascii') for x in query[b"v"]]
+        versions = [x.decode("ascii") for x in query[b"v"]]
         limit = parse_integer_from_args(query, "limit", None)
 
         if not limit:
@@ -432,7 +429,7 @@ class FederationQueryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, query_type):
         return self.handler.on_query_request(
             query_type,
-            {k.decode('utf8'): v[0].decode("utf-8") for k, v in query.items()}
+            {k.decode("utf8"): v[0].decode("utf-8") for k, v in query.items()},
         )
 
 
@@ -456,15 +453,14 @@ class FederationMakeJoinServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             Deferred[(int, object)|None]: either (response code, response object) to
                  return a JSON response, or None if the request has already been handled.
         """
-        versions = query.get(b'ver')
+        versions = query.get(b"ver")
         if versions is not None:
             supported_versions = [v.decode("utf-8") for v in versions]
         else:
             supported_versions = ["1"]
 
         content = yield self.handler.on_make_join_request(
-            origin, context, user_id,
-            supported_versions=supported_versions,
+            origin, context, user_id, supported_versions=supported_versions
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, content))
 
@@ -474,9 +470,7 @@ class FederationMakeLeaveServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, context, user_id):
-        content = yield self.handler.on_make_leave_request(
-            origin, context, user_id,
-        )
+        content = yield self.handler.on_make_leave_request(origin, context, user_id)
         defer.returnValue((200, content))
 
 
@@ -517,7 +511,7 @@ class FederationV1InviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         # state resolution algorithm, and we don't use that for processing
         # invites
         content = yield self.handler.on_invite_request(
-            origin, content, room_version=RoomVersions.V1.identifier,
+            origin, content, room_version=RoomVersions.V1.identifier
         )
 
         # V1 federation API is defined to return a content of `[200, {...}]`
@@ -545,7 +539,7 @@ class FederationV2InviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         event.setdefault("unsigned", {})["invite_room_state"] = invite_room_state
 
         content = yield self.handler.on_invite_request(
-            origin, event, room_version=room_version,
+            origin, event, room_version=room_version
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, content))
 
@@ -629,8 +623,10 @@ class On3pidBindServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             for invite in content["invites"]:
                 try:
                     if "signed" not in invite or "token" not in invite["signed"]:
-                        message = ("Rejecting received notification of third-"
-                                   "party invite without signed: %s" % (invite,))
+                        message = (
+                            "Rejecting received notification of third-"
+                            "party invite without signed: %s" % (invite,)
+                        )
                         logger.info(message)
                         raise SynapseError(400, message)
                     yield self.handler.exchange_third_party_invite(
@@ -671,18 +667,23 @@ class OpenIdUserInfo(BaseFederationServlet):
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query):
         token = query.get(b"access_token", [None])[0]
         if token is None:
-            defer.returnValue((401, {
-                "errcode": "M_MISSING_TOKEN", "error": "Access Token required"
-            }))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                (401, {"errcode": "M_MISSING_TOKEN", "error": "Access Token required"})
+            )
             return
 
-        user_id = yield self.handler.on_openid_userinfo(token.decode('ascii'))
+        user_id = yield self.handler.on_openid_userinfo(token.decode("ascii"))
 
         if user_id is None:
-            defer.returnValue((401, {
-                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN_TOKEN",
-                "error": "Access Token unknown or expired"
-            }))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                (
+                    401,
+                    {
+                        "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN_TOKEN",
+                        "error": "Access Token unknown or expired",
+                    },
+                )
+            )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {"sub": user_id}))
 
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ class PublicRoomList(BaseFederationServlet):
 
     def __init__(self, handler, authenticator, ratelimiter, server_name, deny_access):
         super(PublicRoomList, self).__init__(
-            handler, authenticator, ratelimiter, server_name,
+            handler, authenticator, ratelimiter, server_name
         )
         self.deny_access = deny_access
 
@@ -748,9 +749,7 @@ class PublicRoomList(BaseFederationServlet):
             network_tuple = ThirdPartyInstanceID(None, None)
 
         data = yield self.handler.get_local_public_room_list(
-            limit, since_token,
-            network_tuple=network_tuple,
-            from_federation=True,
+            limit, since_token, network_tuple=network_tuple, from_federation=True
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, data))
 
@@ -761,17 +760,18 @@ class FederationVersionServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     REQUIRE_AUTH = False
 
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query):
-        return defer.succeed((200, {
-            "server": {
-                "name": "Synapse",
-                "version": get_version_string(synapse)
-            },
-        }))
+        return defer.succeed(
+            (
+                200,
+                {"server": {"name": "Synapse", "version": get_version_string(synapse)}},
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class FederationGroupsProfileServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get/set the basic profile of a group on behalf of a user
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/profile"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -780,9 +780,7 @@ class FederationGroupsProfileServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.get_group_profile(
-            group_id, requester_user_id
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.get_group_profile(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -808,9 +806,7 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.get_group_summary(
-            group_id, requester_user_id
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.get_group_summary(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -818,6 +814,7 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get the rooms in a group on behalf of a user
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/rooms"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -826,9 +823,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.get_rooms_in_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.get_rooms_in_group(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -836,6 +831,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsAddRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Add/remove room from group
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/room/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -857,7 +853,7 @@ class FederationGroupsAddRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
         new_content = yield self.handler.remove_room_from_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
@@ -866,6 +862,7 @@ class FederationGroupsAddRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsAddRoomsConfigServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Update room config in group
     """
+
     PATH = (
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/room/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)"
         "/config/(?P<config_key>[^/]*)"
@@ -878,7 +875,7 @@ class FederationGroupsAddRoomsConfigServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
         result = yield self.groups_handler.update_room_in_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -887,6 +884,7 @@ class FederationGroupsAddRoomsConfigServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get the users in a group on behalf of a user
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -895,9 +893,7 @@ class FederationGroupsUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.get_users_in_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.get_users_in_group(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -905,6 +901,7 @@ class FederationGroupsUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsInvitedUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get the users that have been invited to a group
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/invited_users"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -923,6 +920,7 @@ class FederationGroupsInvitedUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Ask a group server to invite someone to the group
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/invite"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -932,7 +930,7 @@ class FederationGroupsInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
         new_content = yield self.handler.invite_to_group(
-            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
@@ -941,6 +939,7 @@ class FederationGroupsInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsAcceptInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Accept an invitation from the group server
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/accept_invite"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -948,9 +947,7 @@ class FederationGroupsAcceptInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.accept_invite(
-            group_id, user_id, content,
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.accept_invite(group_id, user_id, content)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -958,6 +955,7 @@ class FederationGroupsAcceptInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsJoinServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Attempt to join a group
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/join"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -965,9 +963,7 @@ class FederationGroupsJoinServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.join_group(
-            group_id, user_id, content,
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.join_group(group_id, user_id, content)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -975,6 +971,7 @@ class FederationGroupsJoinServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsRemoveUserServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Leave or kick a user from the group
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/remove"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -984,7 +981,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRemoveUserServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
         new_content = yield self.handler.remove_user_from_group(
-            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
@@ -993,6 +990,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRemoveUserServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsLocalInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """A group server has invited a local user
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/local/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/invite"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -1000,9 +998,7 @@ class FederationGroupsLocalInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(group_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "group_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        new_content = yield self.handler.on_invite(
-            group_id, user_id, content,
-        )
+        new_content = yield self.handler.on_invite(group_id, user_id, content)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
 
@@ -1010,6 +1006,7 @@ class FederationGroupsLocalInviteServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsRemoveLocalUserServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """A group server has removed a local user
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/local/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/remove"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -1018,7 +1015,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRemoveLocalUserServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(403, "user_id doesn't match origin")
 
         new_content = yield self.handler.user_removed_from_group(
-            group_id, user_id, content,
+            group_id, user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, new_content))
@@ -1027,6 +1024,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRemoveLocalUserServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsRenewAttestaionServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """A group or user's server renews their attestation
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/renew_attestation/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -1047,6 +1045,7 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         - /groups/:group/summary/rooms/:room_id
         - /groups/:group/summary/categories/:category/rooms/:room_id
     """
+
     PATH = (
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/summary"
         "(/categories/(?P<category_id>[^/]+))?"
@@ -1063,7 +1062,8 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "category_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.update_group_summary_room(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id,
+            requester_user_id,
             room_id=room_id,
             category_id=category_id,
             content=content,
@@ -1081,9 +1081,7 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "category_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.delete_group_summary_room(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            room_id=room_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id=room_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1092,9 +1090,8 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryRoomsServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsCategoriesServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get all categories for a group
     """
-    PATH = (
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/?"
-    )
+
+    PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/?"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, group_id):
@@ -1102,9 +1099,7 @@ class FederationGroupsCategoriesServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        resp = yield self.handler.get_group_categories(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-        )
+        resp = yield self.handler.get_group_categories(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
 
@@ -1112,9 +1107,8 @@ class FederationGroupsCategoriesServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsCategoryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Add/remove/get a category in a group
     """
-    PATH = (
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/(?P<category_id>[^/]+)"
-    )
+
+    PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/(?P<category_id>[^/]+)"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, group_id, category_id):
@@ -1138,7 +1132,7 @@ class FederationGroupsCategoryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "category_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.upsert_group_category(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1153,7 +1147,7 @@ class FederationGroupsCategoryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "category_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.delete_group_category(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1162,9 +1156,8 @@ class FederationGroupsCategoryServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsRolesServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get roles in a group
     """
-    PATH = (
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/?"
-    )
+
+    PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/?"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, group_id):
@@ -1172,9 +1165,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRolesServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        resp = yield self.handler.get_group_roles(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-        )
+        resp = yield self.handler.get_group_roles(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
 
@@ -1182,9 +1173,8 @@ class FederationGroupsRolesServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsRoleServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Add/remove/get a role in a group
     """
-    PATH = (
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/(?P<role_id>[^/]+)"
-    )
+
+    PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/(?P<role_id>[^/]+)"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, origin, content, query, group_id, role_id):
@@ -1192,9 +1182,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRoleServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         if get_domain_from_id(requester_user_id) != origin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "requester_user_id doesn't match origin")
 
-        resp = yield self.handler.get_group_role(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id
-        )
+        resp = yield self.handler.get_group_role(group_id, requester_user_id, role_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
 
@@ -1208,7 +1196,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRoleServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "role_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.update_group_role(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1223,7 +1211,7 @@ class FederationGroupsRoleServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "role_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.delete_group_role(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1236,6 +1224,7 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         - /groups/:group/summary/users/:user_id
         - /groups/:group/summary/roles/:role/users/:user_id
     """
+
     PATH = (
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/summary"
         "(/roles/(?P<role_id>[^/]+))?"
@@ -1252,7 +1241,8 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "role_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.update_group_summary_user(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id,
+            requester_user_id,
             user_id=user_id,
             role_id=role_id,
             content=content,
@@ -1270,9 +1260,7 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "role_id cannot be empty string")
 
         resp = yield self.handler.delete_group_summary_user(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            user_id=user_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, user_id=user_id, role_id=role_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1281,14 +1269,13 @@ class FederationGroupsSummaryUsersServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsBulkPublicisedServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Get roles in a group
     """
-    PATH = (
-        "/get_groups_publicised"
-    )
+
+    PATH = "/get_groups_publicised"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, origin, content, query):
         resp = yield self.handler.bulk_get_publicised_groups(
-            content["user_ids"], proxy=False,
+            content["user_ids"], proxy=False
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -1297,6 +1284,7 @@ class FederationGroupsBulkPublicisedServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 class FederationGroupsSettingJoinPolicyServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     """Sets whether a group is joinable without an invite or knock
     """
+
     PATH = "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/settings/m.join_policy"
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -1317,6 +1305,7 @@ class RoomComplexityServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     Indicates to other servers how complex (and therefore likely
     resource-intensive) a public room this server knows about is.
     """
+
     PATH = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/complexity"
     PREFIX = FEDERATION_UNSTABLE_PREFIX
 
@@ -1325,9 +1314,7 @@ class RoomComplexityServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 
         store = self.handler.hs.get_datastore()
 
-        is_public = yield store.is_room_world_readable_or_publicly_joinable(
-            room_id
-        )
+        is_public = yield store.is_room_world_readable_or_publicly_joinable(room_id)
 
         if not is_public:
             raise SynapseError(404, "Room not found", errcode=Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
@@ -1362,13 +1349,9 @@ FEDERATION_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
     RoomComplexityServlet,
 )
 
-OPENID_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
-    OpenIdUserInfo,
-)
+OPENID_SERVLET_CLASSES = (OpenIdUserInfo,)
 
-ROOM_LIST_CLASSES = (
-    PublicRoomList,
-)
+ROOM_LIST_CLASSES = (PublicRoomList,)
 
 GROUP_SERVER_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
     FederationGroupsProfileServlet,
@@ -1399,9 +1382,7 @@ GROUP_LOCAL_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
 )
 
 
-GROUP_ATTESTATION_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
-    FederationGroupsRenewAttestaionServlet,
-)
+GROUP_ATTESTATION_SERVLET_CLASSES = (FederationGroupsRenewAttestaionServlet,)
 
 DEFAULT_SERVLET_GROUPS = (
     "federation",
diff --git a/synapse/federation/units.py b/synapse/federation/units.py
index 025a79c022..14aad8f09d 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/units.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/units.py
@@ -32,21 +32,11 @@ class Edu(JsonEncodedObject):
     internal ID or previous references graph.
     """
 
-    valid_keys = [
-        "origin",
-        "destination",
-        "edu_type",
-        "content",
-    ]
+    valid_keys = ["origin", "destination", "edu_type", "content"]
 
-    required_keys = [
-        "edu_type",
-    ]
+    required_keys = ["edu_type"]
 
-    internal_keys = [
-        "origin",
-        "destination",
-    ]
+    internal_keys = ["origin", "destination"]
 
 
 class Transaction(JsonEncodedObject):
@@ -75,10 +65,7 @@ class Transaction(JsonEncodedObject):
         "edus",
     ]
 
-    internal_keys = [
-        "transaction_id",
-        "destination",
-    ]
+    internal_keys = ["transaction_id", "destination"]
 
     required_keys = [
         "transaction_id",
@@ -98,9 +85,7 @@ class Transaction(JsonEncodedObject):
             del kwargs["edus"]
 
         super(Transaction, self).__init__(
-            transaction_id=transaction_id,
-            pdus=pdus,
-            **kwargs
+            transaction_id=transaction_id, pdus=pdus, **kwargs
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -109,13 +94,9 @@ class Transaction(JsonEncodedObject):
         transaction_id and origin_server_ts keys.
         """
         if "origin_server_ts" not in kwargs:
-            raise KeyError(
-                "Require 'origin_server_ts' to construct a Transaction"
-            )
+            raise KeyError("Require 'origin_server_ts' to construct a Transaction")
         if "transaction_id" not in kwargs:
-            raise KeyError(
-                "Require 'transaction_id' to construct a Transaction"
-            )
+            raise KeyError("Require 'transaction_id' to construct a Transaction")
 
         kwargs["pdus"] = [p.get_pdu_json() for p in pdus]
 
diff --git a/synapse/groups/attestations.py b/synapse/groups/attestations.py
index 3ba74001d8..e73757570c 100644
--- a/synapse/groups/attestations.py
+++ b/synapse/groups/attestations.py
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ UPDATE_ATTESTATION_TIME_MS = 1 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
 class GroupAttestationSigning(object):
     """Creates and verifies group attestations.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.keyring = hs.get_keyring()
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
@@ -113,11 +114,15 @@ class GroupAttestationSigning(object):
         validity_period *= random.uniform(*DEFAULT_ATTESTATION_JITTER)
         valid_until_ms = int(self.clock.time_msec() + validity_period)
 
-        return sign_json({
-            "group_id": group_id,
-            "user_id": user_id,
-            "valid_until_ms": valid_until_ms,
-        }, self.server_name, self.signing_key)
+        return sign_json(
+            {
+                "group_id": group_id,
+                "user_id": user_id,
+                "valid_until_ms": valid_until_ms,
+            },
+            self.server_name,
+            self.signing_key,
+        )
 
 
 class GroupAttestionRenewer(object):
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@ class GroupAttestionRenewer(object):
 
         if not hs.config.worker_app:
             self._renew_attestations_loop = self.clock.looping_call(
-                self._start_renew_attestations, 30 * 60 * 1000,
+                self._start_renew_attestations, 30 * 60 * 1000
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -147,9 +152,7 @@ class GroupAttestionRenewer(object):
             raise SynapseError(400, "Neither user not group are on this server")
 
         yield self.attestations.verify_attestation(
-            attestation,
-            user_id=user_id,
-            group_id=group_id,
+            attestation, user_id=user_id, group_id=group_id
         )
 
         yield self.store.update_remote_attestion(group_id, user_id, attestation)
@@ -180,7 +183,8 @@ class GroupAttestionRenewer(object):
                 else:
                     logger.warn(
                         "Incorrectly trying to do attestations for user: %r in %r",
-                        user_id, group_id,
+                        user_id,
+                        group_id,
                     )
                     yield self.store.remove_attestation_renewal(group_id, user_id)
                     return
@@ -188,8 +192,7 @@ class GroupAttestionRenewer(object):
                 attestation = self.attestations.create_attestation(group_id, user_id)
 
                 yield self.transport_client.renew_group_attestation(
-                    destination, group_id, user_id,
-                    content={"attestation": attestation},
+                    destination, group_id, user_id, content={"attestation": attestation}
                 )
 
                 yield self.store.update_attestation_renewal(
@@ -197,12 +200,12 @@ class GroupAttestionRenewer(object):
                 )
             except (RequestSendFailed, HttpResponseException) as e:
                 logger.warning(
-                    "Failed to renew attestation of %r in %r: %s",
-                    user_id, group_id, e,
+                    "Failed to renew attestation of %r in %r: %s", user_id, group_id, e
                 )
             except Exception:
-                logger.exception("Error renewing attestation of %r in %r",
-                                 user_id, group_id)
+                logger.exception(
+                    "Error renewing attestation of %r in %r", user_id, group_id
+                )
 
         for row in rows:
             group_id = row["group_id"]
diff --git a/synapse/groups/groups_server.py b/synapse/groups/groups_server.py
index 817be40360..168c9e3f84 100644
--- a/synapse/groups/groups_server.py
+++ b/synapse/groups/groups_server.py
@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         hs.get_groups_attestation_renewer()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def check_group_is_ours(self, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                            and_exists=False, and_is_admin=None):
+    def check_group_is_ours(
+        self, group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=False, and_is_admin=None
+    ):
         """Check that the group is ours, and optionally if it exists.
 
         If group does exist then return group.
@@ -73,7 +74,9 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         if and_exists and not group:
             raise SynapseError(404, "Unknown group")
 
-        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(requester_user_id, group_id)
+        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(
+            requester_user_id, group_id
+        )
         if group and not is_user_in_group and not group["is_public"]:
             raise SynapseError(404, "Unknown group")
 
@@ -96,25 +99,27 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(requester_user_id, group_id)
+        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(
+            requester_user_id, group_id
+        )
 
         profile = yield self.get_group_profile(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         users, roles = yield self.store.get_users_for_summary_by_role(
-            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group,
+            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group
         )
 
         # TODO: Add profiles to users
 
         rooms, categories = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_summary_by_category(
-            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group,
+            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group
         )
 
         for room_entry in rooms:
             room_id = room_entry["room_id"]
             joined_users = yield self.store.get_users_in_room(room_id)
             entry = yield self.room_list_handler.generate_room_entry(
-                room_id, len(joined_users), with_alias=False, allow_private=True,
+                room_id, len(joined_users), with_alias=False, allow_private=True
             )
             entry = dict(entry)  # so we don't change whats cached
             entry.pop("room_id", None)
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
                 entry["attestation"] = attestation
             else:
                 entry["attestation"] = self.attestations.create_attestation(
-                    group_id, user_id,
+                    group_id, user_id
                 )
 
             user_profile = yield self.profile_handler.get_profile_from_cache(user_id)
@@ -143,34 +148,34 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         users.sort(key=lambda e: e.get("order", 0))
 
         membership_info = yield self.store.get_users_membership_info_in_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "profile": profile,
-            "users_section": {
-                "users": users,
-                "roles": roles,
-                "total_user_count_estimate": 0,  # TODO
-            },
-            "rooms_section": {
-                "rooms": rooms,
-                "categories": categories,
-                "total_room_count_estimate": 0,  # TODO
-            },
-            "user": membership_info,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "profile": profile,
+                "users_section": {
+                    "users": users,
+                    "roles": roles,
+                    "total_user_count_estimate": 0,  # TODO
+                },
+                "rooms_section": {
+                    "rooms": rooms,
+                    "categories": categories,
+                    "total_room_count_estimate": 0,  # TODO
+                },
+                "user": membership_info,
+            }
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def update_group_summary_room(self, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                                  room_id, category_id, content):
+    def update_group_summary_room(
+        self, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, category_id, content
+    ):
         """Add/update a room to the group summary
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-            and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         RoomID.from_string(room_id)  # Ensure valid room id
@@ -190,21 +195,17 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         defer.returnValue({})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def delete_group_summary_room(self, group_id, requester_user_id,
-                                  room_id, category_id):
+    def delete_group_summary_room(
+        self, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, category_id
+    ):
         """Remove a room from the summary
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-            and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         yield self.store.remove_room_from_summary(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            room_id=room_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id=group_id, room_id=room_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue({})
@@ -223,9 +224,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
         join_policy = _parse_join_policy_from_contents(content)
         if join_policy is None:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, "No value specified for 'm.join_policy'"
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "No value specified for 'm.join_policy'")
 
         yield self.store.set_group_join_policy(group_id, join_policy=join_policy)
 
@@ -237,9 +236,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        categories = yield self.store.get_group_categories(
-            group_id=group_id,
-        )
+        categories = yield self.store.get_group_categories(group_id=group_id)
         defer.returnValue({"categories": categories})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -249,8 +246,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
         res = yield self.store.get_group_category(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id=group_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(res)
@@ -260,10 +256,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """Add/Update a group category
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-            and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         is_public = _parse_visibility_from_contents(content)
@@ -283,15 +276,11 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """Delete a group category
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-            and_is_admin=requester_user_id
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         yield self.store.remove_group_category(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id=group_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue({})
@@ -302,9 +291,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        roles = yield self.store.get_group_roles(
-            group_id=group_id,
-        )
+        roles = yield self.store.get_group_roles(group_id=group_id)
         defer.returnValue({"roles": roles})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -313,10 +300,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        res = yield self.store.get_group_role(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
-        )
+        res = yield self.store.get_group_role(group_id=group_id, role_id=role_id)
         defer.returnValue(res)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -324,10 +308,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """Add/update a role in a group
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-            and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         is_public = _parse_visibility_from_contents(content)
@@ -335,10 +316,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         profile = content.get("profile")
 
         yield self.store.upsert_group_role(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
-            is_public=is_public,
-            profile=profile,
+            group_id=group_id, role_id=role_id, is_public=is_public, profile=profile
         )
 
         defer.returnValue({})
@@ -348,26 +326,21 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """Remove role from group
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-            and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
-        yield self.store.remove_group_role(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
-        )
+        yield self.store.remove_group_role(group_id=group_id, role_id=role_id)
 
         defer.returnValue({})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def update_group_summary_user(self, group_id, requester_user_id, user_id, role_id,
-                                  content):
+    def update_group_summary_user(
+        self, group_id, requester_user_id, user_id, role_id, content
+    ):
         """Add/update a users entry in the group summary
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         order = content.get("order", None)
@@ -389,13 +362,11 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """Remove a user from the group summary
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         yield self.store.remove_user_from_summary(
-            group_id=group_id,
-            user_id=user_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
+            group_id=group_id, user_id=user_id, role_id=role_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue({})
@@ -411,8 +382,11 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
         if group:
             cols = [
-                "name", "short_description", "long_description",
-                "avatar_url", "is_public",
+                "name",
+                "short_description",
+                "long_description",
+                "avatar_url",
+                "is_public",
             ]
             group_description = {key: group[key] for key in cols}
             group_description["is_openly_joinable"] = group["join_policy"] == "open"
@@ -426,12 +400,11 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         """Update the group profile
         """
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True, and_is_admin=requester_user_id
         )
 
         profile = {}
-        for keyname in ("name", "avatar_url", "short_description",
-                        "long_description"):
+        for keyname in ("name", "avatar_url", "short_description", "long_description"):
             if keyname in content:
                 value = content[keyname]
                 if not isinstance(value, string_types):
@@ -449,10 +422,12 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(requester_user_id, group_id)
+        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(
+            requester_user_id, group_id
+        )
 
         user_results = yield self.store.get_users_in_group(
-            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group,
+            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group
         )
 
         chunk = []
@@ -470,24 +445,25 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
             entry["is_privileged"] = bool(is_privileged)
 
             if not self.is_mine_id(g_user_id):
-                attestation = yield self.store.get_remote_attestation(group_id, g_user_id)
+                attestation = yield self.store.get_remote_attestation(
+                    group_id, g_user_id
+                )
                 if not attestation:
                     continue
 
                 entry["attestation"] = attestation
             else:
                 entry["attestation"] = self.attestations.create_attestation(
-                    group_id, g_user_id,
+                    group_id, g_user_id
                 )
 
             chunk.append(entry)
 
         # TODO: If admin add lists of users whose attestations have timed out
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "chunk": chunk,
-            "total_user_count_estimate": len(user_results),
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"chunk": chunk, "total_user_count_estimate": len(user_results)}
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_invited_users_in_group(self, group_id, requester_user_id):
@@ -498,7 +474,9 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(requester_user_id, group_id)
+        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(
+            requester_user_id, group_id
+        )
 
         if not is_user_in_group:
             raise SynapseError(403, "User not in group")
@@ -508,9 +486,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         user_profiles = []
 
         for user_id in invited_users:
-            user_profile = {
-                "user_id": user_id
-            }
+            user_profile = {"user_id": user_id}
             try:
                 profile = yield self.profile_handler.get_profile_from_cache(user_id)
                 user_profile.update(profile)
@@ -518,10 +494,9 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
                 logger.warn("Error getting profile for %s: %s", user_id, e)
             user_profiles.append(user_profile)
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "chunk": user_profiles,
-            "total_user_count_estimate": len(invited_users),
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"chunk": user_profiles, "total_user_count_estimate": len(invited_users)}
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_rooms_in_group(self, group_id, requester_user_id):
@@ -532,10 +507,12 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
-        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(requester_user_id, group_id)
+        is_user_in_group = yield self.store.is_user_in_group(
+            requester_user_id, group_id
+        )
 
         room_results = yield self.store.get_rooms_in_group(
-            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group,
+            group_id, include_private=is_user_in_group
         )
 
         chunk = []
@@ -544,7 +521,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
             joined_users = yield self.store.get_users_in_room(room_id)
             entry = yield self.room_list_handler.generate_room_entry(
-                room_id, len(joined_users), with_alias=False, allow_private=True,
+                room_id, len(joined_users), with_alias=False, allow_private=True
             )
 
             if not entry:
@@ -556,10 +533,9 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
         chunk.sort(key=lambda e: -e["num_joined_members"])
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "chunk": chunk,
-            "total_room_count_estimate": len(room_results),
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"chunk": chunk, "total_room_count_estimate": len(room_results)}
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def add_room_to_group(self, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, content):
@@ -578,8 +554,9 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         defer.returnValue({})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def update_room_in_group(self, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key,
-                             content):
+    def update_room_in_group(
+        self, group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key, content
+    ):
         """Update room in group
         """
         RoomID.from_string(room_id)  # Ensure valid room id
@@ -592,8 +569,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
             is_public = _parse_visibility_dict(content)
 
             yield self.store.update_room_in_group_visibility(
-                group_id, room_id,
-                is_public=is_public,
+                group_id, room_id, is_public=is_public
             )
         else:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Uknown config option")
@@ -625,10 +601,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         # TODO: Check if user is already invited
 
         content = {
-            "profile": {
-                "name": group["name"],
-                "avatar_url": group["avatar_url"],
-            },
+            "profile": {"name": group["name"], "avatar_url": group["avatar_url"]},
             "inviter": requester_user_id,
         }
 
@@ -638,9 +611,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
             local_attestation = None
         else:
             local_attestation = self.attestations.create_attestation(group_id, user_id)
-            content.update({
-                "attestation": local_attestation,
-            })
+            content.update({"attestation": local_attestation})
 
             res = yield self.transport_client.invite_to_group_notification(
                 get_domain_from_id(user_id), group_id, user_id, content
@@ -658,31 +629,24 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
                 remote_attestation = res["attestation"]
 
                 yield self.attestations.verify_attestation(
-                    remote_attestation,
-                    user_id=user_id,
-                    group_id=group_id,
+                    remote_attestation, user_id=user_id, group_id=group_id
                 )
             else:
                 remote_attestation = None
 
             yield self.store.add_user_to_group(
-                group_id, user_id,
+                group_id,
+                user_id,
                 is_admin=False,
                 is_public=False,  # TODO
                 local_attestation=local_attestation,
                 remote_attestation=remote_attestation,
             )
         elif res["state"] == "invite":
-            yield self.store.add_group_invite(
-                group_id, user_id,
-            )
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "state": "invite"
-            })
+            yield self.store.add_group_invite(group_id, user_id)
+            defer.returnValue({"state": "invite"})
         elif res["state"] == "reject":
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "state": "reject"
-            })
+            defer.returnValue({"state": "reject"})
         else:
             raise SynapseError(502, "Unknown state returned by HS")
 
@@ -693,16 +657,12 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         See accept_invite, join_group.
         """
         if not self.hs.is_mine_id(user_id):
-            local_attestation = self.attestations.create_attestation(
-                group_id, user_id,
-            )
+            local_attestation = self.attestations.create_attestation(group_id, user_id)
 
             remote_attestation = content["attestation"]
 
             yield self.attestations.verify_attestation(
-                remote_attestation,
-                user_id=user_id,
-                group_id=group_id,
+                remote_attestation, user_id=user_id, group_id=group_id
             )
         else:
             local_attestation = None
@@ -711,7 +671,8 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         is_public = _parse_visibility_from_contents(content)
 
         yield self.store.add_user_to_group(
-            group_id, user_id,
+            group_id,
+            user_id,
             is_admin=False,
             is_public=is_public,
             local_attestation=local_attestation,
@@ -731,17 +692,14 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
         is_invited = yield self.store.is_user_invited_to_local_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
         if not is_invited:
             raise SynapseError(403, "User not invited to group")
 
         local_attestation = yield self._add_user(group_id, requester_user_id, content)
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "state": "join",
-            "attestation": local_attestation,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"state": "join", "attestation": local_attestation})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def join_group(self, group_id, requester_user_id, content):
@@ -753,15 +711,12 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         group_info = yield self.check_group_is_ours(
             group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True
         )
-        if group_info['join_policy'] != "open":
+        if group_info["join_policy"] != "open":
             raise SynapseError(403, "Group is not publicly joinable")
 
         local_attestation = yield self._add_user(group_id, requester_user_id, content)
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "state": "join",
-            "attestation": local_attestation,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"state": "join", "attestation": local_attestation})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def knock(self, group_id, requester_user_id, content):
@@ -800,9 +755,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
 
             is_kick = True
 
-        yield self.store.remove_user_from_group(
-            group_id, user_id,
-        )
+        yield self.store.remove_user_from_group(group_id, user_id)
 
         if is_kick:
             if self.hs.is_mine_id(user_id):
@@ -830,19 +783,20 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
         if group:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Group already exists")
 
-        is_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(UserID.from_string(requester_user_id))
+        is_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(
+            UserID.from_string(requester_user_id)
+        )
         if not is_admin:
             if not self.hs.config.enable_group_creation:
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "Only a server admin can create groups on this server",
+                    403, "Only a server admin can create groups on this server"
                 )
             localpart = group_id_obj.localpart
             if not localpart.startswith(self.hs.config.group_creation_prefix):
                 raise SynapseError(
                     400,
-                    "Can only create groups with prefix %r on this server" % (
-                        self.hs.config.group_creation_prefix,
-                    ),
+                    "Can only create groups with prefix %r on this server"
+                    % (self.hs.config.group_creation_prefix,),
                 )
 
         profile = content.get("profile", {})
@@ -865,21 +819,19 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
             remote_attestation = content["attestation"]
 
             yield self.attestations.verify_attestation(
-                remote_attestation,
-                user_id=requester_user_id,
-                group_id=group_id,
+                remote_attestation, user_id=requester_user_id, group_id=group_id
             )
 
             local_attestation = self.attestations.create_attestation(
-                group_id,
-                requester_user_id,
+                group_id, requester_user_id
             )
         else:
             local_attestation = None
             remote_attestation = None
 
         yield self.store.add_user_to_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id,
+            requester_user_id,
             is_admin=True,
             is_public=True,  # TODO
             local_attestation=local_attestation,
@@ -893,9 +845,7 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
                 avatar_url=user_profile.get("avatar_url"),
             )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "group_id": group_id,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"group_id": group_id})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def delete_group(self, group_id, requester_user_id):
@@ -911,29 +861,22 @@ class GroupsServerHandler(object):
             Deferred
         """
 
-        yield self.check_group_is_ours(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            and_exists=True,
-        )
+        yield self.check_group_is_ours(group_id, requester_user_id, and_exists=True)
 
         # Only server admins or group admins can delete groups.
 
-        is_admin = yield self.store.is_user_admin_in_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id
-        )
+        is_admin = yield self.store.is_user_admin_in_group(group_id, requester_user_id)
 
         if not is_admin:
             is_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(
-                UserID.from_string(requester_user_id),
+                UserID.from_string(requester_user_id)
             )
 
         if not is_admin:
             raise SynapseError(403, "User is not an admin")
 
         # Before deleting the group lets kick everyone out of it
-        users = yield self.store.get_users_in_group(
-            group_id, include_private=True,
-        )
+        users = yield self.store.get_users_in_group(group_id, include_private=True)
 
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def _kick_user_from_group(user_id):
@@ -989,9 +932,7 @@ def _parse_join_policy_dict(join_policy_dict):
         return "invite"
 
     if join_policy_type not in ("invite", "open"):
-        raise SynapseError(
-            400, "Synapse only supports 'invite'/'open' join rule"
-        )
+        raise SynapseError(400, "Synapse only supports 'invite'/'open' join rule")
     return join_policy_type
 
 
@@ -1018,7 +959,5 @@ def _parse_visibility_dict(visibility):
         return True
 
     if vis_type not in ("public", "private"):
-        raise SynapseError(
-            400, "Synapse only supports 'public'/'private' visibility"
-        )
+        raise SynapseError(400, "Synapse only supports 'public'/'private' visibility")
     return vis_type == "public"
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/_base.py b/synapse/handlers/_base.py
index dca337ec61..c29c78bd65 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/_base.py
@@ -94,14 +94,15 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
             burst_count = self.hs.config.rc_message.burst_count
 
         allowed, time_allowed = self.ratelimiter.can_do_action(
-            user_id, time_now,
+            user_id,
+            time_now,
             rate_hz=messages_per_second,
             burst_count=burst_count,
             update=update,
         )
         if not allowed:
             raise LimitExceededError(
-                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now)),
+                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now))
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
 
                 if member_event.content["membership"] not in {
                     Membership.JOIN,
-                    Membership.INVITE
+                    Membership.INVITE,
                 }:
                     continue
 
@@ -156,8 +157,7 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
                 # and having homeservers have their own users leave keeps more
                 # of that decision-making and control local to the guest-having
                 # homeserver.
-                requester = synapse.types.create_requester(
-                    target_user, is_guest=True)
+                requester = synapse.types.create_requester(target_user, is_guest=True)
                 handler = self.hs.get_room_member_handler()
                 yield handler.update_membership(
                     requester,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/account_data.py b/synapse/handlers/account_data.py
index 7fa5d44d29..e62e6cab77 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/account_data.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/account_data.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class AccountDataEventSource(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
 
-    def get_current_key(self, direction='f'):
+    def get_current_key(self, direction="f"):
         return self.store.get_max_account_data_stream_id()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -34,29 +34,22 @@ class AccountDataEventSource(object):
         tags = yield self.store.get_updated_tags(user_id, last_stream_id)
 
         for room_id, room_tags in tags.items():
-            results.append({
-                "type": "m.tag",
-                "content": {"tags": room_tags},
-                "room_id": room_id,
-            })
+            results.append(
+                {"type": "m.tag", "content": {"tags": room_tags}, "room_id": room_id}
+            )
 
         account_data, room_account_data = (
             yield self.store.get_updated_account_data_for_user(user_id, last_stream_id)
         )
 
         for account_data_type, content in account_data.items():
-            results.append({
-                "type": account_data_type,
-                "content": content,
-            })
+            results.append({"type": account_data_type, "content": content})
 
         for room_id, account_data in room_account_data.items():
             for account_data_type, content in account_data.items():
-                results.append({
-                    "type": account_data_type,
-                    "content": content,
-                    "room_id": room_id,
-                })
+                results.append(
+                    {"type": account_data_type, "content": content, "room_id": room_id}
+                )
 
         defer.returnValue((results, current_stream_id))
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/account_validity.py b/synapse/handlers/account_validity.py
index 5e0b92eb1c..0719da3ab7 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/account_validity.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/account_validity.py
@@ -49,12 +49,10 @@ class AccountValidityHandler(object):
                 app_name = self.hs.config.email_app_name
 
                 self._subject = self._account_validity.renew_email_subject % {
-                    "app": app_name,
+                    "app": app_name
                 }
 
-                self._from_string = self.hs.config.email_notif_from % {
-                    "app": app_name,
-                }
+                self._from_string = self.hs.config.email_notif_from % {"app": app_name}
             except Exception:
                 # If substitution failed, fall back to the bare strings.
                 self._subject = self._account_validity.renew_email_subject
@@ -69,10 +67,7 @@ class AccountValidityHandler(object):
             )
 
             # Check the renewal emails to send and send them every 30min.
-            self.clock.looping_call(
-                self.send_renewal_emails,
-                30 * 60 * 1000,
-            )
+            self.clock.looping_call(self.send_renewal_emails, 30 * 60 * 1000)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send_renewal_emails(self):
@@ -86,8 +81,7 @@ class AccountValidityHandler(object):
         if expiring_users:
             for user in expiring_users:
                 yield self._send_renewal_email(
-                    user_id=user["user_id"],
-                    expiration_ts=user["expiration_ts_ms"],
+                    user_id=user["user_id"], expiration_ts=user["expiration_ts_ms"]
                 )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -146,32 +140,33 @@ class AccountValidityHandler(object):
         for address in addresses:
             raw_to = email.utils.parseaddr(address)[1]
 
-            multipart_msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
-            multipart_msg['Subject'] = self._subject
-            multipart_msg['From'] = self._from_string
-            multipart_msg['To'] = address
-            multipart_msg['Date'] = email.utils.formatdate()
-            multipart_msg['Message-ID'] = email.utils.make_msgid()
+            multipart_msg = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
+            multipart_msg["Subject"] = self._subject
+            multipart_msg["From"] = self._from_string
+            multipart_msg["To"] = address
+            multipart_msg["Date"] = email.utils.formatdate()
+            multipart_msg["Message-ID"] = email.utils.make_msgid()
             multipart_msg.attach(text_part)
             multipart_msg.attach(html_part)
 
             logger.info("Sending renewal email to %s", address)
 
-            yield make_deferred_yieldable(self.sendmail(
-                self.hs.config.email_smtp_host,
-                self._raw_from, raw_to, multipart_msg.as_string().encode('utf8'),
-                reactor=self.hs.get_reactor(),
-                port=self.hs.config.email_smtp_port,
-                requireAuthentication=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user is not None,
-                username=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user,
-                password=self.hs.config.email_smtp_pass,
-                requireTransportSecurity=self.hs.config.require_transport_security
-            ))
-
-        yield self.store.set_renewal_mail_status(
-            user_id=user_id,
-            email_sent=True,
-        )
+            yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+                self.sendmail(
+                    self.hs.config.email_smtp_host,
+                    self._raw_from,
+                    raw_to,
+                    multipart_msg.as_string().encode("utf8"),
+                    reactor=self.hs.get_reactor(),
+                    port=self.hs.config.email_smtp_port,
+                    requireAuthentication=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user is not None,
+                    username=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user,
+                    password=self.hs.config.email_smtp_pass,
+                    requireTransportSecurity=self.hs.config.require_transport_security,
+                )
+            )
+
+        yield self.store.set_renewal_mail_status(user_id=user_id, email_sent=True)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _get_email_addresses_for_user(self, user_id):
@@ -248,9 +243,7 @@ class AccountValidityHandler(object):
             expiration_ts = self.clock.time_msec() + self._account_validity.period
 
         yield self.store.set_account_validity_for_user(
-            user_id=user_id,
-            expiration_ts=expiration_ts,
-            email_sent=email_sent,
+            user_id=user_id, expiration_ts=expiration_ts, email_sent=email_sent
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(expiration_ts)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/acme.py b/synapse/handlers/acme.py
index 813777bf18..01e0ef408d 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/acme.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/acme.py
@@ -93,24 +93,20 @@ class AcmeHandler(object):
         )
 
         well_known = Resource()
-        well_known.putChild(b'acme-challenge', responder.resource)
+        well_known.putChild(b"acme-challenge", responder.resource)
         responder_resource = Resource()
-        responder_resource.putChild(b'.well-known', well_known)
-        responder_resource.putChild(b'check', static.Data(b'OK', b'text/plain'))
+        responder_resource.putChild(b".well-known", well_known)
+        responder_resource.putChild(b"check", static.Data(b"OK", b"text/plain"))
 
         srv = server.Site(responder_resource)
 
         bind_addresses = self.hs.config.acme_bind_addresses
         for host in bind_addresses:
             logger.info(
-                "Listening for ACME requests on %s:%i", host, self.hs.config.acme_port,
+                "Listening for ACME requests on %s:%i", host, self.hs.config.acme_port
             )
             try:
-                self.reactor.listenTCP(
-                    self.hs.config.acme_port,
-                    srv,
-                    interface=host,
-                )
+                self.reactor.listenTCP(self.hs.config.acme_port, srv, interface=host)
             except twisted.internet.error.CannotListenError as e:
                 check_bind_error(e, host, bind_addresses)
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/admin.py b/synapse/handlers/admin.py
index 5d629126fc..941ebfa107 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/admin.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/admin.py
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class AdminHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(AdminHandler, self).__init__(hs)
 
@@ -33,23 +32,17 @@ class AdminHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         sessions = yield self.store.get_user_ip_and_agents(user)
         for session in sessions:
-            connections.append({
-                "ip": session["ip"],
-                "last_seen": session["last_seen"],
-                "user_agent": session["user_agent"],
-            })
+            connections.append(
+                {
+                    "ip": session["ip"],
+                    "last_seen": session["last_seen"],
+                    "user_agent": session["user_agent"],
+                }
+            )
 
         ret = {
             "user_id": user.to_string(),
-            "devices": {
-                "": {
-                    "sessions": [
-                        {
-                            "connections": connections,
-                        }
-                    ]
-                },
-            },
+            "devices": {"": {"sessions": [{"connections": connections}]}},
         }
 
         defer.returnValue(ret)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/appservice.py b/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
index 17eedf4dbf..5cc89d43f6 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ events_processed_counter = Counter("synapse_handlers_appservice_events_processed
 
 
 class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
         self.is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
@@ -101,9 +100,10 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
                             yield self._check_user_exists(event.state_key)
 
                         if not self.started_scheduler:
+
                             def start_scheduler():
                                 return self.scheduler.start().addErrback(
-                                    log_failure, "Application Services Failure",
+                                    log_failure, "Application Services Failure"
                                 )
 
                             run_as_background_process("as_scheduler", start_scheduler)
@@ -118,10 +118,15 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
                         for event in events:
                             yield handle_event(event)
 
-                    yield make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults([
-                        run_in_background(handle_room_events, evs)
-                        for evs in itervalues(events_by_room)
-                    ], consumeErrors=True))
+                    yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+                        defer.gatherResults(
+                            [
+                                run_in_background(handle_room_events, evs)
+                                for evs in itervalues(events_by_room)
+                            ],
+                            consumeErrors=True,
+                        )
+                    )
 
                     yield self.store.set_appservice_last_pos(upper_bound)
 
@@ -129,20 +134,23 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
                     ts = yield self.store.get_received_ts(events[-1].event_id)
 
                     synapse.metrics.event_processing_positions.labels(
-                        "appservice_sender").set(upper_bound)
+                        "appservice_sender"
+                    ).set(upper_bound)
 
                     events_processed_counter.inc(len(events))
 
-                    event_processing_loop_room_count.labels(
-                        "appservice_sender"
-                    ).inc(len(events_by_room))
+                    event_processing_loop_room_count.labels("appservice_sender").inc(
+                        len(events_by_room)
+                    )
 
                     event_processing_loop_counter.labels("appservice_sender").inc()
 
                     synapse.metrics.event_processing_lag.labels(
-                        "appservice_sender").set(now - ts)
+                        "appservice_sender"
+                    ).set(now - ts)
                     synapse.metrics.event_processing_last_ts.labels(
-                        "appservice_sender").set(ts)
+                        "appservice_sender"
+                    ).set(ts)
             finally:
                 self.is_processing = False
 
@@ -155,13 +163,9 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
         Returns:
             True if this user exists on at least one application service.
         """
-        user_query_services = yield self._get_services_for_user(
-            user_id=user_id
-        )
+        user_query_services = yield self._get_services_for_user(user_id=user_id)
         for user_service in user_query_services:
-            is_known_user = yield self.appservice_api.query_user(
-                user_service, user_id
-            )
+            is_known_user = yield self.appservice_api.query_user(user_service, user_id)
             if is_known_user:
                 defer.returnValue(True)
         defer.returnValue(False)
@@ -179,9 +183,7 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
         room_alias_str = room_alias.to_string()
         services = self.store.get_app_services()
         alias_query_services = [
-            s for s in services if (
-                s.is_interested_in_alias(room_alias_str)
-            )
+            s for s in services if (s.is_interested_in_alias(room_alias_str))
         ]
         for alias_service in alias_query_services:
             is_known_alias = yield self.appservice_api.query_alias(
@@ -189,22 +191,24 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
             )
             if is_known_alias:
                 # the alias exists now so don't query more ASes.
-                result = yield self.store.get_association_from_room_alias(
-                    room_alias
-                )
+                result = yield self.store.get_association_from_room_alias(room_alias)
                 defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def query_3pe(self, kind, protocol, fields):
         services = yield self._get_services_for_3pn(protocol)
 
-        results = yield make_deferred_yieldable(defer.DeferredList([
-            run_in_background(
-                self.appservice_api.query_3pe,
-                service, kind, protocol, fields,
+        results = yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.DeferredList(
+                [
+                    run_in_background(
+                        self.appservice_api.query_3pe, service, kind, protocol, fields
+                    )
+                    for service in services
+                ],
+                consumeErrors=True,
             )
-            for service in services
-        ], consumeErrors=True))
+        )
 
         ret = []
         for (success, result) in results:
@@ -276,18 +280,12 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler(object):
 
     def _get_services_for_user(self, user_id):
         services = self.store.get_app_services()
-        interested_list = [
-            s for s in services if (
-                s.is_interested_in_user(user_id)
-            )
-        ]
+        interested_list = [s for s in services if (s.is_interested_in_user(user_id))]
         return defer.succeed(interested_list)
 
     def _get_services_for_3pn(self, protocol):
         services = self.store.get_app_services()
-        interested_list = [
-            s for s in services if s.is_interested_in_protocol(protocol)
-        ]
+        interested_list = [s for s in services if s.is_interested_in_protocol(protocol)]
         return defer.succeed(interested_list)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/auth.py b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
index a0cf37a9f9..97b21c4093 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
@@ -134,13 +134,9 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
 
         # build a list of supported flows
-        flows = [
-            [login_type] for login_type in self._supported_login_types
-        ]
+        flows = [[login_type] for login_type in self._supported_login_types]
 
-        result, params, _ = yield self.check_auth(
-            flows, request_body, clientip,
-        )
+        result, params, _ = yield self.check_auth(flows, request_body, clientip)
 
         # find the completed login type
         for login_type in self._supported_login_types:
@@ -151,9 +147,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             break
         else:
             # this can't happen
-            raise Exception(
-                "check_auth returned True but no successful login type",
-            )
+            raise Exception("check_auth returned True but no successful login type")
 
         # check that the UI auth matched the access token
         if user_id != requester.user.to_string():
@@ -215,11 +209,11 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         authdict = None
         sid = None
-        if clientdict and 'auth' in clientdict:
-            authdict = clientdict['auth']
-            del clientdict['auth']
-            if 'session' in authdict:
-                sid = authdict['session']
+        if clientdict and "auth" in clientdict:
+            authdict = clientdict["auth"]
+            del clientdict["auth"]
+            if "session" in authdict:
+                sid = authdict["session"]
         session = self._get_session_info(sid)
 
         if len(clientdict) > 0:
@@ -232,27 +226,27 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             # on a home server.
             # Revisit: Assumimg the REST APIs do sensible validation, the data
             # isn't arbintrary.
-            session['clientdict'] = clientdict
+            session["clientdict"] = clientdict
             self._save_session(session)
-        elif 'clientdict' in session:
-            clientdict = session['clientdict']
+        elif "clientdict" in session:
+            clientdict = session["clientdict"]
 
         if not authdict:
             raise InteractiveAuthIncompleteError(
-                self._auth_dict_for_flows(flows, session),
+                self._auth_dict_for_flows(flows, session)
             )
 
-        if 'creds' not in session:
-            session['creds'] = {}
-        creds = session['creds']
+        if "creds" not in session:
+            session["creds"] = {}
+        creds = session["creds"]
 
         # check auth type currently being presented
         errordict = {}
-        if 'type' in authdict:
-            login_type = authdict['type']
+        if "type" in authdict:
+            login_type = authdict["type"]
             try:
                 result = yield self._check_auth_dict(
-                    authdict, clientip, password_servlet=password_servlet,
+                    authdict, clientip, password_servlet=password_servlet
                 )
                 if result:
                     creds[login_type] = result
@@ -281,16 +275,15 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # and is not sensitive).
                 logger.info(
                     "Auth completed with creds: %r. Client dict has keys: %r",
-                    creds, list(clientdict)
+                    creds,
+                    list(clientdict),
                 )
-                defer.returnValue((creds, clientdict, session['id']))
+                defer.returnValue((creds, clientdict, session["id"]))
 
         ret = self._auth_dict_for_flows(flows, session)
-        ret['completed'] = list(creds)
+        ret["completed"] = list(creds)
         ret.update(errordict)
-        raise InteractiveAuthIncompleteError(
-            ret,
-        )
+        raise InteractiveAuthIncompleteError(ret)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def add_oob_auth(self, stagetype, authdict, clientip):
@@ -300,15 +293,13 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
         if stagetype not in self.checkers:
             raise LoginError(400, "", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
-        if 'session' not in authdict:
+        if "session" not in authdict:
             raise LoginError(400, "", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
 
-        sess = self._get_session_info(
-            authdict['session']
-        )
-        if 'creds' not in sess:
-            sess['creds'] = {}
-        creds = sess['creds']
+        sess = self._get_session_info(authdict["session"])
+        if "creds" not in sess:
+            sess["creds"] = {}
+        creds = sess["creds"]
 
         result = yield self.checkers[stagetype](authdict, clientip)
         if result:
@@ -329,10 +320,10 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 not send a session ID, returns None.
         """
         sid = None
-        if clientdict and 'auth' in clientdict:
-            authdict = clientdict['auth']
-            if 'session' in authdict:
-                sid = authdict['session']
+        if clientdict and "auth" in clientdict:
+            authdict = clientdict["auth"]
+            if "session" in authdict:
+                sid = authdict["session"]
         return sid
 
     def set_session_data(self, session_id, key, value):
@@ -347,7 +338,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             value (any): The data to store
         """
         sess = self._get_session_info(session_id)
-        sess.setdefault('serverdict', {})[key] = value
+        sess.setdefault("serverdict", {})[key] = value
         self._save_session(sess)
 
     def get_session_data(self, session_id, key, default=None):
@@ -360,7 +351,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             default (any): Value to return if the key has not been set
         """
         sess = self._get_session_info(session_id)
-        return sess.setdefault('serverdict', {}).get(key, default)
+        return sess.setdefault("serverdict", {}).get(key, default)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _check_auth_dict(self, authdict, clientip, password_servlet=False):
@@ -378,15 +369,13 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             SynapseError if there was a problem with the request
             LoginError if there was an authentication problem.
         """
-        login_type = authdict['type']
+        login_type = authdict["type"]
         checker = self.checkers.get(login_type)
         if checker is not None:
             # XXX: Temporary workaround for having Synapse handle password resets
             # See AuthHandler.check_auth for further details
             res = yield checker(
-                authdict,
-                clientip=clientip,
-                password_servlet=password_servlet,
+                authdict, clientip=clientip, password_servlet=password_servlet
             )
             defer.returnValue(res)
 
@@ -408,13 +397,11 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             # Client tried to provide captcha but didn't give the parameter:
             # bad request.
             raise LoginError(
-                400, "Captcha response is required",
-                errcode=Codes.CAPTCHA_NEEDED
+                400, "Captcha response is required", errcode=Codes.CAPTCHA_NEEDED
             )
 
         logger.info(
-            "Submitting recaptcha response %s with remoteip %s",
-            user_response, clientip
+            "Submitting recaptcha response %s with remoteip %s", user_response, clientip
         )
 
         # TODO: get this from the homeserver rather than creating a new one for
@@ -424,34 +411,34 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             resp_body = yield client.post_urlencoded_get_json(
                 self.hs.config.recaptcha_siteverify_api,
                 args={
-                    'secret': self.hs.config.recaptcha_private_key,
-                    'response': user_response,
-                    'remoteip': clientip,
-                }
+                    "secret": self.hs.config.recaptcha_private_key,
+                    "response": user_response,
+                    "remoteip": clientip,
+                },
             )
         except PartialDownloadError as pde:
             # Twisted is silly
             data = pde.response
             resp_body = json.loads(data)
 
-        if 'success' in resp_body:
+        if "success" in resp_body:
             # Note that we do NOT check the hostname here: we explicitly
             # intend the CAPTCHA to be presented by whatever client the
             # user is using, we just care that they have completed a CAPTCHA.
             logger.info(
                 "%s reCAPTCHA from hostname %s",
-                "Successful" if resp_body['success'] else "Failed",
-                resp_body.get('hostname')
+                "Successful" if resp_body["success"] else "Failed",
+                resp_body.get("hostname"),
             )
-            if resp_body['success']:
+            if resp_body["success"]:
                 defer.returnValue(True)
         raise LoginError(401, "", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
 
     def _check_email_identity(self, authdict, **kwargs):
-        return self._check_threepid('email', authdict, **kwargs)
+        return self._check_threepid("email", authdict, **kwargs)
 
     def _check_msisdn(self, authdict, **kwargs):
-        return self._check_threepid('msisdn', authdict)
+        return self._check_threepid("msisdn", authdict)
 
     def _check_dummy_auth(self, authdict, **kwargs):
         return defer.succeed(True)
@@ -461,10 +448,10 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _check_threepid(self, medium, authdict, password_servlet=False, **kwargs):
-        if 'threepid_creds' not in authdict:
+        if "threepid_creds" not in authdict:
             raise LoginError(400, "Missing threepid_creds", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
 
-        threepid_creds = authdict['threepid_creds']
+        threepid_creds = authdict["threepid_creds"]
 
         identity_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().identity_handler
 
@@ -482,31 +469,36 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 validated=True,
             )
 
-            threepid = {
-                "medium": row["medium"],
-                "address": row["address"],
-                "validated_at": row["validated_at"],
-            } if row else None
+            threepid = (
+                {
+                    "medium": row["medium"],
+                    "address": row["address"],
+                    "validated_at": row["validated_at"],
+                }
+                if row
+                else None
+            )
 
             if row:
                 # Valid threepid returned, delete from the db
                 yield self.store.delete_threepid_session(threepid_creds["sid"])
         else:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Password resets are not enabled on this homeserver")
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "Password resets are not enabled on this homeserver"
+            )
 
         if not threepid:
             raise LoginError(401, "", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
 
-        if threepid['medium'] != medium:
+        if threepid["medium"] != medium:
             raise LoginError(
                 401,
-                "Expecting threepid of type '%s', got '%s'" % (
-                    medium, threepid['medium'],
-                ),
-                errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
+                "Expecting threepid of type '%s', got '%s'"
+                % (medium, threepid["medium"]),
+                errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
             )
 
-        threepid['threepid_creds'] = authdict['threepid_creds']
+        threepid["threepid_creds"] = authdict["threepid_creds"]
 
         defer.returnValue(threepid)
 
@@ -520,13 +512,14 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                     "version": self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
                     "en": {
                         "name": self.hs.config.user_consent_policy_name,
-                        "url": "%s_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                        "url": "%s_matrix/consent?v=%s"
+                        % (
                             self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
                             self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
                         ),
                     },
-                },
-            },
+                }
+            }
         }
 
     def _auth_dict_for_flows(self, flows, session):
@@ -547,9 +540,9 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                     params[stage] = get_params[stage]()
 
         return {
-            "session": session['id'],
+            "session": session["id"],
             "flows": [{"stages": f} for f in public_flows],
-            "params": params
+            "params": params,
         }
 
     def _get_session_info(self, session_id):
@@ -560,9 +553,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             # create a new session
             while session_id is None or session_id in self.sessions:
                 session_id = stringutils.random_string(24)
-            self.sessions[session_id] = {
-                "id": session_id,
-            }
+            self.sessions[session_id] = {"id": session_id}
 
         return self.sessions[session_id]
 
@@ -652,7 +643,8 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             logger.warn(
                 "Attempted to login as %s but it matches more than one user "
                 "inexactly: %r",
-                user_id, user_infos.keys()
+                user_id,
+                user_infos.keys(),
             )
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
@@ -690,12 +682,10 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 user is too high too proceed.
         """
 
-        if username.startswith('@'):
+        if username.startswith("@"):
             qualified_user_id = username
         else:
-            qualified_user_id = UserID(
-                username, self.hs.hostname
-            ).to_string()
+            qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
 
         self.ratelimit_login_per_account(qualified_user_id)
 
@@ -713,17 +703,15 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Missing parameter: password")
 
         for provider in self.password_providers:
-            if (hasattr(provider, "check_password")
-                    and login_type == LoginType.PASSWORD):
+            if hasattr(provider, "check_password") and login_type == LoginType.PASSWORD:
                 known_login_type = True
-                is_valid = yield provider.check_password(
-                    qualified_user_id, password,
-                )
+                is_valid = yield provider.check_password(qualified_user_id, password)
                 if is_valid:
                     defer.returnValue((qualified_user_id, None))
 
-            if (not hasattr(provider, "get_supported_login_types")
-                    or not hasattr(provider, "check_auth")):
+            if not hasattr(provider, "get_supported_login_types") or not hasattr(
+                provider, "check_auth"
+            ):
                 # this password provider doesn't understand custom login types
                 continue
 
@@ -744,15 +732,12 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                     login_dict[f] = login_submission[f]
             if missing_fields:
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    400, "Missing parameters for login type %s: %s" % (
-                        login_type,
-                        missing_fields,
-                    ),
+                    400,
+                    "Missing parameters for login type %s: %s"
+                    % (login_type, missing_fields),
                 )
 
-            result = yield provider.check_auth(
-                username, login_type, login_dict,
-            )
+            result = yield provider.check_auth(username, login_type, login_dict)
             if result:
                 if isinstance(result, str):
                     result = (result, None)
@@ -762,7 +747,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             known_login_type = True
 
             canonical_user_id = yield self._check_local_password(
-                qualified_user_id, password,
+                qualified_user_id, password
             )
 
             if canonical_user_id:
@@ -773,7 +758,8 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # unknown username or invalid password.
         self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            qualified_user_id.lower(), time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
+            qualified_user_id.lower(),
+            time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
             rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
             burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
             update=True,
@@ -781,10 +767,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # We raise a 403 here, but note that if we're doing user-interactive
         # login, it turns all LoginErrors into a 401 anyway.
-        raise LoginError(
-            403, "Invalid password",
-            errcode=Codes.FORBIDDEN
-        )
+        raise LoginError(403, "Invalid password", errcode=Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def check_password_provider_3pid(self, medium, address, password):
@@ -810,9 +793,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # success, to a str (which is the user_id) or a tuple of
                 # (user_id, callback_func), where callback_func should be run
                 # after we've finished everything else
-                result = yield provider.check_3pid_auth(
-                    medium, address, password,
-                )
+                result = yield provider.check_3pid_auth(medium, address, password)
                 if result:
                     # Check if the return value is a str or a tuple
                     if isinstance(result, str):
@@ -853,8 +834,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def issue_access_token(self, user_id, device_id=None):
         access_token = self.macaroon_gen.generate_access_token(user_id)
-        yield self.store.add_access_token_to_user(user_id, access_token,
-                                                  device_id)
+        yield self.store.add_access_token_to_user(user_id, access_token, device_id)
         defer.returnValue(access_token)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -896,12 +876,13 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         # delete pushers associated with this access token
         if user_info["token_id"] is not None:
             yield self.hs.get_pusherpool().remove_pushers_by_access_token(
-                str(user_info["user"]), (user_info["token_id"], )
+                str(user_info["user"]), (user_info["token_id"],)
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def delete_access_tokens_for_user(self, user_id, except_token_id=None,
-                                      device_id=None):
+    def delete_access_tokens_for_user(
+        self, user_id, except_token_id=None, device_id=None
+    ):
         """Invalidate access tokens belonging to a user
 
         Args:
@@ -915,7 +896,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             Deferred
         """
         tokens_and_devices = yield self.store.user_delete_access_tokens(
-            user_id, except_token_id=except_token_id, device_id=device_id,
+            user_id, except_token_id=except_token_id, device_id=device_id
         )
 
         # see if any of our auth providers want to know about this
@@ -923,14 +904,12 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             if hasattr(provider, "on_logged_out"):
                 for token, token_id, device_id in tokens_and_devices:
                     yield provider.on_logged_out(
-                        user_id=user_id,
-                        device_id=device_id,
-                        access_token=token,
+                        user_id=user_id, device_id=device_id, access_token=token
                     )
 
         # delete pushers associated with the access tokens
         yield self.hs.get_pusherpool().remove_pushers_by_access_token(
-            user_id, (token_id for _, token_id, _ in tokens_and_devices),
+            user_id, (token_id for _, token_id, _ in tokens_and_devices)
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -944,12 +923,11 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         # of specific types of threepid (and fixes the fact that checking
         # for the presence of an email address during password reset was
         # case sensitive).
-        if medium == 'email':
+        if medium == "email":
             address = address.lower()
 
         yield self.store.user_add_threepid(
-            user_id, medium, address, validated_at,
-            self.hs.get_clock().time_msec()
+            user_id, medium, address, validated_at, self.hs.get_clock().time_msec()
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -973,22 +951,15 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
 
         # 'Canonicalise' email addresses as per above
-        if medium == 'email':
+        if medium == "email":
             address = address.lower()
 
         identity_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().identity_handler
         result = yield identity_handler.try_unbind_threepid(
-            user_id,
-            {
-                'medium': medium,
-                'address': address,
-                'id_server': id_server,
-            },
+            user_id, {"medium": medium, "address": address, "id_server": id_server}
         )
 
-        yield self.store.user_delete_threepid(
-            user_id, medium, address,
-        )
+        yield self.store.user_delete_threepid(user_id, medium, address)
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     def _save_session(self, session):
@@ -1006,14 +977,15 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         Returns:
             Deferred(unicode): Hashed password.
         """
+
         def _do_hash():
             # Normalise the Unicode in the password
             pw = unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", password)
 
             return bcrypt.hashpw(
-                pw.encode('utf8') + self.hs.config.password_pepper.encode("utf8"),
+                pw.encode("utf8") + self.hs.config.password_pepper.encode("utf8"),
                 bcrypt.gensalt(self.bcrypt_rounds),
-            ).decode('ascii')
+            ).decode("ascii")
 
         return logcontext.defer_to_thread(self.hs.get_reactor(), _do_hash)
 
@@ -1027,18 +999,19 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
         Returns:
             Deferred(bool): Whether self.hash(password) == stored_hash.
         """
+
         def _do_validate_hash():
             # Normalise the Unicode in the password
             pw = unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", password)
 
             return bcrypt.checkpw(
-                pw.encode('utf8') + self.hs.config.password_pepper.encode("utf8"),
-                stored_hash
+                pw.encode("utf8") + self.hs.config.password_pepper.encode("utf8"),
+                stored_hash,
             )
 
         if stored_hash:
             if not isinstance(stored_hash, bytes):
-                stored_hash = stored_hash.encode('ascii')
+                stored_hash = stored_hash.encode("ascii")
 
             return logcontext.defer_to_thread(self.hs.get_reactor(), _do_validate_hash)
         else:
@@ -1058,14 +1031,16 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
                 for this user is too high too proceed.
         """
         self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            user_id.lower(), time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
+            user_id.lower(),
+            time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
             rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
             burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
             update=False,
         )
 
         self._account_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            user_id.lower(), time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
+            user_id.lower(),
+            time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
             rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_account.per_second,
             burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_account.burst_count,
             update=True,
@@ -1083,9 +1058,9 @@ class MacaroonGenerator(object):
         macaroon.add_first_party_caveat("type = access")
         # Include a nonce, to make sure that each login gets a different
         # access token.
-        macaroon.add_first_party_caveat("nonce = %s" % (
-            stringutils.random_string_with_symbols(16),
-        ))
+        macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(
+            "nonce = %s" % (stringutils.random_string_with_symbols(16),)
+        )
         for caveat in extra_caveats:
             macaroon.add_first_party_caveat(caveat)
         return macaroon.serialize()
@@ -1116,7 +1091,8 @@ class MacaroonGenerator(object):
         macaroon = pymacaroons.Macaroon(
             location=self.hs.config.server_name,
             identifier="key",
-            key=self.hs.config.macaroon_secret_key)
+            key=self.hs.config.macaroon_secret_key,
+        )
         macaroon.add_first_party_caveat("gen = 1")
         macaroon.add_first_party_caveat("user_id = %s" % (user_id,))
         return macaroon
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py b/synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py
index 7378b56c1d..e8f9da6098 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class DeactivateAccountHandler(BaseHandler):
     """Handler which deals with deactivating user accounts."""
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(DeactivateAccountHandler, self).__init__(hs)
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
@@ -78,9 +79,9 @@ class DeactivateAccountHandler(BaseHandler):
                 result = yield self._identity_handler.try_unbind_threepid(
                     user_id,
                     {
-                        'medium': threepid['medium'],
-                        'address': threepid['address'],
-                        'id_server': id_server,
+                        "medium": threepid["medium"],
+                        "address": threepid["address"],
+                        "id_server": id_server,
                     },
                 )
                 identity_server_supports_unbinding &= result
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ class DeactivateAccountHandler(BaseHandler):
                 logger.exception("Failed to remove threepid from ID server")
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Failed to remove threepid from ID server")
             yield self.store.user_delete_threepid(
-                user_id, threepid['medium'], threepid['address'],
+                user_id, threepid["medium"], threepid["address"]
             )
 
         # delete any devices belonging to the user, which will also
@@ -183,5 +184,6 @@ class DeactivateAccountHandler(BaseHandler):
             except Exception:
                 logger.exception(
                     "Failed to part user %r from room %r: ignoring and continuing",
-                    user_id, room_id,
+                    user_id,
+                    room_id,
                 )
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/device.py b/synapse/handlers/device.py
index b398848079..f59d0479b5 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/device.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/device.py
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         device_map = yield self.store.get_devices_by_user(user_id)
 
-        ips = yield self.store.get_last_client_ip_by_device(
-            user_id, device_id=None
-        )
+        ips = yield self.store.get_last_client_ip_by_device(user_id, device_id=None)
 
         devices = list(device_map.values())
         for device in devices:
@@ -85,9 +83,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerHandler(BaseHandler):
             device = yield self.store.get_device(user_id, device_id)
         except errors.StoreError:
             raise errors.NotFoundError
-        ips = yield self.store.get_last_client_ip_by_device(
-            user_id, device_id,
-        )
+        ips = yield self.store.get_last_client_ip_by_device(user_id, device_id)
         _update_device_from_client_ips(device, ips)
         defer.returnValue(device)
 
@@ -114,13 +110,11 @@ class DeviceWorkerHandler(BaseHandler):
         rooms_changed = self.store.get_rooms_that_changed(room_ids, from_token.room_key)
 
         member_events = yield self.store.get_membership_changes_for_user(
-            user_id, from_token.room_key, now_room_key,
+            user_id, from_token.room_key, now_room_key
         )
         rooms_changed.update(event.room_id for event in member_events)
 
-        stream_ordering = RoomStreamToken.parse_stream_token(
-            from_token.room_key
-        ).stream
+        stream_ordering = RoomStreamToken.parse_stream_token(from_token.room_key).stream
 
         possibly_changed = set(changed)
         possibly_left = set()
@@ -206,10 +200,9 @@ class DeviceWorkerHandler(BaseHandler):
             possibly_joined = []
             possibly_left = []
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "changed": list(possibly_joined),
-            "left": list(possibly_left),
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"changed": list(possibly_joined), "left": list(possibly_left)}
+        )
 
 
 class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
@@ -223,17 +216,18 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
         federation_registry = hs.get_federation_registry()
 
         federation_registry.register_edu_handler(
-            "m.device_list_update", self._edu_updater.incoming_device_list_update,
+            "m.device_list_update", self._edu_updater.incoming_device_list_update
         )
         federation_registry.register_query_handler(
-            "user_devices", self.on_federation_query_user_devices,
+            "user_devices", self.on_federation_query_user_devices
         )
 
         hs.get_distributor().observe("user_left_room", self.user_left_room)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def check_device_registered(self, user_id, device_id,
-                                initial_device_display_name=None):
+    def check_device_registered(
+        self, user_id, device_id, initial_device_display_name=None
+    ):
         """
         If the given device has not been registered, register it with the
         supplied display name.
@@ -297,12 +291,10 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
                 raise
 
         yield self._auth_handler.delete_access_tokens_for_user(
-            user_id, device_id=device_id,
+            user_id, device_id=device_id
         )
 
-        yield self.store.delete_e2e_keys_by_device(
-            user_id=user_id, device_id=device_id
-        )
+        yield self.store.delete_e2e_keys_by_device(user_id=user_id, device_id=device_id)
 
         yield self.notify_device_update(user_id, [device_id])
 
@@ -349,7 +341,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
         # considered as part of a critical path.
         for device_id in device_ids:
             yield self._auth_handler.delete_access_tokens_for_user(
-                user_id, device_id=device_id,
+                user_id, device_id=device_id
             )
             yield self.store.delete_e2e_keys_by_device(
                 user_id=user_id, device_id=device_id
@@ -372,9 +364,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
 
         try:
             yield self.store.update_device(
-                user_id,
-                device_id,
-                new_display_name=content.get("display_name")
+                user_id, device_id, new_display_name=content.get("display_name")
             )
             yield self.notify_device_update(user_id, [device_id])
         except errors.StoreError as e:
@@ -404,29 +394,26 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
 
         for device_id in device_ids:
             logger.debug(
-                "Notifying about update %r/%r, ID: %r", user_id, device_id,
-                position,
+                "Notifying about update %r/%r, ID: %r", user_id, device_id, position
             )
 
         room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id)
 
-        yield self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "device_list_key", position, rooms=room_ids,
-        )
+        yield self.notifier.on_new_event("device_list_key", position, rooms=room_ids)
 
         if hosts:
-            logger.info("Sending device list update notif for %r to: %r", user_id, hosts)
+            logger.info(
+                "Sending device list update notif for %r to: %r", user_id, hosts
+            )
             for host in hosts:
                 self.federation_sender.send_device_messages(host)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_federation_query_user_devices(self, user_id):
         stream_id, devices = yield self.store.get_devices_with_keys_by_user(user_id)
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "user_id": user_id,
-            "stream_id": stream_id,
-            "devices": devices,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {"user_id": user_id, "stream_id": stream_id, "devices": devices}
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def user_left_room(self, user, room_id):
@@ -440,10 +427,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(DeviceWorkerHandler):
 
 def _update_device_from_client_ips(device, client_ips):
     ip = client_ips.get((device["user_id"], device["device_id"]), {})
-    device.update({
-        "last_seen_ts": ip.get("last_seen"),
-        "last_seen_ip": ip.get("ip"),
-    })
+    device.update({"last_seen_ts": ip.get("last_seen"), "last_seen_ip": ip.get("ip")})
 
 
 class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
@@ -481,13 +465,15 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
         device_id = edu_content.pop("device_id")
         stream_id = str(edu_content.pop("stream_id"))  # They may come as ints
         prev_ids = edu_content.pop("prev_id", [])
-        prev_ids = [str(p) for p in prev_ids]   # They may come as ints
+        prev_ids = [str(p) for p in prev_ids]  # They may come as ints
 
         if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
             # TODO: Raise?
             logger.warning(
                 "Got device list update edu for %r/%r from %r",
-                user_id, device_id, origin,
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
+                origin,
             )
             return
 
@@ -497,13 +483,12 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
             # probably won't get any further updates.
             logger.warning(
                 "Got device list update edu for %r/%r, but don't share a room",
-                user_id, device_id,
+                user_id,
+                device_id,
             )
             return
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "Received device list update for %r/%r", user_id, device_id,
-        )
+        logger.debug("Received device list update for %r/%r", user_id, device_id)
 
         self._pending_updates.setdefault(user_id, []).append(
             (device_id, stream_id, prev_ids, edu_content)
@@ -525,7 +510,10 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
             for device_id, stream_id, prev_ids, content in pending_updates:
                 logger.debug(
                     "Handling update %r/%r, ID: %r, prev: %r ",
-                    user_id, device_id, stream_id, prev_ids,
+                    user_id,
+                    device_id,
+                    stream_id,
+                    prev_ids,
                 )
 
             # Given a list of updates we check if we need to resync. This
@@ -540,13 +528,13 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
                 try:
                     result = yield self.federation.query_user_devices(origin, user_id)
                 except (
-                    NotRetryingDestination, RequestSendFailed, HttpResponseException,
+                    NotRetryingDestination,
+                    RequestSendFailed,
+                    HttpResponseException,
                 ):
                     # TODO: Remember that we are now out of sync and try again
                     # later
-                    logger.warn(
-                        "Failed to handle device list update for %s", user_id,
-                    )
+                    logger.warn("Failed to handle device list update for %s", user_id)
                     # We abort on exceptions rather than accepting the update
                     # as otherwise synapse will 'forget' that its device list
                     # is out of date. If we bail then we will retry the resync
@@ -582,18 +570,21 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
                 if len(devices) > 1000:
                     logger.warn(
                         "Ignoring device list snapshot for %s as it has >1K devs (%d)",
-                        user_id, len(devices)
+                        user_id,
+                        len(devices),
                     )
                     devices = []
 
                 for device in devices:
                     logger.debug(
                         "Handling resync update %r/%r, ID: %r",
-                        user_id, device["device_id"], stream_id,
+                        user_id,
+                        device["device_id"],
+                        stream_id,
                     )
 
                 yield self.store.update_remote_device_list_cache(
-                    user_id, devices, stream_id,
+                    user_id, devices, stream_id
                 )
                 device_ids = [device["device_id"] for device in devices]
                 yield self.device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, device_ids)
@@ -606,7 +597,7 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
                 # change (because of the single prev_id matching the current cache)
                 for device_id, stream_id, prev_ids, content in pending_updates:
                     yield self.store.update_remote_device_list_cache_entry(
-                        user_id, device_id, content, stream_id,
+                        user_id, device_id, content, stream_id
                     )
 
                 yield self.device_handler.notify_device_update(
@@ -624,14 +615,9 @@ class DeviceListEduUpdater(object):
         """
         seen_updates = self._seen_updates.get(user_id, set())
 
-        extremity = yield self.store.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote(
-            user_id
-        )
+        extremity = yield self.store.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote(user_id)
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "Current extremity for %r: %r",
-            user_id, extremity,
-        )
+        logger.debug("Current extremity for %r: %r", user_id, extremity)
 
         stream_id_in_updates = set()  # stream_ids in updates list
         for _, stream_id, prev_ids, _ in updates:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py b/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
index 2e2e5261de..e1ebb6346c 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class DeviceMessageHandler(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
         Args:
@@ -47,15 +46,15 @@ class DeviceMessageHandler(object):
         if origin != get_domain_from_id(sender_user_id):
             logger.warn(
                 "Dropping device message from %r with spoofed sender %r",
-                origin, sender_user_id
+                origin,
+                sender_user_id,
             )
         message_type = content["type"]
         message_id = content["message_id"]
         for user_id, by_device in content["messages"].items():
             # we use UserID.from_string to catch invalid user ids
             if not self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id)):
-                logger.warning("Request for keys for non-local user %s",
-                               user_id)
+                logger.warning("Request for keys for non-local user %s", user_id)
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Not a user here")
 
             messages_by_device = {
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/directory.py b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
index a12f9508d8..42d5b3db30 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(DirectoryHandler, self).__init__(hs)
 
@@ -77,15 +76,19 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise SynapseError(400, "Failed to get server list")
 
         yield self.store.create_room_alias_association(
-            room_alias,
-            room_id,
-            servers,
-            creator=creator,
+            room_alias, room_id, servers, creator=creator
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def create_association(self, requester, room_alias, room_id, servers=None,
-                           send_event=True, check_membership=True):
+    def create_association(
+        self,
+        requester,
+        room_alias,
+        room_id,
+        servers=None,
+        send_event=True,
+        check_membership=True,
+    ):
         """Attempt to create a new alias
 
         Args:
@@ -115,49 +118,40 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
         if service:
             if not service.is_interested_in_alias(room_alias.to_string()):
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    400, "This application service has not reserved"
-                    " this kind of alias.", errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                    400,
+                    "This application service has not reserved" " this kind of alias.",
+                    errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
                 )
         else:
             if self.require_membership and check_membership:
                 rooms_for_user = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id)
                 if room_id not in rooms_for_user:
                     raise AuthError(
-                        403,
-                        "You must be in the room to create an alias for it",
+                        403, "You must be in the room to create an alias for it"
                     )
 
             if not self.spam_checker.user_may_create_room_alias(user_id, room_alias):
-                raise AuthError(
-                    403, "This user is not permitted to create this alias",
-                )
+                raise AuthError(403, "This user is not permitted to create this alias")
 
             if not self.config.is_alias_creation_allowed(
-                user_id, room_id, room_alias.to_string(),
+                user_id, room_id, room_alias.to_string()
             ):
                 # Lets just return a generic message, as there may be all sorts of
                 # reasons why we said no. TODO: Allow configurable error messages
                 # per alias creation rule?
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "Not allowed to create alias",
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(403, "Not allowed to create alias")
 
-            can_create = yield self.can_modify_alias(
-                room_alias,
-                user_id=user_id
-            )
+            can_create = yield self.can_modify_alias(room_alias, user_id=user_id)
             if not can_create:
                 raise AuthError(
-                    400, "This alias is reserved by an application service.",
-                    errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                    400,
+                    "This alias is reserved by an application service.",
+                    errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
                 )
 
         yield self._create_association(room_alias, room_id, servers, creator=user_id)
         if send_event:
-            yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                requester,
-                room_id
-            )
+            yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(requester, room_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def delete_association(self, requester, room_alias, send_event=True):
@@ -194,34 +188,24 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise
 
         if not can_delete:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403, "You don't have permission to delete the alias.",
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to delete the alias.")
 
-        can_delete = yield self.can_modify_alias(
-            room_alias,
-            user_id=user_id
-        )
+        can_delete = yield self.can_modify_alias(room_alias, user_id=user_id)
         if not can_delete:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "This alias is reserved by an application service.",
-                errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                400,
+                "This alias is reserved by an application service.",
+                errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
             )
 
         room_id = yield self._delete_association(room_alias)
 
         try:
             if send_event:
-                yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                    requester,
-                    room_id
-                )
+                yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(requester, room_id)
 
             yield self._update_canonical_alias(
-                requester,
-                requester.user.to_string(),
-                room_id,
-                room_alias,
+                requester, requester.user.to_string(), room_id, room_alias
             )
         except AuthError as e:
             logger.info("Failed to update alias events: %s", e)
@@ -234,7 +218,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise SynapseError(
                 400,
                 "This application service has not reserved this kind of alias",
-                errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
             )
         yield self._delete_association(room_alias)
 
@@ -251,9 +235,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
     def get_association(self, room_alias):
         room_id = None
         if self.hs.is_mine(room_alias):
-            result = yield self.get_association_from_room_alias(
-                room_alias
-            )
+            result = yield self.get_association_from_room_alias(room_alias)
 
             if result:
                 room_id = result.room_id
@@ -263,9 +245,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
                 result = yield self.federation.make_query(
                     destination=room_alias.domain,
                     query_type="directory",
-                    args={
-                        "room_alias": room_alias.to_string(),
-                    },
+                    args={"room_alias": room_alias.to_string()},
                     retry_on_dns_fail=False,
                     ignore_backoff=True,
                 )
@@ -284,7 +264,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise SynapseError(
                 404,
                 "Room alias %s not found" % (room_alias.to_string(),),
-                Codes.NOT_FOUND
+                Codes.NOT_FOUND,
             )
 
         users = yield self.state.get_current_users_in_room(room_id)
@@ -293,41 +273,28 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # If this server is in the list of servers, return it first.
         if self.server_name in servers:
-            servers = (
-                [self.server_name] +
-                [s for s in servers if s != self.server_name]
-            )
+            servers = [self.server_name] + [s for s in servers if s != self.server_name]
         else:
             servers = list(servers)
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "room_id": room_id,
-            "servers": servers,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"room_id": room_id, "servers": servers})
         return
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_directory_query(self, args):
         room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(args["room_alias"])
         if not self.hs.is_mine(room_alias):
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Room Alias is not hosted on this Home Server"
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Room Alias is not hosted on this Home Server")
 
-        result = yield self.get_association_from_room_alias(
-            room_alias
-        )
+        result = yield self.get_association_from_room_alias(room_alias)
 
         if result is not None:
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "room_id": result.room_id,
-                "servers": result.servers,
-            })
+            defer.returnValue({"room_id": result.room_id, "servers": result.servers})
         else:
             raise SynapseError(
                 404,
                 "Room alias %r not found" % (room_alias.to_string(),),
-                Codes.NOT_FOUND
+                Codes.NOT_FOUND,
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -343,7 +310,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
                 "content": {"aliases": aliases},
             },
-            ratelimit=False
+            ratelimit=False,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -365,14 +332,12 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "sender": user_id,
                 "content": {},
             },
-            ratelimit=False
+            ratelimit=False,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_association_from_room_alias(self, room_alias):
-        result = yield self.store.get_association_from_room_alias(
-            room_alias
-        )
+        result = yield self.store.get_association_from_room_alias(room_alias)
         if not result:
             # Query AS to see if it exists
             as_handler = self.appservice_handler
@@ -421,8 +386,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if not self.spam_checker.user_may_publish_room(user_id, room_id):
             raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "This user is not permitted to publish rooms to the room list"
+                403, "This user is not permitted to publish rooms to the room list"
             )
 
         if requester.is_guest:
@@ -434,8 +398,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
         if visibility == "public" and not self.enable_room_list_search:
             # The room list has been disabled.
             raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "This user is not permitted to publish rooms to the room list"
+                403, "This user is not permitted to publish rooms to the room list"
             )
 
         room = yield self.store.get_room(room_id)
@@ -452,20 +415,19 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
                 room_aliases.append(canonical_alias)
 
             if not self.config.is_publishing_room_allowed(
-                user_id, room_id, room_aliases,
+                user_id, room_id, room_aliases
             ):
                 # Lets just return a generic message, as there may be all sorts of
                 # reasons why we said no. TODO: Allow configurable error messages
                 # per alias creation rule?
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "Not allowed to publish room",
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(403, "Not allowed to publish room")
 
         yield self.store.set_room_is_public(room_id, making_public)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def edit_published_appservice_room_list(self, appservice_id, network_id,
-                                            room_id, visibility):
+    def edit_published_appservice_room_list(
+        self, appservice_id, network_id, room_id, visibility
+    ):
         """Add or remove a room from the appservice/network specific public
         room list.
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
index 9dc46aa15f..807900fe52 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
@@ -99,9 +99,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
                     query_list.append((user_id, None))
 
             user_ids_not_in_cache, remote_results = (
-                yield self.store.get_user_devices_from_cache(
-                    query_list
-                )
+                yield self.store.get_user_devices_from_cache(query_list)
             )
             for user_id, devices in iteritems(remote_results):
                 user_devices = results.setdefault(user_id, {})
@@ -126,9 +124,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
             destination_query = remote_queries_not_in_cache[destination]
             try:
                 remote_result = yield self.federation.query_client_keys(
-                    destination,
-                    {"device_keys": destination_query},
-                    timeout=timeout
+                    destination, {"device_keys": destination_query}, timeout=timeout
                 )
 
                 for user_id, keys in remote_result["device_keys"].items():
@@ -138,14 +134,17 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
             except Exception as e:
                 failures[destination] = _exception_to_failure(e)
 
-        yield make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults([
-            run_in_background(do_remote_query, destination)
-            for destination in remote_queries_not_in_cache
-        ], consumeErrors=True))
+        yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                [
+                    run_in_background(do_remote_query, destination)
+                    for destination in remote_queries_not_in_cache
+                ],
+                consumeErrors=True,
+            )
+        )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "device_keys": results, "failures": failures,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"device_keys": results, "failures": failures})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def query_local_devices(self, query):
@@ -165,8 +164,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
         for user_id, device_ids in query.items():
             # we use UserID.from_string to catch invalid user ids
             if not self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id)):
-                logger.warning("Request for keys for non-local user %s",
-                               user_id)
+                logger.warning("Request for keys for non-local user %s", user_id)
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Not a user here")
 
             if not device_ids:
@@ -231,9 +229,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
             device_keys = remote_queries[destination]
             try:
                 remote_result = yield self.federation.claim_client_keys(
-                    destination,
-                    {"one_time_keys": device_keys},
-                    timeout=timeout
+                    destination, {"one_time_keys": device_keys}, timeout=timeout
                 )
                 for user_id, keys in remote_result["one_time_keys"].items():
                     if user_id in device_keys:
@@ -241,25 +237,29 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
             except Exception as e:
                 failures[destination] = _exception_to_failure(e)
 
-        yield make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults([
-            run_in_background(claim_client_keys, destination)
-            for destination in remote_queries
-        ], consumeErrors=True))
+        yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                [
+                    run_in_background(claim_client_keys, destination)
+                    for destination in remote_queries
+                ],
+                consumeErrors=True,
+            )
+        )
 
         logger.info(
             "Claimed one-time-keys: %s",
-            ",".join((
-                "%s for %s:%s" % (key_id, user_id, device_id)
-                for user_id, user_keys in iteritems(json_result)
-                for device_id, device_keys in iteritems(user_keys)
-                for key_id, _ in iteritems(device_keys)
-            )),
+            ",".join(
+                (
+                    "%s for %s:%s" % (key_id, user_id, device_id)
+                    for user_id, user_keys in iteritems(json_result)
+                    for device_id, device_keys in iteritems(user_keys)
+                    for key_id, _ in iteritems(device_keys)
+                )
+            ),
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "one_time_keys": json_result,
-            "failures": failures
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"one_time_keys": json_result, "failures": failures})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def upload_keys_for_user(self, user_id, device_id, keys):
@@ -270,11 +270,13 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
         if device_keys:
             logger.info(
                 "Updating device_keys for device %r for user %s at %d",
-                device_id, user_id, time_now
+                device_id,
+                user_id,
+                time_now,
             )
             # TODO: Sign the JSON with the server key
             changed = yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys(
-                user_id, device_id, time_now, device_keys,
+                user_id, device_id, time_now, device_keys
             )
             if changed:
                 # Only notify about device updates *if* the keys actually changed
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
         one_time_keys = keys.get("one_time_keys", None)
         if one_time_keys:
             yield self._upload_one_time_keys_for_user(
-                user_id, device_id, time_now, one_time_keys,
+                user_id, device_id, time_now, one_time_keys
             )
 
         # the device should have been registered already, but it may have been
@@ -298,20 +300,22 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
         defer.returnValue({"one_time_key_counts": result})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _upload_one_time_keys_for_user(self, user_id, device_id, time_now,
-                                       one_time_keys):
+    def _upload_one_time_keys_for_user(
+        self, user_id, device_id, time_now, one_time_keys
+    ):
         logger.info(
             "Adding one_time_keys %r for device %r for user %r at %d",
-            one_time_keys.keys(), device_id, user_id, time_now,
+            one_time_keys.keys(),
+            device_id,
+            user_id,
+            time_now,
         )
 
         # make a list of (alg, id, key) tuples
         key_list = []
         for key_id, key_obj in one_time_keys.items():
             algorithm, key_id = key_id.split(":")
-            key_list.append((
-                algorithm, key_id, key_obj
-            ))
+            key_list.append((algorithm, key_id, key_obj))
 
         # First we check if we have already persisted any of the keys.
         existing_key_map = yield self.store.get_e2e_one_time_keys(
@@ -325,42 +329,35 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
                 if not _one_time_keys_match(ex_json, key):
                     raise SynapseError(
                         400,
-                        ("One time key %s:%s already exists. "
-                         "Old key: %s; new key: %r") %
-                        (algorithm, key_id, ex_json, key)
+                        (
+                            "One time key %s:%s already exists. "
+                            "Old key: %s; new key: %r"
+                        )
+                        % (algorithm, key_id, ex_json, key),
                     )
             else:
-                new_keys.append((
-                    algorithm, key_id, encode_canonical_json(key).decode('ascii')))
+                new_keys.append(
+                    (algorithm, key_id, encode_canonical_json(key).decode("ascii"))
+                )
 
-        yield self.store.add_e2e_one_time_keys(
-            user_id, device_id, time_now, new_keys
-        )
+        yield self.store.add_e2e_one_time_keys(user_id, device_id, time_now, new_keys)
 
 
 def _exception_to_failure(e):
     if isinstance(e, CodeMessageException):
-        return {
-            "status": e.code, "message": str(e),
-        }
+        return {"status": e.code, "message": str(e)}
 
     if isinstance(e, NotRetryingDestination):
-        return {
-            "status": 503, "message": "Not ready for retry",
-        }
+        return {"status": 503, "message": "Not ready for retry"}
 
     if isinstance(e, FederationDeniedError):
-        return {
-            "status": 403, "message": "Federation Denied",
-        }
+        return {"status": 403, "message": "Federation Denied"}
 
     # include ConnectionRefused and other errors
     #
     # Note that some Exceptions (notably twisted's ResponseFailed etc) don't
     # give a string for e.message, which json then fails to serialize.
-    return {
-        "status": 503, "message": str(e),
-    }
+    return {"status": 503, "message": str(e)}
 
 
 def _one_time_keys_match(old_key_json, new_key):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
index 7bc174070e..ebd807bca6 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -152,14 +152,14 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
                 else:
                     raise
 
-            if version_info['version'] != version:
+            if version_info["version"] != version:
                 # Check that the version we're trying to upload actually exists
                 try:
                     version_info = yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(
-                        user_id, version,
+                        user_id, version
                     )
                     # if we get this far, the version must exist
-                    raise RoomKeysVersionError(current_version=version_info['version'])
+                    raise RoomKeysVersionError(current_version=version_info["version"])
                 except StoreError as e:
                     if e.code == 404:
                         raise NotFoundError("Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
 
             # go through the room_keys.
             # XXX: this should/could be done concurrently, given we're in a lock.
-            for room_id, room in iteritems(room_keys['rooms']):
-                for session_id, session in iteritems(room['sessions']):
+            for room_id, room in iteritems(room_keys["rooms"]):
+                for session_id, session in iteritems(room["sessions"]):
                     yield self._upload_room_key(
                         user_id, version, room_id, session_id, session
                     )
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
             # spelt out with if/elifs rather than nested boolean expressions
             # purely for legibility.
 
-            if room_key['is_verified'] and not current_room_key['is_verified']:
+            if room_key["is_verified"] and not current_room_key["is_verified"]:
                 return True
             elif (
-                room_key['first_message_index'] <
-                current_room_key['first_message_index']
+                room_key["first_message_index"]
+                < current_room_key["first_message_index"]
             ):
                 return True
-            elif room_key['forwarded_count'] < current_room_key['forwarded_count']:
+            elif room_key["forwarded_count"] < current_room_key["forwarded_count"]:
                 return True
             else:
                 return False
@@ -328,16 +328,10 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
             A deferred of an empty dict.
         """
         if "version" not in version_info:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "Missing version in body",
-                Codes.MISSING_PARAM
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Missing version in body", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
         if version_info["version"] != version:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "Version in body does not match",
-                Codes.INVALID_PARAM
+                400, "Version in body does not match", Codes.INVALID_PARAM
             )
         with (yield self._upload_linearizer.queue(user_id)):
             try:
@@ -350,12 +344,10 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
                 else:
                     raise
             if old_info["algorithm"] != version_info["algorithm"]:
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    400,
-                    "Algorithm does not match",
-                    Codes.INVALID_PARAM
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Algorithm does not match", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
 
-            yield self.store.update_e2e_room_keys_version(user_id, version, version_info)
+            yield self.store.update_e2e_room_keys_version(
+                user_id, version, version_info
+            )
 
             defer.returnValue({})
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/events.py b/synapse/handlers/events.py
index eb525070cf..5836d3c639 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/events.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/events.py
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(EventStreamHandler, self).__init__(hs)
 
@@ -53,9 +52,17 @@ class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def get_stream(self, auth_user_id, pagin_config, timeout=0,
-                   as_client_event=True, affect_presence=True,
-                   only_keys=None, room_id=None, is_guest=False):
+    def get_stream(
+        self,
+        auth_user_id,
+        pagin_config,
+        timeout=0,
+        as_client_event=True,
+        affect_presence=True,
+        only_keys=None,
+        room_id=None,
+        is_guest=False,
+    ):
         """Fetches the events stream for a given user.
 
         If `only_keys` is not None, events from keys will be sent down.
@@ -73,7 +80,7 @@ class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
         presence_handler = self.hs.get_presence_handler()
 
         context = yield presence_handler.user_syncing(
-            auth_user_id, affect_presence=affect_presence,
+            auth_user_id, affect_presence=affect_presence
         )
         with context:
             if timeout:
@@ -85,9 +92,12 @@ class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
                 timeout = random.randint(int(timeout * 0.9), int(timeout * 1.1))
 
             events, tokens = yield self.notifier.get_events_for(
-                auth_user, pagin_config, timeout,
+                auth_user,
+                pagin_config,
+                timeout,
                 only_keys=only_keys,
-                is_guest=is_guest, explicit_room_id=room_id
+                is_guest=is_guest,
+                explicit_room_id=room_id,
             )
 
             # When the user joins a new room, or another user joins a currently
@@ -102,17 +112,15 @@ class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
                     # Send down presence.
                     if event.state_key == auth_user_id:
                         # Send down presence for everyone in the room.
-                        users = yield self.state.get_current_users_in_room(event.room_id)
-                        states = yield presence_handler.get_states(
-                            users,
-                            as_event=True,
+                        users = yield self.state.get_current_users_in_room(
+                            event.room_id
                         )
+                        states = yield presence_handler.get_states(users, as_event=True)
                         to_add.extend(states)
                     else:
 
                         ev = yield presence_handler.get_state(
-                            UserID.from_string(event.state_key),
-                            as_event=True,
+                            UserID.from_string(event.state_key), as_event=True
                         )
                         to_add.append(ev)
 
@@ -121,7 +129,9 @@ class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
             time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
 
             chunks = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                events, time_now, as_client_event=as_client_event,
+                events,
+                time_now,
+                as_client_event=as_client_event,
                 # We don't bundle "live" events, as otherwise clients
                 # will end up double counting annotations.
                 bundle_aggregations=False,
@@ -137,7 +147,6 @@ class EventStreamHandler(BaseHandler):
 
 
 class EventHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_event(self, user, room_id, event_id):
         """Retrieve a single specified event.
@@ -164,16 +173,10 @@ class EventHandler(BaseHandler):
         is_peeking = user.to_string() not in users
 
         filtered = yield filter_events_for_client(
-            self.store,
-            user.to_string(),
-            [event],
-            is_peeking=is_peeking
+            self.store, user.to_string(), [event], is_peeking=is_peeking
         )
 
         if not filtered:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "You don't have permission to access that event."
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to access that event.")
 
         defer.returnValue(event)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index d5a605d3bd..02d397c498 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def shortstr(iterable, maxitems=5):
     items = list(itertools.islice(iterable, maxitems + 1))
     if len(items) <= maxitems:
         return str(items)
-    return u"[" + u", ".join(repr(r) for r in items[:maxitems]) + u", ...]"
+    return "[" + ", ".join(repr(r) for r in items[:maxitems]) + ", ...]"
 
 
 class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.config = hs.config
         self.http_client = hs.get_simple_http_client()
 
-        self._send_events_to_master = (
-            ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+        self._send_events_to_master = ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet.make_client(
+            hs
         )
-        self._notify_user_membership_change = (
-            ReplicationUserJoinedLeftRoomRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+        self._notify_user_membership_change = ReplicationUserJoinedLeftRoomRestServlet.make_client(
+            hs
         )
-        self._clean_room_for_join_client = (
-            ReplicationCleanRoomRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+        self._clean_room_for_join_client = ReplicationCleanRoomRestServlet.make_client(
+            hs
         )
 
         # When joining a room we need to queue any events for that room up
@@ -132,9 +132,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.third_party_event_rules = hs.get_third_party_event_rules()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_receive_pdu(
-            self, origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=False,
-    ):
+    def on_receive_pdu(self, origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=False):
         """ Process a PDU received via a federation /send/ transaction, or
         via backfill of missing prev_events
 
@@ -151,26 +149,19 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         room_id = pdu.room_id
         event_id = pdu.event_id
 
-        logger.info(
-            "[%s %s] handling received PDU: %s",
-            room_id, event_id, pdu,
-        )
+        logger.info("[%s %s] handling received PDU: %s", room_id, event_id, pdu)
 
         # We reprocess pdus when we have seen them only as outliers
         existing = yield self.store.get_event(
-            event_id,
-            allow_none=True,
-            allow_rejected=True,
+            event_id, allow_none=True, allow_rejected=True
         )
 
         # FIXME: Currently we fetch an event again when we already have it
         # if it has been marked as an outlier.
 
-        already_seen = (
-            existing and (
-                not existing.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
-                or pdu.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
-            )
+        already_seen = existing and (
+            not existing.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
+            or pdu.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
         )
         if already_seen:
             logger.debug("[%s %s]: Already seen pdu", room_id, event_id)
@@ -182,20 +173,19 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         try:
             self._sanity_check_event(pdu)
         except SynapseError as err:
-            logger.warn("[%s %s] Received event failed sanity checks", room_id, event_id)
-            raise FederationError(
-                "ERROR",
-                err.code,
-                err.msg,
-                affected=pdu.event_id,
+            logger.warn(
+                "[%s %s] Received event failed sanity checks", room_id, event_id
             )
+            raise FederationError("ERROR", err.code, err.msg, affected=pdu.event_id)
 
         # If we are currently in the process of joining this room, then we
         # queue up events for later processing.
         if room_id in self.room_queues:
             logger.info(
                 "[%s %s] Queuing PDU from %s for now: join in progress",
-                room_id, event_id, origin,
+                room_id,
+                event_id,
+                origin,
             )
             self.room_queues[room_id].append((pdu, origin))
             return
@@ -206,14 +196,13 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         #
         # Note that if we were never in the room then we would have already
         # dropped the event, since we wouldn't know the room version.
-        is_in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
-            room_id,
-            self.server_name
-        )
+        is_in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, self.server_name)
         if not is_in_room:
             logger.info(
                 "[%s %s] Ignoring PDU from %s as we're not in the room",
-                room_id, event_id, origin,
+                room_id,
+                event_id,
+                origin,
             )
             defer.returnValue(None)
 
@@ -223,14 +212,9 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         # Get missing pdus if necessary.
         if not pdu.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
             # We only backfill backwards to the min depth.
-            min_depth = yield self.get_min_depth_for_context(
-                pdu.room_id
-            )
+            min_depth = yield self.get_min_depth_for_context(pdu.room_id)
 
-            logger.debug(
-                "[%s %s] min_depth: %d",
-                room_id, event_id, min_depth,
-            )
+            logger.debug("[%s %s] min_depth: %d", room_id, event_id, min_depth)
 
             prevs = set(pdu.prev_event_ids())
             seen = yield self.store.have_seen_events(prevs)
@@ -248,12 +232,17 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     # at a time.
                     logger.info(
                         "[%s %s] Acquiring room lock to fetch %d missing prev_events: %s",
-                        room_id, event_id, len(missing_prevs), shortstr(missing_prevs),
+                        room_id,
+                        event_id,
+                        len(missing_prevs),
+                        shortstr(missing_prevs),
                     )
                     with (yield self._room_pdu_linearizer.queue(pdu.room_id)):
                         logger.info(
                             "[%s %s] Acquired room lock to fetch %d missing prev_events",
-                            room_id, event_id, len(missing_prevs),
+                            room_id,
+                            event_id,
+                            len(missing_prevs),
                         )
 
                         yield self._get_missing_events_for_pdu(
@@ -267,12 +256,16 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         if not prevs - seen:
                             logger.info(
                                 "[%s %s] Found all missing prev_events",
-                                room_id, event_id,
+                                room_id,
+                                event_id,
                             )
                 elif missing_prevs:
                     logger.info(
                         "[%s %s] Not recursively fetching %d missing prev_events: %s",
-                        room_id, event_id, len(missing_prevs), shortstr(missing_prevs),
+                        room_id,
+                        event_id,
+                        len(missing_prevs),
+                        shortstr(missing_prevs),
                     )
 
             if prevs - seen:
@@ -303,7 +296,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 if sent_to_us_directly:
                     logger.warn(
                         "[%s %s] Rejecting: failed to fetch %d prev events: %s",
-                        room_id, event_id, len(prevs - seen), shortstr(prevs - seen)
+                        room_id,
+                        event_id,
+                        len(prevs - seen),
+                        shortstr(prevs - seen),
                     )
                     raise FederationError(
                         "ERROR",
@@ -318,9 +314,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # Calculate the state after each of the previous events, and
                 # resolve them to find the correct state at the current event.
                 auth_chains = set()
-                event_map = {
-                    event_id: pdu,
-                }
+                event_map = {event_id: pdu}
                 try:
                     # Get the state of the events we know about
                     ours = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(room_id, seen)
@@ -337,7 +331,9 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     for p in prevs - seen:
                         logger.info(
                             "[%s %s] Requesting state at missing prev_event %s",
-                            room_id, event_id, p,
+                            room_id,
+                            event_id,
+                            p,
                         )
 
                         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
@@ -348,19 +344,19 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                             # by the get_pdu_cache in federation_client.
                             remote_state, got_auth_chain = (
                                 yield self.federation_client.get_state_for_room(
-                                    origin, room_id, p,
+                                    origin, room_id, p
                                 )
                             )
 
                             # we want the state *after* p; get_state_for_room returns the
                             # state *before* p.
                             remote_event = yield self.federation_client.get_pdu(
-                                [origin], p, room_version, outlier=True,
+                                [origin], p, room_version, outlier=True
                             )
 
                             if remote_event is None:
                                 raise Exception(
-                                    "Unable to get missing prev_event %s" % (p, )
+                                    "Unable to get missing prev_event %s" % (p,)
                                 )
 
                             if remote_event.is_state():
@@ -380,7 +376,9 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                                 event_map[x.event_id] = x
 
                     state_map = yield resolve_events_with_store(
-                        room_version, state_maps, event_map,
+                        room_version,
+                        state_maps,
+                        event_map,
                         state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(self.store),
                     )
 
@@ -396,15 +394,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     )
                     event_map.update(evs)
 
-                    state = [
-                        event_map[e] for e in six.itervalues(state_map)
-                    ]
+                    state = [event_map[e] for e in six.itervalues(state_map)]
                     auth_chain = list(auth_chains)
                 except Exception:
                     logger.warn(
                         "[%s %s] Error attempting to resolve state at missing "
                         "prev_events",
-                        room_id, event_id, exc_info=True,
+                        room_id,
+                        event_id,
+                        exc_info=True,
                     )
                     raise FederationError(
                         "ERROR",
@@ -414,10 +412,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     )
 
         yield self._process_received_pdu(
-            origin,
-            pdu,
-            state=state,
-            auth_chain=auth_chain,
+            origin, pdu, state=state, auth_chain=auth_chain
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -447,7 +442,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         logger.info(
             "[%s %s]: Requesting missing events between %s and %s",
-            room_id, event_id, shortstr(latest), event_id,
+            room_id,
+            event_id,
+            shortstr(latest),
+            event_id,
         )
 
         # XXX: we set timeout to 10s to help workaround
@@ -512,15 +510,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             # We failed to get the missing events, but since we need to handle
             # the case of `get_missing_events` not returning the necessary
             # events anyway, it is safe to simply log the error and continue.
-            logger.warn(
-                "[%s %s]: Failed to get prev_events: %s",
-                room_id, event_id, e,
-            )
+            logger.warn("[%s %s]: Failed to get prev_events: %s", room_id, event_id, e)
             return
 
         logger.info(
             "[%s %s]: Got %d prev_events: %s",
-            room_id, event_id, len(missing_events), shortstr(missing_events),
+            room_id,
+            event_id,
+            len(missing_events),
+            shortstr(missing_events),
         )
 
         # We want to sort these by depth so we process them and
@@ -530,20 +528,20 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         for ev in missing_events:
             logger.info(
                 "[%s %s] Handling received prev_event %s",
-                room_id, event_id, ev.event_id,
+                room_id,
+                event_id,
+                ev.event_id,
             )
             with logcontext.nested_logging_context(ev.event_id):
                 try:
-                    yield self.on_receive_pdu(
-                        origin,
-                        ev,
-                        sent_to_us_directly=False,
-                    )
+                    yield self.on_receive_pdu(origin, ev, sent_to_us_directly=False)
                 except FederationError as e:
                     if e.code == 403:
                         logger.warn(
                             "[%s %s] Received prev_event %s failed history check.",
-                            room_id, event_id, ev.event_id,
+                            room_id,
+                            event_id,
+                            ev.event_id,
                         )
                     else:
                         raise
@@ -556,10 +554,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         room_id = event.room_id
         event_id = event.event_id
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "[%s %s] Processing event: %s",
-            room_id, event_id, event,
-        )
+        logger.debug("[%s %s] Processing event: %s", room_id, event_id, event)
 
         event_ids = set()
         if state:
@@ -581,43 +576,32 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 e.internal_metadata.outlier = True
                 auth_ids = e.auth_event_ids()
                 auth = {
-                    (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_chain
+                    (e.type, e.state_key): e
+                    for e in auth_chain
                     if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
                 }
-                event_infos.append({
-                    "event": e,
-                    "auth_events": auth,
-                })
+                event_infos.append({"event": e, "auth_events": auth})
                 seen_ids.add(e.event_id)
 
             logger.info(
                 "[%s %s] persisting newly-received auth/state events %s",
-                room_id, event_id, [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos]
+                room_id,
+                event_id,
+                [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos],
             )
             yield self._handle_new_events(origin, event_infos)
 
         try:
-            context = yield self._handle_new_event(
-                origin,
-                event,
-                state=state,
-            )
+            context = yield self._handle_new_event(origin, event, state=state)
         except AuthError as e:
-            raise FederationError(
-                "ERROR",
-                e.code,
-                e.msg,
-                affected=event.event_id,
-            )
+            raise FederationError("ERROR", e.code, e.msg, affected=event.event_id)
 
         room = yield self.store.get_room(room_id)
 
         if not room:
             try:
                 yield self.store.store_room(
-                    room_id=room_id,
-                    room_creator_user_id="",
-                    is_public=False,
+                    room_id=room_id, room_creator_user_id="", is_public=False
                 )
             except StoreError:
                 logger.exception("Failed to store room.")
@@ -631,12 +615,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
                 prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
 
-                prev_state_id = prev_state_ids.get(
-                    (event.type, event.state_key)
-                )
+                prev_state_id = prev_state_ids.get((event.type, event.state_key))
                 if prev_state_id:
                     prev_state = yield self.store.get_event(
-                        prev_state_id, allow_none=True,
+                        prev_state_id, allow_none=True
                     )
                     if prev_state and prev_state.membership == Membership.JOIN:
                         newly_joined = False
@@ -667,10 +649,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
 
         events = yield self.federation_client.backfill(
-            dest,
-            room_id,
-            limit=limit,
-            extremities=extremities,
+            dest, room_id, limit=limit, extremities=extremities
         )
 
         # ideally we'd sanity check the events here for excess prev_events etc,
@@ -697,16 +676,9 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         event_ids = set(e.event_id for e in events)
 
-        edges = [
-            ev.event_id
-            for ev in events
-            if set(ev.prev_event_ids()) - event_ids
-        ]
+        edges = [ev.event_id for ev in events if set(ev.prev_event_ids()) - event_ids]
 
-        logger.info(
-            "backfill: Got %d events with %d edges",
-            len(events), len(edges),
-        )
+        logger.info("backfill: Got %d events with %d edges", len(events), len(edges))
 
         # For each edge get the current state.
 
@@ -715,9 +687,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         events_to_state = {}
         for e_id in edges:
             state, auth = yield self.federation_client.get_state_for_room(
-                destination=dest,
-                room_id=room_id,
-                event_id=e_id
+                destination=dest, room_id=room_id, event_id=e_id
             )
             auth_events.update({a.event_id: a for a in auth})
             auth_events.update({s.event_id: s for s in state})
@@ -726,12 +696,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         required_auth = set(
             a_id
-            for event in events + list(state_events.values()) + list(auth_events.values())
+            for event in events
+            + list(state_events.values())
+            + list(auth_events.values())
             for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
         )
-        auth_events.update({
-            e_id: event_map[e_id] for e_id in required_auth if e_id in event_map
-        })
+        auth_events.update(
+            {e_id: event_map[e_id] for e_id in required_auth if e_id in event_map}
+        )
         missing_auth = required_auth - set(auth_events)
         failed_to_fetch = set()
 
@@ -750,27 +722,30 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             if missing_auth - failed_to_fetch:
                 logger.info(
                     "Fetching missing auth for backfill: %r",
-                    missing_auth - failed_to_fetch
+                    missing_auth - failed_to_fetch,
                 )
 
-                results = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-                    [
-                        logcontext.run_in_background(
-                            self.federation_client.get_pdu,
-                            [dest],
-                            event_id,
-                            room_version=room_version,
-                            outlier=True,
-                            timeout=10000,
-                        )
-                        for event_id in missing_auth - failed_to_fetch
-                    ],
-                    consumeErrors=True
-                )).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
+                results = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+                    defer.gatherResults(
+                        [
+                            logcontext.run_in_background(
+                                self.federation_client.get_pdu,
+                                [dest],
+                                event_id,
+                                room_version=room_version,
+                                outlier=True,
+                                timeout=10000,
+                            )
+                            for event_id in missing_auth - failed_to_fetch
+                        ],
+                        consumeErrors=True,
+                    )
+                ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
                 auth_events.update({a.event_id: a for a in results if a})
                 required_auth.update(
                     a_id
-                    for event in results if event
+                    for event in results
+                    if event
                     for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
                 )
                 missing_auth = required_auth - set(auth_events)
@@ -802,15 +777,19 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 continue
 
             a.internal_metadata.outlier = True
-            ev_infos.append({
-                "event": a,
-                "auth_events": {
-                    (auth_events[a_id].type, auth_events[a_id].state_key):
-                    auth_events[a_id]
-                    for a_id in a.auth_event_ids()
-                    if a_id in auth_events
+            ev_infos.append(
+                {
+                    "event": a,
+                    "auth_events": {
+                        (
+                            auth_events[a_id].type,
+                            auth_events[a_id].state_key,
+                        ): auth_events[a_id]
+                        for a_id in a.auth_event_ids()
+                        if a_id in auth_events
+                    },
                 }
-            })
+            )
 
         # Step 1b: persist the events in the chunk we fetched state for (i.e.
         # the backwards extremities) as non-outliers.
@@ -818,23 +797,24 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             # For paranoia we ensure that these events are marked as
             # non-outliers
             ev = event_map[e_id]
-            assert(not ev.internal_metadata.is_outlier())
-
-            ev_infos.append({
-                "event": ev,
-                "state": events_to_state[e_id],
-                "auth_events": {
-                    (auth_events[a_id].type, auth_events[a_id].state_key):
-                    auth_events[a_id]
-                    for a_id in ev.auth_event_ids()
-                    if a_id in auth_events
+            assert not ev.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
+
+            ev_infos.append(
+                {
+                    "event": ev,
+                    "state": events_to_state[e_id],
+                    "auth_events": {
+                        (
+                            auth_events[a_id].type,
+                            auth_events[a_id].state_key,
+                        ): auth_events[a_id]
+                        for a_id in ev.auth_event_ids()
+                        if a_id in auth_events
+                    },
                 }
-            })
+            )
 
-        yield self._handle_new_events(
-            dest, ev_infos,
-            backfilled=True,
-        )
+        yield self._handle_new_events(dest, ev_infos, backfilled=True)
 
         # Step 2: Persist the rest of the events in the chunk one by one
         events.sort(key=lambda e: e.depth)
@@ -845,14 +825,12 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
             # For paranoia we ensure that these events are marked as
             # non-outliers
-            assert(not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier())
+            assert not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
 
             # We store these one at a time since each event depends on the
             # previous to work out the state.
             # TODO: We can probably do something more clever here.
-            yield self._handle_new_event(
-                dest, event, backfilled=True,
-            )
+            yield self._handle_new_event(dest, event, backfilled=True)
 
         defer.returnValue(events)
 
@@ -861,9 +839,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """Checks the database to see if we should backfill before paginating,
         and if so do.
         """
-        extremities = yield self.store.get_oldest_events_with_depth_in_room(
-            room_id
-        )
+        extremities = yield self.store.get_oldest_events_with_depth_in_room(room_id)
 
         if not extremities:
             logger.debug("Not backfilling as no extremeties found.")
@@ -895,31 +871,27 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         #   state *before* the event, ignoring the special casing certain event
         #   types have.
 
-        forward_events = yield self.store.get_successor_events(
-            list(extremities),
-        )
+        forward_events = yield self.store.get_successor_events(list(extremities))
 
         extremities_events = yield self.store.get_events(
-            forward_events,
-            check_redacted=False,
-            get_prev_content=False,
+            forward_events, check_redacted=False, get_prev_content=False
         )
 
         # We set `check_history_visibility_only` as we might otherwise get false
         # positives from users having been erased.
         filtered_extremities = yield filter_events_for_server(
-            self.store, self.server_name, list(extremities_events.values()),
-            redact=False, check_history_visibility_only=True,
+            self.store,
+            self.server_name,
+            list(extremities_events.values()),
+            redact=False,
+            check_history_visibility_only=True,
         )
 
         if not filtered_extremities:
             defer.returnValue(False)
 
         # Check if we reached a point where we should start backfilling.
-        sorted_extremeties_tuple = sorted(
-            extremities.items(),
-            key=lambda e: -int(e[1])
-        )
+        sorted_extremeties_tuple = sorted(extremities.items(), key=lambda e: -int(e[1]))
         max_depth = sorted_extremeties_tuple[0][1]
 
         # We don't want to specify too many extremities as it causes the backfill
@@ -928,8 +900,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if current_depth > max_depth:
             logger.debug(
-                "Not backfilling as we don't need to. %d < %d",
-                max_depth, current_depth,
+                "Not backfilling as we don't need to. %d < %d", max_depth, current_depth
             )
             return
 
@@ -954,8 +925,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             joined_users = [
                 (state_key, int(event.depth))
                 for (e_type, state_key), event in iteritems(state)
-                if e_type == EventTypes.Member
-                and event.membership == Membership.JOIN
+                if e_type == EventTypes.Member and event.membership == Membership.JOIN
             ]
 
             joined_domains = {}
@@ -975,8 +945,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         curr_domains = get_domains_from_state(curr_state)
 
         likely_domains = [
-            domain for domain, depth in curr_domains
-            if domain != self.server_name
+            domain for domain, depth in curr_domains if domain != self.server_name
         ]
 
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -985,28 +954,20 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             for dom in domains:
                 try:
                     yield self.backfill(
-                        dom, room_id,
-                        limit=100,
-                        extremities=extremities,
+                        dom, room_id, limit=100, extremities=extremities
                     )
                     # If this succeeded then we probably already have the
                     # appropriate stuff.
                     # TODO: We can probably do something more intelligent here.
                     defer.returnValue(True)
                 except SynapseError as e:
-                    logger.info(
-                        "Failed to backfill from %s because %s",
-                        dom, e,
-                    )
+                    logger.info("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
                 except CodeMessageException as e:
                     if 400 <= e.code < 500:
                         raise
 
-                    logger.info(
-                        "Failed to backfill from %s because %s",
-                        dom, e,
-                    )
+                    logger.info("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
                 except NotRetryingDestination as e:
                     logger.info(str(e))
@@ -1015,10 +976,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     logger.info(e)
                     continue
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.exception(
-                        "Failed to backfill from %s because %s",
-                        dom, e,
-                    )
+                    logger.exception("Failed to backfill from %s because %s", dom, e)
                     continue
 
             defer.returnValue(False)
@@ -1039,10 +997,11 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         resolve = logcontext.preserve_fn(
             self.state_handler.resolve_state_groups_for_events
         )
-        states = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-            [resolve(room_id, [e]) for e in event_ids],
-            consumeErrors=True,
-        ))
+        states = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                [resolve(room_id, [e]) for e in event_ids], consumeErrors=True
+            )
+        )
 
         # dict[str, dict[tuple, str]], a map from event_id to state map of
         # event_ids.
@@ -1050,23 +1009,23 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         state_map = yield self.store.get_events(
             [e_id for ids in itervalues(states) for e_id in itervalues(ids)],
-            get_prev_content=False
+            get_prev_content=False,
         )
         states = {
             key: {
                 k: state_map[e_id]
                 for k, e_id in iteritems(state_dict)
                 if e_id in state_map
-            } for key, state_dict in iteritems(states)
+            }
+            for key, state_dict in iteritems(states)
         }
 
         for e_id, _ in sorted_extremeties_tuple:
             likely_domains = get_domains_from_state(states[e_id])
 
-            success = yield try_backfill([
-                dom for dom, _ in likely_domains
-                if dom not in tried_domains
-            ])
+            success = yield try_backfill(
+                [dom for dom, _ in likely_domains if dom not in tried_domains]
+            )
             if success:
                 defer.returnValue(True)
 
@@ -1091,20 +1050,20 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             SynapseError if the event does not pass muster
         """
         if len(ev.prev_event_ids()) > 20:
-            logger.warn("Rejecting event %s which has %i prev_events",
-                        ev.event_id, len(ev.prev_event_ids()))
-            raise SynapseError(
-                http_client.BAD_REQUEST,
-                "Too many prev_events",
+            logger.warn(
+                "Rejecting event %s which has %i prev_events",
+                ev.event_id,
+                len(ev.prev_event_ids()),
             )
+            raise SynapseError(http_client.BAD_REQUEST, "Too many prev_events")
 
         if len(ev.auth_event_ids()) > 10:
-            logger.warn("Rejecting event %s which has %i auth_events",
-                        ev.event_id, len(ev.auth_event_ids()))
-            raise SynapseError(
-                http_client.BAD_REQUEST,
-                "Too many auth_events",
+            logger.warn(
+                "Rejecting event %s which has %i auth_events",
+                ev.event_id,
+                len(ev.auth_event_ids()),
             )
+            raise SynapseError(http_client.BAD_REQUEST, "Too many auth_events")
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send_invite(self, target_host, event):
@@ -1116,7 +1075,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             destination=target_host,
             room_id=event.room_id,
             event_id=event.event_id,
-            pdu=event
+            pdu=event,
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(pdu)
@@ -1125,8 +1084,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
     def on_event_auth(self, event_id):
         event = yield self.store.get_event(event_id)
         auth = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()],
-            include_given=True
+            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()], include_given=True
         )
         defer.returnValue([e for e in auth])
 
@@ -1152,15 +1110,13 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             joinee,
             "join",
             content,
-            params={
-                "ver": KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS,
-            },
+            params={"ver": KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS},
         )
 
         # This shouldn't happen, because the RoomMemberHandler has a
         # linearizer lock which only allows one operation per user per room
         # at a time - so this is just paranoia.
-        assert (room_id not in self.room_queues)
+        assert room_id not in self.room_queues
 
         self.room_queues[room_id] = []
 
@@ -1177,7 +1133,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             except ValueError:
                 pass
             ret = yield self.federation_client.send_join(
-                target_hosts, event, event_format_version,
+                target_hosts, event, event_format_version
             )
 
             origin = ret["origin"]
@@ -1196,17 +1152,13 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
             try:
                 yield self.store.store_room(
-                    room_id=room_id,
-                    room_creator_user_id="",
-                    is_public=False
+                    room_id=room_id, room_creator_user_id="", is_public=False
                 )
             except Exception:
                 # FIXME
                 pass
 
-            yield self._persist_auth_tree(
-                origin, auth_chain, state, event
-            )
+            yield self._persist_auth_tree(origin, auth_chain, state, event)
 
             logger.debug("Finished joining %s to %s", joinee, room_id)
         finally:
@@ -1233,14 +1185,18 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
         for p, origin in room_queue:
             try:
-                logger.info("Processing queued PDU %s which was received "
-                            "while we were joining %s", p.event_id, p.room_id)
+                logger.info(
+                    "Processing queued PDU %s which was received "
+                    "while we were joining %s",
+                    p.event_id,
+                    p.room_id,
+                )
                 with logcontext.nested_logging_context(p.event_id):
                     yield self.on_receive_pdu(origin, p, sent_to_us_directly=True)
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warn(
-                    "Error handling queued PDU %s from %s: %s",
-                    p.event_id, origin, e)
+                    "Error handling queued PDU %s from %s: %s", p.event_id, origin, e
+                )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
@@ -1261,30 +1217,30 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "room_id": room_id,
                 "sender": user_id,
                 "state_key": user_id,
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         try:
             event, context = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(
-                builder=builder,
+                builder=builder
             )
         except AuthError as e:
             logger.warn("Failed to create join %r because %s", event, e)
             raise e
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if not event_allowed:
             logger.info("Creation of join %s forbidden by third-party rules", event)
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
             )
 
         # The remote hasn't signed it yet, obviously. We'll do the full checks
         # when we get the event back in `on_send_join_request`
         yield self.auth.check_from_context(
-            room_version, event, context, do_sig_check=False,
+            room_version, event, context, do_sig_check=False
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(event)
@@ -1319,17 +1275,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         # would introduce the danger of backwards-compatibility problems.
         event.internal_metadata.send_on_behalf_of = origin
 
-        context = yield self._handle_new_event(
-            origin, event
-        )
+        context = yield self._handle_new_event(origin, event)
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if not event_allowed:
             logger.info("Sending of join %s forbidden by third-party rules", event)
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
             )
 
         logger.debug(
@@ -1350,10 +1304,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         state = yield self.store.get_events(list(prev_state_ids.values()))
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "state": list(state.values()),
-            "auth_chain": auth_chain,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"state": list(state.values()), "auth_chain": auth_chain})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_invite_request(self, origin, pdu):
@@ -1374,7 +1325,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise SynapseError(403, "This server does not accept room invites")
 
         if not self.spam_checker.user_may_invite(
-            event.sender, event.state_key, event.room_id,
+            event.sender, event.state_key, event.room_id
         ):
             raise SynapseError(
                 403, "This user is not permitted to send invites to this server/user"
@@ -1386,26 +1337,23 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         sender_domain = get_domain_from_id(event.sender)
         if sender_domain != origin:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "The invite event was not from the server sending it")
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "The invite event was not from the server sending it"
+            )
 
         if not self.is_mine_id(event.state_key):
             raise SynapseError(400, "The invite event must be for this server")
 
         # block any attempts to invite the server notices mxid
         if event.state_key == self._server_notices_mxid:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                http_client.FORBIDDEN,
-                "Cannot invite this user",
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(http_client.FORBIDDEN, "Cannot invite this user")
 
         event.internal_metadata.outlier = True
         event.internal_metadata.out_of_band_membership = True
 
         event.signatures.update(
             compute_event_signature(
-                event.get_pdu_json(),
-                self.hs.hostname,
-                self.hs.config.signing_key[0]
+                event.get_pdu_json(), self.hs.hostname, self.hs.config.signing_key[0]
             )
         )
 
@@ -1417,10 +1365,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def do_remotely_reject_invite(self, target_hosts, room_id, user_id):
         origin, event, event_format_version = yield self._make_and_verify_event(
-            target_hosts,
-            room_id,
-            user_id,
-            "leave"
+            target_hosts, room_id, user_id, "leave"
         )
         # Mark as outlier as we don't have any state for this event; we're not
         # even in the room.
@@ -1435,10 +1380,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
-        yield self.federation_client.send_leave(
-            target_hosts,
-            event
-        )
+        yield self.federation_client.send_leave(target_hosts, event)
 
         context = yield self.state_handler.compute_event_context(event)
         yield self.persist_events_and_notify([(event, context)])
@@ -1446,25 +1388,21 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         defer.returnValue(event)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _make_and_verify_event(self, target_hosts, room_id, user_id, membership,
-                               content={}, params=None):
+    def _make_and_verify_event(
+        self, target_hosts, room_id, user_id, membership, content={}, params=None
+    ):
         origin, event, format_ver = yield self.federation_client.make_membership_event(
-            target_hosts,
-            room_id,
-            user_id,
-            membership,
-            content,
-            params=params,
+            target_hosts, room_id, user_id, membership, content, params=params
         )
 
         logger.debug("Got response to make_%s: %s", membership, event)
 
         # We should assert some things.
         # FIXME: Do this in a nicer way
-        assert(event.type == EventTypes.Member)
-        assert(event.user_id == user_id)
-        assert(event.state_key == user_id)
-        assert(event.room_id == room_id)
+        assert event.type == EventTypes.Member
+        assert event.user_id == user_id
+        assert event.state_key == user_id
+        assert event.room_id == room_id
         defer.returnValue((origin, event, format_ver))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -1483,27 +1421,27 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "room_id": room_id,
                 "sender": user_id,
                 "state_key": user_id,
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         event, context = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(
-            builder=builder,
+            builder=builder
         )
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if not event_allowed:
             logger.warning("Creation of leave %s forbidden by third-party rules", event)
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
             )
 
         try:
             # The remote hasn't signed it yet, obviously. We'll do the full checks
             # when we get the event back in `on_send_leave_request`
             yield self.auth.check_from_context(
-                room_version, event, context, do_sig_check=False,
+                room_version, event, context, do_sig_check=False
             )
         except AuthError as e:
             logger.warn("Failed to create new leave %r because %s", event, e)
@@ -1525,17 +1463,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         event.internal_metadata.outlier = False
 
-        context = yield self._handle_new_event(
-            origin, event
-        )
+        context = yield self._handle_new_event(origin, event)
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if not event_allowed:
             logger.info("Sending of leave %s forbidden by third-party rules", event)
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
             )
 
         logger.debug(
@@ -1552,18 +1488,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
 
         event = yield self.store.get_event(
-            event_id, allow_none=False, check_room_id=room_id,
+            event_id, allow_none=False, check_room_id=room_id
         )
 
-        state_groups = yield self.store.get_state_groups(
-            room_id, [event_id]
-        )
+        state_groups = yield self.store.get_state_groups(room_id, [event_id])
 
         if state_groups:
             _, state = list(iteritems(state_groups)).pop()
-            results = {
-                (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in state
-            }
+            results = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in state}
 
             if event.is_state():
                 # Get previous state
@@ -1585,12 +1517,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """Returns the state at the event. i.e. not including said event.
         """
         event = yield self.store.get_event(
-            event_id, allow_none=False, check_room_id=room_id,
+            event_id, allow_none=False, check_room_id=room_id
         )
 
-        state_groups = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(
-            room_id, [event_id]
-        )
+        state_groups = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(room_id, [event_id])
 
         if state_groups:
             _, state = list(state_groups.items()).pop()
@@ -1616,11 +1546,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         if not in_room:
             raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
-        events = yield self.store.get_backfill_events(
-            room_id,
-            pdu_list,
-            limit
-        )
+        events = yield self.store.get_backfill_events(room_id, pdu_list, limit)
 
         events = yield filter_events_for_server(self.store, origin, events)
 
@@ -1644,22 +1570,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             AuthError if the server is not currently in the room
         """
         event = yield self.store.get_event(
-            event_id,
-            allow_none=True,
-            allow_rejected=True,
+            event_id, allow_none=True, allow_rejected=True
         )
 
         if event:
-            in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
-                event.room_id,
-                origin
-            )
+            in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(event.room_id, origin)
             if not in_room:
                 raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
-            events = yield filter_events_for_server(
-                self.store, origin, [event],
-            )
+            events = yield filter_events_for_server(self.store, origin, [event])
             event = events[0]
             defer.returnValue(event)
         else:
@@ -1669,13 +1588,11 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         return self.store.get_min_depth(context)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_new_event(self, origin, event, state=None, auth_events=None,
-                          backfilled=False):
+    def _handle_new_event(
+        self, origin, event, state=None, auth_events=None, backfilled=False
+    ):
         context = yield self._prep_event(
-            origin, event,
-            state=state,
-            auth_events=auth_events,
-            backfilled=backfilled,
+            origin, event, state=state, auth_events=auth_events, backfilled=backfilled
         )
 
         # reraise does not allow inlineCallbacks to preserve the stacktrace, so we
@@ -1688,15 +1605,13 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 )
 
             yield self.persist_events_and_notify(
-                [(event, context)],
-                backfilled=backfilled,
+                [(event, context)], backfilled=backfilled
             )
             success = True
         finally:
             if not success:
                 logcontext.run_in_background(
-                    self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging,
-                    event.event_id,
+                    self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging, event.event_id
                 )
 
         defer.returnValue(context)
@@ -1724,12 +1639,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 )
             defer.returnValue(res)
 
-        contexts = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-            [
-                logcontext.run_in_background(prep, ev_info)
-                for ev_info in event_infos
-            ], consumeErrors=True,
-        ))
+        contexts = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                [
+                    logcontext.run_in_background(prep, ev_info)
+                    for ev_info in event_infos
+                ],
+                consumeErrors=True,
+            )
+        )
 
         yield self.persist_events_and_notify(
             [
@@ -1764,8 +1682,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             events_to_context[e.event_id] = ctx
 
         event_map = {
-            e.event_id: e
-            for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state, [event])
+            e.event_id: e for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state, [event])
         }
 
         create_event = None
@@ -1780,7 +1697,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise SynapseError(400, "No create event in state")
 
         room_version = create_event.content.get(
-            "room_version", RoomVersions.V1.identifier,
+            "room_version", RoomVersions.V1.identifier
         )
 
         missing_auth_events = set()
@@ -1791,11 +1708,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         for e_id in missing_auth_events:
             m_ev = yield self.federation_client.get_pdu(
-                [origin],
-                e_id,
-                room_version=room_version,
-                outlier=True,
-                timeout=10000,
+                [origin], e_id, room_version=room_version, outlier=True, timeout=10000
             )
             if m_ev and m_ev.event_id == e_id:
                 event_map[e_id] = m_ev
@@ -1820,10 +1733,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # cause SynapseErrors in auth.check. We don't want to give up
                 # the attempt to federate altogether in such cases.
 
-                logger.warn(
-                    "Rejecting %s because %s",
-                    e.event_id, err.msg
-                )
+                logger.warn("Rejecting %s because %s", e.event_id, err.msg)
 
                 if e == event:
                     raise
@@ -1833,16 +1743,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             [
                 (e, events_to_context[e.event_id])
                 for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state)
-            ],
+            ]
         )
 
         new_event_context = yield self.state_handler.compute_event_context(
             event, old_state=state
         )
 
-        yield self.persist_events_and_notify(
-            [(event, new_event_context)],
-        )
+        yield self.persist_events_and_notify([(event, new_event_context)])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _prep_event(self, origin, event, state, auth_events, backfilled):
@@ -1858,40 +1766,30 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         Returns:
             Deferred, which resolves to synapse.events.snapshot.EventContext
         """
-        context = yield self.state_handler.compute_event_context(
-            event, old_state=state,
-        )
+        context = yield self.state_handler.compute_event_context(event, old_state=state)
 
         if not auth_events:
             prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
             auth_events_ids = yield self.auth.compute_auth_events(
-                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True,
+                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True
             )
             auth_events = yield self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
-            auth_events = {
-                (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events.values()
-            }
+            auth_events = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events.values()}
 
         # This is a hack to fix some old rooms where the initial join event
         # didn't reference the create event in its auth events.
         if event.type == EventTypes.Member and not event.auth_event_ids():
             if len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1 and event.depth < 5:
                 c = yield self.store.get_event(
-                    event.prev_event_ids()[0],
-                    allow_none=True,
+                    event.prev_event_ids()[0], allow_none=True
                 )
                 if c and c.type == EventTypes.Create:
                     auth_events[(c.type, c.state_key)] = c
 
         try:
-            yield self.do_auth(
-                origin, event, context, auth_events=auth_events
-            )
+            yield self.do_auth(origin, event, context, auth_events=auth_events)
         except AuthError as e:
-            logger.warn(
-                "[%s %s] Rejecting: %s",
-                event.room_id, event.event_id, e.msg
-            )
+            logger.warn("[%s %s] Rejecting: %s", event.room_id, event.event_id, e.msg)
 
             context.rejected = RejectedReason.AUTH_ERROR
 
@@ -1922,9 +1820,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         # "soft-fail" the event.
         do_soft_fail_check = not backfilled and not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
         if do_soft_fail_check:
-            extrem_ids = yield self.store.get_latest_event_ids_in_room(
-                event.room_id,
-            )
+            extrem_ids = yield self.store.get_latest_event_ids_in_room(event.room_id)
 
             extrem_ids = set(extrem_ids)
             prev_event_ids = set(event.prev_event_ids())
@@ -1952,31 +1848,31 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # like bans, especially with state res v2.
 
                 state_sets = yield self.store.get_state_groups(
-                    event.room_id, extrem_ids,
+                    event.room_id, extrem_ids
                 )
                 state_sets = list(state_sets.values())
                 state_sets.append(state)
                 current_state_ids = yield self.state_handler.resolve_events(
-                    room_version, state_sets, event,
+                    room_version, state_sets, event
                 )
                 current_state_ids = {
                     k: e.event_id for k, e in iteritems(current_state_ids)
                 }
             else:
                 current_state_ids = yield self.state_handler.get_current_state_ids(
-                    event.room_id, latest_event_ids=extrem_ids,
+                    event.room_id, latest_event_ids=extrem_ids
                 )
 
             logger.debug(
                 "Doing soft-fail check for %s: state %s",
-                event.event_id, current_state_ids,
+                event.event_id,
+                current_state_ids,
             )
 
             # Now check if event pass auth against said current state
             auth_types = auth_types_for_event(event)
             current_state_ids = [
-                e for k, e in iteritems(current_state_ids)
-                if k in auth_types
+                e for k, e in iteritems(current_state_ids) if k in auth_types
             ]
 
             current_auth_events = yield self.store.get_events(current_state_ids)
@@ -1987,19 +1883,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             try:
                 self.auth.check(room_version, event, auth_events=current_auth_events)
             except AuthError as e:
-                logger.warn(
-                    "Soft-failing %r because %s",
-                    event, e,
-                )
+                logger.warn("Soft-failing %r because %s", event, e)
                 event.internal_metadata.soft_failed = True
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_query_auth(self, origin, event_id, room_id, remote_auth_chain, rejects,
-                      missing):
-        in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
-            room_id,
-            origin
-        )
+    def on_query_auth(
+        self, origin, event_id, room_id, remote_auth_chain, rejects, missing
+    ):
+        in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, origin)
         if not in_room:
             raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
@@ -2017,28 +1908,23 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # Now get the current auth_chain for the event.
         local_auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()],
-            include_given=True
+            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()], include_given=True
         )
 
         # TODO: Check if we would now reject event_id. If so we need to tell
         # everyone.
 
-        ret = yield self.construct_auth_difference(
-            local_auth_chain, remote_auth_chain
-        )
+        ret = yield self.construct_auth_difference(local_auth_chain, remote_auth_chain)
 
         logger.debug("on_query_auth returning: %s", ret)
 
         defer.returnValue(ret)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_get_missing_events(self, origin, room_id, earliest_events,
-                              latest_events, limit):
-        in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
-            room_id,
-            origin
-        )
+    def on_get_missing_events(
+        self, origin, room_id, earliest_events, latest_events, limit
+    ):
+        in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, origin)
         if not in_room:
             raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
@@ -2052,7 +1938,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         )
 
         missing_events = yield filter_events_for_server(
-            self.store, origin, missing_events,
+            self.store, origin, missing_events
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(missing_events)
@@ -2140,25 +2026,17 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if missing_auth:
             # TODO: can we use store.have_seen_events here instead?
-            have_events = yield self.store.get_seen_events_with_rejections(
-                missing_auth
-            )
+            have_events = yield self.store.get_seen_events_with_rejections(missing_auth)
             logger.debug("Got events %s from store", have_events)
             missing_auth.difference_update(have_events.keys())
         else:
             have_events = {}
 
-        have_events.update({
-            e.event_id: ""
-            for e in auth_events.values()
-        })
+        have_events.update({e.event_id: "" for e in auth_events.values()})
 
         if missing_auth:
             # If we don't have all the auth events, we need to get them.
-            logger.info(
-                "auth_events contains unknown events: %s",
-                missing_auth,
-            )
+            logger.info("auth_events contains unknown events: %s", missing_auth)
             try:
                 try:
                     remote_auth_chain = yield self.federation_client.get_event_auth(
@@ -2184,18 +2062,16 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     try:
                         auth_ids = e.auth_event_ids()
                         auth = {
-                            (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in remote_auth_chain
+                            (e.type, e.state_key): e
+                            for e in remote_auth_chain
                             if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
                         }
                         e.internal_metadata.outlier = True
 
                         logger.debug(
-                            "do_auth %s missing_auth: %s",
-                            event.event_id, e.event_id
-                        )
-                        yield self._handle_new_event(
-                            origin, e, auth_events=auth
+                            "do_auth %s missing_auth: %s", event.event_id, e.event_id
                         )
+                        yield self._handle_new_event(origin, e, auth_events=auth)
 
                         if e.event_id in event_auth_events:
                             auth_events[(e.type, e.state_key)] = e
@@ -2231,35 +2107,36 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(event.room_id)
 
         different_events = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
-            defer.gatherResults([
-                logcontext.run_in_background(
-                    self.store.get_event,
-                    d,
-                    allow_none=True,
-                    allow_rejected=False,
-                )
-                for d in different_auth
-                if d in have_events and not have_events[d]
-            ], consumeErrors=True)
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                [
+                    logcontext.run_in_background(
+                        self.store.get_event, d, allow_none=True, allow_rejected=False
+                    )
+                    for d in different_auth
+                    if d in have_events and not have_events[d]
+                ],
+                consumeErrors=True,
+            )
         ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
 
         if different_events:
             local_view = dict(auth_events)
             remote_view = dict(auth_events)
-            remote_view.update({
-                (d.type, d.state_key): d for d in different_events if d
-            })
+            remote_view.update(
+                {(d.type, d.state_key): d for d in different_events if d}
+            )
 
             new_state = yield self.state_handler.resolve_events(
                 room_version,
                 [list(local_view.values()), list(remote_view.values())],
-                event
+                event,
             )
 
             logger.info(
                 "After state res: updating auth_events with new state %s",
                 {
-                    (d.type, d.state_key): d.event_id for d in new_state.values()
+                    (d.type, d.state_key): d.event_id
+                    for d in new_state.values()
                     if auth_events.get((d.type, d.state_key)) != d
                 },
             )
@@ -2271,7 +2148,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             )
 
             yield self._update_context_for_auth_events(
-                event, context, auth_events, event_key,
+                event, context, auth_events, event_key
             )
 
         if not different_auth:
@@ -2305,21 +2182,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
 
         # 1. Get what we think is the auth chain.
-        auth_ids = yield self.auth.compute_auth_events(
-            event, prev_state_ids
-        )
-        local_auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            auth_ids, include_given=True
-        )
+        auth_ids = yield self.auth.compute_auth_events(event, prev_state_ids)
+        local_auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(auth_ids, include_given=True)
 
         try:
             # 2. Get remote difference.
             try:
                 result = yield self.federation_client.query_auth(
-                    origin,
-                    event.room_id,
-                    event.event_id,
-                    local_auth_chain,
+                    origin, event.room_id, event.event_id, local_auth_chain
                 )
             except RequestSendFailed as e:
                 # The other side isn't around or doesn't implement the
@@ -2344,19 +2214,15 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     auth = {
                         (e.type, e.state_key): e
                         for e in result["auth_chain"]
-                        if e.event_id in auth_ids
-                        or event.type == EventTypes.Create
+                        if e.event_id in auth_ids or event.type == EventTypes.Create
                     }
                     ev.internal_metadata.outlier = True
 
                     logger.debug(
-                        "do_auth %s different_auth: %s",
-                        event.event_id, e.event_id
+                        "do_auth %s different_auth: %s", event.event_id, e.event_id
                     )
 
-                    yield self._handle_new_event(
-                        origin, ev, auth_events=auth
-                    )
+                    yield self._handle_new_event(origin, ev, auth_events=auth)
 
                     if ev.event_id in event_auth_events:
                         auth_events[(ev.type, ev.state_key)] = ev
@@ -2371,12 +2237,11 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         # TODO.
 
         yield self._update_context_for_auth_events(
-            event, context, auth_events, event_key,
+            event, context, auth_events, event_key
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _update_context_for_auth_events(self, event, context, auth_events,
-                                        event_key):
+    def _update_context_for_auth_events(self, event, context, auth_events, event_key):
         """Update the state_ids in an event context after auth event resolution,
         storing the changes as a new state group.
 
@@ -2393,8 +2258,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 this will not be included in the current_state in the context.
         """
         state_updates = {
-            k: a.event_id for k, a in iteritems(auth_events)
-            if k != event_key
+            k: a.event_id for k, a in iteritems(auth_events) if k != event_key
         }
         current_state_ids = yield context.get_current_state_ids(self.store)
         current_state_ids = dict(current_state_ids)
@@ -2404,9 +2268,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
         prev_state_ids = dict(prev_state_ids)
 
-        prev_state_ids.update({
-            k: a.event_id for k, a in iteritems(auth_events)
-        })
+        prev_state_ids.update({k: a.event_id for k, a in iteritems(auth_events)})
 
         # create a new state group as a delta from the existing one.
         prev_group = context.state_group
@@ -2555,30 +2417,23 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         logger.debug("construct_auth_difference returning")
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "auth_chain": local_auth,
-            "rejects": {
-                e.event_id: {
-                    "reason": reason_map[e.event_id],
-                    "proof": None,
-                }
-                for e in base_remote_rejected
-            },
-            "missing": [e.event_id for e in missing_locals],
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "auth_chain": local_auth,
+                "rejects": {
+                    e.event_id: {"reason": reason_map[e.event_id], "proof": None}
+                    for e in base_remote_rejected
+                },
+                "missing": [e.event_id for e in missing_locals],
+            }
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
     def exchange_third_party_invite(
-            self,
-            sender_user_id,
-            target_user_id,
-            room_id,
-            signed,
+        self, sender_user_id, target_user_id, room_id, signed
     ):
-        third_party_invite = {
-            "signed": signed,
-        }
+        third_party_invite = {"signed": signed}
 
         event_dict = {
             "type": EventTypes.Member,
@@ -2601,7 +2456,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             )
 
             event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-                event, context,
+                event, context
             )
             if not event_allowed:
                 logger.info(
@@ -2609,7 +2464,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     event,
                 )
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                    403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
                 )
 
             event, context = yield self.add_display_name_to_third_party_invite(
@@ -2634,9 +2489,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         else:
             destinations = set(x.split(":", 1)[-1] for x in (sender_user_id, room_id))
             yield self.federation_client.forward_third_party_invite(
-                destinations,
-                room_id,
-                event_dict,
+                destinations, room_id, event_dict
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -2657,19 +2510,18 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         builder = self.event_builder_factory.new(room_version, event_dict)
 
         event, context = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(
-            builder=builder,
+            builder=builder
         )
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if not event_allowed:
             logger.warning(
-                "Exchange of threepid invite %s forbidden by third-party rules",
-                event,
+                "Exchange of threepid invite %s forbidden by third-party rules", event
             )
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
             )
 
         event, context = yield self.add_display_name_to_third_party_invite(
@@ -2691,11 +2543,12 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         yield member_handler.send_membership_event(None, event, context)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def add_display_name_to_third_party_invite(self, room_version, event_dict,
-                                               event, context):
+    def add_display_name_to_third_party_invite(
+        self, room_version, event_dict, event, context
+    ):
         key = (
             EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite,
-            event.content["third_party_invite"]["signed"]["token"]
+            event.content["third_party_invite"]["signed"]["token"],
         )
         original_invite = None
         prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
@@ -2709,8 +2562,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             event_dict["content"]["third_party_invite"]["display_name"] = display_name
         else:
             logger.info(
-                "Could not find invite event for third_party_invite: %r",
-                event_dict
+                "Could not find invite event for third_party_invite: %r", event_dict
             )
             # We don't discard here as this is not the appropriate place to do
             # auth checks. If we need the invite and don't have it then the
@@ -2719,7 +2571,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         builder = self.event_builder_factory.new(room_version, event_dict)
         EventValidator().validate_builder(builder)
         event, context = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(
-            builder=builder,
+            builder=builder
         )
         EventValidator().validate_new(event)
         defer.returnValue((event, context))
@@ -2743,9 +2595,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         token = signed["token"]
 
         prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
-        invite_event_id = prev_state_ids.get(
-            (EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite, token,)
-        )
+        invite_event_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite, token))
 
         invite_event = None
         if invite_event_id:
@@ -2769,38 +2619,42 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         logger.debug(
                             "Attempting to verify sig with key %s from %r "
                             "against pubkey %r",
-                            key_name, server, public_key_object,
+                            key_name,
+                            server,
+                            public_key_object,
                         )
 
                         try:
                             public_key = public_key_object["public_key"]
                             verify_key = decode_verify_key_bytes(
-                                key_name,
-                                decode_base64(public_key)
+                                key_name, decode_base64(public_key)
                             )
                             verify_signed_json(signed, server, verify_key)
                             logger.debug(
                                 "Successfully verified sig with key %s from %r "
                                 "against pubkey %r",
-                                key_name, server, public_key_object,
+                                key_name,
+                                server,
+                                public_key_object,
                             )
                         except Exception:
                             logger.info(
                                 "Failed to verify sig with key %s from %r "
                                 "against pubkey %r",
-                                key_name, server, public_key_object,
+                                key_name,
+                                server,
+                                public_key_object,
                             )
                             raise
                         try:
                             if "key_validity_url" in public_key_object:
                                 yield self._check_key_revocation(
-                                    public_key,
-                                    public_key_object["key_validity_url"]
+                                    public_key, public_key_object["key_validity_url"]
                                 )
                         except Exception:
                             logger.info(
                                 "Failed to query key_validity_url %s",
-                                public_key_object["key_validity_url"]
+                                public_key_object["key_validity_url"],
                             )
                             raise
                         return
@@ -2823,15 +2677,9 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 for revocation.
         """
         try:
-            response = yield self.http_client.get_json(
-                url,
-                {"public_key": public_key}
-            )
+            response = yield self.http_client.get_json(url, {"public_key": public_key})
         except Exception:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                502,
-                "Third party certificate could not be checked"
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(502, "Third party certificate could not be checked")
         if "valid" not in response or not response["valid"]:
             raise AuthError(403, "Third party certificate was invalid")
 
@@ -2852,12 +2700,11 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             yield self._send_events_to_master(
                 store=self.store,
                 event_and_contexts=event_and_contexts,
-                backfilled=backfilled
+                backfilled=backfilled,
             )
         else:
             max_stream_id = yield self.store.persist_events(
-                event_and_contexts,
-                backfilled=backfilled,
+                event_and_contexts, backfilled=backfilled
             )
 
             if not backfilled:  # Never notify for backfilled events
@@ -2891,13 +2738,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         event_stream_id = event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
         self.notifier.on_new_room_event(
-            event, event_stream_id, max_stream_id,
-            extra_users=extra_users
+            event, event_stream_id, max_stream_id, extra_users=extra_users
         )
 
-        return self.pusher_pool.on_new_notifications(
-            event_stream_id, max_stream_id,
-        )
+        return self.pusher_pool.on_new_notifications(event_stream_id, max_stream_id)
 
     def _clean_room_for_join(self, room_id):
         """Called to clean up any data in DB for a given room, ready for the
@@ -2916,9 +2760,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
         if self.config.worker_app:
             return self._notify_user_membership_change(
-                room_id=room_id,
-                user_id=user.to_string(),
-                change="joined",
+                room_id=room_id, user_id=user.to_string(), change="joined"
             )
         else:
             return user_joined_room(self.distributor, user, room_id)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/groups_local.py b/synapse/handlers/groups_local.py
index f60ace02e8..7da63bb643 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/groups_local.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/groups_local.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ def _create_rerouter(func_name):
     """Returns a function that looks at the group id and calls the function
     on federation or the local group server if the group is local
     """
+
     def f(self, group_id, *args, **kwargs):
         if self.is_mine_id(group_id):
             return getattr(self.groups_server_handler, func_name)(
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ def _create_rerouter(func_name):
             d.addErrback(http_response_errback)
             d.addErrback(request_failed_errback)
             return d
+
     return f
 
 
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
             )
         else:
             res = yield self.transport_client.get_group_summary(
-                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, requester_user_id,
+                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, requester_user_id
             )
 
             group_server_name = get_domain_from_id(group_id)
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
             content["user_profile"] = yield self.profile_handler.get_profile(user_id)
 
             res = yield self.transport_client.create_group(
-                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, content,
+                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, content
             )
 
             remote_attestation = res["attestation"]
@@ -195,16 +197,15 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
 
         is_publicised = content.get("publicise", False)
         token = yield self.store.register_user_group_membership(
-            group_id, user_id,
+            group_id,
+            user_id,
             membership="join",
             is_admin=True,
             local_attestation=local_attestation,
             remote_attestation=remote_attestation,
             is_publicised=is_publicised,
         )
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "groups_key", token, users=[user_id],
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("groups_key", token, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue(res)
 
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         group_server_name = get_domain_from_id(group_id)
 
         res = yield self.transport_client.get_users_in_group(
-            get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, requester_user_id,
+            get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
         chunk = res["chunk"]
@@ -250,9 +251,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         """Request to join a group
         """
         if self.is_mine_id(group_id):
-            yield self.groups_server_handler.join_group(
-                group_id, user_id, content
-            )
+            yield self.groups_server_handler.join_group(group_id, user_id, content)
             local_attestation = None
             remote_attestation = None
         else:
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
             content["attestation"] = local_attestation
 
             res = yield self.transport_client.join_group(
-                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, content,
+                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, content
             )
 
             remote_attestation = res["attestation"]
@@ -276,16 +275,15 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         is_publicised = content.get("publicise", False)
 
         token = yield self.store.register_user_group_membership(
-            group_id, user_id,
+            group_id,
+            user_id,
             membership="join",
             is_admin=False,
             local_attestation=local_attestation,
             remote_attestation=remote_attestation,
             is_publicised=is_publicised,
         )
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "groups_key", token, users=[user_id],
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("groups_key", token, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue({})
 
@@ -294,9 +292,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         """Accept an invite to a group
         """
         if self.is_mine_id(group_id):
-            yield self.groups_server_handler.accept_invite(
-                group_id, user_id, content
-            )
+            yield self.groups_server_handler.accept_invite(group_id, user_id, content)
             local_attestation = None
             remote_attestation = None
         else:
@@ -304,7 +300,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
             content["attestation"] = local_attestation
 
             res = yield self.transport_client.accept_group_invite(
-                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, content,
+                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, content
             )
 
             remote_attestation = res["attestation"]
@@ -320,16 +316,15 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         is_publicised = content.get("publicise", False)
 
         token = yield self.store.register_user_group_membership(
-            group_id, user_id,
+            group_id,
+            user_id,
             membership="join",
             is_admin=False,
             local_attestation=local_attestation,
             remote_attestation=remote_attestation,
             is_publicised=is_publicised,
         )
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "groups_key", token, users=[user_id],
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("groups_key", token, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue({})
 
@@ -337,17 +332,17 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
     def invite(self, group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, config):
         """Invite a user to a group
         """
-        content = {
-            "requester_user_id": requester_user_id,
-            "config": config,
-        }
+        content = {"requester_user_id": requester_user_id, "config": config}
         if self.is_mine_id(group_id):
             res = yield self.groups_server_handler.invite_to_group(
-                group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content,
+                group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content
             )
         else:
             res = yield self.transport_client.invite_to_group(
-                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, user_id, requester_user_id,
+                get_domain_from_id(group_id),
+                group_id,
+                user_id,
+                requester_user_id,
                 content,
             )
 
@@ -370,13 +365,12 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
                 local_profile["avatar_url"] = content["profile"]["avatar_url"]
 
         token = yield self.store.register_user_group_membership(
-            group_id, user_id,
+            group_id,
+            user_id,
             membership="invite",
             content={"profile": local_profile, "inviter": content["inviter"]},
         )
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "groups_key", token, users=[user_id],
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("groups_key", token, users=[user_id])
         try:
             user_profile = yield self.profile_handler.get_profile(user_id)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -391,25 +385,25 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         """
         if user_id == requester_user_id:
             token = yield self.store.register_user_group_membership(
-                group_id, user_id,
-                membership="leave",
-            )
-            self.notifier.on_new_event(
-                "groups_key", token, users=[user_id],
+                group_id, user_id, membership="leave"
             )
+            self.notifier.on_new_event("groups_key", token, users=[user_id])
 
             # TODO: Should probably remember that we tried to leave so that we can
             # retry if the group server is currently down.
 
         if self.is_mine_id(group_id):
             res = yield self.groups_server_handler.remove_user_from_group(
-                group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content,
+                group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content
             )
         else:
             content["requester_user_id"] = requester_user_id
             res = yield self.transport_client.remove_user_from_group(
-                get_domain_from_id(group_id), group_id, requester_user_id,
-                user_id, content,
+                get_domain_from_id(group_id),
+                group_id,
+                requester_user_id,
+                user_id,
+                content,
             )
 
         defer.returnValue(res)
@@ -420,12 +414,9 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         """
         # TODO: Check if user in group
         token = yield self.store.register_user_group_membership(
-            group_id, user_id,
-            membership="leave",
-        )
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "groups_key", token, users=[user_id],
+            group_id, user_id, membership="leave"
         )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("groups_key", token, users=[user_id])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_joined_groups(self, user_id):
@@ -445,7 +436,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
             defer.returnValue({"groups": result})
         else:
             bulk_result = yield self.transport_client.bulk_get_publicised_groups(
-                get_domain_from_id(user_id), [user_id],
+                get_domain_from_id(user_id), [user_id]
             )
             result = bulk_result.get("users", {}).get(user_id)
             # TODO: Verify attestations
@@ -460,9 +451,7 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
             if self.hs.is_mine_id(user_id):
                 local_users.add(user_id)
             else:
-                destinations.setdefault(
-                    get_domain_from_id(user_id), set()
-                ).add(user_id)
+                destinations.setdefault(get_domain_from_id(user_id), set()).add(user_id)
 
         if not proxy and destinations:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Some user_ids are not local")
@@ -472,16 +461,14 @@ class GroupsLocalHandler(object):
         for destination, dest_user_ids in iteritems(destinations):
             try:
                 r = yield self.transport_client.bulk_get_publicised_groups(
-                    destination, list(dest_user_ids),
+                    destination, list(dest_user_ids)
                 )
                 results.update(r["users"])
             except Exception:
                 failed_results.extend(dest_user_ids)
 
         for uid in local_users:
-            results[uid] = yield self.store.get_publicised_groups_for_user(
-                uid
-            )
+            results[uid] = yield self.store.get_publicised_groups_for_user(uid)
 
             # Check AS associated groups for this user - this depends on the
             # RegExps in the AS registration file (under `users`)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/identity.py b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
index 04caf65793..c82b1933f2 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/identity.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(IdentityHandler, self).__init__(hs)
 
@@ -64,40 +63,38 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def threepid_from_creds(self, creds):
-        if 'id_server' in creds:
-            id_server = creds['id_server']
-        elif 'idServer' in creds:
-            id_server = creds['idServer']
+        if "id_server" in creds:
+            id_server = creds["id_server"]
+        elif "idServer" in creds:
+            id_server = creds["idServer"]
         else:
             raise SynapseError(400, "No id_server in creds")
 
-        if 'client_secret' in creds:
-            client_secret = creds['client_secret']
-        elif 'clientSecret' in creds:
-            client_secret = creds['clientSecret']
+        if "client_secret" in creds:
+            client_secret = creds["client_secret"]
+        elif "clientSecret" in creds:
+            client_secret = creds["clientSecret"]
         else:
             raise SynapseError(400, "No client_secret in creds")
 
         if not self._should_trust_id_server(id_server):
             logger.warn(
-                '%s is not a trusted ID server: rejecting 3pid ' +
-                'credentials', id_server
+                "%s is not a trusted ID server: rejecting 3pid " + "credentials",
+                id_server,
             )
             defer.returnValue(None)
 
         try:
             data = yield self.http_client.get_json(
-                "https://%s%s" % (
-                    id_server,
-                    "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/getValidated3pid"
-                ),
-                {'sid': creds['sid'], 'client_secret': client_secret}
+                "https://%s%s"
+                % (id_server, "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/getValidated3pid"),
+                {"sid": creds["sid"], "client_secret": client_secret},
             )
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             logger.info("getValidated3pid failed with Matrix error: %r", e)
             raise e.to_synapse_error()
 
-        if 'medium' in data:
+        if "medium" in data:
             defer.returnValue(data)
         defer.returnValue(None)
 
@@ -106,30 +103,24 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
         logger.debug("binding threepid %r to %s", creds, mxid)
         data = None
 
-        if 'id_server' in creds:
-            id_server = creds['id_server']
-        elif 'idServer' in creds:
-            id_server = creds['idServer']
+        if "id_server" in creds:
+            id_server = creds["id_server"]
+        elif "idServer" in creds:
+            id_server = creds["idServer"]
         else:
             raise SynapseError(400, "No id_server in creds")
 
-        if 'client_secret' in creds:
-            client_secret = creds['client_secret']
-        elif 'clientSecret' in creds:
-            client_secret = creds['clientSecret']
+        if "client_secret" in creds:
+            client_secret = creds["client_secret"]
+        elif "clientSecret" in creds:
+            client_secret = creds["clientSecret"]
         else:
             raise SynapseError(400, "No client_secret in creds")
 
         try:
             data = yield self.http_client.post_urlencoded_get_json(
-                "https://%s%s" % (
-                    id_server, "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/bind"
-                ),
-                {
-                    'sid': creds['sid'],
-                    'client_secret': client_secret,
-                    'mxid': mxid,
-                }
+                "https://%s%s" % (id_server, "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/bind"),
+                {"sid": creds["sid"], "client_secret": client_secret, "mxid": mxid},
             )
             logger.debug("bound threepid %r to %s", creds, mxid)
 
@@ -165,9 +156,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
             id_servers = [threepid["id_server"]]
         else:
             id_servers = yield self.store.get_id_servers_user_bound(
-                user_id=mxid,
-                medium=threepid["medium"],
-                address=threepid["address"],
+                user_id=mxid, medium=threepid["medium"], address=threepid["address"]
             )
 
         # We don't know where to unbind, so we don't have a choice but to return
@@ -177,7 +166,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
         changed = True
         for id_server in id_servers:
             changed &= yield self.try_unbind_threepid_with_id_server(
-                mxid, threepid, id_server,
+                mxid, threepid, id_server
             )
 
         defer.returnValue(changed)
@@ -201,10 +190,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
         url = "https://%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/unbind" % (id_server,)
         content = {
             "mxid": mxid,
-            "threepid": {
-                "medium": threepid["medium"],
-                "address": threepid["address"],
-            },
+            "threepid": {"medium": threepid["medium"], "address": threepid["address"]},
         }
 
         # we abuse the federation http client to sign the request, but we have to send it
@@ -212,25 +198,19 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
         # 'browser-like' HTTPS.
         auth_headers = self.federation_http_client.build_auth_headers(
             destination=None,
-            method='POST',
-            url_bytes='/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/unbind'.encode('ascii'),
+            method="POST",
+            url_bytes="/_matrix/identity/api/v1/3pid/unbind".encode("ascii"),
             content=content,
             destination_is=id_server,
         )
-        headers = {
-            b"Authorization": auth_headers,
-        }
+        headers = {b"Authorization": auth_headers}
 
         try:
-            yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(
-                url,
-                content,
-                headers,
-            )
+            yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(url, content, headers)
             changed = True
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             changed = False
-            if e.code in (400, 404, 501,):
+            if e.code in (400, 404, 501):
                 # The remote server probably doesn't support unbinding (yet)
                 logger.warn("Received %d response while unbinding threepid", e.code)
             else:
@@ -248,35 +228,27 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def requestEmailToken(
-        self,
-        id_server,
-        email,
-        client_secret,
-        send_attempt,
-        next_link=None,
+        self, id_server, email, client_secret, send_attempt, next_link=None
     ):
         if not self._should_trust_id_server(id_server):
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Untrusted ID server '%s'" % id_server,
-                Codes.SERVER_NOT_TRUSTED
+                400, "Untrusted ID server '%s'" % id_server, Codes.SERVER_NOT_TRUSTED
             )
 
         params = {
-            'email': email,
-            'client_secret': client_secret,
-            'send_attempt': send_attempt,
+            "email": email,
+            "client_secret": client_secret,
+            "send_attempt": send_attempt,
         }
 
         if next_link:
-            params.update({'next_link': next_link})
+            params.update({"next_link": next_link})
 
         try:
             data = yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(
-                "https://%s%s" % (
-                    id_server,
-                    "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/email/requestToken"
-                ),
-                params
+                "https://%s%s"
+                % (id_server, "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/email/requestToken"),
+                params,
             )
             defer.returnValue(data)
         except HttpResponseException as e:
@@ -285,30 +257,26 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def requestMsisdnToken(
-            self, id_server, country, phone_number,
-            client_secret, send_attempt, **kwargs
+        self, id_server, country, phone_number, client_secret, send_attempt, **kwargs
     ):
         if not self._should_trust_id_server(id_server):
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Untrusted ID server '%s'" % id_server,
-                Codes.SERVER_NOT_TRUSTED
+                400, "Untrusted ID server '%s'" % id_server, Codes.SERVER_NOT_TRUSTED
             )
 
         params = {
-            'country': country,
-            'phone_number': phone_number,
-            'client_secret': client_secret,
-            'send_attempt': send_attempt,
+            "country": country,
+            "phone_number": phone_number,
+            "client_secret": client_secret,
+            "send_attempt": send_attempt,
         }
         params.update(kwargs)
 
         try:
             data = yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(
-                "https://%s%s" % (
-                    id_server,
-                    "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/msisdn/requestToken"
-                ),
-                params
+                "https://%s%s"
+                % (id_server, "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/msisdn/requestToken"),
+                params,
             )
             defer.returnValue(data)
         except HttpResponseException as e:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
index aaee5db0b7..a1fe9d116f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
@@ -44,8 +44,13 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.snapshot_cache = SnapshotCache()
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
 
-    def snapshot_all_rooms(self, user_id=None, pagin_config=None,
-                           as_client_event=True, include_archived=False):
+    def snapshot_all_rooms(
+        self,
+        user_id=None,
+        pagin_config=None,
+        as_client_event=True,
+        include_archived=False,
+    ):
         """Retrieve a snapshot of all rooms the user is invited or has joined.
 
         This snapshot may include messages for all rooms where the user is
@@ -77,13 +82,22 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         if result is not None:
             return result
 
-        return self.snapshot_cache.set(now_ms, key, self._snapshot_all_rooms(
-            user_id, pagin_config, as_client_event, include_archived
-        ))
+        return self.snapshot_cache.set(
+            now_ms,
+            key,
+            self._snapshot_all_rooms(
+                user_id, pagin_config, as_client_event, include_archived
+            ),
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _snapshot_all_rooms(self, user_id=None, pagin_config=None,
-                            as_client_event=True, include_archived=False):
+    def _snapshot_all_rooms(
+        self,
+        user_id=None,
+        pagin_config=None,
+        as_client_event=True,
+        include_archived=False,
+    ):
 
         memberships = [Membership.INVITE, Membership.JOIN]
         if include_archived:
@@ -128,8 +142,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "room_id": event.room_id,
                 "membership": event.membership,
                 "visibility": (
-                    "public" if event.room_id in public_room_ids
-                    else "private"
+                    "public" if event.room_id in public_room_ids else "private"
                 ),
             }
 
@@ -139,7 +152,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
 
                 invite_event = yield self.store.get_event(event.event_id)
                 d["invite"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-                    invite_event, time_now, as_client_event,
+                    invite_event, time_now, as_client_event
                 )
 
             rooms_ret.append(d)
@@ -151,14 +164,12 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                 if event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
                     room_end_token = now_token.room_key
                     deferred_room_state = run_in_background(
-                        self.state_handler.get_current_state,
-                        event.room_id,
+                        self.state_handler.get_current_state, event.room_id
                     )
                 elif event.membership == Membership.LEAVE:
                     room_end_token = "s%d" % (event.stream_ordering,)
                     deferred_room_state = run_in_background(
-                        self.store.get_state_for_events,
-                        [event.event_id],
+                        self.store.get_state_for_events, [event.event_id]
                     )
                     deferred_room_state.addCallback(
                         lambda states: states[event.event_id]
@@ -178,9 +189,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                     )
                 ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
 
-                messages = yield filter_events_for_client(
-                    self.store, user_id, messages
-                )
+                messages = yield filter_events_for_client(self.store, user_id, messages)
 
                 start_token = now_token.copy_and_replace("room_key", token)
                 end_token = now_token.copy_and_replace("room_key", room_end_token)
@@ -189,8 +198,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                 d["messages"] = {
                     "chunk": (
                         yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                            messages, time_now=time_now,
-                            as_client_event=as_client_event,
+                            messages, time_now=time_now, as_client_event=as_client_event
                         )
                     ),
                     "start": start_token.to_string(),
@@ -200,23 +208,21 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                 d["state"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                     current_state.values(),
                     time_now=time_now,
-                    as_client_event=as_client_event
+                    as_client_event=as_client_event,
                 )
 
                 account_data_events = []
                 tags = tags_by_room.get(event.room_id)
                 if tags:
-                    account_data_events.append({
-                        "type": "m.tag",
-                        "content": {"tags": tags},
-                    })
+                    account_data_events.append(
+                        {"type": "m.tag", "content": {"tags": tags}}
+                    )
 
                 account_data = account_data_by_room.get(event.room_id, {})
                 for account_data_type, content in account_data.items():
-                    account_data_events.append({
-                        "type": account_data_type,
-                        "content": content,
-                    })
+                    account_data_events.append(
+                        {"type": account_data_type, "content": content}
+                    )
 
                 d["account_data"] = account_data_events
             except Exception:
@@ -226,10 +232,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         account_data_events = []
         for account_data_type, content in account_data.items():
-            account_data_events.append({
-                "type": account_data_type,
-                "content": content,
-            })
+            account_data_events.append({"type": account_data_type, "content": content})
 
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
 
@@ -274,7 +277,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         membership, member_event_id = yield self._check_in_room_or_world_readable(
-            room_id, user_id,
+            room_id, user_id
         )
         is_peeking = member_event_id is None
 
@@ -290,28 +293,21 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         account_data_events = []
         tags = yield self.store.get_tags_for_room(user_id, room_id)
         if tags:
-            account_data_events.append({
-                "type": "m.tag",
-                "content": {"tags": tags},
-            })
+            account_data_events.append({"type": "m.tag", "content": {"tags": tags}})
 
         account_data = yield self.store.get_account_data_for_room(user_id, room_id)
         for account_data_type, content in account_data.items():
-            account_data_events.append({
-                "type": account_data_type,
-                "content": content,
-            })
+            account_data_events.append({"type": account_data_type, "content": content})
 
         result["account_data"] = account_data_events
 
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _room_initial_sync_parted(self, user_id, room_id, pagin_config,
-                                  membership, member_event_id, is_peeking):
-        room_state = yield self.store.get_state_for_events(
-            [member_event_id],
-        )
+    def _room_initial_sync_parted(
+        self, user_id, room_id, pagin_config, membership, member_event_id, is_peeking
+    ):
+        room_state = yield self.store.get_state_for_events([member_event_id])
 
         room_state = room_state[member_event_id]
 
@@ -319,14 +315,10 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         if limit is None:
             limit = 10
 
-        stream_token = yield self.store.get_stream_token_for_event(
-            member_event_id
-        )
+        stream_token = yield self.store.get_stream_token_for_event(member_event_id)
 
         messages, token = yield self.store.get_recent_events_for_room(
-            room_id,
-            limit=limit,
-            end_token=stream_token
+            room_id, limit=limit, end_token=stream_token
         )
 
         messages = yield filter_events_for_client(
@@ -338,34 +330,39 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "membership": membership,
-            "room_id": room_id,
-            "messages": {
-                "chunk": (yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    messages, time_now,
-                )),
-                "start": start_token.to_string(),
-                "end": end_token.to_string(),
-            },
-            "state": (yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                room_state.values(), time_now,
-            )),
-            "presence": [],
-            "receipts": [],
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "membership": membership,
+                "room_id": room_id,
+                "messages": {
+                    "chunk": (
+                        yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                            messages, time_now
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    "start": start_token.to_string(),
+                    "end": end_token.to_string(),
+                },
+                "state": (
+                    yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                        room_state.values(), time_now
+                    )
+                ),
+                "presence": [],
+                "receipts": [],
+            }
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _room_initial_sync_joined(self, user_id, room_id, pagin_config,
-                                  membership, is_peeking):
-        current_state = yield self.state.get_current_state(
-            room_id=room_id,
-        )
+    def _room_initial_sync_joined(
+        self, user_id, room_id, pagin_config, membership, is_peeking
+    ):
+        current_state = yield self.state.get_current_state(room_id=room_id)
 
         # TODO: These concurrently
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         state = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            current_state.values(), time_now,
+            current_state.values(), time_now
         )
 
         now_token = yield self.hs.get_event_sources().get_current_token()
@@ -375,7 +372,8 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
             limit = 10
 
         room_members = [
-            m for m in current_state.values()
+            m
+            for m in current_state.values()
             if m.type == EventTypes.Member
             and m.content["membership"] == Membership.JOIN
         ]
@@ -389,8 +387,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                 defer.returnValue([])
 
             states = yield presence_handler.get_states(
-                [m.user_id for m in room_members],
-                as_event=True,
+                [m.user_id for m in room_members], as_event=True
             )
 
             defer.returnValue(states)
@@ -398,8 +395,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def get_receipts():
             receipts = yield self.store.get_linearized_receipts_for_room(
-                room_id,
-                to_key=now_token.receipt_key,
+                room_id, to_key=now_token.receipt_key
             )
             if not receipts:
                 receipts = []
@@ -415,14 +411,14 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                         room_id,
                         limit=limit,
                         end_token=now_token.room_key,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 ],
                 consumeErrors=True,
-            ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError),
+            ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
         )
 
         messages = yield filter_events_for_client(
-            self.store, user_id, messages, is_peeking=is_peeking,
+            self.store, user_id, messages, is_peeking=is_peeking
         )
 
         start_token = now_token.copy_and_replace("room_key", token)
@@ -433,9 +429,9 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
         ret = {
             "room_id": room_id,
             "messages": {
-                "chunk": (yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    messages, time_now,
-                )),
+                "chunk": (
+                    yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(messages, time_now)
+                ),
                 "start": start_token.to_string(),
                 "end": end_token.to_string(),
             },
@@ -464,8 +460,8 @@ class InitialSyncHandler(BaseHandler):
                 room_id, EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""
             )
             if (
-                visibility and
-                visibility.content["history_visibility"] == "world_readable"
+                visibility
+                and visibility.content["history_visibility"] == "world_readable"
             ):
                 defer.returnValue((Membership.JOIN, None))
                 return
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/message.py b/synapse/handlers/message.py
index 7728ea230d..683da6bf32 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ class MessageHandler(object):
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_room_data(self, user_id=None, room_id=None,
-                      event_type=None, state_key="", is_guest=False):
+    def get_room_data(
+        self, user_id=None, room_id=None, event_type=None, state_key="", is_guest=False
+    ):
         """ Get data from a room.
 
         Args:
@@ -77,9 +78,7 @@ class MessageHandler(object):
         )
 
         if membership == Membership.JOIN:
-            data = yield self.state.get_current_state(
-                room_id, event_type, state_key
-            )
+            data = yield self.state.get_current_state(room_id, event_type, state_key)
         elif membership == Membership.LEAVE:
             key = (event_type, state_key)
             room_state = yield self.store.get_state_for_events(
@@ -91,8 +90,12 @@ class MessageHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_state_events(
-        self, user_id, room_id, state_filter=StateFilter.all(),
-        at_token=None, is_guest=False,
+        self,
+        user_id,
+        room_id,
+        state_filter=StateFilter.all(),
+        at_token=None,
+        is_guest=False,
     ):
         """Retrieve all state events for a given room. If the user is
         joined to the room then return the current state. If the user has
@@ -124,50 +127,48 @@ class MessageHandler(object):
             # does not reliably give you the state at the given stream position.
             # (https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/3305)
             last_events, _ = yield self.store.get_recent_events_for_room(
-                room_id, end_token=at_token.room_key, limit=1,
+                room_id, end_token=at_token.room_key, limit=1
             )
 
             if not last_events:
-                raise NotFoundError("Can't find event for token %s" % (at_token, ))
+                raise NotFoundError("Can't find event for token %s" % (at_token,))
 
             visible_events = yield filter_events_for_client(
-                self.store, user_id, last_events,
+                self.store, user_id, last_events
             )
 
             event = last_events[0]
             if visible_events:
                 room_state = yield self.store.get_state_for_events(
-                    [event.event_id], state_filter=state_filter,
+                    [event.event_id], state_filter=state_filter
                 )
                 room_state = room_state[event.event_id]
             else:
                 raise AuthError(
                     403,
-                    "User %s not allowed to view events in room %s at token %s" % (
-                        user_id, room_id, at_token,
-                    )
+                    "User %s not allowed to view events in room %s at token %s"
+                    % (user_id, room_id, at_token),
                 )
         else:
             membership, membership_event_id = (
-                yield self.auth.check_in_room_or_world_readable(
-                    room_id, user_id,
-                )
+                yield self.auth.check_in_room_or_world_readable(room_id, user_id)
             )
 
             if membership == Membership.JOIN:
                 state_ids = yield self.store.get_filtered_current_state_ids(
-                    room_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+                    room_id, state_filter=state_filter
                 )
                 room_state = yield self.store.get_events(state_ids.values())
             elif membership == Membership.LEAVE:
                 room_state = yield self.store.get_state_for_events(
-                    [membership_event_id], state_filter=state_filter,
+                    [membership_event_id], state_filter=state_filter
                 )
                 room_state = room_state[membership_event_id]
 
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
         events = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            room_state.values(), now,
+            room_state.values(),
+            now,
             # We don't bother bundling aggregations in when asked for state
             # events, as clients won't use them.
             bundle_aggregations=False,
@@ -211,13 +212,15 @@ class MessageHandler(object):
                 # Loop fell through, AS has no interested users in room
                 raise AuthError(403, "Appservice not in room")
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            user_id: {
-                "avatar_url": profile.avatar_url,
-                "display_name": profile.display_name,
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                user_id: {
+                    "avatar_url": profile.avatar_url,
+                    "display_name": profile.display_name,
+                }
+                for user_id, profile in iteritems(users_with_profile)
             }
-            for user_id, profile in iteritems(users_with_profile)
-        })
+        )
 
 
 class EventCreationHandler(object):
@@ -269,14 +272,21 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             self.clock.looping_call(
                 lambda: run_as_background_process(
                     "send_dummy_events_to_fill_extremities",
-                    self._send_dummy_events_to_fill_extremities
+                    self._send_dummy_events_to_fill_extremities,
                 ),
                 5 * 60 * 1000,
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def create_event(self, requester, event_dict, token_id=None, txn_id=None,
-                     prev_events_and_hashes=None, require_consent=True):
+    def create_event(
+        self,
+        requester,
+        event_dict,
+        token_id=None,
+        txn_id=None,
+        prev_events_and_hashes=None,
+        require_consent=True,
+    ):
         """
         Given a dict from a client, create a new event.
 
@@ -336,8 +346,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
                         content["avatar_url"] = yield profile.get_avatar_url(target)
                 except Exception as e:
                     logger.info(
-                        "Failed to get profile information for %r: %s",
-                        target, e
+                        "Failed to get profile information for %r: %s", target, e
                     )
 
         is_exempt = yield self._is_exempt_from_privacy_policy(builder, requester)
@@ -373,16 +382,17 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             prev_event = yield self.store.get_event(prev_event_id, allow_none=True)
             if not prev_event or prev_event.membership != Membership.JOIN:
                 logger.warning(
-                    ("Attempt to send `m.room.aliases` in room %s by user %s but"
-                     " membership is %s"),
+                    (
+                        "Attempt to send `m.room.aliases` in room %s by user %s but"
+                        " membership is %s"
+                    ),
                     event.room_id,
                     event.sender,
                     prev_event.membership if prev_event else None,
                 )
 
                 raise AuthError(
-                    403,
-                    "You must be in the room to create an alias for it",
+                    403, "You must be in the room to create an alias for it"
                 )
 
         self.validator.validate_new(event)
@@ -449,8 +459,8 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
 
         # exempt the system notices user
         if (
-            self.config.server_notices_mxid is not None and
-            user_id == self.config.server_notices_mxid
+            self.config.server_notices_mxid is not None
+            and user_id == self.config.server_notices_mxid
         ):
             return
 
@@ -463,15 +473,10 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             return
 
         consent_uri = self._consent_uri_builder.build_user_consent_uri(
-            requester.user.localpart,
-        )
-        msg = self._block_events_without_consent_error % {
-            'consent_uri': consent_uri,
-        }
-        raise ConsentNotGivenError(
-            msg=msg,
-            consent_uri=consent_uri,
+            requester.user.localpart
         )
+        msg = self._block_events_without_consent_error % {"consent_uri": consent_uri}
+        raise ConsentNotGivenError(msg=msg, consent_uri=consent_uri)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send_nonmember_event(self, requester, event, context, ratelimit=True):
@@ -486,8 +491,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
         """
         if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
             raise SynapseError(
-                500,
-                "Tried to send member event through non-member codepath"
+                500, "Tried to send member event through non-member codepath"
             )
 
         user = UserID.from_string(event.sender)
@@ -499,15 +503,13 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             if prev_state is not None:
                 logger.info(
                     "Not bothering to persist state event %s duplicated by %s",
-                    event.event_id, prev_state.event_id,
+                    event.event_id,
+                    prev_state.event_id,
                 )
                 defer.returnValue(prev_state)
 
         yield self.handle_new_client_event(
-            requester=requester,
-            event=event,
-            context=context,
-            ratelimit=ratelimit,
+            requester=requester, event=event, context=context, ratelimit=ratelimit
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -533,11 +535,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-        self,
-        requester,
-        event_dict,
-        ratelimit=True,
-        txn_id=None
+        self, requester, event_dict, ratelimit=True, txn_id=None
     ):
         """
         Creates an event, then sends it.
@@ -552,32 +550,25 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
         # taking longer.
         with (yield self.limiter.queue(event_dict["room_id"])):
             event, context = yield self.create_event(
-                requester,
-                event_dict,
-                token_id=requester.access_token_id,
-                txn_id=txn_id
+                requester, event_dict, token_id=requester.access_token_id, txn_id=txn_id
             )
 
             spam_error = self.spam_checker.check_event_for_spam(event)
             if spam_error:
                 if not isinstance(spam_error, string_types):
                     spam_error = "Spam is not permitted here"
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    403, spam_error, Codes.FORBIDDEN
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(403, spam_error, Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
             yield self.send_nonmember_event(
-                requester,
-                event,
-                context,
-                ratelimit=ratelimit,
+                requester, event, context, ratelimit=ratelimit
             )
         defer.returnValue(event)
 
     @measure_func("create_new_client_event")
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def create_new_client_event(self, builder, requester=None,
-                                prev_events_and_hashes=None):
+    def create_new_client_event(
+        self, builder, requester=None, prev_events_and_hashes=None
+    ):
         """Create a new event for a local client
 
         Args:
@@ -597,22 +588,21 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
         """
 
         if prev_events_and_hashes is not None:
-            assert len(prev_events_and_hashes) <= 10, \
-                "Attempting to create an event with %i prev_events" % (
-                    len(prev_events_and_hashes),
+            assert len(prev_events_and_hashes) <= 10, (
+                "Attempting to create an event with %i prev_events"
+                % (len(prev_events_and_hashes),)
             )
         else:
-            prev_events_and_hashes = \
-                yield self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(builder.room_id)
+            prev_events_and_hashes = yield self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(
+                builder.room_id
+            )
 
         prev_events = [
             (event_id, prev_hashes)
             for event_id, prev_hashes, _ in prev_events_and_hashes
         ]
 
-        event = yield builder.build(
-            prev_event_ids=[p for p, _ in prev_events],
-        )
+        event = yield builder.build(prev_event_ids=[p for p, _ in prev_events])
         context = yield self.state.compute_event_context(event)
         if requester:
             context.app_service = requester.app_service
@@ -628,29 +618,19 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             aggregation_key = relation["key"]
 
             already_exists = yield self.store.has_user_annotated_event(
-                relates_to, event.type, aggregation_key, event.sender,
+                relates_to, event.type, aggregation_key, event.sender
             )
             if already_exists:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Can't send same reaction twice")
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "Created event %s",
-            event.event_id,
-        )
+        logger.debug("Created event %s", event.event_id)
 
-        defer.returnValue(
-            (event, context,)
-        )
+        defer.returnValue((event, context))
 
     @measure_func("handle_new_client_event")
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def handle_new_client_event(
-        self,
-        requester,
-        event,
-        context,
-        ratelimit=True,
-        extra_users=[],
+        self, requester, event, context, ratelimit=True, extra_users=[]
     ):
         """Processes a new event. This includes checking auth, persisting it,
         notifying users, sending to remote servers, etc.
@@ -666,19 +646,20 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             extra_users (list(UserID)): Any extra users to notify about event
         """
 
-        if event.is_state() and (event.type, event.state_key) == (EventTypes.Create, ""):
-            room_version = event.content.get(
-                "room_version", RoomVersions.V1.identifier
-            )
+        if event.is_state() and (event.type, event.state_key) == (
+            EventTypes.Create,
+            "",
+        ):
+            room_version = event.content.get("room_version", RoomVersions.V1.identifier)
         else:
             room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(event.room_id)
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if not event_allowed:
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
             )
 
         try:
@@ -695,9 +676,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             logger.exception("Failed to encode content: %r", event.content)
             raise
 
-        yield self.action_generator.handle_push_actions_for_event(
-            event, context
-        )
+        yield self.action_generator.handle_push_actions_for_event(event, context)
 
         # reraise does not allow inlineCallbacks to preserve the stacktrace, so we
         # hack around with a try/finally instead.
@@ -718,11 +697,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
                 return
 
             yield self.persist_and_notify_client_event(
-                requester,
-                event,
-                context,
-                ratelimit=ratelimit,
-                extra_users=extra_users,
+                requester, event, context, ratelimit=ratelimit, extra_users=extra_users
             )
 
             success = True
@@ -731,18 +706,12 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
                 # Ensure that we actually remove the entries in the push actions
                 # staging area, if we calculated them.
                 run_in_background(
-                    self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging,
-                    event.event_id,
+                    self.store.remove_push_actions_from_staging, event.event_id
                 )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def persist_and_notify_client_event(
-        self,
-        requester,
-        event,
-        context,
-        ratelimit=True,
-        extra_users=[],
+        self, requester, event, context, ratelimit=True, extra_users=[]
     ):
         """Called when we have fully built the event, have already
         calculated the push actions for the event, and checked auth.
@@ -767,20 +736,16 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
                 if mapping["room_id"] != event.room_id:
                     raise SynapseError(
                         400,
-                        "Room alias %s does not point to the room" % (
-                            room_alias_str,
-                        )
+                        "Room alias %s does not point to the room" % (room_alias_str,),
                     )
 
         federation_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().federation_handler
 
         if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
             if event.content["membership"] == Membership.INVITE:
+
                 def is_inviter_member_event(e):
-                    return (
-                        e.type == EventTypes.Member and
-                        e.sender == event.sender
-                    )
+                    return e.type == EventTypes.Member and e.sender == event.sender
 
                 current_state_ids = yield context.get_current_state_ids(self.store)
 
@@ -810,26 +775,21 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
                     # to get them to sign the event.
 
                     returned_invite = yield federation_handler.send_invite(
-                        invitee.domain,
-                        event,
+                        invitee.domain, event
                     )
 
                     event.unsigned.pop("room_state", None)
 
                     # TODO: Make sure the signatures actually are correct.
-                    event.signatures.update(
-                        returned_invite.signatures
-                    )
+                    event.signatures.update(returned_invite.signatures)
 
         if event.type == EventTypes.Redaction:
             prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
             auth_events_ids = yield self.auth.compute_auth_events(
-                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True,
+                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=True
             )
             auth_events = yield self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
-            auth_events = {
-                (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events.values()
-            }
+            auth_events = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_events.values()}
             room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(event.room_id)
             if self.auth.check_redaction(room_version, event, auth_events=auth_events):
                 original_event = yield self.store.get_event(
@@ -837,13 +797,10 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
                     check_redacted=False,
                     get_prev_content=False,
                     allow_rejected=False,
-                    allow_none=False
+                    allow_none=False,
                 )
                 if event.user_id != original_event.user_id:
-                    raise AuthError(
-                        403,
-                        "You don't have permission to redact events"
-                    )
+                    raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to redact events")
 
                 # We've already checked.
                 event.internal_metadata.recheck_redaction = False
@@ -851,24 +808,18 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
         if event.type == EventTypes.Create:
             prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
             if prev_state_ids:
-                raise AuthError(
-                    403,
-                    "Changing the room create event is forbidden",
-                )
+                raise AuthError(403, "Changing the room create event is forbidden")
 
         (event_stream_id, max_stream_id) = yield self.store.persist_event(
             event, context=context
         )
 
-        yield self.pusher_pool.on_new_notifications(
-            event_stream_id, max_stream_id,
-        )
+        yield self.pusher_pool.on_new_notifications(event_stream_id, max_stream_id)
 
         def _notify():
             try:
                 self.notifier.on_new_room_event(
-                    event, event_stream_id, max_stream_id,
-                    extra_users=extra_users
+                    event, event_stream_id, max_stream_id, extra_users=extra_users
                 )
             except Exception:
                 logger.exception("Error notifying about new room event")
@@ -895,23 +846,19 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
         """
 
         room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_with_many_extremities(
-            min_count=10, limit=5,
+            min_count=10, limit=5
         )
 
         for room_id in room_ids:
             # For each room we need to find a joined member we can use to send
             # the dummy event with.
 
-            prev_events_and_hashes = yield self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(
-                room_id,
-            )
+            prev_events_and_hashes = yield self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(room_id)
 
-            latest_event_ids = (
-                event_id for (event_id, _, _) in prev_events_and_hashes
-            )
+            latest_event_ids = (event_id for (event_id, _, _) in prev_events_and_hashes)
 
             members = yield self.state.get_current_users_in_room(
-                room_id, latest_event_ids=latest_event_ids,
+                room_id, latest_event_ids=latest_event_ids
             )
 
             user_id = None
@@ -941,9 +888,4 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
 
             event.internal_metadata.proactively_send = False
 
-            yield self.send_nonmember_event(
-                requester,
-                event,
-                context,
-                ratelimit=False,
-            )
+            yield self.send_nonmember_event(requester, event, context, ratelimit=False)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
index 8f811e24fe..062e026e5f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
@@ -55,9 +55,7 @@ class PurgeStatus(object):
         self.status = PurgeStatus.STATUS_ACTIVE
 
     def asdict(self):
-        return {
-            "status": PurgeStatus.STATUS_TEXT[self.status]
-        }
+        return {"status": PurgeStatus.STATUS_TEXT[self.status]}
 
 
 class PaginationHandler(object):
@@ -79,8 +77,7 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
         self._purges_by_id = {}
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
 
-    def start_purge_history(self, room_id, token,
-                            delete_local_events=False):
+    def start_purge_history(self, room_id, token, delete_local_events=False):
         """Start off a history purge on a room.
 
         Args:
@@ -95,8 +92,7 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
         """
         if room_id in self._purges_in_progress_by_room:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "History purge already in progress for %s" % (room_id, ),
+                400, "History purge already in progress for %s" % (room_id,)
             )
 
         purge_id = random_string(16)
@@ -107,14 +103,12 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
 
         self._purges_by_id[purge_id] = PurgeStatus()
         run_in_background(
-            self._purge_history,
-            purge_id, room_id, token, delete_local_events,
+            self._purge_history, purge_id, room_id, token, delete_local_events
         )
         return purge_id
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _purge_history(self, purge_id, room_id, token,
-                       delete_local_events):
+    def _purge_history(self, purge_id, room_id, token, delete_local_events):
         """Carry out a history purge on a room.
 
         Args:
@@ -130,16 +124,13 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
         self._purges_in_progress_by_room.add(room_id)
         try:
             with (yield self.pagination_lock.write(room_id)):
-                yield self.store.purge_history(
-                    room_id, token, delete_local_events,
-                )
+                yield self.store.purge_history(room_id, token, delete_local_events)
             logger.info("[purge] complete")
             self._purges_by_id[purge_id].status = PurgeStatus.STATUS_COMPLETE
         except Exception:
             f = Failure()
             logger.error(
-                "[purge] failed",
-                exc_info=(f.type, f.value, f.getTracebackObject()),
+                "[purge] failed", exc_info=(f.type, f.value, f.getTracebackObject())
             )
             self._purges_by_id[purge_id].status = PurgeStatus.STATUS_FAILED
         finally:
@@ -148,6 +139,7 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
             # remove the purge from the list 24 hours after it completes
             def clear_purge():
                 del self._purges_by_id[purge_id]
+
             self.hs.get_reactor().callLater(24 * 3600, clear_purge)
 
     def get_purge_status(self, purge_id):
@@ -162,8 +154,14 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
         return self._purges_by_id.get(purge_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_messages(self, requester, room_id=None, pagin_config=None,
-                     as_client_event=True, event_filter=None):
+    def get_messages(
+        self,
+        requester,
+        room_id=None,
+        pagin_config=None,
+        as_client_event=True,
+        event_filter=None,
+    ):
         """Get messages in a room.
 
         Args:
@@ -201,7 +199,7 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
                 room_id, user_id
             )
 
-            if source_config.direction == 'b':
+            if source_config.direction == "b":
                 # if we're going backwards, we might need to backfill. This
                 # requires that we have a topo token.
                 if room_token.topological:
@@ -235,27 +233,24 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
                 event_filter=event_filter,
             )
 
-            next_token = pagin_config.from_token.copy_and_replace(
-                "room_key", next_key
-            )
+            next_token = pagin_config.from_token.copy_and_replace("room_key", next_key)
 
         if events:
             if event_filter:
                 events = event_filter.filter(events)
 
             events = yield filter_events_for_client(
-                self.store,
-                user_id,
-                events,
-                is_peeking=(member_event_id is None),
+                self.store, user_id, events, is_peeking=(member_event_id is None)
             )
 
         if not events:
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "chunk": [],
-                "start": pagin_config.from_token.to_string(),
-                "end": next_token.to_string(),
-            })
+            defer.returnValue(
+                {
+                    "chunk": [],
+                    "start": pagin_config.from_token.to_string(),
+                    "end": next_token.to_string(),
+                }
+            )
 
         state = None
         if event_filter and event_filter.lazy_load_members() and len(events) > 0:
@@ -263,12 +258,11 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
 
             # FIXME: we also care about invite targets etc.
             state_filter = StateFilter.from_types(
-                (EventTypes.Member, event.sender)
-                for event in events
+                (EventTypes.Member, event.sender) for event in events
             )
 
             state_ids = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
-                events[0].event_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+                events[0].event_id, state_filter=state_filter
             )
 
             if state_ids:
@@ -280,8 +274,7 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
         chunk = {
             "chunk": (
                 yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    events, time_now,
-                    as_client_event=as_client_event,
+                    events, time_now, as_client_event=as_client_event
                 )
             ),
             "start": pagin_config.from_token.to_string(),
@@ -291,8 +284,7 @@ class PaginationHandler(object):
         if state:
             chunk["state"] = (
                 yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    state, time_now,
-                    as_client_event=as_client_event,
+                    state, time_now, as_client_event=as_client_event
                 )
             )
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/presence.py b/synapse/handlers/presence.py
index 557fb5f83d..5204073a38 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/presence.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/presence.py
@@ -50,16 +50,20 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 notified_presence_counter = Counter("synapse_handler_presence_notified_presence", "")
 federation_presence_out_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_handler_presence_federation_presence_out", "")
+    "synapse_handler_presence_federation_presence_out", ""
+)
 presence_updates_counter = Counter("synapse_handler_presence_presence_updates", "")
 timers_fired_counter = Counter("synapse_handler_presence_timers_fired", "")
-federation_presence_counter = Counter("synapse_handler_presence_federation_presence", "")
+federation_presence_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_federation_presence", ""
+)
 bump_active_time_counter = Counter("synapse_handler_presence_bump_active_time", "")
 
 get_updates_counter = Counter("synapse_handler_presence_get_updates", "", ["type"])
 
 notify_reason_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_handler_presence_notify_reason", "", ["reason"])
+    "synapse_handler_presence_notify_reason", "", ["reason"]
+)
 state_transition_counter = Counter(
     "synapse_handler_presence_state_transition", "", ["from", "to"]
 )
@@ -90,7 +94,6 @@ assert LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY < IDLE_TIMER
 
 
 class PresenceHandler(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
 
@@ -110,31 +113,26 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
         federation_registry = hs.get_federation_registry()
 
-        federation_registry.register_edu_handler(
-            "m.presence", self.incoming_presence
-        )
+        federation_registry.register_edu_handler("m.presence", self.incoming_presence)
 
         active_presence = self.store.take_presence_startup_info()
 
         # A dictionary of the current state of users. This is prefilled with
         # non-offline presence from the DB. We should fetch from the DB if
         # we can't find a users presence in here.
-        self.user_to_current_state = {
-            state.user_id: state
-            for state in active_presence
-        }
+        self.user_to_current_state = {state.user_id: state for state in active_presence}
 
         LaterGauge(
-            "synapse_handlers_presence_user_to_current_state_size", "", [],
-            lambda: len(self.user_to_current_state)
+            "synapse_handlers_presence_user_to_current_state_size",
+            "",
+            [],
+            lambda: len(self.user_to_current_state),
         )
 
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
         for state in active_presence:
             self.wheel_timer.insert(
-                now=now,
-                obj=state.user_id,
-                then=state.last_active_ts + IDLE_TIMER,
+                now=now, obj=state.user_id, then=state.last_active_ts + IDLE_TIMER
             )
             self.wheel_timer.insert(
                 now=now,
@@ -193,27 +191,21 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
                 "handle_presence_timeouts", self._handle_timeouts
             )
 
-        self.clock.call_later(
-            30,
-            self.clock.looping_call,
-            run_timeout_handler,
-            5000,
-        )
+        self.clock.call_later(30, self.clock.looping_call, run_timeout_handler, 5000)
 
         def run_persister():
             return run_as_background_process(
                 "persist_presence_changes", self._persist_unpersisted_changes
             )
 
-        self.clock.call_later(
-            60,
-            self.clock.looping_call,
-            run_persister,
-            60 * 1000,
-        )
+        self.clock.call_later(60, self.clock.looping_call, run_persister, 60 * 1000)
 
-        LaterGauge("synapse_handlers_presence_wheel_timer_size", "", [],
-                   lambda: len(self.wheel_timer))
+        LaterGauge(
+            "synapse_handlers_presence_wheel_timer_size",
+            "",
+            [],
+            lambda: len(self.wheel_timer),
+        )
 
         # Used to handle sending of presence to newly joined users/servers
         if hs.config.use_presence:
@@ -241,15 +233,17 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
         logger.info(
             "Performing _on_shutdown. Persisting %d unpersisted changes",
-            len(self.user_to_current_state)
+            len(self.user_to_current_state),
         )
 
         if self.unpersisted_users_changes:
 
-            yield self.store.update_presence([
-                self.user_to_current_state[user_id]
-                for user_id in self.unpersisted_users_changes
-            ])
+            yield self.store.update_presence(
+                [
+                    self.user_to_current_state[user_id]
+                    for user_id in self.unpersisted_users_changes
+                ]
+            )
         logger.info("Finished _on_shutdown")
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -261,13 +255,10 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
         self.unpersisted_users_changes = set()
 
         if unpersisted:
-            logger.info(
-                "Persisting %d upersisted presence updates", len(unpersisted)
+            logger.info("Persisting %d upersisted presence updates", len(unpersisted))
+            yield self.store.update_presence(
+                [self.user_to_current_state[user_id] for user_id in unpersisted]
             )
-            yield self.store.update_presence([
-                self.user_to_current_state[user_id]
-                for user_id in unpersisted
-            ])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _update_states(self, new_states):
@@ -303,10 +294,11 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
                 )
 
                 new_state, should_notify, should_ping = handle_update(
-                    prev_state, new_state,
+                    prev_state,
+                    new_state,
                     is_mine=self.is_mine_id(user_id),
                     wheel_timer=self.wheel_timer,
-                    now=now
+                    now=now,
                 )
 
                 self.user_to_current_state[user_id] = new_state
@@ -328,7 +320,8 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             self.unpersisted_users_changes -= set(to_notify.keys())
 
             to_federation_ping = {
-                user_id: state for user_id, state in to_federation_ping.items()
+                user_id: state
+                for user_id, state in to_federation_ping.items()
                 if user_id not in to_notify
             }
             if to_federation_ping:
@@ -351,8 +344,8 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
         # Check whether the lists of syncing processes from an external
         # process have expired.
         expired_process_ids = [
-            process_id for process_id, last_update
-            in self.external_process_last_updated_ms.items()
+            process_id
+            for process_id, last_update in self.external_process_last_updated_ms.items()
             if now - last_update > EXTERNAL_PROCESS_EXPIRY
         ]
         for process_id in expired_process_ids:
@@ -362,9 +355,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             self.external_process_last_update.pop(process_id)
 
         states = [
-            self.user_to_current_state.get(
-                user_id, UserPresenceState.default(user_id)
-            )
+            self.user_to_current_state.get(user_id, UserPresenceState.default(user_id))
             for user_id in users_to_check
         ]
 
@@ -394,9 +385,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
         prev_state = yield self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
 
-        new_fields = {
-            "last_active_ts": self.clock.time_msec(),
-        }
+        new_fields = {"last_active_ts": self.clock.time_msec()}
         if prev_state.state == PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE:
             new_fields["state"] = PresenceState.ONLINE
 
@@ -430,15 +419,23 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             if prev_state.state == PresenceState.OFFLINE:
                 # If they're currently offline then bring them online, otherwise
                 # just update the last sync times.
-                yield self._update_states([prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                    state=PresenceState.ONLINE,
-                    last_active_ts=self.clock.time_msec(),
-                    last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec(),
-                )])
+                yield self._update_states(
+                    [
+                        prev_state.copy_and_replace(
+                            state=PresenceState.ONLINE,
+                            last_active_ts=self.clock.time_msec(),
+                            last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec(),
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
             else:
-                yield self._update_states([prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                    last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec(),
-                )])
+                yield self._update_states(
+                    [
+                        prev_state.copy_and_replace(
+                            last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec()
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
 
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def _end():
@@ -446,9 +443,13 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
                 self.user_to_num_current_syncs[user_id] -= 1
 
                 prev_state = yield self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
-                yield self._update_states([prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                    last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec(),
-                )])
+                yield self._update_states(
+                    [
+                        prev_state.copy_and_replace(
+                            last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec()
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
             except Exception:
                 logger.exception("Error updating presence after sync")
 
@@ -469,7 +470,8 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
         """
         if self.hs.config.use_presence:
             syncing_user_ids = {
-                user_id for user_id, count in self.user_to_num_current_syncs.items()
+                user_id
+                for user_id, count in self.user_to_num_current_syncs.items()
                 if count
             }
             for user_ids in self.external_process_to_current_syncs.values():
@@ -479,7 +481,9 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             return set()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def update_external_syncs_row(self, process_id, user_id, is_syncing, sync_time_msec):
+    def update_external_syncs_row(
+        self, process_id, user_id, is_syncing, sync_time_msec
+    ):
         """Update the syncing users for an external process as a delta.
 
         Args:
@@ -500,20 +504,22 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             updates = []
             if is_syncing and user_id not in process_presence:
                 if prev_state.state == PresenceState.OFFLINE:
-                    updates.append(prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                        state=PresenceState.ONLINE,
-                        last_active_ts=sync_time_msec,
-                        last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec,
-                    ))
+                    updates.append(
+                        prev_state.copy_and_replace(
+                            state=PresenceState.ONLINE,
+                            last_active_ts=sync_time_msec,
+                            last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec,
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
-                    updates.append(prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                        last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec,
-                    ))
+                    updates.append(
+                        prev_state.copy_and_replace(last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec)
+                    )
                 process_presence.add(user_id)
             elif user_id in process_presence:
-                updates.append(prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                    last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec,
-                ))
+                updates.append(
+                    prev_state.copy_and_replace(last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec)
+                )
 
             if not is_syncing:
                 process_presence.discard(user_id)
@@ -537,12 +543,12 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             prev_states = yield self.current_state_for_users(process_presence)
             time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
 
-            yield self._update_states([
-                prev_state.copy_and_replace(
-                    last_user_sync_ts=time_now_ms,
-                )
-                for prev_state in itervalues(prev_states)
-            ])
+            yield self._update_states(
+                [
+                    prev_state.copy_and_replace(last_user_sync_ts=time_now_ms)
+                    for prev_state in itervalues(prev_states)
+                ]
+            )
             self.external_process_last_updated_ms.pop(process_id, None)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -574,8 +580,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             missing = [user_id for user_id, state in iteritems(states) if not state]
             if missing:
                 new = {
-                    user_id: UserPresenceState.default(user_id)
-                    for user_id in missing
+                    user_id: UserPresenceState.default(user_id) for user_id in missing
                 }
                 states.update(new)
                 self.user_to_current_state.update(new)
@@ -593,8 +598,10 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
         room_ids_to_states, users_to_states = parties
 
         self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "presence_key", stream_id, rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
-            users=[UserID.from_string(u) for u in users_to_states]
+            "presence_key",
+            stream_id,
+            rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
+            users=[UserID.from_string(u) for u in users_to_states],
         )
 
         self._push_to_remotes(states)
@@ -605,8 +612,10 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
         room_ids_to_states, users_to_states = parties
 
         self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "presence_key", stream_id, rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
-            users=[UserID.from_string(u) for u in users_to_states]
+            "presence_key",
+            stream_id,
+            rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
+            users=[UserID.from_string(u) for u in users_to_states],
         )
 
     def _push_to_remotes(self, states):
@@ -631,15 +640,15 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             user_id = push.get("user_id", None)
             if not user_id:
                 logger.info(
-                    "Got presence update from %r with no 'user_id': %r",
-                    origin, push,
+                    "Got presence update from %r with no 'user_id': %r", origin, push
                 )
                 continue
 
             if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
                 logger.info(
                     "Got presence update from %r with bad 'user_id': %r",
-                    origin, user_id,
+                    origin,
+                    user_id,
                 )
                 continue
 
@@ -647,14 +656,12 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             if not presence_state:
                 logger.info(
                     "Got presence update from %r with no 'presence_state': %r",
-                    origin, push,
+                    origin,
+                    push,
                 )
                 continue
 
-            new_fields = {
-                "state": presence_state,
-                "last_federation_update_ts": now,
-            }
+            new_fields = {"state": presence_state, "last_federation_update_ts": now}
 
             last_active_ago = push.get("last_active_ago", None)
             if last_active_ago is not None:
@@ -672,10 +679,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_state(self, target_user, as_event=False):
-        results = yield self.get_states(
-            [target_user.to_string()],
-            as_event=as_event,
-        )
+        results = yield self.get_states([target_user.to_string()], as_event=as_event)
 
         defer.returnValue(results[0])
 
@@ -699,13 +703,15 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
         if as_event:
-            defer.returnValue([
-                {
-                    "type": "m.presence",
-                    "content": format_user_presence_state(state, now),
-                }
-                for state in updates
-            ])
+            defer.returnValue(
+                [
+                    {
+                        "type": "m.presence",
+                        "content": format_user_presence_state(state, now),
+                    }
+                    for state in updates
+                ]
+            )
         else:
             defer.returnValue(updates)
 
@@ -717,7 +723,9 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
         presence = state["presence"]
 
         valid_presence = (
-            PresenceState.ONLINE, PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE, PresenceState.OFFLINE
+            PresenceState.ONLINE,
+            PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE,
+            PresenceState.OFFLINE,
         )
         if presence not in valid_presence:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid presence state")
@@ -726,9 +734,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
         prev_state = yield self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
 
-        new_fields = {
-            "state": presence
-        }
+        new_fields = {"state": presence}
 
         if not ignore_status_msg:
             msg = status_msg if presence != PresenceState.OFFLINE else None
@@ -877,8 +883,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             hosts = set(host for host in hosts if host != self.server_name)
 
             self.federation.send_presence_to_destinations(
-                states=[state],
-                destinations=hosts,
+                states=[state], destinations=hosts
             )
         else:
             # A remote user has joined the room, so we need to:
@@ -904,7 +909,8 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
             # default state.
             now = self.clock.time_msec()
             states = [
-                state for state in states.values()
+                state
+                for state in states.values()
                 if state.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE
                 or now - state.last_active_ts < 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
                 or state.status_msg is not None
@@ -912,8 +918,7 @@ class PresenceHandler(object):
 
             if states:
                 self.federation.send_presence_to_destinations(
-                    states=states,
-                    destinations=[get_domain_from_id(user_id)],
+                    states=states, destinations=[get_domain_from_id(user_id)]
                 )
 
 
@@ -937,7 +942,10 @@ def should_notify(old_state, new_state):
             notify_reason_counter.labels("current_active_change").inc()
             return True
 
-        if new_state.last_active_ts - old_state.last_active_ts > LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY:
+        if (
+            new_state.last_active_ts - old_state.last_active_ts
+            > LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY
+        ):
             # Only notify about last active bumps if we're not currently acive
             if not new_state.currently_active:
                 notify_reason_counter.labels("last_active_change_online").inc()
@@ -958,9 +966,7 @@ def format_user_presence_state(state, now, include_user_id=True):
     The "user_id" is optional so that this function can be used to format presence
     updates for client /sync responses and for federation /send requests.
     """
-    content = {
-        "presence": state.state,
-    }
+    content = {"presence": state.state}
     if include_user_id:
         content["user_id"] = state.user_id
     if state.last_active_ts:
@@ -986,8 +992,15 @@ class PresenceEventSource(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
-    def get_new_events(self, user, from_key, room_ids=None, include_offline=True,
-                       explicit_room_id=None, **kwargs):
+    def get_new_events(
+        self,
+        user,
+        from_key,
+        room_ids=None,
+        include_offline=True,
+        explicit_room_id=None,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
         # The process for getting presence events are:
         #  1. Get the rooms the user is in.
         #  2. Get the list of user in the rooms.
@@ -1030,7 +1043,7 @@ class PresenceEventSource(object):
 
                 if from_key:
                     user_ids_changed = stream_change_cache.get_entities_changed(
-                        users_interested_in, from_key,
+                        users_interested_in, from_key
                     )
                 else:
                     user_ids_changed = users_interested_in
@@ -1040,10 +1053,16 @@ class PresenceEventSource(object):
         if include_offline:
             defer.returnValue((list(updates.values()), max_token))
         else:
-            defer.returnValue(([
-                s for s in itervalues(updates)
-                if s.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE
-            ], max_token))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                (
+                    [
+                        s
+                        for s in itervalues(updates)
+                        if s.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE
+                    ],
+                    max_token,
+                )
+            )
 
     def get_current_key(self):
         return self.store.get_current_presence_token()
@@ -1061,13 +1080,13 @@ class PresenceEventSource(object):
         users_interested_in.add(user_id)  # So that we receive our own presence
 
         users_who_share_room = yield self.store.get_users_who_share_room_with_user(
-            user_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate,
+            user_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate
         )
         users_interested_in.update(users_who_share_room)
 
         if explicit_room_id:
             user_ids = yield self.store.get_users_in_room(
-                explicit_room_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate,
+                explicit_room_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate
             )
             users_interested_in.update(user_ids)
 
@@ -1123,9 +1142,7 @@ def handle_timeout(state, is_mine, syncing_user_ids, now):
             if now - state.last_active_ts > IDLE_TIMER:
                 # Currently online, but last activity ages ago so auto
                 # idle
-                state = state.copy_and_replace(
-                    state=PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE,
-                )
+                state = state.copy_and_replace(state=PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE)
                 changed = True
             elif now - state.last_active_ts > LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY:
                 # So that we send down a notification that we've
@@ -1145,8 +1162,7 @@ def handle_timeout(state, is_mine, syncing_user_ids, now):
             sync_or_active = max(state.last_user_sync_ts, state.last_active_ts)
             if now - sync_or_active > SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT:
                 state = state.copy_and_replace(
-                    state=PresenceState.OFFLINE,
-                    status_msg=None,
+                    state=PresenceState.OFFLINE, status_msg=None
                 )
                 changed = True
     else:
@@ -1155,10 +1171,7 @@ def handle_timeout(state, is_mine, syncing_user_ids, now):
         # no one gets stuck online forever.
         if now - state.last_federation_update_ts > FEDERATION_TIMEOUT:
             # The other side seems to have disappeared.
-            state = state.copy_and_replace(
-                state=PresenceState.OFFLINE,
-                status_msg=None,
-            )
+            state = state.copy_and_replace(state=PresenceState.OFFLINE, status_msg=None)
             changed = True
 
     return state if changed else None
@@ -1193,21 +1206,17 @@ def handle_update(prev_state, new_state, is_mine, wheel_timer, now):
         if new_state.state == PresenceState.ONLINE:
             # Idle timer
             wheel_timer.insert(
-                now=now,
-                obj=user_id,
-                then=new_state.last_active_ts + IDLE_TIMER
+                now=now, obj=user_id, then=new_state.last_active_ts + IDLE_TIMER
             )
 
             active = now - new_state.last_active_ts < LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY
-            new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(
-                currently_active=active,
-            )
+            new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(currently_active=active)
 
             if active:
                 wheel_timer.insert(
                     now=now,
                     obj=user_id,
-                    then=new_state.last_active_ts + LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY
+                    then=new_state.last_active_ts + LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY,
                 )
 
         if new_state.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE:
@@ -1215,29 +1224,25 @@ def handle_update(prev_state, new_state, is_mine, wheel_timer, now):
             wheel_timer.insert(
                 now=now,
                 obj=user_id,
-                then=new_state.last_user_sync_ts + SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT
+                then=new_state.last_user_sync_ts + SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT,
             )
 
             last_federate = new_state.last_federation_update_ts
             if now - last_federate > FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL:
                 # Been a while since we've poked remote servers
-                new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(
-                    last_federation_update_ts=now,
-                )
+                new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(last_federation_update_ts=now)
                 federation_ping = True
 
     else:
         wheel_timer.insert(
             now=now,
             obj=user_id,
-            then=new_state.last_federation_update_ts + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT
+            then=new_state.last_federation_update_ts + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT,
         )
 
     # Check whether the change was something worth notifying about
     if should_notify(prev_state, new_state):
-        new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(
-            last_federation_update_ts=now,
-        )
+        new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(last_federation_update_ts=now)
         persist_and_notify = True
 
     return new_state, persist_and_notify, federation_ping
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/profile.py b/synapse/handlers/profile.py
index 3e04233394..d8462b75ec 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/profile.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/profile.py
@@ -73,18 +73,13 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
                     raise SynapseError(404, "Profile was not found", Codes.NOT_FOUND)
                 raise
 
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "displayname": displayname,
-                "avatar_url": avatar_url,
-            })
+            defer.returnValue({"displayname": displayname, "avatar_url": avatar_url})
         else:
             try:
                 result = yield self.federation.make_query(
                     destination=target_user.domain,
                     query_type="profile",
-                    args={
-                        "user_id": user_id,
-                    },
+                    args={"user_id": user_id},
                     ignore_backoff=True,
                 )
                 defer.returnValue(result)
@@ -113,10 +108,7 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
                     raise SynapseError(404, "Profile was not found", Codes.NOT_FOUND)
                 raise
 
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "displayname": displayname,
-                "avatar_url": avatar_url,
-            })
+            defer.returnValue({"displayname": displayname, "avatar_url": avatar_url})
         else:
             profile = yield self.store.get_from_remote_profile_cache(user_id)
             defer.returnValue(profile or {})
@@ -139,10 +131,7 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
                 result = yield self.federation.make_query(
                     destination=target_user.domain,
                     query_type="profile",
-                    args={
-                        "user_id": target_user.to_string(),
-                        "field": "displayname",
-                    },
+                    args={"user_id": target_user.to_string(), "field": "displayname"},
                     ignore_backoff=True,
                 )
             except RequestSendFailed as e:
@@ -170,15 +159,13 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if len(new_displayname) > MAX_DISPLAYNAME_LEN:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Displayname is too long (max %i)" % (MAX_DISPLAYNAME_LEN, ),
+                400, "Displayname is too long (max %i)" % (MAX_DISPLAYNAME_LEN,)
             )
 
-        if new_displayname == '':
+        if new_displayname == "":
             new_displayname = None
 
-        yield self.store.set_profile_displayname(
-            target_user.localpart, new_displayname
-        )
+        yield self.store.set_profile_displayname(target_user.localpart, new_displayname)
 
         if self.hs.config.user_directory_search_all_users:
             profile = yield self.store.get_profileinfo(target_user.localpart)
@@ -205,10 +192,7 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
                 result = yield self.federation.make_query(
                     destination=target_user.domain,
                     query_type="profile",
-                    args={
-                        "user_id": target_user.to_string(),
-                        "field": "avatar_url",
-                    },
+                    args={"user_id": target_user.to_string(), "field": "avatar_url"},
                     ignore_backoff=True,
                 )
             except RequestSendFailed as e:
@@ -230,12 +214,10 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if len(new_avatar_url) > MAX_AVATAR_URL_LEN:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Avatar URL is too long (max %i)" % (MAX_AVATAR_URL_LEN, ),
+                400, "Avatar URL is too long (max %i)" % (MAX_AVATAR_URL_LEN,)
             )
 
-        yield self.store.set_profile_avatar_url(
-            target_user.localpart, new_avatar_url
-        )
+        yield self.store.set_profile_avatar_url(target_user.localpart, new_avatar_url)
 
         if self.hs.config.user_directory_search_all_users:
             profile = yield self.store.get_profileinfo(target_user.localpart)
@@ -278,9 +260,7 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         yield self.ratelimit(requester)
 
-        room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(
-            target_user.to_string(),
-        )
+        room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(target_user.to_string())
 
         for room_id in room_ids:
             handler = self.hs.get_room_member_handler()
@@ -296,8 +276,7 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
                 )
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warn(
-                    "Failed to update join event for room %s - %s",
-                    room_id, str(e)
+                    "Failed to update join event for room %s - %s", room_id, str(e)
                 )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -325,11 +304,9 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
             return
 
         try:
-            requester_rooms = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(
-                requester.to_string()
-            )
+            requester_rooms = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(requester.to_string())
             target_user_rooms = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(
-                target_user.to_string(),
+                target_user.to_string()
             )
 
             # Check if the room lists have no elements in common.
@@ -353,12 +330,12 @@ class MasterProfileHandler(BaseProfileHandler):
         assert hs.config.worker_app is None
 
         self.clock.looping_call(
-            self._start_update_remote_profile_cache, self.PROFILE_UPDATE_MS,
+            self._start_update_remote_profile_cache, self.PROFILE_UPDATE_MS
         )
 
     def _start_update_remote_profile_cache(self):
         return run_as_background_process(
-            "Update remote profile", self._update_remote_profile_cache,
+            "Update remote profile", self._update_remote_profile_cache
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -372,7 +349,7 @@ class MasterProfileHandler(BaseProfileHandler):
 
         for user_id, displayname, avatar_url in entries:
             is_subscribed = yield self.store.is_subscribed_remote_profile_for_user(
-                user_id,
+                user_id
             )
             if not is_subscribed:
                 yield self.store.maybe_delete_remote_profile_cache(user_id)
@@ -382,9 +359,7 @@ class MasterProfileHandler(BaseProfileHandler):
                 profile = yield self.federation.make_query(
                     destination=get_domain_from_id(user_id),
                     query_type="profile",
-                    args={
-                        "user_id": user_id,
-                    },
+                    args={"user_id": user_id},
                     ignore_backoff=True,
                 )
             except Exception:
@@ -399,6 +374,4 @@ class MasterProfileHandler(BaseProfileHandler):
             new_avatar = profile.get("avatar_url")
 
             # We always hit update to update the last_check timestamp
-            yield self.store.update_remote_profile_cache(
-                user_id, new_name, new_avatar
-            )
+            yield self.store.update_remote_profile_cache(user_id, new_name, new_avatar)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py b/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py
index 32108568c6..3e4d8c93a4 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class ReadMarkerHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         with (yield self.read_marker_linearizer.queue((room_id, user_id))):
             existing_read_marker = yield self.store.get_account_data_for_room_and_type(
-                user_id, room_id, "m.fully_read",
+                user_id, room_id, "m.fully_read"
             )
 
             should_update = True
@@ -51,14 +51,11 @@ class ReadMarkerHandler(BaseHandler):
             if existing_read_marker:
                 # Only update if the new marker is ahead in the stream
                 should_update = yield self.store.is_event_after(
-                    event_id,
-                    existing_read_marker['event_id']
+                    event_id, existing_read_marker["event_id"]
                 )
 
             if should_update:
-                content = {
-                    "event_id": event_id
-                }
+                content = {"event_id": event_id}
                 max_id = yield self.store.add_account_data_to_room(
                     user_id, room_id, "m.fully_read", content
                 )
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/receipts.py b/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
index 274d2946ad..a85dd8cdee 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
@@ -88,19 +88,16 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         affected_room_ids = list(set([r.room_id for r in receipts]))
 
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "receipt_key", max_batch_id, rooms=affected_room_ids
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("receipt_key", max_batch_id, rooms=affected_room_ids)
         # Note that the min here shouldn't be relied upon to be accurate.
         yield self.hs.get_pusherpool().on_new_receipts(
-            min_batch_id, max_batch_id, affected_room_ids,
+            min_batch_id, max_batch_id, affected_room_ids
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(True)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def received_client_receipt(self, room_id, receipt_type, user_id,
-                                event_id):
+    def received_client_receipt(self, room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_id):
         """Called when a client tells us a local user has read up to the given
         event_id in the room.
         """
@@ -109,9 +106,7 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
             receipt_type=receipt_type,
             user_id=user_id,
             event_ids=[event_id],
-            data={
-                "ts": int(self.clock.time_msec()),
-            },
+            data={"ts": int(self.clock.time_msec())},
         )
 
         is_new = yield self._handle_new_receipts([receipt])
@@ -125,8 +120,7 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
         """Gets all receipts for a room, upto the given key.
         """
         result = yield self.store.get_linearized_receipts_for_room(
-            room_id,
-            to_key=to_key,
+            room_id, to_key=to_key
         )
 
         if not result:
@@ -148,14 +142,12 @@ class ReceiptEventSource(object):
             defer.returnValue(([], to_key))
 
         events = yield self.store.get_linearized_receipts_for_rooms(
-            room_ids,
-            from_key=from_key,
-            to_key=to_key,
+            room_ids, from_key=from_key, to_key=to_key
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((events, to_key))
 
-    def get_current_key(self, direction='f'):
+    def get_current_key(self, direction="f"):
         return self.store.get_max_receipt_stream_id()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -169,9 +161,7 @@ class ReceiptEventSource(object):
 
         room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user.to_string())
         events = yield self.store.get_linearized_receipts_for_rooms(
-            room_ids,
-            from_key=from_key,
-            to_key=to_key,
+            room_ids, from_key=from_key, to_key=to_key
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((events, to_key))
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/register.py b/synapse/handlers/register.py
index 9a388ea013..e487b90c08 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/register.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/register.py
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
 
@@ -69,44 +68,37 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.macaroon_gen = hs.get_macaroon_generator()
 
         self._generate_user_id_linearizer = Linearizer(
-            name="_generate_user_id_linearizer",
+            name="_generate_user_id_linearizer"
         )
         self._server_notices_mxid = hs.config.server_notices_mxid
 
         if hs.config.worker_app:
             self._register_client = ReplicationRegisterServlet.make_client(hs)
-            self._register_device_client = (
-                RegisterDeviceReplicationServlet.make_client(hs)
+            self._register_device_client = RegisterDeviceReplicationServlet.make_client(
+                hs
             )
-            self._post_registration_client = (
-                ReplicationPostRegisterActionsServlet.make_client(hs)
+            self._post_registration_client = ReplicationPostRegisterActionsServlet.make_client(
+                hs
             )
         else:
             self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
             self.pusher_pool = hs.get_pusherpool()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def check_username(self, localpart, guest_access_token=None,
-                       assigned_user_id=None):
+    def check_username(self, localpart, guest_access_token=None, assigned_user_id=None):
         if types.contains_invalid_mxid_characters(localpart):
             raise SynapseError(
                 400,
                 "User ID can only contain characters a-z, 0-9, or '=_-./'",
-                Codes.INVALID_USERNAME
+                Codes.INVALID_USERNAME,
             )
 
         if not localpart:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "User ID cannot be empty",
-                Codes.INVALID_USERNAME
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "User ID cannot be empty", Codes.INVALID_USERNAME)
 
-        if localpart[0] == '_':
+        if localpart[0] == "_":
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "User ID may not begin with _",
-                Codes.INVALID_USERNAME
+                400, "User ID may not begin with _", Codes.INVALID_USERNAME
             )
 
         user = UserID(localpart, self.hs.hostname)
@@ -126,19 +118,15 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         if len(user_id) > MAX_USERID_LENGTH:
             raise SynapseError(
                 400,
-                "User ID may not be longer than %s characters" % (
-                    MAX_USERID_LENGTH,
-                ),
-                Codes.INVALID_USERNAME
+                "User ID may not be longer than %s characters" % (MAX_USERID_LENGTH,),
+                Codes.INVALID_USERNAME,
             )
 
         users = yield self.store.get_users_by_id_case_insensitive(user_id)
         if users:
             if not guest_access_token:
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    400,
-                    "User ID already taken.",
-                    errcode=Codes.USER_IN_USE,
+                    400, "User ID already taken.", errcode=Codes.USER_IN_USE
                 )
             user_data = yield self.auth.get_user_by_access_token(guest_access_token)
             if not user_data["is_guest"] or user_data["user"].localpart != localpart:
@@ -203,8 +191,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 try:
                     int(localpart)
                     raise RegistrationError(
-                        400,
-                        "Numeric user IDs are reserved for guest users."
+                        400, "Numeric user IDs are reserved for guest users."
                     )
                 except ValueError:
                     pass
@@ -283,9 +270,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             }
 
             # Bind email to new account
-            yield self._register_email_threepid(
-                user_id, threepid_dict, None, False,
-            )
+            yield self._register_email_threepid(user_id, threepid_dict, None, False)
 
         defer.returnValue((user_id, token))
 
@@ -318,8 +303,8 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(r)
                     if self.hs.hostname != room_alias.domain:
                         logger.warning(
-                            'Cannot create room alias %s, '
-                            'it does not match server domain',
+                            "Cannot create room alias %s, "
+                            "it does not match server domain",
                             r,
                         )
                     else:
@@ -332,7 +317,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                             fake_requester,
                             config={
                                 "preset": "public_chat",
-                                "room_alias_name": room_alias_localpart
+                                "room_alias_name": room_alias_localpart,
                             },
                             ratelimit=False,
                         )
@@ -364,8 +349,9 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise AuthError(403, "Invalid application service token.")
         if not service.is_interested_in_user(user_id):
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Invalid user localpart for this application service.",
-                errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                400,
+                "Invalid user localpart for this application service.",
+                errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
             )
 
         service_id = service.id if service.is_exclusive_user(user_id) else None
@@ -391,17 +377,15 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
 
         captcha_response = yield self._validate_captcha(
-            ip,
-            private_key,
-            challenge,
-            response
+            ip, private_key, challenge, response
         )
         if not captcha_response["valid"]:
-            logger.info("Invalid captcha entered from %s. Error: %s",
-                        ip, captcha_response["error_url"])
-            raise InvalidCaptchaError(
-                error_url=captcha_response["error_url"]
+            logger.info(
+                "Invalid captcha entered from %s. Error: %s",
+                ip,
+                captcha_response["error_url"],
             )
+            raise InvalidCaptchaError(error_url=captcha_response["error_url"])
         else:
             logger.info("Valid captcha entered from %s", ip)
 
@@ -414,8 +398,11 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
 
         for c in threepidCreds:
-            logger.info("validating threepidcred sid %s on id server %s",
-                        c['sid'], c['idServer'])
+            logger.info(
+                "validating threepidcred sid %s on id server %s",
+                c["sid"],
+                c["idServer"],
+            )
             try:
                 threepid = yield self.identity_handler.threepid_from_creds(c)
             except Exception:
@@ -424,13 +411,14 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
             if not threepid:
                 raise RegistrationError(400, "Couldn't validate 3pid")
-            logger.info("got threepid with medium '%s' and address '%s'",
-                        threepid['medium'], threepid['address'])
+            logger.info(
+                "got threepid with medium '%s' and address '%s'",
+                threepid["medium"],
+                threepid["address"],
+            )
 
-            if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, threepid['medium'], threepid['address']):
-                raise RegistrationError(
-                    403, "Third party identifier is not allowed"
-                )
+            if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, threepid["medium"], threepid["address"]):
+                raise RegistrationError(403, "Third party identifier is not allowed")
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def bind_emails(self, user_id, threepidCreds):
@@ -449,23 +437,23 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         if self._server_notices_mxid is not None:
             if user_id == self._server_notices_mxid:
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    400, "This user ID is reserved.",
-                    errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                    400, "This user ID is reserved.", errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
                 )
 
         # valid user IDs must not clash with any user ID namespaces claimed by
         # application services.
         services = self.store.get_app_services()
         interested_services = [
-            s for s in services
-            if s.is_interested_in_user(user_id)
-            and s != allowed_appservice
+            s
+            for s in services
+            if s.is_interested_in_user(user_id) and s != allowed_appservice
         ]
         for service in interested_services:
             if service.is_exclusive_user(user_id):
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    400, "This user ID is reserved by an application service.",
-                    errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE
+                    400,
+                    "This user ID is reserved by an application service.",
+                    errcode=Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
                 )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -491,14 +479,13 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             dict: Containing 'valid'(bool) and 'error_url'(str) if invalid.
 
         """
-        response = yield self._submit_captcha(ip_addr, private_key, challenge,
-                                              response)
+        response = yield self._submit_captcha(ip_addr, private_key, challenge, response)
         # parse Google's response. Lovely format..
-        lines = response.split('\n')
+        lines = response.split("\n")
         json = {
-            "valid": lines[0] == 'true',
-            "error_url": "http://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api/challenge?" +
-                         "error=%s" % lines[1]
+            "valid": lines[0] == "true",
+            "error_url": "http://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api/challenge?"
+            + "error=%s" % lines[1],
         }
         defer.returnValue(json)
 
@@ -510,17 +497,16 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         data = yield self.captcha_client.post_urlencoded_get_raw(
             "http://www.recaptcha.net:80/recaptcha/api/verify",
             args={
-                'privatekey': private_key,
-                'remoteip': ip_addr,
-                'challenge': challenge,
-                'response': response
-            }
+                "privatekey": private_key,
+                "remoteip": ip_addr,
+                "challenge": challenge,
+                "response": response,
+            },
         )
         defer.returnValue(data)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_or_create_user(self, requester, localpart, displayname,
-                           password_hash=None):
+    def get_or_create_user(self, requester, localpart, displayname, password_hash=None):
         """Creates a new user if the user does not exist,
         else revokes all previous access tokens and generates a new one.
 
@@ -565,7 +551,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         if displayname is not None:
             logger.info("setting user display name: %s -> %s", user_id, displayname)
             yield self.profile_handler.set_displayname(
-                user, requester, displayname, by_admin=True,
+                user, requester, displayname, by_admin=True
             )
 
         defer.returnValue((user_id, token))
@@ -587,15 +573,12 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
         access_token = yield self.store.get_3pid_guest_access_token(medium, address)
         if access_token:
-            user_info = yield self.auth.get_user_by_access_token(
-                access_token
-            )
+            user_info = yield self.auth.get_user_by_access_token(access_token)
 
             defer.returnValue((user_info["user"].to_string(), access_token))
 
         user_id, access_token = yield self.register(
-            generate_token=True,
-            make_guest=True
+            generate_token=True, make_guest=True
         )
         access_token = yield self.store.save_or_get_3pid_guest_access_token(
             medium, address, access_token, inviter_user_id
@@ -616,9 +599,9 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             )
             room_id = room_id.to_string()
         else:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "%s was not legal room ID or room alias" % (
-                room_identifier,
-            ))
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "%s was not legal room ID or room alias" % (room_identifier,)
+            )
 
         yield room_member_handler.update_membership(
             requester=requester,
@@ -629,10 +612,19 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             ratelimit=False,
         )
 
-    def register_with_store(self, user_id, token=None, password_hash=None,
-                            was_guest=False, make_guest=False, appservice_id=None,
-                            create_profile_with_displayname=None, admin=False,
-                            user_type=None, address=None):
+    def register_with_store(
+        self,
+        user_id,
+        token=None,
+        password_hash=None,
+        was_guest=False,
+        make_guest=False,
+        appservice_id=None,
+        create_profile_with_displayname=None,
+        admin=False,
+        user_type=None,
+        address=None,
+    ):
         """Register user in the datastore.
 
         Args:
@@ -661,14 +653,15 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             time_now = self.clock.time()
 
             allowed, time_allowed = self.ratelimiter.can_do_action(
-                address, time_now_s=time_now,
+                address,
+                time_now_s=time_now,
                 rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_registration.per_second,
                 burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_registration.burst_count,
             )
 
             if not allowed:
                 raise LimitExceededError(
-                    retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now)),
+                    retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now))
                 )
 
         if self.hs.config.worker_app:
@@ -698,8 +691,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def register_device(self, user_id, device_id, initial_display_name,
-                        is_guest=False):
+    def register_device(self, user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest=False):
         """Register a device for a user and generate an access token.
 
         Args:
@@ -732,14 +724,15 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 )
             else:
                 access_token = yield self._auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id(
-                    user_id, device_id=device_id,
+                    user_id, device_id=device_id
                 )
 
             defer.returnValue((device_id, access_token))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def post_registration_actions(self, user_id, auth_result, access_token,
-                                  bind_email, bind_msisdn):
+    def post_registration_actions(
+        self, user_id, auth_result, access_token, bind_email, bind_msisdn
+    ):
         """A user has completed registration
 
         Args:
@@ -773,20 +766,15 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 yield self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user(user_id)
 
             yield self._register_email_threepid(
-                user_id, threepid, access_token,
-                bind_email,
+                user_id, threepid, access_token, bind_email
             )
 
         if auth_result and LoginType.MSISDN in auth_result:
             threepid = auth_result[LoginType.MSISDN]
-            yield self._register_msisdn_threepid(
-                user_id, threepid, bind_msisdn,
-            )
+            yield self._register_msisdn_threepid(user_id, threepid, bind_msisdn)
 
         if auth_result and LoginType.TERMS in auth_result:
-            yield self._on_user_consented(
-                user_id, self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
-            )
+            yield self._on_user_consented(user_id, self.hs.config.user_consent_version)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _on_user_consented(self, user_id, consent_version):
@@ -798,9 +786,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 consented to.
         """
         logger.info("%s has consented to the privacy policy", user_id)
-        yield self.store.user_set_consent_version(
-            user_id, consent_version,
-        )
+        yield self.store.user_set_consent_version(user_id, consent_version)
         yield self.post_consent_actions(user_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -824,33 +810,30 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         Returns:
             defer.Deferred:
         """
-        reqd = ('medium', 'address', 'validated_at')
+        reqd = ("medium", "address", "validated_at")
         if any(x not in threepid for x in reqd):
             # This will only happen if the ID server returns a malformed response
             logger.info("Can't add incomplete 3pid")
             return
 
         yield self._auth_handler.add_threepid(
-            user_id,
-            threepid['medium'],
-            threepid['address'],
-            threepid['validated_at'],
+            user_id, threepid["medium"], threepid["address"], threepid["validated_at"]
         )
 
         # And we add an email pusher for them by default, but only
         # if email notifications are enabled (so people don't start
         # getting mail spam where they weren't before if email
         # notifs are set up on a home server)
-        if (self.hs.config.email_enable_notifs and
-                self.hs.config.email_notif_for_new_users
-                and token):
+        if (
+            self.hs.config.email_enable_notifs
+            and self.hs.config.email_notif_for_new_users
+            and token
+        ):
             # Pull the ID of the access token back out of the db
             # It would really make more sense for this to be passed
             # up when the access token is saved, but that's quite an
             # invasive change I'd rather do separately.
-            user_tuple = yield self.store.get_user_by_access_token(
-                token
-            )
+            user_tuple = yield self.store.get_user_by_access_token(token)
             token_id = user_tuple["token_id"]
 
             yield self.pusher_pool.add_pusher(
@@ -867,11 +850,9 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if bind_email:
             logger.info("bind_email specified: binding")
-            logger.debug("Binding emails %s to %s" % (
-                threepid, user_id
-            ))
+            logger.debug("Binding emails %s to %s" % (threepid, user_id))
             yield self.identity_handler.bind_threepid(
-                threepid['threepid_creds'], user_id
+                threepid["threepid_creds"], user_id
             )
         else:
             logger.info("bind_email not specified: not binding email")
@@ -894,7 +875,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             defer.Deferred:
         """
         try:
-            assert_params_in_dict(threepid, ['medium', 'address', 'validated_at'])
+            assert_params_in_dict(threepid, ["medium", "address", "validated_at"])
         except SynapseError as ex:
             if ex.errcode == Codes.MISSING_PARAM:
                 # This will only happen if the ID server returns a malformed response
@@ -903,17 +884,14 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             raise
 
         yield self._auth_handler.add_threepid(
-            user_id,
-            threepid['medium'],
-            threepid['address'],
-            threepid['validated_at'],
+            user_id, threepid["medium"], threepid["address"], threepid["validated_at"]
         )
 
         if bind_msisdn:
             logger.info("bind_msisdn specified: binding")
             logger.debug("Binding msisdn %s to %s", threepid, user_id)
             yield self.identity_handler.bind_threepid(
-                threepid['threepid_creds'], user_id
+                threepid["threepid_creds"], user_id
             )
         else:
             logger.info("bind_msisdn not specified: not binding msisdn")
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room.py b/synapse/handlers/room.py
index 74793bab33..89d89fc27c 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             if r is None:
                 raise NotFoundError("Unknown room id %s" % (old_room_id,))
             new_room_id = yield self._generate_room_id(
-                creator_id=user_id, is_public=r["is_public"],
+                creator_id=user_id, is_public=r["is_public"]
             )
 
             logger.info("Creating new room %s to replace %s", new_room_id, old_room_id)
@@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             # room, to check our user has perms in the old room.
             tombstone_event, tombstone_context = (
                 yield self.event_creation_handler.create_event(
-                    requester, {
+                    requester,
+                    {
                         "type": EventTypes.Tombstone,
                         "state_key": "",
                         "room_id": old_room_id,
@@ -118,14 +119,14 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         "content": {
                             "body": "This room has been replaced",
                             "replacement_room": new_room_id,
-                        }
+                        },
                     },
                     token_id=requester.access_token_id,
                 )
             )
             old_room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(old_room_id)
             yield self.auth.check_from_context(
-                old_room_version, tombstone_event, tombstone_context,
+                old_room_version, tombstone_event, tombstone_context
             )
 
             yield self.clone_existing_room(
@@ -138,27 +139,27 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
             # now send the tombstone
             yield self.event_creation_handler.send_nonmember_event(
-                requester, tombstone_event, tombstone_context,
+                requester, tombstone_event, tombstone_context
             )
 
             old_room_state = yield tombstone_context.get_current_state_ids(self.store)
 
             # update any aliases
             yield self._move_aliases_to_new_room(
-                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state
             )
 
             # and finally, shut down the PLs in the old room, and update them in the new
             # room.
             yield self._update_upgraded_room_pls(
-                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state
             )
 
             defer.returnValue(new_room_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _update_upgraded_room_pls(
-            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+        self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state
     ):
         """Send updated power levels in both rooms after an upgrade
 
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         if old_room_pl_event_id is None:
             logger.warning(
                 "Not supported: upgrading a room with no PL event. Not setting PLs "
-                "in old room.",
+                "in old room."
             )
             return
 
@@ -197,45 +198,48 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             if current < restricted_level:
                 logger.info(
                     "Setting level for %s in %s to %i (was %i)",
-                    v, old_room_id, restricted_level, current,
+                    v,
+                    old_room_id,
+                    restricted_level,
+                    current,
                 )
                 pl_content[v] = restricted_level
                 updated = True
             else:
-                logger.info(
-                    "Not setting level for %s (already %i)",
-                    v, current,
-                )
+                logger.info("Not setting level for %s (already %i)", v, current)
 
         if updated:
             try:
                 yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-                    requester, {
+                    requester,
+                    {
                         "type": EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                        "state_key": '',
+                        "state_key": "",
                         "room_id": old_room_id,
                         "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
                         "content": pl_content,
-                    }, ratelimit=False,
+                    },
+                    ratelimit=False,
                 )
             except AuthError as e:
                 logger.warning("Unable to update PLs in old room: %s", e)
 
         logger.info("Setting correct PLs in new room")
         yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-            requester, {
+            requester,
+            {
                 "type": EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                "state_key": '',
+                "state_key": "",
                 "room_id": new_room_id,
                 "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
                 "content": old_room_pl_state.content,
-            }, ratelimit=False,
+            },
+            ratelimit=False,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def clone_existing_room(
-            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, new_room_version,
-            tombstone_event_id,
+        self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, new_room_version, tombstone_event_id
     ):
         """Populate a new room based on an old room
 
@@ -257,10 +261,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         creation_content = {
             "room_version": new_room_version,
-            "predecessor": {
-                "room_id": old_room_id,
-                "event_id": tombstone_event_id,
-            }
+            "predecessor": {"room_id": old_room_id, "event_id": tombstone_event_id},
         }
 
         # Check if old room was non-federatable
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         )
 
         old_room_state_ids = yield self.store.get_filtered_current_state_ids(
-            old_room_id, StateFilter.from_types(types_to_copy),
+            old_room_id, StateFilter.from_types(types_to_copy)
         )
         # map from event_id to BaseEvent
         old_room_state_events = yield self.store.get_events(old_room_state_ids.values())
@@ -302,11 +303,9 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         yield self._send_events_for_new_room(
             requester,
             new_room_id,
-
             # we expect to override all the presets with initial_state, so this is
             # somewhat arbitrary.
             preset_config=RoomCreationPreset.PRIVATE_CHAT,
-
             invite_list=[],
             initial_state=initial_state,
             creation_content=creation_content,
@@ -314,20 +313,22 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # Transfer membership events
         old_room_member_state_ids = yield self.store.get_filtered_current_state_ids(
-            old_room_id, StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Member, None)]),
+            old_room_id, StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Member, None)])
         )
 
         # map from event_id to BaseEvent
         old_room_member_state_events = yield self.store.get_events(
-            old_room_member_state_ids.values(),
+            old_room_member_state_ids.values()
         )
         for k, old_event in iteritems(old_room_member_state_events):
             # Only transfer ban events
-            if ("membership" in old_event.content and
-                    old_event.content["membership"] == "ban"):
+            if (
+                "membership" in old_event.content
+                and old_event.content["membership"] == "ban"
+            ):
                 yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
                     requester,
-                    UserID.from_string(old_event['state_key']),
+                    UserID.from_string(old_event["state_key"]),
                     new_room_id,
                     "ban",
                     ratelimit=False,
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _move_aliases_to_new_room(
-            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+        self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state
     ):
         directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
 
@@ -370,14 +371,11 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             alias = RoomAlias.from_string(alias_str)
             try:
                 yield directory_handler.delete_association(
-                    requester, alias, send_event=False,
+                    requester, alias, send_event=False
                 )
                 removed_aliases.append(alias_str)
             except SynapseError as e:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "Unable to remove alias %s from old room: %s",
-                    alias, e,
-                )
+                logger.warning("Unable to remove alias %s from old room: %s", alias, e)
 
         # if we didn't find any aliases, or couldn't remove anyway, we can skip the rest
         # of this.
@@ -393,30 +391,26 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             # as when you remove an alias from the directory normally - it just means that
             # the aliases event gets out of sync with the directory
             # (cf https://github.com/vector-im/riot-web/issues/2369)
-            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                requester, old_room_id,
-            )
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(requester, old_room_id)
         except AuthError as e:
-            logger.warning(
-                "Failed to send updated alias event on old room: %s", e,
-            )
+            logger.warning("Failed to send updated alias event on old room: %s", e)
 
         # we can now add any aliases we successfully removed to the new room.
         for alias in removed_aliases:
             try:
                 yield directory_handler.create_association(
-                    requester, RoomAlias.from_string(alias),
-                    new_room_id, servers=(self.hs.hostname, ),
-                    send_event=False, check_membership=False,
+                    requester,
+                    RoomAlias.from_string(alias),
+                    new_room_id,
+                    servers=(self.hs.hostname,),
+                    send_event=False,
+                    check_membership=False,
                 )
                 logger.info("Moved alias %s to new room", alias)
             except SynapseError as e:
                 # I'm not really expecting this to happen, but it could if the spam
                 # checking module decides it shouldn't, or similar.
-                logger.error(
-                    "Error adding alias %s to new room: %s",
-                    alias, e,
-                )
+                logger.error("Error adding alias %s to new room: %s", alias, e)
 
         try:
             if canonical_alias and (canonical_alias in removed_aliases):
@@ -427,24 +421,19 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         "state_key": "",
                         "room_id": new_room_id,
                         "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
-                        "content": {"alias": canonical_alias, },
+                        "content": {"alias": canonical_alias},
                     },
-                    ratelimit=False
+                    ratelimit=False,
                 )
 
-            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                requester, new_room_id,
-            )
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(requester, new_room_id)
         except SynapseError as e:
             # again I'm not really expecting this to fail, but if it does, I'd rather
             # we returned the new room to the client at this point.
-            logger.error(
-                "Unable to send updated alias events in new room: %s", e,
-            )
+            logger.error("Unable to send updated alias events in new room: %s", e)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True,
-                    creator_join_profile=None):
+    def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True, creator_join_profile=None):
         """ Creates a new room.
 
         Args:
@@ -474,25 +463,23 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         yield self.auth.check_auth_blocking(user_id)
 
-        if (self._server_notices_mxid is not None and
-                requester.user.to_string() == self._server_notices_mxid):
+        if (
+            self._server_notices_mxid is not None
+            and requester.user.to_string() == self._server_notices_mxid
+        ):
             # allow the server notices mxid to create rooms
             is_requester_admin = True
         else:
-            is_requester_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(
-                requester.user,
-            )
+            is_requester_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(requester.user)
 
         # Check whether the third party rules allows/changes the room create
         # request.
         yield self.third_party_event_rules.on_create_room(
-            requester,
-            config,
-            is_requester_admin=is_requester_admin,
+            requester, config, is_requester_admin=is_requester_admin
         )
 
         if not is_requester_admin and not self.spam_checker.user_may_create_room(
-            user_id,
+            user_id
         ):
             raise SynapseError(403, "You are not permitted to create rooms")
 
@@ -500,16 +487,11 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             yield self.ratelimit(requester)
 
         room_version = config.get(
-            "room_version",
-            self.config.default_room_version.identifier,
+            "room_version", self.config.default_room_version.identifier
         )
 
         if not isinstance(room_version, string_types):
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "room_version must be a string",
-                Codes.BAD_JSON,
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "room_version must be a string", Codes.BAD_JSON)
 
         if room_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
             raise SynapseError(
@@ -523,20 +505,11 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 if wchar in config["room_alias_name"]:
                     raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid characters in room alias")
 
-            room_alias = RoomAlias(
-                config["room_alias_name"],
-                self.hs.hostname,
-            )
-            mapping = yield self.store.get_association_from_room_alias(
-                room_alias
-            )
+            room_alias = RoomAlias(config["room_alias_name"], self.hs.hostname)
+            mapping = yield self.store.get_association_from_room_alias(room_alias)
 
             if mapping:
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    400,
-                    "Room alias already taken",
-                    Codes.ROOM_IN_USE
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Room alias already taken", Codes.ROOM_IN_USE)
         else:
             room_alias = None
 
@@ -547,9 +520,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             except Exception:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid user_id: %s" % (i,))
 
-        yield self.event_creation_handler.assert_accepted_privacy_policy(
-            requester,
-        )
+        yield self.event_creation_handler.assert_accepted_privacy_policy(requester)
 
         invite_3pid_list = config.get("invite_3pid", [])
 
@@ -573,7 +544,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             "preset",
             RoomCreationPreset.PRIVATE_CHAT
             if visibility == "private"
-            else RoomCreationPreset.PUBLIC_CHAT
+            else RoomCreationPreset.PUBLIC_CHAT,
         )
 
         raw_initial_state = config.get("initial_state", [])
@@ -610,7 +581,8 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     "state_key": "",
                     "content": {"name": name},
                 },
-                ratelimit=False)
+                ratelimit=False,
+            )
 
         if "topic" in config:
             topic = config["topic"]
@@ -623,7 +595,8 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     "state_key": "",
                     "content": {"topic": topic},
                 },
-                ratelimit=False)
+                ratelimit=False,
+            )
 
         for invitee in invite_list:
             content = {}
@@ -658,30 +631,25 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         if room_alias:
             result["room_alias"] = room_alias.to_string()
-            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                requester, room_id
-            )
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(requester, room_id)
 
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _send_events_for_new_room(
-            self,
-            creator,  # A Requester object.
-            room_id,
-            preset_config,
-            invite_list,
-            initial_state,
-            creation_content,
-            room_alias=None,
-            power_level_content_override=None,
-            creator_join_profile=None,
+        self,
+        creator,  # A Requester object.
+        room_id,
+        preset_config,
+        invite_list,
+        initial_state,
+        creation_content,
+        room_alias=None,
+        power_level_content_override=None,
+        creator_join_profile=None,
     ):
         def create(etype, content, **kwargs):
-            e = {
-                "type": etype,
-                "content": content,
-            }
+            e = {"type": etype, "content": content}
 
             e.update(event_keys)
             e.update(kwargs)
@@ -693,26 +661,17 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             event = create(etype, content, **kwargs)
             logger.info("Sending %s in new room", etype)
             yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-                creator,
-                event,
-                ratelimit=False
+                creator, event, ratelimit=False
             )
 
         config = RoomCreationHandler.PRESETS_DICT[preset_config]
 
         creator_id = creator.user.to_string()
 
-        event_keys = {
-            "room_id": room_id,
-            "sender": creator_id,
-            "state_key": "",
-        }
+        event_keys = {"room_id": room_id, "sender": creator_id, "state_key": ""}
 
         creation_content.update({"creator": creator_id})
-        yield send(
-            etype=EventTypes.Create,
-            content=creation_content,
-        )
+        yield send(etype=EventTypes.Create, content=creation_content)
 
         logger.info("Sending %s in new room", EventTypes.Member)
         yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
@@ -726,17 +685,12 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # We treat the power levels override specially as this needs to be one
         # of the first events that get sent into a room.
-        pl_content = initial_state.pop((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ''), None)
+        pl_content = initial_state.pop((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""), None)
         if pl_content is not None:
-            yield send(
-                etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                content=pl_content,
-            )
+            yield send(etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels, content=pl_content)
         else:
             power_level_content = {
-                "users": {
-                    creator_id: 100,
-                },
+                "users": {creator_id: 100},
                 "users_default": 0,
                 "events": {
                     EventTypes.Name: 50,
@@ -760,42 +714,33 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             if power_level_content_override:
                 power_level_content.update(power_level_content_override)
 
-            yield send(
-                etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                content=power_level_content,
-            )
+            yield send(etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels, content=power_level_content)
 
-        if room_alias and (EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, '') not in initial_state:
+        if room_alias and (EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, "") not in initial_state:
             yield send(
                 etype=EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
                 content={"alias": room_alias.to_string()},
             )
 
-        if (EventTypes.JoinRules, '') not in initial_state:
+        if (EventTypes.JoinRules, "") not in initial_state:
             yield send(
-                etype=EventTypes.JoinRules,
-                content={"join_rule": config["join_rules"]},
+                etype=EventTypes.JoinRules, content={"join_rule": config["join_rules"]}
             )
 
-        if (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, '') not in initial_state:
+        if (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, "") not in initial_state:
             yield send(
                 etype=EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
-                content={"history_visibility": config["history_visibility"]}
+                content={"history_visibility": config["history_visibility"]},
             )
 
         if config["guest_can_join"]:
-            if (EventTypes.GuestAccess, '') not in initial_state:
+            if (EventTypes.GuestAccess, "") not in initial_state:
                 yield send(
-                    etype=EventTypes.GuestAccess,
-                    content={"guest_access": "can_join"}
+                    etype=EventTypes.GuestAccess, content={"guest_access": "can_join"}
                 )
 
         for (etype, state_key), content in initial_state.items():
-            yield send(
-                etype=etype,
-                state_key=state_key,
-                content=content,
-            )
+            yield send(etype=etype, state_key=state_key, content=content)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _generate_room_id(self, creator_id, is_public):
@@ -805,12 +750,9 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         while attempts < 5:
             try:
                 random_string = stringutils.random_string(18)
-                gen_room_id = RoomID(
-                    random_string,
-                    self.hs.hostname,
-                ).to_string()
+                gen_room_id = RoomID(random_string, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
                 if isinstance(gen_room_id, bytes):
-                    gen_room_id = gen_room_id.decode('utf-8')
+                    gen_room_id = gen_room_id.decode("utf-8")
                 yield self.store.store_room(
                     room_id=gen_room_id,
                     room_creator_user_id=creator_id,
@@ -844,7 +786,7 @@ class RoomContextHandler(object):
         Returns:
             dict, or None if the event isn't found
         """
-        before_limit = math.floor(limit / 2.)
+        before_limit = math.floor(limit / 2.0)
         after_limit = limit - before_limit
 
         users = yield self.store.get_users_in_room(room_id)
@@ -852,24 +794,19 @@ class RoomContextHandler(object):
 
         def filter_evts(events):
             return filter_events_for_client(
-                self.store,
-                user.to_string(),
-                events,
-                is_peeking=is_peeking
+                self.store, user.to_string(), events, is_peeking=is_peeking
             )
 
-        event = yield self.store.get_event(event_id, get_prev_content=True,
-                                           allow_none=True)
+        event = yield self.store.get_event(
+            event_id, get_prev_content=True, allow_none=True
+        )
         if not event:
             defer.returnValue(None)
             return
 
-        filtered = yield(filter_evts([event]))
+        filtered = yield (filter_evts([event]))
         if not filtered:
-            raise AuthError(
-                403,
-                "You don't have permission to access that event."
-            )
+            raise AuthError(403, "You don't have permission to access that event.")
 
         results = yield self.store.get_events_around(
             room_id, event_id, before_limit, after_limit, event_filter
@@ -901,7 +838,7 @@ class RoomContextHandler(object):
         # https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/687
 
         state = yield self.store.get_state_for_events(
-            [last_event_id], state_filter=state_filter,
+            [last_event_id], state_filter=state_filter
         )
         results["state"] = list(state[last_event_id].values())
 
@@ -913,9 +850,7 @@ class RoomContextHandler(object):
             "room_key", results["start"]
         ).to_string()
 
-        results["end"] = token.copy_and_replace(
-            "room_key", results["end"]
-        ).to_string()
+        results["end"] = token.copy_and_replace("room_key", results["end"]).to_string()
 
         defer.returnValue(results)
 
@@ -926,13 +861,7 @@ class RoomEventSource(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_new_events(
-            self,
-            user,
-            from_key,
-            limit,
-            room_ids,
-            is_guest,
-            explicit_room_id=None,
+        self, user, from_key, limit, room_ids, is_guest, explicit_room_id=None
     ):
         # We just ignore the key for now.
 
@@ -943,9 +872,7 @@ class RoomEventSource(object):
             logger.warn("Stream has topological part!!!! %r", from_key)
             from_key = "s%s" % (from_token.stream,)
 
-        app_service = self.store.get_app_service_by_user_id(
-            user.to_string()
-        )
+        app_service = self.store.get_app_service_by_user_id(user.to_string())
         if app_service:
             # We no longer support AS users using /sync directly.
             # See https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/1144
@@ -960,7 +887,7 @@ class RoomEventSource(object):
                 from_key=from_key,
                 to_key=to_key,
                 limit=limit or 10,
-                order='ASC',
+                order="ASC",
             )
 
             events = list(room_events)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_list.py b/synapse/handlers/room_list.py
index 617d1c9ef8..aae696a7e8 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_list.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_list.py
@@ -46,13 +46,18 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
         super(RoomListHandler, self).__init__(hs)
         self.enable_room_list_search = hs.config.enable_room_list_search
         self.response_cache = ResponseCache(hs, "room_list")
-        self.remote_response_cache = ResponseCache(hs, "remote_room_list",
-                                                   timeout_ms=30 * 1000)
+        self.remote_response_cache = ResponseCache(
+            hs, "remote_room_list", timeout_ms=30 * 1000
+        )
 
-    def get_local_public_room_list(self, limit=None, since_token=None,
-                                   search_filter=None,
-                                   network_tuple=EMPTY_THIRD_PARTY_ID,
-                                   from_federation=False):
+    def get_local_public_room_list(
+        self,
+        limit=None,
+        since_token=None,
+        search_filter=None,
+        network_tuple=EMPTY_THIRD_PARTY_ID,
+        from_federation=False,
+    ):
         """Generate a local public room list.
 
         There are multiple different lists: the main one plus one per third
@@ -68,14 +73,14 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
                 Setting to None returns all public rooms across all lists.
         """
         if not self.enable_room_list_search:
-            return defer.succeed({
-                "chunk": [],
-                "total_room_count_estimate": 0,
-            })
+            return defer.succeed({"chunk": [], "total_room_count_estimate": 0})
 
         logger.info(
             "Getting public room list: limit=%r, since=%r, search=%r, network=%r",
-            limit, since_token, bool(search_filter), network_tuple,
+            limit,
+            since_token,
+            bool(search_filter),
+            network_tuple,
         )
 
         if search_filter:
@@ -88,24 +93,33 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             # solution at some point
             timeout = self.clock.time() + 60
             return self._get_public_room_list(
-                limit, since_token, search_filter,
-                network_tuple=network_tuple, timeout=timeout,
+                limit,
+                since_token,
+                search_filter,
+                network_tuple=network_tuple,
+                timeout=timeout,
             )
 
         key = (limit, since_token, network_tuple)
         return self.response_cache.wrap(
             key,
             self._get_public_room_list,
-            limit, since_token,
-            network_tuple=network_tuple, from_federation=from_federation,
+            limit,
+            since_token,
+            network_tuple=network_tuple,
+            from_federation=from_federation,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _get_public_room_list(self, limit=None, since_token=None,
-                              search_filter=None,
-                              network_tuple=EMPTY_THIRD_PARTY_ID,
-                              from_federation=False,
-                              timeout=None,):
+    def _get_public_room_list(
+        self,
+        limit=None,
+        since_token=None,
+        search_filter=None,
+        network_tuple=EMPTY_THIRD_PARTY_ID,
+        from_federation=False,
+        timeout=None,
+    ):
         """Generate a public room list.
         Args:
             limit (int|None): Maximum amount of rooms to return.
@@ -135,15 +149,14 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             current_public_id = yield self.store.get_current_public_room_stream_id()
             public_room_stream_id = since_token.public_room_stream_id
             newly_visible, newly_unpublished = yield self.store.get_public_room_changes(
-                public_room_stream_id, current_public_id,
-                network_tuple=network_tuple,
+                public_room_stream_id, current_public_id, network_tuple=network_tuple
             )
         else:
             stream_token = yield self.store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
             public_room_stream_id = yield self.store.get_current_public_room_stream_id()
 
         room_ids = yield self.store.get_public_room_ids_at_stream_id(
-            public_room_stream_id, network_tuple=network_tuple,
+            public_room_stream_id, network_tuple=network_tuple
         )
 
         # We want to return rooms in a particular order: the number of joined
@@ -168,7 +181,7 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
                     return
 
                 joined_users = yield self.state_handler.get_current_users_in_room(
-                    room_id, latest_event_ids,
+                    room_id, latest_event_ids
                 )
 
             num_joined_users = len(joined_users)
@@ -180,8 +193,9 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             # We want larger rooms to be first, hence negating num_joined_users
             rooms_to_order_value[room_id] = (-num_joined_users, room_id)
 
-        logger.info("Getting ordering for %i rooms since %s",
-                    len(room_ids), stream_token)
+        logger.info(
+            "Getting ordering for %i rooms since %s", len(room_ids), stream_token
+        )
         yield concurrently_execute(get_order_for_room, room_ids, 10)
 
         sorted_entries = sorted(rooms_to_order_value.items(), key=lambda e: e[1])
@@ -193,7 +207,8 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # Filter out rooms that we don't want to return
         rooms_to_scan = [
-            r for r in sorted_rooms
+            r
+            for r in sorted_rooms
             if r not in newly_unpublished and rooms_to_num_joined[r] > 0
         ]
 
@@ -204,13 +219,12 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             # `since_token.current_limit` is the index of the last room we
             # sent down, so we exclude it and everything before/after it.
             if since_token.direction_is_forward:
-                rooms_to_scan = rooms_to_scan[since_token.current_limit + 1:]
+                rooms_to_scan = rooms_to_scan[since_token.current_limit + 1 :]
             else:
-                rooms_to_scan = rooms_to_scan[:since_token.current_limit]
+                rooms_to_scan = rooms_to_scan[: since_token.current_limit]
                 rooms_to_scan.reverse()
 
-        logger.info("After sorting and filtering, %i rooms remain",
-                    len(rooms_to_scan))
+        logger.info("After sorting and filtering, %i rooms remain", len(rooms_to_scan))
 
         # _append_room_entry_to_chunk will append to chunk but will stop if
         # len(chunk) > limit
@@ -237,15 +251,19 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             if timeout and self.clock.time() > timeout:
                 raise Exception("Timed out searching room directory")
 
-            batch = rooms_to_scan[i:i + step]
+            batch = rooms_to_scan[i : i + step]
             logger.info("Processing %i rooms for result", len(batch))
             yield concurrently_execute(
                 lambda r: self._append_room_entry_to_chunk(
-                    r, rooms_to_num_joined[r],
-                    chunk, limit, search_filter,
+                    r,
+                    rooms_to_num_joined[r],
+                    chunk,
+                    limit,
+                    search_filter,
                     from_federation=from_federation,
                 ),
-                batch, 5,
+                batch,
+                5,
             )
             logger.info("Now %i rooms in result", len(chunk))
             if len(chunk) >= limit + 1:
@@ -273,10 +291,7 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
 
             new_limit = sorted_rooms.index(last_room_id)
 
-        results = {
-            "chunk": chunk,
-            "total_room_count_estimate": total_room_count,
-        }
+        results = {"chunk": chunk, "total_room_count_estimate": total_room_count}
 
         if since_token:
             results["new_rooms"] = bool(newly_visible)
@@ -313,8 +328,15 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
         defer.returnValue(results)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _append_room_entry_to_chunk(self, room_id, num_joined_users, chunk, limit,
-                                    search_filter, from_federation=False):
+    def _append_room_entry_to_chunk(
+        self,
+        room_id,
+        num_joined_users,
+        chunk,
+        limit,
+        search_filter,
+        from_federation=False,
+    ):
         """Generate the entry for a room in the public room list and append it
         to the `chunk` if it matches the search filter
 
@@ -345,8 +367,14 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             chunk.append(result)
 
     @cachedInlineCallbacks(num_args=1, cache_context=True)
-    def generate_room_entry(self, room_id, num_joined_users, cache_context,
-                            with_alias=True, allow_private=False):
+    def generate_room_entry(
+        self,
+        room_id,
+        num_joined_users,
+        cache_context,
+        with_alias=True,
+        allow_private=False,
+    ):
         """Returns the entry for a room
 
         Args:
@@ -360,33 +388,31 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             Deferred[dict|None]: Returns a room entry as a dictionary, or None if this
             room was determined not to be shown publicly.
         """
-        result = {
-            "room_id": room_id,
-            "num_joined_members": num_joined_users,
-        }
+        result = {"room_id": room_id, "num_joined_members": num_joined_users}
 
         current_state_ids = yield self.store.get_current_state_ids(
-            room_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate,
+            room_id, on_invalidate=cache_context.invalidate
         )
 
-        event_map = yield self.store.get_events([
-            event_id for key, event_id in iteritems(current_state_ids)
-            if key[0] in (
-                EventTypes.Create,
-                EventTypes.JoinRules,
-                EventTypes.Name,
-                EventTypes.Topic,
-                EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
-                EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
-                EventTypes.GuestAccess,
-                "m.room.avatar",
-            )
-        ])
+        event_map = yield self.store.get_events(
+            [
+                event_id
+                for key, event_id in iteritems(current_state_ids)
+                if key[0]
+                in (
+                    EventTypes.Create,
+                    EventTypes.JoinRules,
+                    EventTypes.Name,
+                    EventTypes.Topic,
+                    EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
+                    EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
+                    EventTypes.GuestAccess,
+                    "m.room.avatar",
+                )
+            ]
+        )
 
-        current_state = {
-            (ev.type, ev.state_key): ev
-            for ev in event_map.values()
-        }
+        current_state = {(ev.type, ev.state_key): ev for ev in event_map.values()}
 
         # Double check that this is actually a public room.
 
@@ -446,14 +472,17 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_remote_public_room_list(self, server_name, limit=None, since_token=None,
-                                    search_filter=None, include_all_networks=False,
-                                    third_party_instance_id=None,):
+    def get_remote_public_room_list(
+        self,
+        server_name,
+        limit=None,
+        since_token=None,
+        search_filter=None,
+        include_all_networks=False,
+        third_party_instance_id=None,
+    ):
         if not self.enable_room_list_search:
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "chunk": [],
-                "total_room_count_estimate": 0,
-            })
+            defer.returnValue({"chunk": [], "total_room_count_estimate": 0})
 
         if search_filter:
             # We currently don't support searching across federation, so we have
@@ -462,52 +491,75 @@ class RoomListHandler(BaseHandler):
             since_token = None
 
         res = yield self._get_remote_list_cached(
-            server_name, limit=limit, since_token=since_token,
+            server_name,
+            limit=limit,
+            since_token=since_token,
             include_all_networks=include_all_networks,
             third_party_instance_id=third_party_instance_id,
         )
 
         if search_filter:
-            res = {"chunk": [
-                entry
-                for entry in list(res.get("chunk", []))
-                if _matches_room_entry(entry, search_filter)
-            ]}
+            res = {
+                "chunk": [
+                    entry
+                    for entry in list(res.get("chunk", []))
+                    if _matches_room_entry(entry, search_filter)
+                ]
+            }
 
         defer.returnValue(res)
 
-    def _get_remote_list_cached(self, server_name, limit=None, since_token=None,
-                                search_filter=None, include_all_networks=False,
-                                third_party_instance_id=None,):
+    def _get_remote_list_cached(
+        self,
+        server_name,
+        limit=None,
+        since_token=None,
+        search_filter=None,
+        include_all_networks=False,
+        third_party_instance_id=None,
+    ):
         repl_layer = self.hs.get_federation_client()
         if search_filter:
             # We can't cache when asking for search
             return repl_layer.get_public_rooms(
-                server_name, limit=limit, since_token=since_token,
-                search_filter=search_filter, include_all_networks=include_all_networks,
+                server_name,
+                limit=limit,
+                since_token=since_token,
+                search_filter=search_filter,
+                include_all_networks=include_all_networks,
                 third_party_instance_id=third_party_instance_id,
             )
 
         key = (
-            server_name, limit, since_token, include_all_networks,
+            server_name,
+            limit,
+            since_token,
+            include_all_networks,
             third_party_instance_id,
         )
         return self.remote_response_cache.wrap(
             key,
             repl_layer.get_public_rooms,
-            server_name, limit=limit, since_token=since_token,
+            server_name,
+            limit=limit,
+            since_token=since_token,
             search_filter=search_filter,
             include_all_networks=include_all_networks,
             third_party_instance_id=third_party_instance_id,
         )
 
 
-class RoomListNextBatch(namedtuple("RoomListNextBatch", (
-    "stream_ordering",  # stream_ordering of the first public room list
-    "public_room_stream_id",  # public room stream id for first public room list
-    "current_limit",  # The number of previous rooms returned
-    "direction_is_forward",  # Bool if this is a next_batch, false if prev_batch
-))):
+class RoomListNextBatch(
+    namedtuple(
+        "RoomListNextBatch",
+        (
+            "stream_ordering",  # stream_ordering of the first public room list
+            "public_room_stream_id",  # public room stream id for first public room list
+            "current_limit",  # The number of previous rooms returned
+            "direction_is_forward",  # Bool if this is a next_batch, false if prev_batch
+        ),
+    )
+):
 
     KEY_DICT = {
         "stream_ordering": "s",
@@ -527,21 +579,19 @@ class RoomListNextBatch(namedtuple("RoomListNextBatch", (
             decoded = msgpack.loads(decode_base64(token), raw=False)
         else:
             decoded = msgpack.loads(decode_base64(token))
-        return RoomListNextBatch(**{
-            cls.REVERSE_KEY_DICT[key]: val
-            for key, val in decoded.items()
-        })
+        return RoomListNextBatch(
+            **{cls.REVERSE_KEY_DICT[key]: val for key, val in decoded.items()}
+        )
 
     def to_token(self):
-        return encode_base64(msgpack.dumps({
-            self.KEY_DICT[key]: val
-            for key, val in self._asdict().items()
-        }))
+        return encode_base64(
+            msgpack.dumps(
+                {self.KEY_DICT[key]: val for key, val in self._asdict().items()}
+            )
+        )
 
     def copy_and_replace(self, **kwds):
-        return self._replace(
-            **kwds
-        )
+        return self._replace(**kwds)
 
 
 def _matches_room_entry(room_entry, search_filter):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
index 458902bb7e..4d6e883802 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
@@ -166,7 +166,11 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _local_membership_update(
-        self, requester, target, room_id, membership,
+        self,
+        requester,
+        target,
+        room_id,
+        membership,
         prev_events_and_hashes,
         txn_id=None,
         ratelimit=True,
@@ -190,7 +194,6 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                 "room_id": room_id,
                 "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
                 "state_key": user_id,
-
                 # For backwards compatibility:
                 "membership": membership,
             },
@@ -202,26 +205,19 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
         # Check if this event matches the previous membership event for the user.
         duplicate = yield self.event_creation_handler.deduplicate_state_event(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if duplicate is not None:
             # Discard the new event since this membership change is a no-op.
             defer.returnValue(duplicate)
 
         yield self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
-            requester,
-            event,
-            context,
-            extra_users=[target],
-            ratelimit=ratelimit,
+            requester, event, context, extra_users=[target], ratelimit=ratelimit
         )
 
         prev_state_ids = yield context.get_prev_state_ids(self.store)
 
-        prev_member_event_id = prev_state_ids.get(
-            (EventTypes.Member, user_id),
-            None
-        )
+        prev_member_event_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.Member, user_id), None)
 
         if event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
             # Only fire user_joined_room if the user has actually joined the
@@ -243,11 +239,11 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
             if predecessor:
                 # It is an upgraded room. Copy over old tags
                 self.copy_room_tags_and_direct_to_room(
-                    predecessor["room_id"], room_id, user_id,
+                    predecessor["room_id"], room_id, user_id
                 )
                 # Move over old push rules
                 self.store.move_push_rules_from_room_to_room_for_user(
-                    predecessor["room_id"], room_id, user_id,
+                    predecessor["room_id"], room_id, user_id
                 )
         elif event.membership == Membership.LEAVE:
             if prev_member_event_id:
@@ -258,12 +254,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         defer.returnValue(event)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def copy_room_tags_and_direct_to_room(
-        self,
-        old_room_id,
-        new_room_id,
-        user_id,
-    ):
+    def copy_room_tags_and_direct_to_room(self, old_room_id, new_room_id, user_id):
         """Copies the tags and direct room state from one room to another.
 
         Args:
@@ -275,9 +266,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
             Deferred[None]
         """
         # Retrieve user account data for predecessor room
-        user_account_data, _ = yield self.store.get_account_data_for_user(
-            user_id,
-        )
+        user_account_data, _ = yield self.store.get_account_data_for_user(user_id)
 
         # Copy direct message state if applicable
         direct_rooms = user_account_data.get("m.direct", {})
@@ -291,34 +280,30 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
                     # Save back to user's m.direct account data
                     yield self.store.add_account_data_for_user(
-                        user_id, "m.direct", direct_rooms,
+                        user_id, "m.direct", direct_rooms
                     )
                     break
 
         # Copy room tags if applicable
-        room_tags = yield self.store.get_tags_for_room(
-            user_id, old_room_id,
-        )
+        room_tags = yield self.store.get_tags_for_room(user_id, old_room_id)
 
         # Copy each room tag to the new room
         for tag, tag_content in room_tags.items():
-            yield self.store.add_tag_to_room(
-                user_id, new_room_id, tag, tag_content
-            )
+            yield self.store.add_tag_to_room(user_id, new_room_id, tag, tag_content)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def update_membership(
-            self,
-            requester,
-            target,
-            room_id,
-            action,
-            txn_id=None,
-            remote_room_hosts=None,
-            third_party_signed=None,
-            ratelimit=True,
-            content=None,
-            require_consent=True,
+        self,
+        requester,
+        target,
+        room_id,
+        action,
+        txn_id=None,
+        remote_room_hosts=None,
+        third_party_signed=None,
+        ratelimit=True,
+        content=None,
+        require_consent=True,
     ):
         key = (room_id,)
 
@@ -340,17 +325,17 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _update_membership(
-            self,
-            requester,
-            target,
-            room_id,
-            action,
-            txn_id=None,
-            remote_room_hosts=None,
-            third_party_signed=None,
-            ratelimit=True,
-            content=None,
-            require_consent=True,
+        self,
+        requester,
+        target,
+        room_id,
+        action,
+        txn_id=None,
+        remote_room_hosts=None,
+        third_party_signed=None,
+        ratelimit=True,
+        content=None,
+        require_consent=True,
     ):
         content_specified = bool(content)
         if content is None:
@@ -384,7 +369,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         if not remote_room_hosts:
             remote_room_hosts = []
 
-        if effective_membership_state not in ("leave", "ban",):
+        if effective_membership_state not in ("leave", "ban"):
             is_blocked = yield self.store.is_room_blocked(room_id)
             if is_blocked:
                 raise SynapseError(403, "This room has been blocked on this server")
@@ -392,22 +377,19 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         if effective_membership_state == Membership.INVITE:
             # block any attempts to invite the server notices mxid
             if target.to_string() == self._server_notices_mxid:
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    http_client.FORBIDDEN,
-                    "Cannot invite this user",
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(http_client.FORBIDDEN, "Cannot invite this user")
 
             block_invite = False
 
-            if (self._server_notices_mxid is not None and
-                    requester.user.to_string() == self._server_notices_mxid):
+            if (
+                self._server_notices_mxid is not None
+                and requester.user.to_string() == self._server_notices_mxid
+            ):
                 # allow the server notices mxid to send invites
                 is_requester_admin = True
 
             else:
-                is_requester_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(
-                    requester.user,
-                )
+                is_requester_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(requester.user)
 
             if not is_requester_admin:
                 if self.config.block_non_admin_invites:
@@ -418,25 +400,19 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                     block_invite = True
 
                 if not self.spam_checker.user_may_invite(
-                    requester.user.to_string(), target.to_string(), room_id,
+                    requester.user.to_string(), target.to_string(), room_id
                 ):
                     logger.info("Blocking invite due to spam checker")
                     block_invite = True
 
             if block_invite:
-                raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "Invites have been disabled on this server",
-                )
+                raise SynapseError(403, "Invites have been disabled on this server")
 
-        prev_events_and_hashes = yield self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(
-            room_id,
-        )
-        latest_event_ids = (
-            event_id for (event_id, _, _) in prev_events_and_hashes
-        )
+        prev_events_and_hashes = yield self.store.get_prev_events_for_room(room_id)
+        latest_event_ids = (event_id for (event_id, _, _) in prev_events_and_hashes)
 
         current_state_ids = yield self.state_handler.get_current_state_ids(
-            room_id, latest_event_ids=latest_event_ids,
+            room_id, latest_event_ids=latest_event_ids
         )
 
         # TODO: Refactor into dictionary of explicitly allowed transitions
@@ -451,13 +427,13 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                     403,
                     "Cannot unban user who was not banned"
                     " (membership=%s)" % old_membership,
-                    errcode=Codes.BAD_STATE
+                    errcode=Codes.BAD_STATE,
                 )
             if old_membership == "ban" and action != "unban":
                 raise SynapseError(
                     403,
                     "Cannot %s user who was banned" % (action,),
-                    errcode=Codes.BAD_STATE
+                    errcode=Codes.BAD_STATE,
                 )
 
             if old_state:
@@ -473,8 +449,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
             # we don't allow people to reject invites to the server notice
             # room, but they can leave it once they are joined.
             if (
-                old_membership == Membership.INVITE and
-                effective_membership_state == Membership.LEAVE
+                old_membership == Membership.INVITE
+                and effective_membership_state == Membership.LEAVE
             ):
                 is_blocked = yield self._is_server_notice_room(room_id)
                 if is_blocked:
@@ -535,7 +511,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                     # send the rejection to the inviter's HS.
                     remote_room_hosts = remote_room_hosts + [inviter.domain]
                     res = yield self._remote_reject_invite(
-                        requester, remote_room_hosts, room_id, target,
+                        requester, remote_room_hosts, room_id, target
                     )
                     defer.returnValue(res)
 
@@ -554,12 +530,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send_membership_event(
-            self,
-            requester,
-            event,
-            context,
-            remote_room_hosts=None,
-            ratelimit=True,
+        self, requester, event, context, remote_room_hosts=None, ratelimit=True
     ):
         """
         Change the membership status of a user in a room.
@@ -585,16 +556,15 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
         if requester is not None:
             sender = UserID.from_string(event.sender)
-            assert sender == requester.user, (
-                "Sender (%s) must be same as requester (%s)" %
-                (sender, requester.user)
-            )
+            assert (
+                sender == requester.user
+            ), "Sender (%s) must be same as requester (%s)" % (sender, requester.user)
             assert self.hs.is_mine(sender), "Sender must be our own: %s" % (sender,)
         else:
             requester = synapse.types.create_requester(target_user)
 
         prev_event = yield self.event_creation_handler.deduplicate_state_event(
-            event, context,
+            event, context
         )
         if prev_event is not None:
             return
@@ -614,16 +584,11 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                 raise SynapseError(403, "This room has been blocked on this server")
 
         yield self.event_creation_handler.handle_new_client_event(
-            requester,
-            event,
-            context,
-            extra_users=[target_user],
-            ratelimit=ratelimit,
+            requester, event, context, extra_users=[target_user], ratelimit=ratelimit
         )
 
         prev_member_event_id = prev_state_ids.get(
-            (EventTypes.Member, event.state_key),
-            None
+            (EventTypes.Member, event.state_key), None
         )
 
         if event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
@@ -693,31 +658,20 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _get_inviter(self, user_id, room_id):
         invite = yield self.store.get_invite_for_user_in_room(
-            user_id=user_id,
-            room_id=room_id,
+            user_id=user_id, room_id=room_id
         )
         if invite:
             defer.returnValue(UserID.from_string(invite.sender))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def do_3pid_invite(
-            self,
-            room_id,
-            inviter,
-            medium,
-            address,
-            id_server,
-            requester,
-            txn_id
+        self, room_id, inviter, medium, address, id_server, requester, txn_id
     ):
         if self.config.block_non_admin_invites:
-            is_requester_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(
-                requester.user,
-            )
+            is_requester_admin = yield self.auth.is_server_admin(requester.user)
             if not is_requester_admin:
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "Invites have been disabled on this server",
-                    Codes.FORBIDDEN,
+                    403, "Invites have been disabled on this server", Codes.FORBIDDEN
                 )
 
         # We need to rate limit *before* we send out any 3PID invites, so we
@@ -725,35 +679,24 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         yield self.base_handler.ratelimit(requester)
 
         can_invite = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_threepid_can_be_invited(
-            medium, address, room_id,
+            medium, address, room_id
         )
         if not can_invite:
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "This third-party identifier can not be invited in this room",
+                403,
+                "This third-party identifier can not be invited in this room",
                 Codes.FORBIDDEN,
             )
 
-        invitee = yield self._lookup_3pid(
-            id_server, medium, address
-        )
+        invitee = yield self._lookup_3pid(id_server, medium, address)
 
         if invitee:
             yield self.update_membership(
-                requester,
-                UserID.from_string(invitee),
-                room_id,
-                "invite",
-                txn_id=txn_id,
+                requester, UserID.from_string(invitee), room_id, "invite", txn_id=txn_id
             )
         else:
             yield self._make_and_store_3pid_invite(
-                requester,
-                id_server,
-                medium,
-                address,
-                room_id,
-                inviter,
-                txn_id=txn_id
+                requester, id_server, medium, address, room_id, inviter, txn_id=txn_id
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -771,15 +714,12 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         """
         if not self._enable_lookup:
             raise SynapseError(
-                403, "Looking up third-party identifiers is denied from this server",
+                403, "Looking up third-party identifiers is denied from this server"
             )
         try:
             data = yield self.simple_http_client.get_json(
-                "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/lookup" % (id_server_scheme, id_server,),
-                {
-                    "medium": medium,
-                    "address": address,
-                }
+                "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/lookup" % (id_server_scheme, id_server),
+                {"medium": medium, "address": address},
             )
 
             if "mxid" in data:
@@ -798,29 +738,25 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
             raise AuthError(401, "No signature from server %s" % (server_hostname,))
         for key_name, signature in data["signatures"][server_hostname].items():
             key_data = yield self.simple_http_client.get_json(
-                "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/pubkey/%s" %
-                (id_server_scheme, server_hostname, key_name,),
+                "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/pubkey/%s"
+                % (id_server_scheme, server_hostname, key_name)
             )
             if "public_key" not in key_data:
-                raise AuthError(401, "No public key named %s from %s" %
-                                (key_name, server_hostname,))
+                raise AuthError(
+                    401, "No public key named %s from %s" % (key_name, server_hostname)
+                )
             verify_signed_json(
                 data,
                 server_hostname,
-                decode_verify_key_bytes(key_name, decode_base64(key_data["public_key"]))
+                decode_verify_key_bytes(
+                    key_name, decode_base64(key_data["public_key"])
+                ),
             )
             return
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _make_and_store_3pid_invite(
-            self,
-            requester,
-            id_server,
-            medium,
-            address,
-            room_id,
-            user,
-            txn_id
+        self, requester, id_server, medium, address, room_id, user, txn_id
     ):
         room_state = yield self.state_handler.get_current_state(room_id)
 
@@ -868,7 +804,7 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                 room_join_rules=room_join_rules,
                 room_name=room_name,
                 inviter_display_name=inviter_display_name,
-                inviter_avatar_url=inviter_avatar_url
+                inviter_avatar_url=inviter_avatar_url,
             )
         )
 
@@ -879,7 +815,6 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                 "content": {
                     "display_name": display_name,
                     "public_keys": public_keys,
-
                     # For backwards compatibility:
                     "key_validity_url": fallback_public_key["key_validity_url"],
                     "public_key": fallback_public_key["public_key"],
@@ -893,19 +828,19 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _ask_id_server_for_third_party_invite(
-            self,
-            requester,
-            id_server,
-            medium,
-            address,
-            room_id,
-            inviter_user_id,
-            room_alias,
-            room_avatar_url,
-            room_join_rules,
-            room_name,
-            inviter_display_name,
-            inviter_avatar_url
+        self,
+        requester,
+        id_server,
+        medium,
+        address,
+        room_id,
+        inviter_user_id,
+        room_alias,
+        room_avatar_url,
+        room_join_rules,
+        room_name,
+        inviter_display_name,
+        inviter_avatar_url,
     ):
         """
         Asks an identity server for a third party invite.
@@ -937,7 +872,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         """
 
         is_url = "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/store-invite" % (
-            id_server_scheme, id_server,
+            id_server_scheme,
+            id_server,
         )
 
         invite_config = {
@@ -961,14 +897,15 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
                 inviter_user_id=inviter_user_id,
             )
 
-            invite_config.update({
-                "guest_access_token": guest_access_token,
-                "guest_user_id": guest_user_id,
-            })
+            invite_config.update(
+                {
+                    "guest_access_token": guest_access_token,
+                    "guest_user_id": guest_user_id,
+                }
+            )
 
         data = yield self.simple_http_client.post_urlencoded_get_json(
-            is_url,
-            invite_config
+            is_url, invite_config
         )
         # TODO: Check for success
         token = data["token"]
@@ -976,9 +913,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(object):
         if "public_key" in data:
             fallback_public_key = {
                 "public_key": data["public_key"],
-                "key_validity_url": "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/pubkey/isvalid" % (
-                    id_server_scheme, id_server,
-                ),
+                "key_validity_url": "%s%s/_matrix/identity/api/v1/pubkey/isvalid"
+                % (id_server_scheme, id_server),
             }
         else:
             fallback_public_key = public_keys[0]
@@ -1047,10 +983,7 @@ class RoomMemberMasterHandler(RoomMemberHandler):
         # that we are allowed to join when we decide whether or not we
         # need to do the invite/join dance.
         yield self.federation_handler.do_invite_join(
-            remote_room_hosts,
-            room_id,
-            user.to_string(),
-            content,
+            remote_room_hosts, room_id, user.to_string(), content
         )
         yield self._user_joined_room(user, room_id)
 
@@ -1061,9 +994,7 @@ class RoomMemberMasterHandler(RoomMemberHandler):
         fed_handler = self.federation_handler
         try:
             ret = yield fed_handler.do_remotely_reject_invite(
-                remote_room_hosts,
-                room_id,
-                target.to_string(),
+                remote_room_hosts, room_id, target.to_string()
             )
             defer.returnValue(ret)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -1075,9 +1006,7 @@ class RoomMemberMasterHandler(RoomMemberHandler):
             #
             logger.warn("Failed to reject invite: %s", e)
 
-            yield self.store.locally_reject_invite(
-                target.to_string(), room_id
-            )
+            yield self.store.locally_reject_invite(target.to_string(), room_id)
             defer.returnValue({})
 
     def get_or_register_3pid_guest(self, requester, medium, address, inviter_user_id):
@@ -1101,18 +1030,15 @@ class RoomMemberMasterHandler(RoomMemberHandler):
         user_id = user.to_string()
 
         member = yield self.state_handler.get_current_state(
-            room_id=room_id,
-            event_type=EventTypes.Member,
-            state_key=user_id
+            room_id=room_id, event_type=EventTypes.Member, state_key=user_id
         )
         membership = member.membership if member else None
 
         if membership is not None and membership not in [
-            Membership.LEAVE, Membership.BAN
+            Membership.LEAVE,
+            Membership.BAN,
         ]:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "User %s in room %s" % (
-                user_id, room_id
-            ))
+            raise SynapseError(400, "User %s in room %s" % (user_id, room_id))
 
         if membership:
             yield self.store.forget(user_id, room_id)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_member_worker.py b/synapse/handlers/room_member_worker.py
index acc6eb8099..da501f38c0 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_member_worker.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_member_worker.py
@@ -71,18 +71,14 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerHandler(RoomMemberHandler):
         """Implements RoomMemberHandler._user_joined_room
         """
         return self._notify_change_client(
-            user_id=target.to_string(),
-            room_id=room_id,
-            change="joined",
+            user_id=target.to_string(), room_id=room_id, change="joined"
         )
 
     def _user_left_room(self, target, room_id):
         """Implements RoomMemberHandler._user_left_room
         """
         return self._notify_change_client(
-            user_id=target.to_string(),
-            room_id=room_id,
-            change="left",
+            user_id=target.to_string(), room_id=room_id, change="left"
         )
 
     def get_or_register_3pid_guest(self, requester, medium, address, inviter_user_id):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/search.py b/synapse/handlers/search.py
index 9bba74d6c9..ddc4430d03 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/search.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/search.py
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(SearchHandler, self).__init__(hs)
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
         batch_token = None
         if batch:
             try:
-                b = decode_base64(batch).decode('ascii')
+                b = decode_base64(batch).decode("ascii")
                 batch_group, batch_group_key, batch_token = b.split("\n")
 
                 assert batch_group is not None
@@ -104,7 +103,9 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         logger.info(
             "Search batch properties: %r, %r, %r",
-            batch_group, batch_group_key, batch_token,
+            batch_group,
+            batch_group_key,
+            batch_token,
         )
 
         logger.info("Search content: %s", content)
@@ -116,9 +117,9 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             search_term = room_cat["search_term"]
 
             # Which "keys" to search over in FTS query
-            keys = room_cat.get("keys", [
-                "content.body", "content.name", "content.topic",
-            ])
+            keys = room_cat.get(
+                "keys", ["content.body", "content.name", "content.topic"]
+            )
 
             # Filter to apply to results
             filter_dict = room_cat.get("filter", {})
@@ -130,9 +131,7 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             include_state = room_cat.get("include_state", False)
 
             # Include context around each event?
-            event_context = room_cat.get(
-                "event_context", None
-            )
+            event_context = room_cat.get("event_context", None)
 
             # Group results together? May allow clients to paginate within a
             # group
@@ -140,12 +139,8 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             group_keys = [g["key"] for g in group_by]
 
             if event_context is not None:
-                before_limit = int(event_context.get(
-                    "before_limit", 5
-                ))
-                after_limit = int(event_context.get(
-                    "after_limit", 5
-                ))
+                before_limit = int(event_context.get("before_limit", 5))
+                after_limit = int(event_context.get("after_limit", 5))
 
                 # Return the historic display name and avatar for the senders
                 # of the events?
@@ -159,7 +154,8 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
         if set(group_keys) - {"room_id", "sender"}:
             raise SynapseError(
                 400,
-                "Invalid group by keys: %r" % (set(group_keys) - {"room_id", "sender"},)
+                "Invalid group by keys: %r"
+                % (set(group_keys) - {"room_id", "sender"},),
             )
 
         search_filter = Filter(filter_dict)
@@ -190,15 +186,13 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             room_ids.intersection_update({batch_group_key})
 
         if not room_ids:
-            defer.returnValue({
-                "search_categories": {
-                    "room_events": {
-                        "results": [],
-                        "count": 0,
-                        "highlights": [],
+            defer.returnValue(
+                {
+                    "search_categories": {
+                        "room_events": {"results": [], "count": 0, "highlights": []}
                     }
                 }
-            })
+            )
 
         rank_map = {}  # event_id -> rank of event
         allowed_events = []
@@ -213,9 +207,7 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
         count = None
 
         if order_by == "rank":
-            search_result = yield self.store.search_msgs(
-                room_ids, search_term, keys
-            )
+            search_result = yield self.store.search_msgs(room_ids, search_term, keys)
 
             count = search_result["count"]
 
@@ -235,19 +227,17 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             )
 
             events.sort(key=lambda e: -rank_map[e.event_id])
-            allowed_events = events[:search_filter.limit()]
+            allowed_events = events[: search_filter.limit()]
 
             for e in allowed_events:
-                rm = room_groups.setdefault(e.room_id, {
-                    "results": [],
-                    "order": rank_map[e.event_id],
-                })
+                rm = room_groups.setdefault(
+                    e.room_id, {"results": [], "order": rank_map[e.event_id]}
+                )
                 rm["results"].append(e.event_id)
 
-                s = sender_group.setdefault(e.sender, {
-                    "results": [],
-                    "order": rank_map[e.event_id],
-                })
+                s = sender_group.setdefault(
+                    e.sender, {"results": [], "order": rank_map[e.event_id]}
+                )
                 s["results"].append(e.event_id)
 
         elif order_by == "recent":
@@ -262,7 +252,10 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             while len(room_events) < search_filter.limit() and i < 5:
                 i += 1
                 search_result = yield self.store.search_rooms(
-                    room_ids, search_term, keys, search_filter.limit() * 2,
+                    room_ids,
+                    search_term,
+                    keys,
+                    search_filter.limit() * 2,
                     pagination_token=pagination_token,
                 )
 
@@ -277,16 +270,14 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
 
                 rank_map.update({r["event"].event_id: r["rank"] for r in results})
 
-                filtered_events = search_filter.filter([
-                    r["event"] for r in results
-                ])
+                filtered_events = search_filter.filter([r["event"] for r in results])
 
                 events = yield filter_events_for_client(
                     self.store, user.to_string(), filtered_events
                 )
 
                 room_events.extend(events)
-                room_events = room_events[:search_filter.limit()]
+                room_events = room_events[: search_filter.limit()]
 
                 if len(results) < search_filter.limit() * 2:
                     pagination_token = None
@@ -295,9 +286,7 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
                     pagination_token = results[-1]["pagination_token"]
 
             for event in room_events:
-                group = room_groups.setdefault(event.room_id, {
-                    "results": [],
-                })
+                group = room_groups.setdefault(event.room_id, {"results": []})
                 group["results"].append(event.event_id)
 
             if room_events and len(room_events) >= search_filter.limit():
@@ -309,18 +298,23 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # it returns more from the same group (if applicable) rather
                 # than reverting to searching all results again.
                 if batch_group and batch_group_key:
-                    global_next_batch = encode_base64(("%s\n%s\n%s" % (
-                        batch_group, batch_group_key, pagination_token
-                    )).encode('ascii'))
+                    global_next_batch = encode_base64(
+                        (
+                            "%s\n%s\n%s"
+                            % (batch_group, batch_group_key, pagination_token)
+                        ).encode("ascii")
+                    )
                 else:
-                    global_next_batch = encode_base64(("%s\n%s\n%s" % (
-                        "all", "", pagination_token
-                    )).encode('ascii'))
+                    global_next_batch = encode_base64(
+                        ("%s\n%s\n%s" % ("all", "", pagination_token)).encode("ascii")
+                    )
 
                 for room_id, group in room_groups.items():
-                    group["next_batch"] = encode_base64(("%s\n%s\n%s" % (
-                        "room_id", room_id, pagination_token
-                    )).encode('ascii'))
+                    group["next_batch"] = encode_base64(
+                        ("%s\n%s\n%s" % ("room_id", room_id, pagination_token)).encode(
+                            "ascii"
+                        )
+                    )
 
             allowed_events.extend(room_events)
 
@@ -338,12 +332,13 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             contexts = {}
             for event in allowed_events:
                 res = yield self.store.get_events_around(
-                    event.room_id, event.event_id, before_limit, after_limit,
+                    event.room_id, event.event_id, before_limit, after_limit
                 )
 
                 logger.info(
                     "Context for search returned %d and %d events",
-                    len(res["events_before"]), len(res["events_after"]),
+                    len(res["events_before"]),
+                    len(res["events_after"]),
                 )
 
                 res["events_before"] = yield filter_events_for_client(
@@ -403,12 +398,12 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
         for context in contexts.values():
             context["events_before"] = (
                 yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    context["events_before"], time_now,
+                    context["events_before"], time_now
                 )
             )
             context["events_after"] = (
                 yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    context["events_after"], time_now,
+                    context["events_after"], time_now
                 )
             )
 
@@ -426,11 +421,15 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         results = []
         for e in allowed_events:
-            results.append({
-                "rank": rank_map[e.event_id],
-                "result": (yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(e, time_now)),
-                "context": contexts.get(e.event_id, {}),
-            })
+            results.append(
+                {
+                    "rank": rank_map[e.event_id],
+                    "result": (
+                        yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(e, time_now)
+                    ),
+                    "context": contexts.get(e.event_id, {}),
+                }
+            )
 
         rooms_cat_res = {
             "results": results,
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
             s = {}
             for room_id, state in state_results.items():
                 s[room_id] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    state, time_now,
+                    state, time_now
                 )
 
             rooms_cat_res["state"] = s
@@ -456,8 +455,4 @@ class SearchHandler(BaseHandler):
         if global_next_batch:
             rooms_cat_res["next_batch"] = global_next_batch
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "search_categories": {
-                "room_events": rooms_cat_res
-            }
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"search_categories": {"room_events": rooms_cat_res}})
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/set_password.py b/synapse/handlers/set_password.py
index 7ecdede4dc..5a0995d4fe 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/set_password.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/set_password.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class SetPasswordHandler(BaseHandler):
     """Handler which deals with changing user account passwords"""
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(SetPasswordHandler, self).__init__(hs)
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
@@ -47,11 +48,11 @@ class SetPasswordHandler(BaseHandler):
         # we want to log out all of the user's other sessions. First delete
         # all his other devices.
         yield self._device_handler.delete_all_devices_for_user(
-            user_id, except_device_id=except_device_id,
+            user_id, except_device_id=except_device_id
         )
 
         # and now delete any access tokens which weren't associated with
         # devices (or were associated with this device).
         yield self._auth_handler.delete_access_tokens_for_user(
-            user_id, except_token_id=except_access_token_id,
+            user_id, except_token_id=except_access_token_id
         )
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/state_deltas.py b/synapse/handlers/state_deltas.py
index b268bbcb2c..6b364befd5 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/state_deltas.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/state_deltas.py
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class StateDeltasHandler(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/stats.py b/synapse/handlers/stats.py
index 7ad16c8566..a0ee8db988 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/stats.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/stats.py
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class StatsHandler(StateDeltasHandler):
                 prev_event_content = {}
                 if prev_event_id is not None:
                     prev_event = yield self.store.get_event(
-                        prev_event_id, allow_none=True,
+                        prev_event_id, allow_none=True
                     )
                     if prev_event:
                         prev_event_content = prev_event.content
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/sync.py b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
index 62fda0c664..c5188a1f8e 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
@@ -64,20 +64,14 @@ LAZY_LOADED_MEMBERS_CACHE_MAX_AGE = 30 * 60 * 1000
 LAZY_LOADED_MEMBERS_CACHE_MAX_SIZE = 100
 
 
-SyncConfig = collections.namedtuple("SyncConfig", [
-    "user",
-    "filter_collection",
-    "is_guest",
-    "request_key",
-    "device_id",
-])
-
-
-class TimelineBatch(collections.namedtuple("TimelineBatch", [
-    "prev_batch",
-    "events",
-    "limited",
-])):
+SyncConfig = collections.namedtuple(
+    "SyncConfig", ["user", "filter_collection", "is_guest", "request_key", "device_id"]
+)
+
+
+class TimelineBatch(
+    collections.namedtuple("TimelineBatch", ["prev_batch", "events", "limited"])
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
@@ -85,18 +79,24 @@ class TimelineBatch(collections.namedtuple("TimelineBatch", [
         to tell if room needs to be part of the sync result.
         """
         return bool(self.events)
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
-class JoinedSyncResult(collections.namedtuple("JoinedSyncResult", [
-    "room_id",           # str
-    "timeline",          # TimelineBatch
-    "state",             # dict[(str, str), FrozenEvent]
-    "ephemeral",
-    "account_data",
-    "unread_notifications",
-    "summary",
-])):
+class JoinedSyncResult(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "JoinedSyncResult",
+        [
+            "room_id",  # str
+            "timeline",  # TimelineBatch
+            "state",  # dict[(str, str), FrozenEvent]
+            "ephemeral",
+            "account_data",
+            "unread_notifications",
+            "summary",
+        ],
+    )
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
@@ -111,77 +111,93 @@ class JoinedSyncResult(collections.namedtuple("JoinedSyncResult", [
             # nb the notification count does not, er, count: if there's nothing
             # else in the result, we don't need to send it.
         )
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
-class ArchivedSyncResult(collections.namedtuple("ArchivedSyncResult", [
-    "room_id",            # str
-    "timeline",           # TimelineBatch
-    "state",              # dict[(str, str), FrozenEvent]
-    "account_data",
-])):
+class ArchivedSyncResult(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "ArchivedSyncResult",
+        [
+            "room_id",  # str
+            "timeline",  # TimelineBatch
+            "state",  # dict[(str, str), FrozenEvent]
+            "account_data",
+        ],
+    )
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
         """Make the result appear empty if there are no updates. This is used
         to tell if room needs to be part of the sync result.
         """
-        return bool(
-            self.timeline
-            or self.state
-            or self.account_data
-        )
+        return bool(self.timeline or self.state or self.account_data)
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
-class InvitedSyncResult(collections.namedtuple("InvitedSyncResult", [
-    "room_id",   # str
-    "invite",    # FrozenEvent: the invite event
-])):
+class InvitedSyncResult(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "InvitedSyncResult",
+        ["room_id", "invite"],  # str  # FrozenEvent: the invite event
+    )
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
         """Invited rooms should always be reported to the client"""
         return True
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
-class GroupsSyncResult(collections.namedtuple("GroupsSyncResult", [
-    "join",
-    "invite",
-    "leave",
-])):
+class GroupsSyncResult(
+    collections.namedtuple("GroupsSyncResult", ["join", "invite", "leave"])
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
         return bool(self.join or self.invite or self.leave)
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
-class DeviceLists(collections.namedtuple("DeviceLists", [
-    "changed",   # list of user_ids whose devices may have changed
-    "left",      # list of user_ids whose devices we no longer track
-])):
+class DeviceLists(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "DeviceLists",
+        [
+            "changed",  # list of user_ids whose devices may have changed
+            "left",  # list of user_ids whose devices we no longer track
+        ],
+    )
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
         return bool(self.changed or self.left)
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
-class SyncResult(collections.namedtuple("SyncResult", [
-    "next_batch",  # Token for the next sync
-    "presence",  # List of presence events for the user.
-    "account_data",  # List of account_data events for the user.
-    "joined",  # JoinedSyncResult for each joined room.
-    "invited",  # InvitedSyncResult for each invited room.
-    "archived",  # ArchivedSyncResult for each archived room.
-    "to_device",  # List of direct messages for the device.
-    "device_lists",  # List of user_ids whose devices have changed
-    "device_one_time_keys_count",  # Dict of algorithm to count for one time keys
-                                   # for this device
-    "groups",
-])):
+class SyncResult(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "SyncResult",
+        [
+            "next_batch",  # Token for the next sync
+            "presence",  # List of presence events for the user.
+            "account_data",  # List of account_data events for the user.
+            "joined",  # JoinedSyncResult for each joined room.
+            "invited",  # InvitedSyncResult for each invited room.
+            "archived",  # ArchivedSyncResult for each archived room.
+            "to_device",  # List of direct messages for the device.
+            "device_lists",  # List of user_ids whose devices have changed
+            "device_one_time_keys_count",  # Dict of algorithm to count for one time keys
+            # for this device
+            "groups",
+        ],
+    )
+):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __nonzero__(self):
@@ -190,20 +206,20 @@ class SyncResult(collections.namedtuple("SyncResult", [
         events.
         """
         return bool(
-            self.presence or
-            self.joined or
-            self.invited or
-            self.archived or
-            self.account_data or
-            self.to_device or
-            self.device_lists or
-            self.groups
+            self.presence
+            or self.joined
+            or self.invited
+            or self.archived
+            or self.account_data
+            or self.to_device
+            or self.device_lists
+            or self.groups
         )
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
 class SyncHandler(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.hs_config = hs.config
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
@@ -217,13 +233,16 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         # ExpiringCache((User, Device)) -> LruCache(state_key => event_id)
         self.lazy_loaded_members_cache = ExpiringCache(
-            "lazy_loaded_members_cache", self.clock,
-            max_len=0, expiry_ms=LAZY_LOADED_MEMBERS_CACHE_MAX_AGE,
+            "lazy_loaded_members_cache",
+            self.clock,
+            max_len=0,
+            expiry_ms=LAZY_LOADED_MEMBERS_CACHE_MAX_AGE,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def wait_for_sync_for_user(self, sync_config, since_token=None, timeout=0,
-                               full_state=False):
+    def wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self, sync_config, since_token=None, timeout=0, full_state=False
+    ):
         """Get the sync for a client if we have new data for it now. Otherwise
         wait for new data to arrive on the server. If the timeout expires, then
         return an empty sync result.
@@ -239,13 +258,15 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         res = yield self.response_cache.wrap(
             sync_config.request_key,
             self._wait_for_sync_for_user,
-            sync_config, since_token, timeout, full_state,
+            sync_config,
+            since_token,
+            timeout,
+            full_state,
         )
         defer.returnValue(res)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _wait_for_sync_for_user(self, sync_config, since_token, timeout,
-                                full_state):
+    def _wait_for_sync_for_user(self, sync_config, since_token, timeout, full_state):
         if since_token is None:
             sync_type = "initial_sync"
         elif full_state:
@@ -261,14 +282,17 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             # we are going to return immediately, so don't bother calling
             # notifier.wait_for_events.
             result = yield self.current_sync_for_user(
-                sync_config, since_token, full_state=full_state,
+                sync_config, since_token, full_state=full_state
             )
         else:
+
             def current_sync_callback(before_token, after_token):
                 return self.current_sync_for_user(sync_config, since_token)
 
             result = yield self.notifier.wait_for_events(
-                sync_config.user.to_string(), timeout, current_sync_callback,
+                sync_config.user.to_string(),
+                timeout,
+                current_sync_callback,
                 from_token=since_token,
             )
 
@@ -281,8 +305,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
-    def current_sync_for_user(self, sync_config, since_token=None,
-                              full_state=False):
+    def current_sync_for_user(self, sync_config, since_token=None, full_state=False):
         """Get the sync for client needed to match what the server has now.
         Returns:
             A Deferred SyncResult.
@@ -334,8 +357,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 # result returned by the event source is poor form (it might cache
                 # the object)
                 room_id = event["room_id"]
-                event_copy = {k: v for (k, v) in iteritems(event)
-                              if k != "room_id"}
+                event_copy = {k: v for (k, v) in iteritems(event) if k != "room_id"}
                 ephemeral_by_room.setdefault(room_id, []).append(event_copy)
 
             receipt_key = since_token.receipt_key if since_token else "0"
@@ -353,22 +375,30 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             for event in receipts:
                 room_id = event["room_id"]
                 # exclude room id, as above
-                event_copy = {k: v for (k, v) in iteritems(event)
-                              if k != "room_id"}
+                event_copy = {k: v for (k, v) in iteritems(event) if k != "room_id"}
                 ephemeral_by_room.setdefault(room_id, []).append(event_copy)
 
         defer.returnValue((now_token, ephemeral_by_room))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _load_filtered_recents(self, room_id, sync_config, now_token,
-                               since_token=None, recents=None, newly_joined_room=False):
+    def _load_filtered_recents(
+        self,
+        room_id,
+        sync_config,
+        now_token,
+        since_token=None,
+        recents=None,
+        newly_joined_room=False,
+    ):
         """
         Returns:
             a Deferred TimelineBatch
         """
         with Measure(self.clock, "load_filtered_recents"):
             timeline_limit = sync_config.filter_collection.timeline_limit()
-            block_all_timeline = sync_config.filter_collection.blocks_all_room_timeline()
+            block_all_timeline = (
+                sync_config.filter_collection.blocks_all_room_timeline()
+            )
 
             if recents is None or newly_joined_room or timeline_limit < len(recents):
                 limited = True
@@ -396,11 +426,9 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 recents = []
 
             if not limited or block_all_timeline:
-                defer.returnValue(TimelineBatch(
-                    events=recents,
-                    prev_batch=now_token,
-                    limited=False
-                ))
+                defer.returnValue(
+                    TimelineBatch(events=recents, prev_batch=now_token, limited=False)
+                )
 
             filtering_factor = 2
             load_limit = max(timeline_limit * filtering_factor, 10)
@@ -427,9 +455,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                     )
                 else:
                     events, end_key = yield self.store.get_recent_events_for_room(
-                        room_id,
-                        limit=load_limit + 1,
-                        end_token=end_key,
+                        room_id, limit=load_limit + 1, end_token=end_key
                     )
                 loaded_recents = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_room_timeline(
                     events
@@ -462,15 +488,15 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 recents = recents[-timeline_limit:]
                 room_key = recents[0].internal_metadata.before
 
-            prev_batch_token = now_token.copy_and_replace(
-                "room_key", room_key
-            )
+            prev_batch_token = now_token.copy_and_replace("room_key", room_key)
 
-        defer.returnValue(TimelineBatch(
-            events=recents,
-            prev_batch=prev_batch_token,
-            limited=limited or newly_joined_room
-        ))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            TimelineBatch(
+                events=recents,
+                prev_batch=prev_batch_token,
+                limited=limited or newly_joined_room,
+            )
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_state_after_event(self, event, state_filter=StateFilter.all()):
@@ -486,7 +512,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             A Deferred map from ((type, state_key)->Event)
         """
         state_ids = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
-            event.event_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+            event.event_id, state_filter=state_filter
         )
         if event.is_state():
             state_ids = state_ids.copy()
@@ -511,13 +537,13 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         # does not reliably give you the state at the given stream position.
         # (https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/3305)
         last_events, _ = yield self.store.get_recent_events_for_room(
-            room_id, end_token=stream_position.room_key, limit=1,
+            room_id, end_token=stream_position.room_key, limit=1
         )
 
         if last_events:
             last_event = last_events[-1]
             state = yield self.get_state_after_event(
-                last_event, state_filter=state_filter,
+                last_event, state_filter=state_filter
             )
 
         else:
@@ -549,7 +575,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         # FIXME: this promulgates https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/3305
         last_events, _ = yield self.store.get_recent_event_ids_for_room(
-            room_id, end_token=now_token.room_key, limit=1,
+            room_id, end_token=now_token.room_key, limit=1
         )
 
         if not last_events:
@@ -559,28 +585,25 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         last_event = last_events[-1]
         state_ids = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
             last_event.event_id,
-            state_filter=StateFilter.from_types([
-                (EventTypes.Name, ''),
-                (EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ''),
-            ]),
+            state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(
+                [(EventTypes.Name, ""), (EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, "")]
+            ),
         )
 
         # this is heavily cached, thus: fast.
         details = yield self.store.get_room_summary(room_id)
 
-        name_id = state_ids.get((EventTypes.Name, ''))
-        canonical_alias_id = state_ids.get((EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ''))
+        name_id = state_ids.get((EventTypes.Name, ""))
+        canonical_alias_id = state_ids.get((EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ""))
 
         summary = {}
         empty_ms = MemberSummary([], 0)
 
         # TODO: only send these when they change.
-        summary["m.joined_member_count"] = (
-            details.get(Membership.JOIN, empty_ms).count
-        )
-        summary["m.invited_member_count"] = (
-            details.get(Membership.INVITE, empty_ms).count
-        )
+        summary["m.joined_member_count"] = details.get(Membership.JOIN, empty_ms).count
+        summary["m.invited_member_count"] = details.get(
+            Membership.INVITE, empty_ms
+        ).count
 
         # if the room has a name or canonical_alias set, we can skip
         # calculating heroes. Empty strings are falsey, so we check
@@ -592,7 +615,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         if canonical_alias_id:
             canonical_alias = yield self.store.get_event(
-                canonical_alias_id, allow_none=True,
+                canonical_alias_id, allow_none=True
             )
             if canonical_alias and canonical_alias.content.get("alias"):
                 defer.returnValue(summary)
@@ -600,26 +623,14 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         me = sync_config.user.to_string()
 
         joined_user_ids = [
-            r[0]
-            for r in details.get(Membership.JOIN, empty_ms).members
-            if r[0] != me
+            r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.JOIN, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
         ]
         invited_user_ids = [
-            r[0]
-            for r in details.get(Membership.INVITE, empty_ms).members
-            if r[0] != me
+            r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.INVITE, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
         ]
-        gone_user_ids = (
-            [
-                r[0]
-                for r in details.get(Membership.LEAVE, empty_ms).members
-                if r[0] != me
-            ] + [
-                r[0]
-                for r in details.get(Membership.BAN, empty_ms).members
-                if r[0] != me
-            ]
-        )
+        gone_user_ids = [
+            r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.LEAVE, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me
+        ] + [r[0] for r in details.get(Membership.BAN, empty_ms).members if r[0] != me]
 
         # FIXME: only build up a member_ids list for our heroes
         member_ids = {}
@@ -627,20 +638,18 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             Membership.JOIN,
             Membership.INVITE,
             Membership.LEAVE,
-            Membership.BAN
+            Membership.BAN,
         ):
             for user_id, event_id in details.get(membership, empty_ms).members:
                 member_ids[user_id] = event_id
 
         # FIXME: order by stream ordering rather than as returned by SQL
-        if (joined_user_ids or invited_user_ids):
-            summary['m.heroes'] = sorted(
+        if joined_user_ids or invited_user_ids:
+            summary["m.heroes"] = sorted(
                 [user_id for user_id in (joined_user_ids + invited_user_ids)]
             )[0:5]
         else:
-            summary['m.heroes'] = sorted(
-                [user_id for user_id in gone_user_ids]
-            )[0:5]
+            summary["m.heroes"] = sorted([user_id for user_id in gone_user_ids])[0:5]
 
         if not sync_config.filter_collection.lazy_load_members():
             defer.returnValue(summary)
@@ -652,8 +661,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         # track which members the client should already know about via LL:
         # Ones which are already in state...
         existing_members = set(
-            user_id for (typ, user_id) in state.keys()
-            if typ == EventTypes.Member
+            user_id for (typ, user_id) in state.keys() if typ == EventTypes.Member
         )
 
         # ...or ones which are in the timeline...
@@ -664,10 +672,10 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         # ...and then ensure any missing ones get included in state.
         missing_hero_event_ids = [
             member_ids[hero_id]
-            for hero_id in summary['m.heroes']
+            for hero_id in summary["m.heroes"]
             if (
-                cache.get(hero_id) != member_ids[hero_id] and
-                hero_id not in existing_members
+                cache.get(hero_id) != member_ids[hero_id]
+                and hero_id not in existing_members
             )
         ]
 
@@ -691,8 +699,9 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         return cache
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def compute_state_delta(self, room_id, batch, sync_config, since_token, now_token,
-                            full_state):
+    def compute_state_delta(
+        self, room_id, batch, sync_config, since_token, now_token, full_state
+    ):
         """ Works out the difference in state between the start of the timeline
         and the previous sync.
 
@@ -745,23 +754,23 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
             timeline_state = {
                 (event.type, event.state_key): event.event_id
-                for event in batch.events if event.is_state()
+                for event in batch.events
+                if event.is_state()
             }
 
             if full_state:
                 if batch:
                     current_state_ids = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
-                        batch.events[-1].event_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+                        batch.events[-1].event_id, state_filter=state_filter
                     )
 
                     state_ids = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
-                        batch.events[0].event_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+                        batch.events[0].event_id, state_filter=state_filter
                     )
 
                 else:
                     current_state_ids = yield self.get_state_at(
-                        room_id, stream_position=now_token,
-                        state_filter=state_filter,
+                        room_id, stream_position=now_token, state_filter=state_filter
                     )
 
                     state_ids = current_state_ids
@@ -775,7 +784,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 )
             elif batch.limited:
                 state_at_timeline_start = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
-                    batch.events[0].event_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+                    batch.events[0].event_id, state_filter=state_filter
                 )
 
                 # for now, we disable LL for gappy syncs - see
@@ -793,12 +802,11 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 state_filter = StateFilter.all()
 
                 state_at_previous_sync = yield self.get_state_at(
-                    room_id, stream_position=since_token,
-                    state_filter=state_filter,
+                    room_id, stream_position=since_token, state_filter=state_filter
                 )
 
                 current_state_ids = yield self.store.get_state_ids_for_event(
-                    batch.events[-1].event_id, state_filter=state_filter,
+                    batch.events[-1].event_id, state_filter=state_filter
                 )
 
                 state_ids = _calculate_state(
@@ -854,8 +862,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
                 # add any member IDs we are about to send into our LruCache
                 for t, event_id in itertools.chain(
-                    state_ids.items(),
-                    timeline_state.items(),
+                    state_ids.items(), timeline_state.items()
                 ):
                     if t[0] == EventTypes.Member:
                         cache.set(t[1], event_id)
@@ -864,10 +871,14 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         if state_ids:
             state = yield self.store.get_events(list(state_ids.values()))
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            (e.type, e.state_key): e
-            for e in sync_config.filter_collection.filter_room_state(list(state.values()))
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                (e.type, e.state_key): e
+                for e in sync_config.filter_collection.filter_room_state(
+                    list(state.values())
+                )
+            }
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def unread_notifs_for_room_id(self, room_id, sync_config):
@@ -875,7 +886,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             last_unread_event_id = yield self.store.get_last_receipt_event_id_for_user(
                 user_id=sync_config.user.to_string(),
                 room_id=room_id,
-                receipt_type="m.read"
+                receipt_type="m.read",
             )
 
             notifs = []
@@ -909,7 +920,9 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         logger.info(
             "Calculating sync response for %r between %s and %s",
-            sync_config.user, since_token, now_token,
+            sync_config.user,
+            since_token,
+            now_token,
         )
 
         user_id = sync_config.user.to_string()
@@ -920,11 +933,12 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             raise NotImplementedError()
         else:
             joined_room_ids = yield self.get_rooms_for_user_at(
-                user_id, now_token.room_stream_id,
+                user_id, now_token.room_stream_id
             )
 
         sync_result_builder = SyncResultBuilder(
-            sync_config, full_state,
+            sync_config,
+            full_state,
             since_token=since_token,
             now_token=now_token,
             joined_room_ids=joined_room_ids,
@@ -941,8 +955,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         _, _, newly_left_rooms, newly_left_users = res
 
         block_all_presence_data = (
-            since_token is None and
-            sync_config.filter_collection.blocks_all_presence()
+            since_token is None and sync_config.filter_collection.blocks_all_presence()
         )
         if self.hs_config.use_presence and not block_all_presence_data:
             yield self._generate_sync_entry_for_presence(
@@ -973,22 +986,23 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             room_id = joined_room.room_id
             if room_id in newly_joined_rooms:
                 issue4422_logger.debug(
-                    "Sync result for newly joined room %s: %r",
-                    room_id, joined_room,
+                    "Sync result for newly joined room %s: %r", room_id, joined_room
                 )
 
-        defer.returnValue(SyncResult(
-            presence=sync_result_builder.presence,
-            account_data=sync_result_builder.account_data,
-            joined=sync_result_builder.joined,
-            invited=sync_result_builder.invited,
-            archived=sync_result_builder.archived,
-            to_device=sync_result_builder.to_device,
-            device_lists=device_lists,
-            groups=sync_result_builder.groups,
-            device_one_time_keys_count=one_time_key_counts,
-            next_batch=sync_result_builder.now_token,
-        ))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            SyncResult(
+                presence=sync_result_builder.presence,
+                account_data=sync_result_builder.account_data,
+                joined=sync_result_builder.joined,
+                invited=sync_result_builder.invited,
+                archived=sync_result_builder.archived,
+                to_device=sync_result_builder.to_device,
+                device_lists=device_lists,
+                groups=sync_result_builder.groups,
+                device_one_time_keys_count=one_time_key_counts,
+                next_batch=sync_result_builder.now_token,
+            )
+        )
 
     @measure_func("_generate_sync_entry_for_groups")
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -999,11 +1013,11 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         if since_token and since_token.groups_key:
             results = yield self.store.get_groups_changes_for_user(
-                user_id, since_token.groups_key, now_token.groups_key,
+                user_id, since_token.groups_key, now_token.groups_key
             )
         else:
             results = yield self.store.get_all_groups_for_user(
-                user_id, now_token.groups_key,
+                user_id, now_token.groups_key
             )
 
         invited = {}
@@ -1031,17 +1045,19 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                     left[group_id] = content["content"]
 
         sync_result_builder.groups = GroupsSyncResult(
-            join=joined,
-            invite=invited,
-            leave=left,
+            join=joined, invite=invited, leave=left
         )
 
     @measure_func("_generate_sync_entry_for_device_list")
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _generate_sync_entry_for_device_list(self, sync_result_builder,
-                                             newly_joined_rooms,
-                                             newly_joined_or_invited_users,
-                                             newly_left_rooms, newly_left_users):
+    def _generate_sync_entry_for_device_list(
+        self,
+        sync_result_builder,
+        newly_joined_rooms,
+        newly_joined_or_invited_users,
+        newly_left_rooms,
+        newly_left_users,
+    ):
         user_id = sync_result_builder.sync_config.user.to_string()
         since_token = sync_result_builder.since_token
 
@@ -1065,24 +1081,20 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             changed.update(newly_joined_or_invited_users)
 
             if not changed and not newly_left_users:
-                defer.returnValue(DeviceLists(
-                    changed=[],
-                    left=newly_left_users,
-                ))
+                defer.returnValue(DeviceLists(changed=[], left=newly_left_users))
 
             users_who_share_room = yield self.store.get_users_who_share_room_with_user(
                 user_id
             )
 
-            defer.returnValue(DeviceLists(
-                changed=users_who_share_room & changed,
-                left=set(newly_left_users) - users_who_share_room,
-            ))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                DeviceLists(
+                    changed=users_who_share_room & changed,
+                    left=set(newly_left_users) - users_who_share_room,
+                )
+            )
         else:
-            defer.returnValue(DeviceLists(
-                changed=[],
-                left=[],
-            ))
+            defer.returnValue(DeviceLists(changed=[], left=[]))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _generate_sync_entry_for_to_device(self, sync_result_builder):
@@ -1109,8 +1121,9 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             deleted = yield self.store.delete_messages_for_device(
                 user_id, device_id, since_stream_id
             )
-            logger.debug("Deleted %d to-device messages up to %d",
-                         deleted, since_stream_id)
+            logger.debug(
+                "Deleted %d to-device messages up to %d", deleted, since_stream_id
+            )
 
             messages, stream_id = yield self.store.get_new_messages_for_device(
                 user_id, device_id, since_stream_id, now_token.to_device_key
@@ -1118,7 +1131,10 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
             logger.debug(
                 "Returning %d to-device messages between %d and %d (current token: %d)",
-                len(messages), since_stream_id, stream_id, now_token.to_device_key
+                len(messages),
+                since_stream_id,
+                stream_id,
+                now_token.to_device_key,
             )
             sync_result_builder.now_token = now_token.copy_and_replace(
                 "to_device_key", stream_id
@@ -1145,8 +1161,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         if since_token and not sync_result_builder.full_state:
             account_data, account_data_by_room = (
                 yield self.store.get_updated_account_data_for_user(
-                    user_id,
-                    since_token.account_data_key,
+                    user_id, since_token.account_data_key
                 )
             )
 
@@ -1160,27 +1175,28 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 )
         else:
             account_data, account_data_by_room = (
-                yield self.store.get_account_data_for_user(
-                    sync_config.user.to_string()
-                )
+                yield self.store.get_account_data_for_user(sync_config.user.to_string())
             )
 
-            account_data['m.push_rules'] = yield self.push_rules_for_user(
+            account_data["m.push_rules"] = yield self.push_rules_for_user(
                 sync_config.user
             )
 
-        account_data_for_user = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_account_data([
-            {"type": account_data_type, "content": content}
-            for account_data_type, content in account_data.items()
-        ])
+        account_data_for_user = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_account_data(
+            [
+                {"type": account_data_type, "content": content}
+                for account_data_type, content in account_data.items()
+            ]
+        )
 
         sync_result_builder.account_data = account_data_for_user
 
         defer.returnValue(account_data_by_room)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _generate_sync_entry_for_presence(self, sync_result_builder, newly_joined_rooms,
-                                          newly_joined_or_invited_users):
+    def _generate_sync_entry_for_presence(
+        self, sync_result_builder, newly_joined_rooms, newly_joined_or_invited_users
+    ):
         """Generates the presence portion of the sync response. Populates the
         `sync_result_builder` with the result.
 
@@ -1223,17 +1239,13 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         extra_users_ids.discard(user.to_string())
 
         if extra_users_ids:
-            states = yield self.presence_handler.get_states(
-                extra_users_ids,
-            )
+            states = yield self.presence_handler.get_states(extra_users_ids)
             presence.extend(states)
 
             # Deduplicate the presence entries so that there's at most one per user
             presence = list({p.user_id: p for p in presence}.values())
 
-        presence = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_presence(
-            presence
-        )
+        presence = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_presence(presence)
 
         sync_result_builder.presence = presence
 
@@ -1253,8 +1265,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         """
         user_id = sync_result_builder.sync_config.user.to_string()
         block_all_room_ephemeral = (
-            sync_result_builder.since_token is None and
-            sync_result_builder.sync_config.filter_collection.blocks_all_room_ephemeral()
+            sync_result_builder.since_token is None
+            and sync_result_builder.sync_config.filter_collection.blocks_all_room_ephemeral()
         )
 
         if block_all_room_ephemeral:
@@ -1275,15 +1287,14 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 have_changed = yield self._have_rooms_changed(sync_result_builder)
                 if not have_changed:
                     tags_by_room = yield self.store.get_updated_tags(
-                        user_id,
-                        since_token.account_data_key,
+                        user_id, since_token.account_data_key
                     )
                     if not tags_by_room:
                         logger.debug("no-oping sync")
                         defer.returnValue(([], [], [], []))
 
         ignored_account_data = yield self.store.get_global_account_data_by_type_for_user(
-            "m.ignored_user_list", user_id=user_id,
+            "m.ignored_user_list", user_id=user_id
         )
 
         if ignored_account_data:
@@ -1296,7 +1307,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             room_entries, invited, newly_joined_rooms, newly_left_rooms = res
 
             tags_by_room = yield self.store.get_updated_tags(
-                user_id, since_token.account_data_key,
+                user_id, since_token.account_data_key
             )
         else:
             res = yield self._get_all_rooms(sync_result_builder, ignored_users)
@@ -1331,8 +1342,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 for event in it:
                     if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
                         if (
-                            event.membership == Membership.JOIN or
-                            event.membership == Membership.INVITE
+                            event.membership == Membership.JOIN
+                            or event.membership == Membership.INVITE
                         ):
                             newly_joined_or_invited_users.add(event.state_key)
                         else:
@@ -1343,12 +1354,14 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         newly_left_users -= newly_joined_or_invited_users
 
-        defer.returnValue((
-            newly_joined_rooms,
-            newly_joined_or_invited_users,
-            newly_left_rooms,
-            newly_left_users,
-        ))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (
+                newly_joined_rooms,
+                newly_joined_or_invited_users,
+                newly_left_rooms,
+                newly_left_users,
+            )
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _have_rooms_changed(self, sync_result_builder):
@@ -1454,7 +1467,9 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                         prev_membership = old_mem_ev.membership
                     issue4422_logger.debug(
                         "Previous membership for room %s with join: %s (event %s)",
-                        room_id, prev_membership, old_mem_ev_id,
+                        room_id,
+                        prev_membership,
+                        old_mem_ev_id,
                     )
 
                 if not old_mem_ev or old_mem_ev.membership != Membership.JOIN:
@@ -1476,8 +1491,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                     if not old_state_ids:
                         old_state_ids = yield self.get_state_at(room_id, since_token)
                         old_mem_ev_id = old_state_ids.get(
-                            (EventTypes.Member, user_id),
-                            None,
+                            (EventTypes.Member, user_id), None
                         )
                         old_mem_ev = None
                         if old_mem_ev_id:
@@ -1498,7 +1512,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             # Always include leave/ban events. Just take the last one.
             # TODO: How do we handle ban -> leave in same batch?
             leave_events = [
-                e for e in non_joins
+                e
+                for e in non_joins
                 if e.membership in (Membership.LEAVE, Membership.BAN)
             ]
 
@@ -1526,15 +1541,17 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 else:
                     batch_events = None
 
-                room_entries.append(RoomSyncResultBuilder(
-                    room_id=room_id,
-                    rtype="archived",
-                    events=batch_events,
-                    newly_joined=room_id in newly_joined_rooms,
-                    full_state=False,
-                    since_token=since_token,
-                    upto_token=leave_token,
-                ))
+                room_entries.append(
+                    RoomSyncResultBuilder(
+                        room_id=room_id,
+                        rtype="archived",
+                        events=batch_events,
+                        newly_joined=room_id in newly_joined_rooms,
+                        full_state=False,
+                        since_token=since_token,
+                        upto_token=leave_token,
+                    )
+                )
 
         timeline_limit = sync_config.filter_collection.timeline_limit()
 
@@ -1581,7 +1598,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 # debugging for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4422
                 issue4422_logger.debug(
                     "RoomSyncResultBuilder events for newly joined room %s: %r",
-                    room_id, entry.events,
+                    room_id,
+                    entry.events,
                 )
             room_entries.append(entry)
 
@@ -1606,12 +1624,14 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         sync_config = sync_result_builder.sync_config
 
         membership_list = (
-            Membership.INVITE, Membership.JOIN, Membership.LEAVE, Membership.BAN
+            Membership.INVITE,
+            Membership.JOIN,
+            Membership.LEAVE,
+            Membership.BAN,
         )
 
         room_list = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user_where_membership_is(
-            user_id=user_id,
-            membership_list=membership_list
+            user_id=user_id, membership_list=membership_list
         )
 
         room_entries = []
@@ -1619,23 +1639,22 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         for event in room_list:
             if event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
-                room_entries.append(RoomSyncResultBuilder(
-                    room_id=event.room_id,
-                    rtype="joined",
-                    events=None,
-                    newly_joined=False,
-                    full_state=True,
-                    since_token=since_token,
-                    upto_token=now_token,
-                ))
+                room_entries.append(
+                    RoomSyncResultBuilder(
+                        room_id=event.room_id,
+                        rtype="joined",
+                        events=None,
+                        newly_joined=False,
+                        full_state=True,
+                        since_token=since_token,
+                        upto_token=now_token,
+                    )
+                )
             elif event.membership == Membership.INVITE:
                 if event.sender in ignored_users:
                     continue
                 invite = yield self.store.get_event(event.event_id)
-                invited.append(InvitedSyncResult(
-                    room_id=event.room_id,
-                    invite=invite,
-                ))
+                invited.append(InvitedSyncResult(room_id=event.room_id, invite=invite))
             elif event.membership in (Membership.LEAVE, Membership.BAN):
                 # Always send down rooms we were banned or kicked from.
                 if not sync_config.filter_collection.include_leave:
@@ -1646,22 +1665,31 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
                 leave_token = now_token.copy_and_replace(
                     "room_key", "s%d" % (event.stream_ordering,)
                 )
-                room_entries.append(RoomSyncResultBuilder(
-                    room_id=event.room_id,
-                    rtype="archived",
-                    events=None,
-                    newly_joined=False,
-                    full_state=True,
-                    since_token=since_token,
-                    upto_token=leave_token,
-                ))
+                room_entries.append(
+                    RoomSyncResultBuilder(
+                        room_id=event.room_id,
+                        rtype="archived",
+                        events=None,
+                        newly_joined=False,
+                        full_state=True,
+                        since_token=since_token,
+                        upto_token=leave_token,
+                    )
+                )
 
         defer.returnValue((room_entries, invited, []))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _generate_room_entry(self, sync_result_builder, ignored_users,
-                             room_builder, ephemeral, tags, account_data,
-                             always_include=False):
+    def _generate_room_entry(
+        self,
+        sync_result_builder,
+        ignored_users,
+        room_builder,
+        ephemeral,
+        tags,
+        account_data,
+        always_include=False,
+    ):
         """Populates the `joined` and `archived` section of `sync_result_builder`
         based on the `room_builder`.
 
@@ -1678,9 +1706,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         """
         newly_joined = room_builder.newly_joined
         full_state = (
-            room_builder.full_state
-            or newly_joined
-            or sync_result_builder.full_state
+            room_builder.full_state or newly_joined or sync_result_builder.full_state
         )
         events = room_builder.events
 
@@ -1697,7 +1723,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         upto_token = room_builder.upto_token
 
         batch = yield self._load_filtered_recents(
-            room_id, sync_config,
+            room_id,
+            sync_config,
             now_token=upto_token,
             since_token=since_token,
             recents=events,
@@ -1708,7 +1735,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             # debug for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4422
             issue4422_logger.debug(
                 "Timeline events after filtering in newly-joined room %s: %r",
-                room_id, batch,
+                room_id,
+                batch,
             )
 
         # When we join the room (or the client requests full_state), we should
@@ -1726,16 +1754,10 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         account_data_events = []
         if tags is not None:
-            account_data_events.append({
-                "type": "m.tag",
-                "content": {"tags": tags},
-            })
+            account_data_events.append({"type": "m.tag", "content": {"tags": tags}})
 
         for account_data_type, content in account_data.items():
-            account_data_events.append({
-                "type": account_data_type,
-                "content": content,
-            })
+            account_data_events.append({"type": account_data_type, "content": content})
 
         account_data_events = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_room_account_data(
             account_data_events
@@ -1743,16 +1765,13 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
 
         ephemeral = sync_config.filter_collection.filter_room_ephemeral(ephemeral)
 
-        if not (always_include
-                or batch
-                or account_data_events
-                or ephemeral
-                or full_state):
+        if not (
+            always_include or batch or account_data_events or ephemeral or full_state
+        ):
             return
 
         state = yield self.compute_state_delta(
-            room_id, batch, sync_config, since_token, now_token,
-            full_state=full_state
+            room_id, batch, sync_config, since_token, now_token, full_state=full_state
         )
 
         summary = {}
@@ -1760,22 +1779,19 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
         # we include a summary in room responses when we're lazy loading
         # members (as the client otherwise doesn't have enough info to form
         # the name itself).
-        if (
-            sync_config.filter_collection.lazy_load_members() and
-            (
-                # we recalulate the summary:
-                #   if there are membership changes in the timeline, or
-                #   if membership has changed during a gappy sync, or
-                #   if this is an initial sync.
-                any(ev.type == EventTypes.Member for ev in batch.events) or
-                (
-                    # XXX: this may include false positives in the form of LL
-                    # members which have snuck into state
-                    batch.limited and
-                    any(t == EventTypes.Member for (t, k) in state)
-                ) or
-                since_token is None
+        if sync_config.filter_collection.lazy_load_members() and (
+            # we recalulate the summary:
+            #   if there are membership changes in the timeline, or
+            #   if membership has changed during a gappy sync, or
+            #   if this is an initial sync.
+            any(ev.type == EventTypes.Member for ev in batch.events)
+            or (
+                # XXX: this may include false positives in the form of LL
+                # members which have snuck into state
+                batch.limited
+                and any(t == EventTypes.Member for (t, k) in state)
             )
+            or since_token is None
         ):
             summary = yield self.compute_summary(
                 room_id, sync_config, batch, state, now_token
@@ -1794,9 +1810,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             )
 
             if room_sync or always_include:
-                notifs = yield self.unread_notifs_for_room_id(
-                    room_id, sync_config
-                )
+                notifs = yield self.unread_notifs_for_room_id(room_id, sync_config)
 
                 if notifs is not None:
                     unread_notifications["notification_count"] = notifs["notify_count"]
@@ -1807,11 +1821,8 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             if batch.limited and since_token:
                 user_id = sync_result_builder.sync_config.user.to_string()
                 logger.info(
-                    "Incremental gappy sync of %s for user %s with %d state events" % (
-                        room_id,
-                        user_id,
-                        len(state),
-                    )
+                    "Incremental gappy sync of %s for user %s with %d state events"
+                    % (room_id, user_id, len(state))
                 )
         elif room_builder.rtype == "archived":
             room_sync = ArchivedSyncResult(
@@ -1841,9 +1852,7 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             Deferred[frozenset[str]]: Set of room_ids the user is in at given
             stream_ordering.
         """
-        joined_rooms = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering(
-            user_id,
-        )
+        joined_rooms = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering(user_id)
 
         joined_room_ids = set()
 
@@ -1862,11 +1871,9 @@ class SyncHandler(object):
             logger.info("User joined room after current token: %s", room_id)
 
             extrems = yield self.store.get_forward_extremeties_for_room(
-                room_id, stream_ordering,
-            )
-            users_in_room = yield self.state.get_current_users_in_room(
-                room_id, extrems,
+                room_id, stream_ordering
             )
+            users_in_room = yield self.state.get_current_users_in_room(room_id, extrems)
             if user_id in users_in_room:
                 joined_room_ids.add(room_id)
 
@@ -1886,7 +1893,7 @@ def _action_has_highlight(actions):
 
 
 def _calculate_state(
-    timeline_contains, timeline_start, previous, current, lazy_load_members,
+    timeline_contains, timeline_start, previous, current, lazy_load_members
 ):
     """Works out what state to include in a sync response.
 
@@ -1930,15 +1937,12 @@ def _calculate_state(
 
     if lazy_load_members:
         p_ids.difference_update(
-            e for t, e in iteritems(timeline_start)
-            if t[0] == EventTypes.Member
+            e for t, e in iteritems(timeline_start) if t[0] == EventTypes.Member
         )
 
     state_ids = ((c_ids | ts_ids) - p_ids) - tc_ids
 
-    return {
-        event_id_to_key[e]: e for e in state_ids
-    }
+    return {event_id_to_key[e]: e for e in state_ids}
 
 
 class SyncResultBuilder(object):
@@ -1961,8 +1965,10 @@ class SyncResultBuilder(object):
         groups (GroupsSyncResult|None)
         to_device (list)
     """
-    def __init__(self, sync_config, full_state, since_token, now_token,
-                 joined_room_ids):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, sync_config, full_state, since_token, now_token, joined_room_ids
+    ):
         """
         Args:
             sync_config (SyncConfig)
@@ -1991,8 +1997,10 @@ class RoomSyncResultBuilder(object):
     """Stores information needed to create either a `JoinedSyncResult` or
     `ArchivedSyncResult`.
     """
-    def __init__(self, room_id, rtype, events, newly_joined, full_state,
-                 since_token, upto_token):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, room_id, rtype, events, newly_joined, full_state, since_token, upto_token
+    ):
         """
         Args:
             room_id(str)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/typing.py b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
index 972662eb48..f8062c8671 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/typing.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
@@ -68,13 +68,10 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
 
         # caches which room_ids changed at which serials
         self._typing_stream_change_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "TypingStreamChangeCache", self._latest_room_serial,
+            "TypingStreamChangeCache", self._latest_room_serial
         )
 
-        self.clock.looping_call(
-            self._handle_timeouts,
-            5000,
-        )
+        self.clock.looping_call(self._handle_timeouts, 5000)
 
     def _reset(self):
         """
@@ -108,19 +105,11 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
             if self.hs.is_mine_id(member.user_id):
                 last_fed_poke = self._member_last_federation_poke.get(member, None)
                 if not last_fed_poke or last_fed_poke + FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL <= now:
-                    run_in_background(
-                        self._push_remote,
-                        member=member,
-                        typing=True
-                    )
+                    run_in_background(self._push_remote, member=member, typing=True)
 
             # Add a paranoia timer to ensure that we always have a timer for
             # each person typing.
-            self.wheel_timer.insert(
-                now=now,
-                obj=member,
-                then=now + 60 * 1000,
-            )
+            self.wheel_timer.insert(now=now, obj=member, then=now + 60 * 1000)
 
     def is_typing(self, member):
         return member.user_id in self._room_typing.get(member.room_id, [])
@@ -138,9 +127,7 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
 
         yield self.auth.check_joined_room(room_id, target_user_id)
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "%s has started typing in %s", target_user_id, room_id
-        )
+        logger.debug("%s has started typing in %s", target_user_id, room_id)
 
         member = RoomMember(room_id=room_id, user_id=target_user_id)
 
@@ -149,20 +136,13 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
         self._member_typing_until[member] = now + timeout
 
-        self.wheel_timer.insert(
-            now=now,
-            obj=member,
-            then=now + timeout,
-        )
+        self.wheel_timer.insert(now=now, obj=member, then=now + timeout)
 
         if was_present:
             # No point sending another notification
             defer.returnValue(None)
 
-        self._push_update(
-            member=member,
-            typing=True,
-        )
+        self._push_update(member=member, typing=True)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def stopped_typing(self, target_user, auth_user, room_id):
@@ -177,9 +157,7 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
 
         yield self.auth.check_joined_room(room_id, target_user_id)
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "%s has stopped typing in %s", target_user_id, room_id
-        )
+        logger.debug("%s has stopped typing in %s", target_user_id, room_id)
 
         member = RoomMember(room_id=room_id, user_id=target_user_id)
 
@@ -200,20 +178,14 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
         self._member_typing_until.pop(member, None)
         self._member_last_federation_poke.pop(member, None)
 
-        self._push_update(
-            member=member,
-            typing=False,
-        )
+        self._push_update(member=member, typing=False)
 
     def _push_update(self, member, typing):
         if self.hs.is_mine_id(member.user_id):
             # Only send updates for changes to our own users.
             run_in_background(self._push_remote, member, typing)
 
-        self._push_update_local(
-            member=member,
-            typing=typing
-        )
+        self._push_update_local(member=member, typing=typing)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _push_remote(self, member, typing):
@@ -223,9 +195,7 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
 
             now = self.clock.time_msec()
             self.wheel_timer.insert(
-                now=now,
-                obj=member,
-                then=now + FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL,
+                now=now, obj=member, then=now + FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL
             )
 
             for domain in set(get_domain_from_id(u) for u in users):
@@ -256,8 +226,7 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
 
         if user.domain != origin:
             logger.info(
-                "Got typing update from %r with bad 'user_id': %r",
-                origin, user_id,
+                "Got typing update from %r with bad 'user_id': %r", origin, user_id
             )
             return
 
@@ -268,15 +237,8 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
             logger.info("Got typing update from %s: %r", user_id, content)
             now = self.clock.time_msec()
             self._member_typing_until[member] = now + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT
-            self.wheel_timer.insert(
-                now=now,
-                obj=member,
-                then=now + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT,
-            )
-            self._push_update_local(
-                member=member,
-                typing=content["typing"]
-            )
+            self.wheel_timer.insert(now=now, obj=member, then=now + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT)
+            self._push_update_local(member=member, typing=content["typing"])
 
     def _push_update_local(self, member, typing):
         room_set = self._room_typing.setdefault(member.room_id, set())
@@ -288,7 +250,7 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
         self._latest_room_serial += 1
         self._room_serials[member.room_id] = self._latest_room_serial
         self._typing_stream_change_cache.entity_has_changed(
-            member.room_id, self._latest_room_serial,
+            member.room_id, self._latest_room_serial
         )
 
         self.notifier.on_new_event(
@@ -300,7 +262,7 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
             return []
 
         changed_rooms = self._typing_stream_change_cache.get_all_entities_changed(
-            last_id,
+            last_id
         )
 
         if changed_rooms is None:
@@ -334,9 +296,7 @@ class TypingNotificationEventSource(object):
         return {
             "type": "m.typing",
             "room_id": room_id,
-            "content": {
-                "user_ids": list(typing),
-            },
+            "content": {"user_ids": list(typing)},
         }
 
     def get_new_events(self, from_key, room_ids, **kwargs):
diff --git a/synapse/http/__init__.py b/synapse/http/__init__.py
index d36bcd6336..3acf772cd1 100644
--- a/synapse/http/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/http/__init__.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 
 class RequestTimedOutError(SynapseError):
     """Exception representing timeout of an outbound request"""
+
     def __init__(self):
         super(RequestTimedOutError, self).__init__(504, "Timed out")
 
@@ -40,15 +41,12 @@ def cancelled_to_request_timed_out_error(value, timeout):
     return value
 
 
-ACCESS_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'(\?.*access(_|%5[Ff])token=)[^&]*(.*)$')
+ACCESS_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r"(\?.*access(_|%5[Ff])token=)[^&]*(.*)$")
 
 
 def redact_uri(uri):
     """Strips access tokens from the uri replaces with <redacted>"""
-    return ACCESS_TOKEN_RE.sub(
-        r'\1<redacted>\3',
-        uri
-    )
+    return ACCESS_TOKEN_RE.sub(r"\1<redacted>\3", uri)
 
 
 class QuieterFileBodyProducer(FileBodyProducer):
@@ -57,6 +55,7 @@ class QuieterFileBodyProducer(FileBodyProducer):
     Workaround for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4003 /
     https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/6528
     """
+
     def stopProducing(self):
         try:
             FileBodyProducer.stopProducing(self)
diff --git a/synapse/http/additional_resource.py b/synapse/http/additional_resource.py
index 0e10e3f8f7..096619a8c2 100644
--- a/synapse/http/additional_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/http/additional_resource.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class AdditionalResource(Resource):
     This class is also where we wrap the request handler with logging, metrics,
     and exception handling.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs, handler):
         """Initialise AdditionalResource
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/client.py b/synapse/http/client.py
index 5c073fff07..9bc7035c8d 100644
--- a/synapse/http/client.py
+++ b/synapse/http/client.py
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ class IPBlacklistingResolver(object):
                     ip_address, self._ip_whitelist, self._ip_blacklist
                 ):
                     logger.info(
-                        "Dropped %s from DNS resolution to %s due to blacklist" %
-                        (ip_address, hostname)
+                        "Dropped %s from DNS resolution to %s due to blacklist"
+                        % (ip_address, hostname)
                     )
                     has_bad_ip = True
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class BlacklistingAgentWrapper(Agent):
         self._ip_blacklist = ip_blacklist
 
     def request(self, method, uri, headers=None, bodyProducer=None):
-        h = urllib.parse.urlparse(uri.decode('ascii'))
+        h = urllib.parse.urlparse(uri.decode("ascii"))
 
         try:
             ip_address = IPAddress(h.hostname)
@@ -164,10 +164,7 @@ class BlacklistingAgentWrapper(Agent):
             if check_against_blacklist(
                 ip_address, self._ip_whitelist, self._ip_blacklist
             ):
-                logger.info(
-                    "Blocking access to %s due to blacklist" %
-                    (ip_address,)
-                )
+                logger.info("Blocking access to %s due to blacklist" % (ip_address,))
                 e = SynapseError(403, "IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry")
                 return defer.fail(Failure(e))
         except Exception:
@@ -206,7 +203,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient(object):
         if hs.config.user_agent_suffix:
             self.user_agent = "%s %s" % (self.user_agent, hs.config.user_agent_suffix)
 
-        self.user_agent = self.user_agent.encode('ascii')
+        self.user_agent = self.user_agent.encode("ascii")
 
         if self._ip_blacklist:
             real_reactor = hs.get_reactor()
@@ -520,8 +517,8 @@ class SimpleHttpClient(object):
         resp_headers = dict(response.headers.getAllRawHeaders())
 
         if (
-            b'Content-Length' in resp_headers
-            and int(resp_headers[b'Content-Length'][0]) > max_size
+            b"Content-Length" in resp_headers
+            and int(resp_headers[b"Content-Length"][0]) > max_size
         ):
             logger.warn("Requested URL is too large > %r bytes" % (self.max_size,))
             raise SynapseError(
@@ -546,18 +543,13 @@ class SimpleHttpClient(object):
             # This can happen e.g. because the body is too large.
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            raise_from(
-                SynapseError(
-                    502, ("Failed to download remote body: %s" % e),
-                ),
-                e
-            )
+            raise_from(SynapseError(502, ("Failed to download remote body: %s" % e)), e)
 
         defer.returnValue(
             (
                 length,
                 resp_headers,
-                response.request.absoluteURI.decode('ascii'),
+                response.request.absoluteURI.decode("ascii"),
                 response.code,
             )
         )
@@ -647,7 +639,7 @@ def encode_urlencode_args(args):
 
 def encode_urlencode_arg(arg):
     if isinstance(arg, text_type):
-        return arg.encode('utf-8')
+        return arg.encode("utf-8")
     elif isinstance(arg, list):
         return [encode_urlencode_arg(i) for i in arg]
     else:
diff --git a/synapse/http/endpoint.py b/synapse/http/endpoint.py
index cd79ebab62..92a5b606c8 100644
--- a/synapse/http/endpoint.py
+++ b/synapse/http/endpoint.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def parse_server_name(server_name):
         ValueError if the server name could not be parsed.
     """
     try:
-        if server_name[-1] == ']':
+        if server_name[-1] == "]":
             # ipv6 literal, hopefully
             return server_name, None
 
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ def parse_server_name(server_name):
         raise ValueError("Invalid server name '%s'" % server_name)
 
 
-VALID_HOST_REGEX = re.compile(
-    "\\A[0-9a-zA-Z.-]+\\Z",
-)
+VALID_HOST_REGEX = re.compile("\\A[0-9a-zA-Z.-]+\\Z")
 
 
 def parse_and_validate_server_name(server_name):
@@ -67,17 +65,15 @@ def parse_and_validate_server_name(server_name):
     # that nobody is sneaking IP literals in that look like hostnames, etc.
 
     # look for ipv6 literals
-    if host[0] == '[':
-        if host[-1] != ']':
-            raise ValueError("Mismatched [...] in server name '%s'" % (
-                server_name,
-            ))
+    if host[0] == "[":
+        if host[-1] != "]":
+            raise ValueError("Mismatched [...] in server name '%s'" % (server_name,))
         return host, port
 
     # otherwise it should only be alphanumerics.
     if not VALID_HOST_REGEX.match(host):
-        raise ValueError("Server name '%s' contains invalid characters" % (
-            server_name,
-        ))
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Server name '%s' contains invalid characters" % (server_name,)
+        )
 
     return host, port
diff --git a/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py b/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py
index b4cbe97b41..414cde0777 100644
--- a/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py
+++ b/synapse/http/federation/matrix_federation_agent.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ WELL_KNOWN_INVALID_CACHE_PERIOD = 1 * 3600
 WELL_KNOWN_MAX_CACHE_PERIOD = 48 * 3600
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-well_known_cache = TTLCache('well-known')
+well_known_cache = TTLCache("well-known")
 
 
 @implementer(IAgent)
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, reactor, tls_client_options_factory,
+        self,
+        reactor,
+        tls_client_options_factory,
         _well_known_tls_policy=None,
         _srv_resolver=None,
         _well_known_cache=well_known_cache,
@@ -100,9 +102,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
         if _well_known_tls_policy is not None:
             # the param is called 'contextFactory', but actually passing a
             # contextfactory is deprecated, and it expects an IPolicyForHTTPS.
-            agent_args['contextFactory'] = _well_known_tls_policy
+            agent_args["contextFactory"] = _well_known_tls_policy
         _well_known_agent = RedirectAgent(
-            Agent(self._reactor, pool=self._pool, **agent_args),
+            Agent(self._reactor, pool=self._pool, **agent_args)
         )
         self._well_known_agent = _well_known_agent
 
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
             tls_options = None
         else:
             tls_options = self._tls_client_options_factory.get_options(
-                res.tls_server_name.decode("ascii"),
+                res.tls_server_name.decode("ascii")
             )
 
         # make sure that the Host header is set correctly
@@ -158,14 +160,14 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
         else:
             headers = headers.copy()
 
-        if not headers.hasHeader(b'host'):
-            headers.addRawHeader(b'host', res.host_header)
+        if not headers.hasHeader(b"host"):
+            headers.addRawHeader(b"host", res.host_header)
 
         class EndpointFactory(object):
             @staticmethod
             def endpointForURI(_uri):
                 ep = LoggingHostnameEndpoint(
-                    self._reactor, res.target_host, res.target_port,
+                    self._reactor, res.target_host, res.target_port
                 )
                 if tls_options is not None:
                     ep = wrapClientTLS(tls_options, ep)
@@ -203,21 +205,25 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
             port = parsed_uri.port
             if port == -1:
                 port = 8448
-            defer.returnValue(_RoutingResult(
-                host_header=parsed_uri.netloc,
-                tls_server_name=parsed_uri.host,
-                target_host=parsed_uri.host,
-                target_port=port,
-            ))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                _RoutingResult(
+                    host_header=parsed_uri.netloc,
+                    tls_server_name=parsed_uri.host,
+                    target_host=parsed_uri.host,
+                    target_port=port,
+                )
+            )
 
         if parsed_uri.port != -1:
             # there is an explicit port
-            defer.returnValue(_RoutingResult(
-                host_header=parsed_uri.netloc,
-                tls_server_name=parsed_uri.host,
-                target_host=parsed_uri.host,
-                target_port=parsed_uri.port,
-            ))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                _RoutingResult(
+                    host_header=parsed_uri.netloc,
+                    tls_server_name=parsed_uri.host,
+                    target_host=parsed_uri.host,
+                    target_port=parsed_uri.port,
+                )
+            )
 
         if lookup_well_known:
             # try a .well-known lookup
@@ -229,8 +235,8 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
 
                 # parse the server name in the .well-known response into host/port.
                 # (This code is lifted from twisted.web.client.URI.fromBytes).
-                if b':' in well_known_server:
-                    well_known_host, well_known_port = well_known_server.rsplit(b':', 1)
+                if b":" in well_known_server:
+                    well_known_host, well_known_port = well_known_server.rsplit(b":", 1)
                     try:
                         well_known_port = int(well_known_port)
                     except ValueError:
@@ -264,21 +270,27 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
             port = 8448
             logger.debug(
                 "No SRV record for %s, using %s:%i",
-                parsed_uri.host.decode("ascii"), target_host.decode("ascii"), port,
+                parsed_uri.host.decode("ascii"),
+                target_host.decode("ascii"),
+                port,
             )
         else:
             target_host, port = pick_server_from_list(server_list)
             logger.debug(
                 "Picked %s:%i from SRV records for %s",
-                target_host.decode("ascii"), port, parsed_uri.host.decode("ascii"),
+                target_host.decode("ascii"),
+                port,
+                parsed_uri.host.decode("ascii"),
             )
 
-        defer.returnValue(_RoutingResult(
-            host_header=parsed_uri.netloc,
-            tls_server_name=parsed_uri.host,
-            target_host=target_host,
-            target_port=port,
-        ))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            _RoutingResult(
+                host_header=parsed_uri.netloc,
+                tls_server_name=parsed_uri.host,
+                target_host=target_host,
+                target_port=port,
+            )
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _get_well_known(self, server_name):
@@ -318,18 +330,18 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
                  - None if there was no .well-known file.
                  - INVALID_WELL_KNOWN if the .well-known was invalid
         """
-        uri = b"https://%s/.well-known/matrix/server" % (server_name, )
+        uri = b"https://%s/.well-known/matrix/server" % (server_name,)
         uri_str = uri.decode("ascii")
         logger.info("Fetching %s", uri_str)
         try:
             response = yield make_deferred_yieldable(
-                self._well_known_agent.request(b"GET", uri),
+                self._well_known_agent.request(b"GET", uri)
             )
             body = yield make_deferred_yieldable(readBody(response))
             if response.code != 200:
-                raise Exception("Non-200 response %s" % (response.code, ))
+                raise Exception("Non-200 response %s" % (response.code,))
 
-            parsed_body = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
+            parsed_body = json.loads(body.decode("utf-8"))
             logger.info("Response from .well-known: %s", parsed_body)
             if not isinstance(parsed_body, dict):
                 raise Exception("not a dict")
@@ -347,8 +359,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
         result = parsed_body["m.server"].encode("ascii")
 
         cache_period = _cache_period_from_headers(
-            response.headers,
-            time_now=self._reactor.seconds,
+            response.headers, time_now=self._reactor.seconds
         )
         if cache_period is None:
             cache_period = WELL_KNOWN_DEFAULT_CACHE_PERIOD
@@ -364,6 +375,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgent(object):
 @implementer(IStreamClientEndpoint)
 class LoggingHostnameEndpoint(object):
     """A wrapper for HostnameEndpint which logs when it connects"""
+
     def __init__(self, reactor, host, port, *args, **kwargs):
         self.host = host
         self.port = port
@@ -377,17 +389,17 @@ class LoggingHostnameEndpoint(object):
 def _cache_period_from_headers(headers, time_now=time.time):
     cache_controls = _parse_cache_control(headers)
 
-    if b'no-store' in cache_controls:
+    if b"no-store" in cache_controls:
         return 0
 
-    if b'max-age' in cache_controls:
+    if b"max-age" in cache_controls:
         try:
-            max_age = int(cache_controls[b'max-age'])
+            max_age = int(cache_controls[b"max-age"])
             return max_age
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
-    expires = headers.getRawHeaders(b'expires')
+    expires = headers.getRawHeaders(b"expires")
     if expires is not None:
         try:
             expires_date = stringToDatetime(expires[-1])
@@ -403,9 +415,9 @@ def _cache_period_from_headers(headers, time_now=time.time):
 
 def _parse_cache_control(headers):
     cache_controls = {}
-    for hdr in headers.getRawHeaders(b'cache-control', []):
-        for directive in hdr.split(b','):
-            splits = [x.strip() for x in directive.split(b'=', 1)]
+    for hdr in headers.getRawHeaders(b"cache-control", []):
+        for directive in hdr.split(b","):
+            splits = [x.strip() for x in directive.split(b"=", 1)]
             k = splits[0].lower()
             v = splits[1] if len(splits) > 1 else None
             cache_controls[k] = v
diff --git a/synapse/http/federation/srv_resolver.py b/synapse/http/federation/srv_resolver.py
index 71830c549d..1f22f78a75 100644
--- a/synapse/http/federation/srv_resolver.py
+++ b/synapse/http/federation/srv_resolver.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class Server(object):
         expires (int): when the cache should expire this record - in *seconds* since
             the epoch
     """
+
     host = attr.ib()
     port = attr.ib()
     priority = attr.ib(default=0)
@@ -79,9 +80,7 @@ def pick_server_from_list(server_list):
             return s.host, s.port
 
     # this should be impossible.
-    raise RuntimeError(
-        "pick_server_from_list got to end of eligible server list.",
-    )
+    raise RuntimeError("pick_server_from_list got to end of eligible server list.")
 
 
 class SrvResolver(object):
@@ -95,6 +94,7 @@ class SrvResolver(object):
         cache (dict): cache object
         get_time (callable): clock implementation. Should return seconds since the epoch
     """
+
     def __init__(self, dns_client=client, cache=SERVER_CACHE, get_time=time.time):
         self._dns_client = dns_client
         self._cache = cache
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class SrvResolver(object):
 
         try:
             answers, _, _ = yield make_deferred_yieldable(
-                self._dns_client.lookupService(service_name),
+                self._dns_client.lookupService(service_name)
             )
         except DNSNameError:
             # TODO: cache this. We can get the SOA out of the exception, and use
@@ -136,17 +136,18 @@ class SrvResolver(object):
             cache_entry = self._cache.get(service_name, None)
             if cache_entry:
                 logger.warn(
-                    "Failed to resolve %r, falling back to cache. %r",
-                    service_name, e
+                    "Failed to resolve %r, falling back to cache. %r", service_name, e
                 )
                 defer.returnValue(list(cache_entry))
             else:
                 raise e
 
-        if (len(answers) == 1
-                and answers[0].type == dns.SRV
-                and answers[0].payload
-                and answers[0].payload.target == dns.Name(b'.')):
+        if (
+            len(answers) == 1
+            and answers[0].type == dns.SRV
+            and answers[0].payload
+            and answers[0].payload.target == dns.Name(b".")
+        ):
             raise ConnectError("Service %s unavailable" % service_name)
 
         servers = []
@@ -157,13 +158,15 @@ class SrvResolver(object):
 
             payload = answer.payload
 
-            servers.append(Server(
-                host=payload.target.name,
-                port=payload.port,
-                priority=payload.priority,
-                weight=payload.weight,
-                expires=now + answer.ttl,
-            ))
+            servers.append(
+                Server(
+                    host=payload.target.name,
+                    port=payload.port,
+                    priority=payload.priority,
+                    weight=payload.weight,
+                    expires=now + answer.ttl,
+                )
+            )
 
         self._cache[service_name] = list(servers)
         defer.returnValue(servers)
diff --git a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
index 663ea72a7a..5ef8bb60a3 100644
--- a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
+++ b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
@@ -54,10 +54,12 @@ from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-outgoing_requests_counter = Counter("synapse_http_matrixfederationclient_requests",
-                                    "", ["method"])
-incoming_responses_counter = Counter("synapse_http_matrixfederationclient_responses",
-                                     "", ["method", "code"])
+outgoing_requests_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_http_matrixfederationclient_requests", "", ["method"]
+)
+incoming_responses_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_http_matrixfederationclient_responses", "", ["method", "code"]
+)
 
 
 MAX_LONG_RETRIES = 10
@@ -137,11 +139,7 @@ def _handle_json_response(reactor, timeout_sec, request, response):
         check_content_type_is_json(response.headers)
 
         d = treq.json_content(response)
-        d = timeout_deferred(
-            d,
-            timeout=timeout_sec,
-            reactor=reactor,
-        )
+        d = timeout_deferred(d, timeout=timeout_sec, reactor=reactor)
 
         body = yield make_deferred_yieldable(d)
     except Exception as e:
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ def _handle_json_response(reactor, timeout_sec, request, response):
         request.txn_id,
         request.destination,
         response.code,
-        response.phrase.decode('ascii', errors='replace'),
+        response.phrase.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
     )
     defer.returnValue(body)
 
@@ -181,7 +179,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         # We need to use a DNS resolver which filters out blacklisted IP
         # addresses, to prevent DNS rebinding.
         nameResolver = IPBlacklistingResolver(
-            real_reactor, None, hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist,
+            real_reactor, None, hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist
         )
 
         @implementer(IReactorPluggableNameResolver)
@@ -194,21 +192,19 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
 
         self.reactor = Reactor()
 
-        self.agent = MatrixFederationAgent(
-            self.reactor,
-            tls_client_options_factory,
-        )
+        self.agent = MatrixFederationAgent(self.reactor, tls_client_options_factory)
 
         # Use a BlacklistingAgentWrapper to prevent circumventing the IP
         # blacklist via IP literals in server names
         self.agent = BlacklistingAgentWrapper(
-            self.agent, self.reactor,
+            self.agent,
+            self.reactor,
             ip_blacklist=hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist,
         )
 
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
         self._store = hs.get_datastore()
-        self.version_string_bytes = hs.version_string.encode('ascii')
+        self.version_string_bytes = hs.version_string.encode("ascii")
         self.default_timeout = 60
 
         def schedule(x):
@@ -218,10 +214,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _send_request_with_optional_trailing_slash(
-        self,
-        request,
-        try_trailing_slash_on_400=False,
-        **send_request_args
+        self, request, try_trailing_slash_on_400=False, **send_request_args
     ):
         """Wrapper for _send_request which can optionally retry the request
         upon receiving a combination of a 400 HTTP response code and a
@@ -244,9 +237,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             Deferred[Dict]: Parsed JSON response body.
         """
         try:
-            response = yield self._send_request(
-                request, **send_request_args
-            )
+            response = yield self._send_request(request, **send_request_args)
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             # Received an HTTP error > 300. Check if it meets the requirements
             # to retry with a trailing slash
@@ -262,9 +253,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             logger.info("Retrying request with trailing slash")
             request.path += "/"
 
-            response = yield self._send_request(
-                request, **send_request_args
-            )
+            response = yield self._send_request(request, **send_request_args)
 
         defer.returnValue(response)
 
@@ -329,8 +318,8 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             _sec_timeout = self.default_timeout
 
         if (
-            self.hs.config.federation_domain_whitelist is not None and
-            request.destination not in self.hs.config.federation_domain_whitelist
+            self.hs.config.federation_domain_whitelist is not None
+            and request.destination not in self.hs.config.federation_domain_whitelist
         ):
             raise FederationDeniedError(request.destination)
 
@@ -350,9 +339,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         else:
             query_bytes = b""
 
-        headers_dict = {
-            b"User-Agent": [self.version_string_bytes],
-        }
+        headers_dict = {b"User-Agent": [self.version_string_bytes]}
 
         with limiter:
             # XXX: Would be much nicer to retry only at the transaction-layer
@@ -362,16 +349,14 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             else:
                 retries_left = MAX_SHORT_RETRIES
 
-            url_bytes = urllib.parse.urlunparse((
-                b"matrix", destination_bytes,
-                path_bytes, None, query_bytes, b"",
-            ))
-            url_str = url_bytes.decode('ascii')
+            url_bytes = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
+                (b"matrix", destination_bytes, path_bytes, None, query_bytes, b"")
+            )
+            url_str = url_bytes.decode("ascii")
 
-            url_to_sign_bytes = urllib.parse.urlunparse((
-                b"", b"",
-                path_bytes, None, query_bytes, b"",
-            ))
+            url_to_sign_bytes = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
+                (b"", b"", path_bytes, None, query_bytes, b"")
+            )
 
             while True:
                 try:
@@ -379,26 +364,27 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                     if json:
                         headers_dict[b"Content-Type"] = [b"application/json"]
                         auth_headers = self.build_auth_headers(
-                            destination_bytes, method_bytes, url_to_sign_bytes,
-                            json,
+                            destination_bytes, method_bytes, url_to_sign_bytes, json
                         )
                         data = encode_canonical_json(json)
                         producer = QuieterFileBodyProducer(
-                            BytesIO(data),
-                            cooperator=self._cooperator,
+                            BytesIO(data), cooperator=self._cooperator
                         )
                     else:
                         producer = None
                         auth_headers = self.build_auth_headers(
-                            destination_bytes, method_bytes, url_to_sign_bytes,
+                            destination_bytes, method_bytes, url_to_sign_bytes
                         )
 
                     headers_dict[b"Authorization"] = auth_headers
 
                     logger.info(
                         "{%s} [%s] Sending request: %s %s; timeout %fs",
-                        request.txn_id, request.destination, request.method,
-                        url_str, _sec_timeout,
+                        request.txn_id,
+                        request.destination,
+                        request.method,
+                        url_str,
+                        _sec_timeout,
                     )
 
                     try:
@@ -430,7 +416,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                         request.txn_id,
                         request.destination,
                         response.code,
-                        response.phrase.decode('ascii', errors='replace'),
+                        response.phrase.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
                     )
 
                     if 200 <= response.code < 300:
@@ -440,9 +426,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                         # Update transactions table?
                         d = treq.content(response)
                         d = timeout_deferred(
-                            d,
-                            timeout=_sec_timeout,
-                            reactor=self.reactor,
+                            d, timeout=_sec_timeout, reactor=self.reactor
                         )
 
                         try:
@@ -460,9 +444,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                             )
                             body = None
 
-                        e = HttpResponseException(
-                            response.code, response.phrase, body
-                        )
+                        e = HttpResponseException(response.code, response.phrase, body)
 
                         # Retry if the error is a 429 (Too Many Requests),
                         # otherwise just raise a standard HttpResponseException
@@ -521,7 +503,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             defer.returnValue(response)
 
     def build_auth_headers(
-        self, destination, method, url_bytes, content=None, destination_is=None,
+        self, destination, method, url_bytes, content=None, destination_is=None
     ):
         """
         Builds the Authorization headers for a federation request
@@ -538,11 +520,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         Returns:
             list[bytes]: a list of headers to be added as "Authorization:" headers
         """
-        request = {
-            "method": method,
-            "uri": url_bytes,
-            "origin": self.server_name,
-        }
+        request = {"method": method, "uri": url_bytes, "origin": self.server_name}
 
         if destination is not None:
             request["destination"] = destination
@@ -558,20 +536,28 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         auth_headers = []
 
         for key, sig in request["signatures"][self.server_name].items():
-            auth_headers.append((
-                "X-Matrix origin=%s,key=\"%s\",sig=\"%s\"" % (
-                    self.server_name, key, sig,
-                )).encode('ascii')
+            auth_headers.append(
+                (
+                    'X-Matrix origin=%s,key="%s",sig="%s"'
+                    % (self.server_name, key, sig)
+                ).encode("ascii")
             )
         return auth_headers
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def put_json(self, destination, path, args={}, data={},
-                 json_data_callback=None,
-                 long_retries=False, timeout=None,
-                 ignore_backoff=False,
-                 backoff_on_404=False,
-                 try_trailing_slash_on_400=False):
+    def put_json(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        path,
+        args={},
+        data={},
+        json_data_callback=None,
+        long_retries=False,
+        timeout=None,
+        ignore_backoff=False,
+        backoff_on_404=False,
+        try_trailing_slash_on_400=False,
+    ):
         """ Sends the specifed json data using PUT
 
         Args:
@@ -635,14 +621,22 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         )
 
         body = yield _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response,
+            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(body)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def post_json(self, destination, path, data={}, long_retries=False,
-                  timeout=None, ignore_backoff=False, args={}):
+    def post_json(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        path,
+        data={},
+        long_retries=False,
+        timeout=None,
+        ignore_backoff=False,
+        args={},
+    ):
         """ Sends the specifed json data using POST
 
         Args:
@@ -681,11 +675,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         """
 
         request = MatrixFederationRequest(
-            method="POST",
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            query=args,
-            json=data,
+            method="POST", destination=destination, path=path, query=args, json=data
         )
 
         response = yield self._send_request(
@@ -701,14 +691,21 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             _sec_timeout = self.default_timeout
 
         body = yield _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, _sec_timeout, request, response,
+            self.reactor, _sec_timeout, request, response
         )
         defer.returnValue(body)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_json(self, destination, path, args=None, retry_on_dns_fail=True,
-                 timeout=None, ignore_backoff=False,
-                 try_trailing_slash_on_400=False):
+    def get_json(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        path,
+        args=None,
+        retry_on_dns_fail=True,
+        timeout=None,
+        ignore_backoff=False,
+        try_trailing_slash_on_400=False,
+    ):
         """ GETs some json from the given host homeserver and path
 
         Args:
@@ -745,10 +742,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                 remote, due to e.g. DNS failures, connection timeouts etc.
         """
         request = MatrixFederationRequest(
-            method="GET",
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            query=args,
+            method="GET", destination=destination, path=path, query=args
         )
 
         response = yield self._send_request_with_optional_trailing_slash(
@@ -761,14 +755,21 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         )
 
         body = yield _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response,
+            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(body)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def delete_json(self, destination, path, long_retries=False,
-                    timeout=None, ignore_backoff=False, args={}):
+    def delete_json(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        path,
+        long_retries=False,
+        timeout=None,
+        ignore_backoff=False,
+        args={},
+    ):
         """Send a DELETE request to the remote expecting some json response
 
         Args:
@@ -802,10 +803,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                 remote, due to e.g. DNS failures, connection timeouts etc.
         """
         request = MatrixFederationRequest(
-            method="DELETE",
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            query=args,
+            method="DELETE", destination=destination, path=path, query=args
         )
 
         response = yield self._send_request(
@@ -816,14 +814,21 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
         )
 
         body = yield _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response,
+            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response
         )
         defer.returnValue(body)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_file(self, destination, path, output_stream, args={},
-                 retry_on_dns_fail=True, max_size=None,
-                 ignore_backoff=False):
+    def get_file(
+        self,
+        destination,
+        path,
+        output_stream,
+        args={},
+        retry_on_dns_fail=True,
+        max_size=None,
+        ignore_backoff=False,
+    ):
         """GETs a file from a given homeserver
         Args:
             destination (str): The remote server to send the HTTP request to.
@@ -848,16 +853,11 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
                 remote, due to e.g. DNS failures, connection timeouts etc.
         """
         request = MatrixFederationRequest(
-            method="GET",
-            destination=destination,
-            path=path,
-            query=args,
+            method="GET", destination=destination, path=path, query=args
         )
 
         response = yield self._send_request(
-            request,
-            retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail,
-            ignore_backoff=ignore_backoff,
+            request, retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail, ignore_backoff=ignore_backoff
         )
 
         headers = dict(response.headers.getAllRawHeaders())
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object):
             request.txn_id,
             request.destination,
             response.code,
-            response.phrase.decode('ascii', errors='replace'),
+            response.phrase.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
             length,
         )
         defer.returnValue((length, headers))
@@ -896,11 +896,13 @@ class _ReadBodyToFileProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
         self.stream.write(data)
         self.length += len(data)
         if self.max_size is not None and self.length >= self.max_size:
-            self.deferred.errback(SynapseError(
-                502,
-                "Requested file is too large > %r bytes" % (self.max_size,),
-                Codes.TOO_LARGE,
-            ))
+            self.deferred.errback(
+                SynapseError(
+                    502,
+                    "Requested file is too large > %r bytes" % (self.max_size,),
+                    Codes.TOO_LARGE,
+                )
+            )
             self.deferred = defer.Deferred()
             self.transport.loseConnection()
 
@@ -920,8 +922,7 @@ def _readBodyToFile(response, stream, max_size):
 def _flatten_response_never_received(e):
     if hasattr(e, "reasons"):
         reasons = ", ".join(
-            _flatten_response_never_received(f.value)
-            for f in e.reasons
+            _flatten_response_never_received(f.value) for f in e.reasons
         )
 
         return "%s:[%s]" % (type(e).__name__, reasons)
@@ -943,16 +944,15 @@ def check_content_type_is_json(headers):
     """
     c_type = headers.getRawHeaders(b"Content-Type")
     if c_type is None:
-        raise RequestSendFailed(RuntimeError(
-            "No Content-Type header"
-        ), can_retry=False)
+        raise RequestSendFailed(RuntimeError("No Content-Type header"), can_retry=False)
 
-    c_type = c_type[0].decode('ascii')  # only the first header
+    c_type = c_type[0].decode("ascii")  # only the first header
     val, options = cgi.parse_header(c_type)
     if val != "application/json":
-        raise RequestSendFailed(RuntimeError(
-            "Content-Type not application/json: was '%s'" % c_type
-        ), can_retry=False)
+        raise RequestSendFailed(
+            RuntimeError("Content-Type not application/json: was '%s'" % c_type),
+            can_retry=False,
+        )
 
 
 def encode_query_args(args):
@@ -967,4 +967,4 @@ def encode_query_args(args):
 
     query_bytes = urllib.parse.urlencode(encoded_args, True)
 
-    return query_bytes.encode('utf8')
+    return query_bytes.encode("utf8")
diff --git a/synapse/http/server.py b/synapse/http/server.py
index 16fb7935da..6fd13e87d1 100644
--- a/synapse/http/server.py
+++ b/synapse/http/server.py
@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ def wrap_json_request_handler(h):
             yield h(self, request)
         except SynapseError as e:
             code = e.code
-            logger.info(
-                "%s SynapseError: %s - %s", request, code, e.msg
-            )
+            logger.info("%s SynapseError: %s - %s", request, code, e.msg)
 
             # Only respond with an error response if we haven't already started
             # writing, otherwise lets just kill the connection
@@ -96,7 +94,10 @@ def wrap_json_request_handler(h):
                         pass
             else:
                 respond_with_json(
-                    request, code, e.error_dict(), send_cors=True,
+                    request,
+                    code,
+                    e.error_dict(),
+                    send_cors=True,
                     pretty_print=_request_user_agent_is_curl(request),
                 )
 
@@ -124,10 +125,7 @@ def wrap_json_request_handler(h):
                 respond_with_json(
                     request,
                     500,
-                    {
-                        "error": "Internal server error",
-                        "errcode": Codes.UNKNOWN,
-                    },
+                    {"error": "Internal server error", "errcode": Codes.UNKNOWN},
                     send_cors=True,
                     pretty_print=_request_user_agent_is_curl(request),
                 )
@@ -143,6 +141,7 @@ def wrap_html_request_handler(h):
     The handler method must have a signature of "handle_foo(self, request)",
     where "request" must be a SynapseRequest.
     """
+
     def wrapped_request_handler(self, request):
         d = defer.maybeDeferred(h, self, request)
         d.addErrback(_return_html_error, request)
@@ -164,9 +163,7 @@ def _return_html_error(f, request):
         msg = cme.msg
 
         if isinstance(cme, SynapseError):
-            logger.info(
-                "%s SynapseError: %s - %s", request, code, msg
-            )
+            logger.info("%s SynapseError: %s - %s", request, code, msg)
         else:
             logger.error(
                 "Failed handle request %r",
@@ -183,9 +180,7 @@ def _return_html_error(f, request):
             exc_info=(f.type, f.value, f.getTracebackObject()),
         )
 
-    body = HTML_ERROR_TEMPLATE.format(
-        code=code, msg=cgi.escape(msg),
-    ).encode("utf-8")
+    body = HTML_ERROR_TEMPLATE.format(code=code, msg=cgi.escape(msg)).encode("utf-8")
     request.setResponseCode(code)
     request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
     request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%i" % (len(body),))
@@ -205,6 +200,7 @@ def wrap_async_request_handler(h):
     The handler may return a deferred, in which case the completion of the request isn't
     logged until the deferred completes.
     """
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def wrapped_async_request_handler(self, request):
         with request.processing():
@@ -306,12 +302,14 @@ class JsonResource(HttpServer, resource.Resource):
                 # URL again (as it was decoded by _get_handler_for request), as
                 # ASCII because it's a URL, and then decode it to get the UTF-8
                 # characters that were quoted.
-                return urllib.parse.unquote(s.encode('ascii')).decode('utf8')
+                return urllib.parse.unquote(s.encode("ascii")).decode("utf8")
 
-        kwargs = intern_dict({
-            name: _unquote(value) if value else value
-            for name, value in group_dict.items()
-        })
+        kwargs = intern_dict(
+            {
+                name: _unquote(value) if value else value
+                for name, value in group_dict.items()
+            }
+        )
 
         callback_return = yield callback(request, **kwargs)
         if callback_return is not None:
@@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ class JsonResource(HttpServer, resource.Resource):
         # Loop through all the registered callbacks to check if the method
         # and path regex match
         for path_entry in self.path_regexs.get(request.method, []):
-            m = path_entry.pattern.match(request.path.decode('ascii'))
+            m = path_entry.pattern.match(request.path.decode("ascii"))
             if m:
                 # We found a match!
                 return path_entry.callback, m.groupdict()
@@ -347,11 +345,14 @@ class JsonResource(HttpServer, resource.Resource):
         # Huh. No one wanted to handle that? Fiiiiiine. Send 400.
         return _unrecognised_request_handler, {}
 
-    def _send_response(self, request, code, response_json_object,
-                       response_code_message=None):
+    def _send_response(
+        self, request, code, response_json_object, response_code_message=None
+    ):
         # TODO: Only enable CORS for the requests that need it.
         respond_with_json(
-            request, code, response_json_object,
+            request,
+            code,
+            response_json_object,
             send_cors=True,
             response_code_message=response_code_message,
             pretty_print=_request_user_agent_is_curl(request),
@@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ class RootRedirect(resource.Resource):
         self.url = path
 
     def render_GET(self, request):
-        return redirectTo(self.url.encode('ascii'), request)
+        return redirectTo(self.url.encode("ascii"), request)
 
     def getChild(self, name, request):
         if len(name) == 0:
@@ -403,16 +404,22 @@ class RootRedirect(resource.Resource):
         return resource.Resource.getChild(self, name, request)
 
 
-def respond_with_json(request, code, json_object, send_cors=False,
-                      response_code_message=None, pretty_print=False,
-                      canonical_json=True):
+def respond_with_json(
+    request,
+    code,
+    json_object,
+    send_cors=False,
+    response_code_message=None,
+    pretty_print=False,
+    canonical_json=True,
+):
     # could alternatively use request.notifyFinish() and flip a flag when
     # the Deferred fires, but since the flag is RIGHT THERE it seems like
     # a waste.
     if request._disconnected:
         logger.warn(
-            "Not sending response to request %s, already disconnected.",
-            request)
+            "Not sending response to request %s, already disconnected.", request
+        )
         return
 
     if pretty_print:
@@ -425,14 +432,17 @@ def respond_with_json(request, code, json_object, send_cors=False,
             json_bytes = json.dumps(json_object).encode("utf-8")
 
     return respond_with_json_bytes(
-        request, code, json_bytes,
+        request,
+        code,
+        json_bytes,
         send_cors=send_cors,
         response_code_message=response_code_message,
     )
 
 
-def respond_with_json_bytes(request, code, json_bytes, send_cors=False,
-                            response_code_message=None):
+def respond_with_json_bytes(
+    request, code, json_bytes, send_cors=False, response_code_message=None
+):
     """Sends encoded JSON in response to the given request.
 
     Args:
@@ -474,7 +484,7 @@ def set_cors_headers(request):
     )
     request.setHeader(
         b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
-        b"Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization"
+        b"Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization",
     )
 
 
@@ -498,9 +508,7 @@ def finish_request(request):
 
 
 def _request_user_agent_is_curl(request):
-    user_agents = request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(
-        b"User-Agent", default=[]
-    )
+    user_agents = request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"User-Agent", default=[])
     for user_agent in user_agents:
         if b"curl" in user_agent:
             return True
diff --git a/synapse/http/servlet.py b/synapse/http/servlet.py
index 197c652850..cd8415acd5 100644
--- a/synapse/http/servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/http/servlet.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def parse_integer(request, name, default=None, required=False):
 def parse_integer_from_args(args, name, default=None, required=False):
 
     if not isinstance(name, bytes):
-        name = name.encode('ascii')
+        name = name.encode("ascii")
 
     if name in args:
         try:
@@ -89,18 +89,14 @@ def parse_boolean(request, name, default=None, required=False):
 def parse_boolean_from_args(args, name, default=None, required=False):
 
     if not isinstance(name, bytes):
-        name = name.encode('ascii')
+        name = name.encode("ascii")
 
     if name in args:
         try:
-            return {
-                b"true": True,
-                b"false": False,
-            }[args[name][0]]
+            return {b"true": True, b"false": False}[args[name][0]]
         except Exception:
             message = (
-                "Boolean query parameter %r must be one of"
-                " ['true', 'false']"
+                "Boolean query parameter %r must be one of" " ['true', 'false']"
             ) % (name,)
             raise SynapseError(400, message)
     else:
@@ -111,8 +107,15 @@ def parse_boolean_from_args(args, name, default=None, required=False):
             return default
 
 
-def parse_string(request, name, default=None, required=False,
-                 allowed_values=None, param_type="string", encoding='ascii'):
+def parse_string(
+    request,
+    name,
+    default=None,
+    required=False,
+    allowed_values=None,
+    param_type="string",
+    encoding="ascii",
+):
     """
     Parse a string parameter from the request query string.
 
@@ -145,11 +148,18 @@ def parse_string(request, name, default=None, required=False,
     )
 
 
-def parse_string_from_args(args, name, default=None, required=False,
-                           allowed_values=None, param_type="string", encoding='ascii'):
+def parse_string_from_args(
+    args,
+    name,
+    default=None,
+    required=False,
+    allowed_values=None,
+    param_type="string",
+    encoding="ascii",
+):
 
     if not isinstance(name, bytes):
-        name = name.encode('ascii')
+        name = name.encode("ascii")
 
     if name in args:
         value = args[name][0]
@@ -159,7 +169,8 @@ def parse_string_from_args(args, name, default=None, required=False,
 
         if allowed_values is not None and value not in allowed_values:
             message = "Query parameter %r must be one of [%s]" % (
-                name, ", ".join(repr(v) for v in allowed_values)
+                name,
+                ", ".join(repr(v) for v in allowed_values),
             )
             raise SynapseError(400, message)
         else:
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@ def parse_json_value_from_request(request, allow_empty_body=False):
     # Decode to Unicode so that simplejson will return Unicode strings on
     # Python 2
     try:
-        content_unicode = content_bytes.decode('utf8')
+        content_unicode = content_bytes.decode("utf8")
     except UnicodeDecodeError:
         logger.warn("Unable to decode UTF-8")
         raise SynapseError(400, "Content not JSON.", errcode=Codes.NOT_JSON)
@@ -227,9 +238,7 @@ def parse_json_object_from_request(request, allow_empty_body=False):
         SynapseError if the request body couldn't be decoded as JSON or
             if it wasn't a JSON object.
     """
-    content = parse_json_value_from_request(
-        request, allow_empty_body=allow_empty_body,
-    )
+    content = parse_json_value_from_request(request, allow_empty_body=allow_empty_body)
 
     if allow_empty_body and content is None:
         return {}
diff --git a/synapse/http/site.py b/synapse/http/site.py
index e508c0bd4f..93f679ea48 100644
--- a/synapse/http/site.py
+++ b/synapse/http/site.py
@@ -46,10 +46,11 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
     Attributes:
         logcontext(LoggingContext) : the log context for this request
     """
+
     def __init__(self, site, channel, *args, **kw):
         Request.__init__(self, channel, *args, **kw)
         self.site = site
-        self._channel = channel     # this is used by the tests
+        self._channel = channel  # this is used by the tests
         self.authenticated_entity = None
         self.start_time = 0
 
@@ -72,12 +73,12 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         # We overwrite this so that we don't log ``access_token``
-        return '<%s at 0x%x method=%r uri=%r clientproto=%r site=%r>' % (
+        return "<%s at 0x%x method=%r uri=%r clientproto=%r site=%r>" % (
             self.__class__.__name__,
             id(self),
             self.get_method(),
             self.get_redacted_uri(),
-            self.clientproto.decode('ascii', errors='replace'),
+            self.clientproto.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
             self.site.site_tag,
         )
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
     def get_redacted_uri(self):
         uri = self.uri
         if isinstance(uri, bytes):
-            uri = self.uri.decode('ascii')
+            uri = self.uri.decode("ascii")
         return redact_uri(uri)
 
     def get_method(self):
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
         """
         method = self.method
         if isinstance(method, bytes):
-            method = self.method.decode('ascii')
+            method = self.method.decode("ascii")
         return method
 
     def get_user_agent(self):
@@ -134,8 +135,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
             # dispatching to the handler, so that the handler
             # can update the servlet name in the request
             # metrics
-            requests_counter.labels(self.get_method(),
-                                    self.request_metrics.name).inc()
+            requests_counter.labels(self.get_method(), self.request_metrics.name).inc()
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
     def processing(self):
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
         # the client disconnects.
         with PreserveLoggingContext(self.logcontext):
             logger.warn(
-                "Error processing request %r: %s %s", self, reason.type, reason.value,
+                "Error processing request %r: %s %s", self, reason.type, reason.value
             )
 
             if not self._is_processing:
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
         self.start_time = time.time()
         self.request_metrics = RequestMetrics()
         self.request_metrics.start(
-            self.start_time, name=servlet_name, method=self.get_method(),
+            self.start_time, name=servlet_name, method=self.get_method()
         )
 
         self.site.access_logger.info(
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
             self.getClientIP(),
             self.site.site_tag,
             self.get_method(),
-            self.get_redacted_uri()
+            self.get_redacted_uri(),
         )
 
     def _finished_processing(self):
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
         self.site.access_logger.info(
             "%s - %s - {%s}"
             " Processed request: %.3fsec/%.3fsec (%.3fsec, %.3fsec) (%.3fsec/%.3fsec/%d)"
-            " %sB %s \"%s %s %s\" \"%s\" [%d dbevts]",
+            ' %sB %s "%s %s %s" "%s" [%d dbevts]',
             self.getClientIP(),
             self.site.site_tag,
             authenticated_entity,
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class SynapseRequest(Request):
             code,
             self.get_method(),
             self.get_redacted_uri(),
-            self.clientproto.decode('ascii', errors='replace'),
+            self.clientproto.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
             user_agent,
             usage.evt_db_fetch_count,
         )
@@ -316,14 +316,19 @@ class XForwardedForRequest(SynapseRequest):
     Add a layer on top of another request that only uses the value of an
     X-Forwarded-For header as the result of C{getClientIP}.
     """
+
     def getClientIP(self):
         """
         @return: The client address (the first address) in the value of the
             I{X-Forwarded-For header}.  If the header is not present, return
             C{b"-"}.
         """
-        return self.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(
-            b"x-forwarded-for", [b"-"])[0].split(b",")[0].strip().decode('ascii')
+        return (
+            self.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"x-forwarded-for", [b"-"])[0]
+            .split(b",")[0]
+            .strip()
+            .decode("ascii")
+        )
 
 
 class SynapseRequestFactory(object):
@@ -343,8 +348,17 @@ class SynapseSite(Site):
     Subclass of a twisted http Site that does access logging with python's
     standard logging
     """
-    def __init__(self, logger_name, site_tag, config, resource,
-                 server_version_string, *args, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        logger_name,
+        site_tag,
+        config,
+        resource,
+        server_version_string,
+        *args,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
         Site.__init__(self, resource, *args, **kwargs)
 
         self.site_tag = site_tag
@@ -352,7 +366,7 @@ class SynapseSite(Site):
         proxied = config.get("x_forwarded", False)
         self.requestFactory = SynapseRequestFactory(self, proxied)
         self.access_logger = logging.getLogger(logger_name)
-        self.server_version_string = server_version_string.encode('ascii')
+        self.server_version_string = server_version_string.encode("ascii")
 
     def log(self, request):
         pass
diff --git a/synapse/metrics/__init__.py b/synapse/metrics/__init__.py
index 8aee14a8a8..1f30179b51 100644
--- a/synapse/metrics/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/metrics/__init__.py
@@ -231,10 +231,7 @@ class BucketCollector(object):
         res.append(["+Inf", sum(data.values())])
 
         metric = HistogramMetricFamily(
-            self.name,
-            "",
-            buckets=res,
-            sum_value=sum([x * y for x, y in data.items()]),
+            self.name, "", buckets=res, sum_value=sum([x * y for x, y in data.items()])
         )
         yield metric
 
@@ -263,7 +260,7 @@ class CPUMetrics(object):
         ticks_per_sec = 100
         try:
             # Try and get the system config
-            ticks_per_sec = os.sysconf('SC_CLK_TCK')
+            ticks_per_sec = os.sysconf("SC_CLK_TCK")
         except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError):
             pass
 
diff --git a/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py b/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py
index 037f1c490e..167e2c068a 100644
--- a/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py
+++ b/synapse/metrics/background_process_metrics.py
@@ -60,8 +60,10 @@ _background_process_db_txn_count = Counter(
 
 _background_process_db_txn_duration = Counter(
     "synapse_background_process_db_txn_duration_seconds",
-    ("Seconds spent by background processes waiting for database "
-     "transactions, excluding scheduling time"),
+    (
+        "Seconds spent by background processes waiting for database "
+        "transactions, excluding scheduling time"
+    ),
     ["name"],
     registry=None,
 )
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ class _Collector(object):
     Ensures that all of the metrics are up-to-date with any in-flight processes
     before they are returned.
     """
+
     def collect(self):
         background_process_in_flight_count = GaugeMetricFamily(
             "synapse_background_process_in_flight_count",
@@ -105,14 +108,11 @@ class _Collector(object):
         # We also copy the process lists as that can also change
         with _bg_metrics_lock:
             _background_processes_copy = {
-                k: list(v)
-                for k, v in six.iteritems(_background_processes)
+                k: list(v) for k, v in six.iteritems(_background_processes)
             }
 
         for desc, processes in six.iteritems(_background_processes_copy):
-            background_process_in_flight_count.add_metric(
-                (desc,), len(processes),
-            )
+            background_process_in_flight_count.add_metric((desc,), len(processes))
             for process in processes:
                 process.update_metrics()
 
@@ -121,11 +121,11 @@ class _Collector(object):
         # now we need to run collect() over each of the static Counters, and
         # yield each metric they return.
         for m in (
-                _background_process_ru_utime,
-                _background_process_ru_stime,
-                _background_process_db_txn_count,
-                _background_process_db_txn_duration,
-                _background_process_db_sched_duration,
+            _background_process_ru_utime,
+            _background_process_ru_stime,
+            _background_process_db_txn_count,
+            _background_process_db_txn_duration,
+            _background_process_db_sched_duration,
         ):
             for r in m.collect():
                 yield r
@@ -151,14 +151,12 @@ class _BackgroundProcess(object):
 
         _background_process_ru_utime.labels(self.desc).inc(diff.ru_utime)
         _background_process_ru_stime.labels(self.desc).inc(diff.ru_stime)
-        _background_process_db_txn_count.labels(self.desc).inc(
-            diff.db_txn_count,
-        )
+        _background_process_db_txn_count.labels(self.desc).inc(diff.db_txn_count)
         _background_process_db_txn_duration.labels(self.desc).inc(
-            diff.db_txn_duration_sec,
+            diff.db_txn_duration_sec
         )
         _background_process_db_sched_duration.labels(self.desc).inc(
-            diff.db_sched_duration_sec,
+            diff.db_sched_duration_sec
         )
 
 
@@ -182,6 +180,7 @@ def run_as_background_process(desc, func, *args, **kwargs):
     Returns: Deferred which returns the result of func, but note that it does not
         follow the synapse logcontext rules.
     """
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def run():
         with _bg_metrics_lock:
diff --git a/synapse/module_api/__init__.py b/synapse/module_api/__init__.py
index b3abd1b3c6..bf43ca09be 100644
--- a/synapse/module_api/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/module_api/__init__.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ class ModuleApi(object):
     """A proxy object that gets passed to password auth providers so they
     can register new users etc if necessary.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs, auth_handler):
         self.hs = hs
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class ModuleApi(object):
         Returns:
             str: qualified @user:id
         """
-        if username.startswith('@'):
+        if username.startswith("@"):
             return username
         return UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
 
@@ -89,8 +90,7 @@ class ModuleApi(object):
         # Register the user
         reg = self.hs.get_registration_handler()
         user_id, access_token = yield reg.register(
-            localpart=localpart, default_display_name=displayname,
-            bind_emails=emails,
+            localpart=localpart, default_display_name=displayname, bind_emails=emails
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((user_id, access_token))
diff --git a/synapse/notifier.py b/synapse/notifier.py
index ff589660da..d398078eed 100644
--- a/synapse/notifier.py
+++ b/synapse/notifier.py
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 notified_events_counter = Counter("synapse_notifier_notified_events", "")
 
 users_woken_by_stream_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_notifier_users_woken_by_stream", "", ["stream"])
+    "synapse_notifier_users_woken_by_stream", "", ["stream"]
+)
 
 
 # TODO(paul): Should be shared somewhere
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ class _NotificationListener(object):
     The events stream handler will have yielded to the deferred, so to
     notify the handler it is sufficient to resolve the deferred.
     """
+
     __slots__ = ["deferred"]
 
     def __init__(self, deferred):
@@ -95,9 +97,7 @@ class _NotifierUserStream(object):
             stream_id(str): The new id for the stream the event came from.
             time_now_ms(int): The current time in milliseconds.
         """
-        self.current_token = self.current_token.copy_and_advance(
-            stream_key, stream_id
-        )
+        self.current_token = self.current_token.copy_and_advance(stream_key, stream_id)
         self.last_notified_token = self.current_token
         self.last_notified_ms = time_now_ms
         noify_deferred = self.notify_deferred
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ class _NotifierUserStream(object):
 class EventStreamResult(namedtuple("EventStreamResult", ("events", "tokens"))):
     def __nonzero__(self):
         return bool(self.events)
+
     __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
 
@@ -190,15 +191,17 @@ class Notifier(object):
                 all_user_streams.add(x)
 
             return sum(stream.count_listeners() for stream in all_user_streams)
+
         LaterGauge("synapse_notifier_listeners", "", [], count_listeners)
 
         LaterGauge(
-            "synapse_notifier_rooms", "", [],
+            "synapse_notifier_rooms",
+            "",
+            [],
             lambda: count(bool, list(self.room_to_user_streams.values())),
         )
         LaterGauge(
-            "synapse_notifier_users", "", [],
-            lambda: len(self.user_to_user_stream),
+            "synapse_notifier_users", "", [], lambda: len(self.user_to_user_stream)
         )
 
     def add_replication_callback(self, cb):
@@ -209,8 +212,9 @@ class Notifier(object):
         """
         self.replication_callbacks.append(cb)
 
-    def on_new_room_event(self, event, room_stream_id, max_room_stream_id,
-                          extra_users=[]):
+    def on_new_room_event(
+        self, event, room_stream_id, max_room_stream_id, extra_users=[]
+    ):
         """ Used by handlers to inform the notifier something has happened
         in the room, room event wise.
 
@@ -222,9 +226,7 @@ class Notifier(object):
         until all previous events have been persisted before notifying
         the client streams.
         """
-        self.pending_new_room_events.append((
-            room_stream_id, event, extra_users
-        ))
+        self.pending_new_room_events.append((room_stream_id, event, extra_users))
         self._notify_pending_new_room_events(max_room_stream_id)
 
         self.notify_replication()
@@ -240,9 +242,9 @@ class Notifier(object):
         self.pending_new_room_events = []
         for room_stream_id, event, extra_users in pending:
             if room_stream_id > max_room_stream_id:
-                self.pending_new_room_events.append((
-                    room_stream_id, event, extra_users
-                ))
+                self.pending_new_room_events.append(
+                    (room_stream_id, event, extra_users)
+                )
             else:
                 self._on_new_room_event(event, room_stream_id, extra_users)
 
@@ -250,8 +252,7 @@ class Notifier(object):
         """Notify any user streams that are interested in this room event"""
         # poke any interested application service.
         run_as_background_process(
-            "notify_app_services",
-            self._notify_app_services, room_stream_id,
+            "notify_app_services", self._notify_app_services, room_stream_id
         )
 
         if self.federation_sender:
@@ -261,9 +262,7 @@ class Notifier(object):
             self._user_joined_room(event.state_key, event.room_id)
 
         self.on_new_event(
-            "room_key", room_stream_id,
-            users=extra_users,
-            rooms=[event.room_id],
+            "room_key", room_stream_id, users=extra_users, rooms=[event.room_id]
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -305,8 +304,9 @@ class Notifier(object):
         self.notify_replication()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def wait_for_events(self, user_id, timeout, callback, room_ids=None,
-                        from_token=StreamToken.START):
+    def wait_for_events(
+        self, user_id, timeout, callback, room_ids=None, from_token=StreamToken.START
+    ):
         """Wait until the callback returns a non empty response or the
         timeout fires.
         """
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class Notifier(object):
                     listener = user_stream.new_listener(prev_token)
                     listener.deferred = timeout_deferred(
                         listener.deferred,
-                        (end_time - now) / 1000.,
+                        (end_time - now) / 1000.0,
                         self.hs.get_reactor(),
                     )
                     with PreserveLoggingContext():
@@ -368,9 +368,15 @@ class Notifier(object):
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_events_for(self, user, pagination_config, timeout,
-                       only_keys=None,
-                       is_guest=False, explicit_room_id=None):
+    def get_events_for(
+        self,
+        user,
+        pagination_config,
+        timeout,
+        only_keys=None,
+        is_guest=False,
+        explicit_room_id=None,
+    ):
         """ For the given user and rooms, return any new events for them. If
         there are no new events wait for up to `timeout` milliseconds for any
         new events to happen before returning.
@@ -419,10 +425,7 @@ class Notifier(object):
 
                 if name == "room":
                     new_events = yield filter_events_for_client(
-                        self.store,
-                        user.to_string(),
-                        new_events,
-                        is_peeking=is_peeking,
+                        self.store, user.to_string(), new_events, is_peeking=is_peeking
                     )
                 elif name == "presence":
                     now = self.clock.time_msec()
@@ -450,7 +453,8 @@ class Notifier(object):
             #
             # I am sorry for what I have done.
             user_id_for_stream = "_PEEKING_%s_%s" % (
-                explicit_room_id, user_id_for_stream
+                explicit_room_id,
+                user_id_for_stream,
             )
 
         result = yield self.wait_for_events(
@@ -477,9 +481,7 @@ class Notifier(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _is_world_readable(self, room_id):
         state = yield self.state_handler.get_current_state(
-            room_id,
-            EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility,
-            "",
+            room_id, EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""
         )
         if state and "history_visibility" in state.content:
             defer.returnValue(state.content["history_visibility"] == "world_readable")
diff --git a/synapse/push/action_generator.py b/synapse/push/action_generator.py
index a5de75c48a..1ffd5e2df3 100644
--- a/synapse/push/action_generator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/action_generator.py
@@ -40,6 +40,4 @@ class ActionGenerator(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def handle_push_actions_for_event(self, event, context):
         with Measure(self.clock, "action_for_event_by_user"):
-            yield self.bulk_evaluator.action_for_event_by_user(
-                event, context
-            )
+            yield self.bulk_evaluator.action_for_event_by_user(event, context)
diff --git a/synapse/push/baserules.py b/synapse/push/baserules.py
index 3523a40108..96d087de22 100644
--- a/synapse/push/baserules.py
+++ b/synapse/push/baserules.py
@@ -31,48 +31,54 @@ def list_with_base_rules(rawrules):
 
     # Grab the base rules that the user has modified.
     # The modified base rules have a priority_class of -1.
-    modified_base_rules = {
-        r['rule_id']: r for r in rawrules if r['priority_class'] < 0
-    }
+    modified_base_rules = {r["rule_id"]: r for r in rawrules if r["priority_class"] < 0}
 
     # Remove the modified base rules from the list, They'll be added back
     # in the default postions in the list.
-    rawrules = [r for r in rawrules if r['priority_class'] >= 0]
+    rawrules = [r for r in rawrules if r["priority_class"] >= 0]
 
     # shove the server default rules for each kind onto the end of each
     current_prio_class = list(PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP)[-1]
 
-    ruleslist.extend(make_base_prepend_rules(
-        PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class], modified_base_rules
-    ))
+    ruleslist.extend(
+        make_base_prepend_rules(
+            PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class], modified_base_rules
+        )
+    )
 
     for r in rawrules:
-        if r['priority_class'] < current_prio_class:
-            while r['priority_class'] < current_prio_class:
-                ruleslist.extend(make_base_append_rules(
-                    PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class],
-                    modified_base_rules,
-                ))
-                current_prio_class -= 1
-                if current_prio_class > 0:
-                    ruleslist.extend(make_base_prepend_rules(
+        if r["priority_class"] < current_prio_class:
+            while r["priority_class"] < current_prio_class:
+                ruleslist.extend(
+                    make_base_append_rules(
                         PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class],
                         modified_base_rules,
-                    ))
+                    )
+                )
+                current_prio_class -= 1
+                if current_prio_class > 0:
+                    ruleslist.extend(
+                        make_base_prepend_rules(
+                            PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class],
+                            modified_base_rules,
+                        )
+                    )
 
         ruleslist.append(r)
 
     while current_prio_class > 0:
-        ruleslist.extend(make_base_append_rules(
-            PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class],
-            modified_base_rules,
-        ))
+        ruleslist.extend(
+            make_base_append_rules(
+                PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class], modified_base_rules
+            )
+        )
         current_prio_class -= 1
         if current_prio_class > 0:
-            ruleslist.extend(make_base_prepend_rules(
-                PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class],
-                modified_base_rules,
-            ))
+            ruleslist.extend(
+                make_base_prepend_rules(
+                    PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP[current_prio_class], modified_base_rules
+                )
+            )
 
     return ruleslist
 
@@ -80,20 +86,20 @@ def list_with_base_rules(rawrules):
 def make_base_append_rules(kind, modified_base_rules):
     rules = []
 
-    if kind == 'override':
+    if kind == "override":
         rules = BASE_APPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES
-    elif kind == 'underride':
+    elif kind == "underride":
         rules = BASE_APPEND_UNDERRIDE_RULES
-    elif kind == 'content':
+    elif kind == "content":
         rules = BASE_APPEND_CONTENT_RULES
 
     # Copy the rules before modifying them
     rules = copy.deepcopy(rules)
     for r in rules:
         # Only modify the actions, keep the conditions the same.
-        modified = modified_base_rules.get(r['rule_id'])
+        modified = modified_base_rules.get(r["rule_id"])
         if modified:
-            r['actions'] = modified['actions']
+            r["actions"] = modified["actions"]
 
     return rules
 
@@ -101,103 +107,86 @@ def make_base_append_rules(kind, modified_base_rules):
 def make_base_prepend_rules(kind, modified_base_rules):
     rules = []
 
-    if kind == 'override':
+    if kind == "override":
         rules = BASE_PREPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES
 
     # Copy the rules before modifying them
     rules = copy.deepcopy(rules)
     for r in rules:
         # Only modify the actions, keep the conditions the same.
-        modified = modified_base_rules.get(r['rule_id'])
+        modified = modified_base_rules.get(r["rule_id"])
         if modified:
-            r['actions'] = modified['actions']
+            r["actions"] = modified["actions"]
 
     return rules
 
 
 BASE_APPEND_CONTENT_RULES = [
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/content/.m.rule.contains_user_name',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/content/.m.rule.contains_user_name",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'content.body',
-                'pattern_type': 'user_localpart'
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "content.body",
+                "pattern_type": "user_localpart",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify',
-            {
-                'set_tweak': 'sound',
-                'value': 'default',
-            }, {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight'
-            }
-        ]
-    },
+        "actions": [
+            "notify",
+            {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "default"},
+            {"set_tweak": "highlight"},
+        ],
+    }
 ]
 
 
 BASE_PREPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES = [
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.master',
-        'enabled': False,
-        'conditions': [],
-        'actions': [
-            "dont_notify"
-        ]
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.master",
+        "enabled": False,
+        "conditions": [],
+        "actions": ["dont_notify"],
     }
 ]
 
 
 BASE_APPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES = [
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.suppress_notices',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.suppress_notices",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'content.msgtype',
-                'pattern': 'm.notice',
-                '_id': '_suppress_notices',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "content.msgtype",
+                "pattern": "m.notice",
+                "_id": "_suppress_notices",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'dont_notify',
-        ]
+        "actions": ["dont_notify"],
     },
     # NB. .m.rule.invite_for_me must be higher prio than .m.rule.member_event
     # otherwise invites will be matched by .m.rule.member_event
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.invite_for_me',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.invite_for_me",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.member',
-                '_id': '_member',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.member",
+                "_id": "_member",
             },
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'content.membership',
-                'pattern': 'invite',
-                '_id': '_invite_member',
-            },
-            {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'state_key',
-                'pattern_type': 'user_id'
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "content.membership",
+                "pattern": "invite",
+                "_id": "_invite_member",
             },
+            {"kind": "event_match", "key": "state_key", "pattern_type": "user_id"},
+        ],
+        "actions": [
+            "notify",
+            {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "default"},
+            {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False},
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify',
-            {
-                'set_tweak': 'sound',
-                'value': 'default'
-            }, {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': False
-            }
-        ]
     },
     # Will we sometimes want to know about people joining and leaving?
     # Perhaps: if so, this could be expanded upon. Seems the most usual case
@@ -206,217 +195,164 @@ BASE_APPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES = [
     # join/leave/avatar/displayname events.
     # See also: https://matrix.org/jira/browse/SYN-607
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.member_event',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.member_event",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.member',
-                '_id': '_member',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.member",
+                "_id": "_member",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'dont_notify'
-        ]
+        "actions": ["dont_notify"],
     },
     # This was changed from underride to override so it's closer in priority
     # to the content rules where the user name highlight rule lives. This
     # way a room rule is lower priority than both but a custom override rule
     # is higher priority than both.
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.contains_display_name',
-        'conditions': [
-            {
-                'kind': 'contains_display_name'
-            }
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.contains_display_name",
+        "conditions": [{"kind": "contains_display_name"}],
+        "actions": [
+            "notify",
+            {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "default"},
+            {"set_tweak": "highlight"},
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify',
-            {
-                'set_tweak': 'sound',
-                'value': 'default'
-            }, {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight'
-            }
-        ]
     },
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.roomnotif',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.roomnotif",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'content.body',
-                'pattern': '@room',
-                '_id': '_roomnotif_content',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "content.body",
+                "pattern": "@room",
+                "_id": "_roomnotif_content",
             },
             {
-                'kind': 'sender_notification_permission',
-                'key': 'room',
-                '_id': '_roomnotif_pl',
+                "kind": "sender_notification_permission",
+                "key": "room",
+                "_id": "_roomnotif_pl",
             },
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify', {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': True,
-            }
-        ]
+        "actions": ["notify", {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": True}],
     },
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/override/.m.rule.tombstone',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/override/.m.rule.tombstone",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.tombstone',
-                '_id': '_tombstone',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.tombstone",
+                "_id": "_tombstone",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify', {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': True,
-            }
-        ]
-    }
+        "actions": ["notify", {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": True}],
+    },
 ]
 
 
 BASE_APPEND_UNDERRIDE_RULES = [
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/underride/.m.rule.call',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/underride/.m.rule.call",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.call.invite',
-                '_id': '_call',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.call.invite",
+                "_id": "_call",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify',
-            {
-                'set_tweak': 'sound',
-                'value': 'ring'
-            }, {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': False
-            }
-        ]
+        "actions": [
+            "notify",
+            {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "ring"},
+            {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False},
+        ],
     },
     # XXX: once m.direct is standardised everywhere, we should use it to detect
     # a DM from the user's perspective rather than this heuristic.
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/underride/.m.rule.room_one_to_one',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/underride/.m.rule.room_one_to_one",
+        "conditions": [
+            {"kind": "room_member_count", "is": "2", "_id": "member_count"},
             {
-                'kind': 'room_member_count',
-                'is': '2',
-                '_id': 'member_count',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.message",
+                "_id": "_message",
             },
-            {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.message',
-                '_id': '_message',
-            }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify',
-            {
-                'set_tweak': 'sound',
-                'value': 'default'
-            }, {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': False
-            }
-        ]
+        "actions": [
+            "notify",
+            {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "default"},
+            {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False},
+        ],
     },
     # XXX: this is going to fire for events which aren't m.room.messages
     # but are encrypted (e.g. m.call.*)...
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/underride/.m.rule.encrypted_room_one_to_one',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/underride/.m.rule.encrypted_room_one_to_one",
+        "conditions": [
+            {"kind": "room_member_count", "is": "2", "_id": "member_count"},
             {
-                'kind': 'room_member_count',
-                'is': '2',
-                '_id': 'member_count',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.encrypted",
+                "_id": "_encrypted",
             },
-            {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.encrypted',
-                '_id': '_encrypted',
-            }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify',
-            {
-                'set_tweak': 'sound',
-                'value': 'default'
-            }, {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': False
-            }
-        ]
+        "actions": [
+            "notify",
+            {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "default"},
+            {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False},
+        ],
     },
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/underride/.m.rule.message',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/underride/.m.rule.message",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.message',
-                '_id': '_message',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.message",
+                "_id": "_message",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify', {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': False
-            }
-        ]
+        "actions": ["notify", {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False}],
     },
     # XXX: this is going to fire for events which aren't m.room.messages
     # but are encrypted (e.g. m.call.*)...
     {
-        'rule_id': 'global/underride/.m.rule.encrypted',
-        'conditions': [
+        "rule_id": "global/underride/.m.rule.encrypted",
+        "conditions": [
             {
-                'kind': 'event_match',
-                'key': 'type',
-                'pattern': 'm.room.encrypted',
-                '_id': '_encrypted',
+                "kind": "event_match",
+                "key": "type",
+                "pattern": "m.room.encrypted",
+                "_id": "_encrypted",
             }
         ],
-        'actions': [
-            'notify', {
-                'set_tweak': 'highlight',
-                'value': False
-            }
-        ]
-    }
+        "actions": ["notify", {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False}],
+    },
 ]
 
 
 BASE_RULE_IDS = set()
 
 for r in BASE_APPEND_CONTENT_RULES:
-    r['priority_class'] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP['content']
-    r['default'] = True
-    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r['rule_id'])
+    r["priority_class"] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP["content"]
+    r["default"] = True
+    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r["rule_id"])
 
 for r in BASE_PREPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES:
-    r['priority_class'] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP['override']
-    r['default'] = True
-    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r['rule_id'])
+    r["priority_class"] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP["override"]
+    r["default"] = True
+    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r["rule_id"])
 
 for r in BASE_APPEND_OVERRIDE_RULES:
-    r['priority_class'] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP['override']
-    r['default'] = True
-    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r['rule_id'])
+    r["priority_class"] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP["override"]
+    r["default"] = True
+    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r["rule_id"])
 
 for r in BASE_APPEND_UNDERRIDE_RULES:
-    r['priority_class'] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP['underride']
-    r['default'] = True
-    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r['rule_id'])
+    r["priority_class"] = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP["underride"]
+    r["default"] = True
+    BASE_RULE_IDS.add(r["rule_id"])
diff --git a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
index 8f9a76147f..c8a5b381da 100644
--- a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ rules_by_room = {}
 
 
 push_rules_invalidation_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_push_bulk_push_rule_evaluator_push_rules_invalidation_counter", "")
+    "synapse_push_bulk_push_rule_evaluator_push_rules_invalidation_counter", ""
+)
 push_rules_state_size_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_push_bulk_push_rule_evaluator_push_rules_state_size_counter", "")
+    "synapse_push_bulk_push_rule_evaluator_push_rules_state_size_counter", ""
+)
 
 # Measures whether we use the fast path of using state deltas, or if we have to
 # recalculate from scratch
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
 
         # if this event is an invite event, we may need to run rules for the user
         # who's been invited, otherwise they won't get told they've been invited
-        if event.type == 'm.room.member' and event.content['membership'] == 'invite':
+        if event.type == "m.room.member" and event.content["membership"] == "invite":
             invited = event.state_key
             if invited and self.hs.is_mine_id(invited):
                 has_pusher = yield self.store.user_has_pusher(invited)
@@ -106,7 +108,9 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
         # before any lookup methods get called on it as otherwise there may be
         # a race if invalidate_all gets called (which assumes its in the cache)
         return RulesForRoom(
-            self.hs, room_id, self._get_rules_for_room.cache,
+            self.hs,
+            room_id,
+            self._get_rules_for_room.cache,
             self.room_push_rule_cache_metrics,
         )
 
@@ -121,12 +125,10 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
             auth_events = {POWER_KEY: pl_event}
         else:
             auth_events_ids = yield self.auth.compute_auth_events(
-                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=False,
+                event, prev_state_ids, for_verification=False
             )
             auth_events = yield self.store.get_events(auth_events_ids)
-            auth_events = {
-                (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in itervalues(auth_events)
-            }
+            auth_events = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in itervalues(auth_events)}
 
         sender_level = get_user_power_level(event.sender, auth_events)
 
@@ -145,16 +147,14 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
         rules_by_user = yield self._get_rules_for_event(event, context)
         actions_by_user = {}
 
-        room_members = yield self.store.get_joined_users_from_context(
-            event, context
-        )
+        room_members = yield self.store.get_joined_users_from_context(event, context)
 
         (power_levels, sender_power_level) = (
             yield self._get_power_levels_and_sender_level(event, context)
         )
 
         evaluator = PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(
-            event, len(room_members), sender_power_level, power_levels,
+            event, len(room_members), sender_power_level, power_levels
         )
 
         condition_cache = {}
@@ -180,15 +180,15 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
                     display_name = event.content.get("displayname", None)
 
             for rule in rules:
-                if 'enabled' in rule and not rule['enabled']:
+                if "enabled" in rule and not rule["enabled"]:
                     continue
 
                 matches = _condition_checker(
-                    evaluator, rule['conditions'], uid, display_name, condition_cache
+                    evaluator, rule["conditions"], uid, display_name, condition_cache
                 )
                 if matches:
-                    actions = [x for x in rule['actions'] if x != 'dont_notify']
-                    if actions and 'notify' in actions:
+                    actions = [x for x in rule["actions"] if x != "dont_notify"]
+                    if actions and "notify" in actions:
                         # Push rules say we should notify the user of this event
                         actions_by_user[uid] = actions
                     break
@@ -196,9 +196,7 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
         # Mark in the DB staging area the push actions for users who should be
         # notified for this event. (This will then get handled when we persist
         # the event)
-        yield self.store.add_push_actions_to_staging(
-            event.event_id, actions_by_user,
-        )
+        yield self.store.add_push_actions_to_staging(event.event_id, actions_by_user)
 
 
 def _condition_checker(evaluator, conditions, uid, display_name, cache):
@@ -361,19 +359,19 @@ class RulesForRoom(object):
                     self.sequence,
                     members={},  # There were no membership changes
                     rules_by_user=ret_rules_by_user,
-                    state_group=state_group
+                    state_group=state_group,
                 )
 
         if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
             logger.debug(
-                "Returning push rules for %r %r",
-                self.room_id, ret_rules_by_user.keys(),
+                "Returning push rules for %r %r", self.room_id, ret_rules_by_user.keys()
             )
         defer.returnValue(ret_rules_by_user)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _update_rules_with_member_event_ids(self, ret_rules_by_user, member_event_ids,
-                                            state_group, event):
+    def _update_rules_with_member_event_ids(
+        self, ret_rules_by_user, member_event_ids, state_group, event
+    ):
         """Update the partially filled rules_by_user dict by fetching rules for
         any newly joined users in the `member_event_ids` list.
 
@@ -391,16 +389,13 @@ class RulesForRoom(object):
             table="room_memberships",
             column="event_id",
             iterable=member_event_ids.values(),
-            retcols=('user_id', 'membership', 'event_id'),
+            retcols=("user_id", "membership", "event_id"),
             keyvalues={},
             batch_size=500,
             desc="_get_rules_for_member_event_ids",
         )
 
-        members = {
-            row["event_id"]: (row["user_id"], row["membership"])
-            for row in rows
-        }
+        members = {row["event_id"]: (row["user_id"], row["membership"]) for row in rows}
 
         # If the event is a join event then it will be in current state evnts
         # map but not in the DB, so we have to explicitly insert it.
@@ -413,15 +408,15 @@ class RulesForRoom(object):
             logger.debug("Found members %r: %r", self.room_id, members.values())
 
         interested_in_user_ids = set(
-            user_id for user_id, membership in itervalues(members)
+            user_id
+            for user_id, membership in itervalues(members)
             if membership == Membership.JOIN
         )
 
         logger.debug("Joined: %r", interested_in_user_ids)
 
         if_users_with_pushers = yield self.store.get_if_users_have_pushers(
-            interested_in_user_ids,
-            on_invalidate=self.invalidate_all_cb,
+            interested_in_user_ids, on_invalidate=self.invalidate_all_cb
         )
 
         user_ids = set(
@@ -431,7 +426,7 @@ class RulesForRoom(object):
         logger.debug("With pushers: %r", user_ids)
 
         users_with_receipts = yield self.store.get_users_with_read_receipts_in_room(
-            self.room_id, on_invalidate=self.invalidate_all_cb,
+            self.room_id, on_invalidate=self.invalidate_all_cb
         )
 
         logger.debug("With receipts: %r", users_with_receipts)
@@ -442,7 +437,7 @@ class RulesForRoom(object):
                 user_ids.add(uid)
 
         rules_by_user = yield self.store.bulk_get_push_rules(
-            user_ids, on_invalidate=self.invalidate_all_cb,
+            user_ids, on_invalidate=self.invalidate_all_cb
         )
 
         ret_rules_by_user.update(
diff --git a/synapse/push/clientformat.py b/synapse/push/clientformat.py
index 8bd96b1178..a59b639f15 100644
--- a/synapse/push/clientformat.py
+++ b/synapse/push/clientformat.py
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ def format_push_rules_for_user(user, ruleslist):
     # We're going to be mutating this a lot, so do a deep copy
     ruleslist = copy.deepcopy(ruleslist)
 
-    rules = {'global': {}, 'device': {}}
+    rules = {"global": {}, "device": {}}
 
-    rules['global'] = _add_empty_priority_class_arrays(rules['global'])
+    rules["global"] = _add_empty_priority_class_arrays(rules["global"])
 
     for r in ruleslist:
         rulearray = None
 
-        template_name = _priority_class_to_template_name(r['priority_class'])
+        template_name = _priority_class_to_template_name(r["priority_class"])
 
         # Remove internal stuff.
         for c in r["conditions"]:
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ def format_push_rules_for_user(user, ruleslist):
             elif pattern_type == "user_localpart":
                 c["pattern"] = user.localpart
 
-        rulearray = rules['global'][template_name]
+        rulearray = rules["global"][template_name]
 
         template_rule = _rule_to_template(r)
         if template_rule:
-            if 'enabled' in r:
-                template_rule['enabled'] = r['enabled']
+            if "enabled" in r:
+                template_rule["enabled"] = r["enabled"]
             else:
-                template_rule['enabled'] = True
+                template_rule["enabled"] = True
             rulearray.append(template_rule)
 
     return rules
@@ -65,33 +65,33 @@ def _add_empty_priority_class_arrays(d):
 
 def _rule_to_template(rule):
     unscoped_rule_id = None
-    if 'rule_id' in rule:
-        unscoped_rule_id = _rule_id_from_namespaced(rule['rule_id'])
+    if "rule_id" in rule:
+        unscoped_rule_id = _rule_id_from_namespaced(rule["rule_id"])
 
-    template_name = _priority_class_to_template_name(rule['priority_class'])
-    if template_name in ['override', 'underride']:
+    template_name = _priority_class_to_template_name(rule["priority_class"])
+    if template_name in ["override", "underride"]:
         templaterule = {k: rule[k] for k in ["conditions", "actions"]}
     elif template_name in ["sender", "room"]:
-        templaterule = {'actions': rule['actions']}
-        unscoped_rule_id = rule['conditions'][0]['pattern']
-    elif template_name == 'content':
+        templaterule = {"actions": rule["actions"]}
+        unscoped_rule_id = rule["conditions"][0]["pattern"]
+    elif template_name == "content":
         if len(rule["conditions"]) != 1:
             return None
         thecond = rule["conditions"][0]
         if "pattern" not in thecond:
             return None
-        templaterule = {'actions': rule['actions']}
+        templaterule = {"actions": rule["actions"]}
         templaterule["pattern"] = thecond["pattern"]
 
     if unscoped_rule_id:
-        templaterule['rule_id'] = unscoped_rule_id
-    if 'default' in rule:
-        templaterule['default'] = rule['default']
+        templaterule["rule_id"] = unscoped_rule_id
+    if "default" in rule:
+        templaterule["default"] = rule["default"]
     return templaterule
 
 
 def _rule_id_from_namespaced(in_rule_id):
-    return in_rule_id.split('/')[-1]
+    return in_rule_id.split("/")[-1]
 
 
 def _priority_class_to_template_name(pc):
diff --git a/synapse/push/emailpusher.py b/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
index c89a8438a9..424ffa8b68 100644
--- a/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ DELAY_BEFORE_MAIL_MS = 10 * 60 * 1000
 THROTTLE_START_MS = 10 * 60 * 1000
 THROTTLE_MAX_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000  # 24h
 # THROTTLE_MULTIPLIER = 6              # 10 mins, 1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours
-THROTTLE_MULTIPLIER = 144              # 10 mins, 24 hours - i.e. jump straight to 1 day
+THROTTLE_MULTIPLIER = 144  # 10 mins, 24 hours - i.e. jump straight to 1 day
 
 # If no event triggers a notification for this long after the previous,
 # the throttle is released.
 # 12 hours - a gap of 12 hours in conversation is surely enough to merit a new
 # notification when things get going again...
-THROTTLE_RESET_AFTER_MS = (12 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
+THROTTLE_RESET_AFTER_MS = 12 * 60 * 60 * 1000
 
 # does each email include all unread notifs, or just the ones which have happened
 # since the last mail?
@@ -53,17 +53,18 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
     This shares quite a bit of code with httpusher: it would be good to
     factor out the common parts
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs, pusherdict, mailer):
         self.hs = hs
         self.mailer = mailer
 
         self.store = self.hs.get_datastore()
         self.clock = self.hs.get_clock()
-        self.pusher_id = pusherdict['id']
-        self.user_id = pusherdict['user_name']
-        self.app_id = pusherdict['app_id']
-        self.email = pusherdict['pushkey']
-        self.last_stream_ordering = pusherdict['last_stream_ordering']
+        self.pusher_id = pusherdict["id"]
+        self.user_id = pusherdict["user_name"]
+        self.app_id = pusherdict["app_id"]
+        self.email = pusherdict["pushkey"]
+        self.last_stream_ordering = pusherdict["last_stream_ordering"]
         self.timed_call = None
         self.throttle_params = None
 
@@ -93,7 +94,9 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
 
     def on_new_notifications(self, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering):
         if self.max_stream_ordering:
-            self.max_stream_ordering = max(max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering)
+            self.max_stream_ordering = max(
+                max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering
+            )
         else:
             self.max_stream_ordering = max_stream_ordering
         self._start_processing()
@@ -174,14 +177,12 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
             return
 
         for push_action in unprocessed:
-            received_at = push_action['received_ts']
+            received_at = push_action["received_ts"]
             if received_at is None:
                 received_at = 0
             notif_ready_at = received_at + DELAY_BEFORE_MAIL_MS
 
-            room_ready_at = self.room_ready_to_notify_at(
-                push_action['room_id']
-            )
+            room_ready_at = self.room_ready_to_notify_at(push_action["room_id"])
 
             should_notify_at = max(notif_ready_at, room_ready_at)
 
@@ -192,25 +193,23 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
                 # to be delivered.
 
                 reason = {
-                    'room_id': push_action['room_id'],
-                    'now': self.clock.time_msec(),
-                    'received_at': received_at,
-                    'delay_before_mail_ms': DELAY_BEFORE_MAIL_MS,
-                    'last_sent_ts': self.get_room_last_sent_ts(push_action['room_id']),
-                    'throttle_ms': self.get_room_throttle_ms(push_action['room_id']),
+                    "room_id": push_action["room_id"],
+                    "now": self.clock.time_msec(),
+                    "received_at": received_at,
+                    "delay_before_mail_ms": DELAY_BEFORE_MAIL_MS,
+                    "last_sent_ts": self.get_room_last_sent_ts(push_action["room_id"]),
+                    "throttle_ms": self.get_room_throttle_ms(push_action["room_id"]),
                 }
 
                 yield self.send_notification(unprocessed, reason)
 
-                yield self.save_last_stream_ordering_and_success(max([
-                    ea['stream_ordering'] for ea in unprocessed
-                ]))
+                yield self.save_last_stream_ordering_and_success(
+                    max([ea["stream_ordering"] for ea in unprocessed])
+                )
 
                 # we update the throttle on all the possible unprocessed push actions
                 for ea in unprocessed:
-                    yield self.sent_notif_update_throttle(
-                        ea['room_id'], ea
-                    )
+                    yield self.sent_notif_update_throttle(ea["room_id"], ea)
                 break
             else:
                 if soonest_due_at is None or should_notify_at < soonest_due_at:
@@ -236,8 +235,11 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
 
         self.last_stream_ordering = last_stream_ordering
         yield self.store.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success(
-            self.app_id, self.email, self.user_id,
-            last_stream_ordering, self.clock.time_msec()
+            self.app_id,
+            self.email,
+            self.user_id,
+            last_stream_ordering,
+            self.clock.time_msec(),
         )
 
     def seconds_until(self, ts_msec):
@@ -276,10 +278,10 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
         # THROTTLE_RESET_AFTER_MS after the previous one that triggered a
         # notif, we release the throttle. Otherwise, the throttle is increased.
         time_of_previous_notifs = yield self.store.get_time_of_last_push_action_before(
-            notified_push_action['stream_ordering']
+            notified_push_action["stream_ordering"]
         )
 
-        time_of_this_notifs = notified_push_action['received_ts']
+        time_of_this_notifs = notified_push_action["received_ts"]
 
         if time_of_previous_notifs is not None and time_of_this_notifs is not None:
             gap = time_of_this_notifs - time_of_previous_notifs
@@ -298,12 +300,11 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
                 new_throttle_ms = THROTTLE_START_MS
             else:
                 new_throttle_ms = min(
-                    current_throttle_ms * THROTTLE_MULTIPLIER,
-                    THROTTLE_MAX_MS
+                    current_throttle_ms * THROTTLE_MULTIPLIER, THROTTLE_MAX_MS
                 )
         self.throttle_params[room_id] = {
             "last_sent_ts": self.clock.time_msec(),
-            "throttle_ms": new_throttle_ms
+            "throttle_ms": new_throttle_ms,
         }
         yield self.store.set_throttle_params(
             self.pusher_id, room_id, self.throttle_params[room_id]
diff --git a/synapse/push/httppusher.py b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
index fac05aa44c..4e7b6a5531 100644
--- a/synapse/push/httppusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
         self.store = self.hs.get_datastore()
         self.clock = self.hs.get_clock()
         self.state_handler = self.hs.get_state_handler()
-        self.user_id = pusherdict['user_name']
-        self.app_id = pusherdict['app_id']
-        self.app_display_name = pusherdict['app_display_name']
-        self.device_display_name = pusherdict['device_display_name']
-        self.pushkey = pusherdict['pushkey']
-        self.pushkey_ts = pusherdict['ts']
-        self.data = pusherdict['data']
-        self.last_stream_ordering = pusherdict['last_stream_ordering']
+        self.user_id = pusherdict["user_name"]
+        self.app_id = pusherdict["app_id"]
+        self.app_display_name = pusherdict["app_display_name"]
+        self.device_display_name = pusherdict["device_display_name"]
+        self.pushkey = pusherdict["pushkey"]
+        self.pushkey_ts = pusherdict["ts"]
+        self.data = pusherdict["data"]
+        self.last_stream_ordering = pusherdict["last_stream_ordering"]
         self.backoff_delay = HttpPusher.INITIAL_BACKOFF_SEC
-        self.failing_since = pusherdict['failing_since']
+        self.failing_since = pusherdict["failing_since"]
         self.timed_call = None
         self._is_processing = False
 
@@ -85,32 +85,26 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
         # off as None though as we don't know any better.
         self.max_stream_ordering = None
 
-        if 'data' not in pusherdict:
-            raise PusherConfigException(
-                "No 'data' key for HTTP pusher"
-            )
-        self.data = pusherdict['data']
+        if "data" not in pusherdict:
+            raise PusherConfigException("No 'data' key for HTTP pusher")
+        self.data = pusherdict["data"]
 
         self.name = "%s/%s/%s" % (
-            pusherdict['user_name'],
-            pusherdict['app_id'],
-            pusherdict['pushkey'],
+            pusherdict["user_name"],
+            pusherdict["app_id"],
+            pusherdict["pushkey"],
         )
 
         if self.data is None:
-            raise PusherConfigException(
-                "data can not be null for HTTP pusher"
-            )
+            raise PusherConfigException("data can not be null for HTTP pusher")
 
-        if 'url' not in self.data:
-            raise PusherConfigException(
-                "'url' required in data for HTTP pusher"
-            )
-        self.url = self.data['url']
+        if "url" not in self.data:
+            raise PusherConfigException("'url' required in data for HTTP pusher")
+        self.url = self.data["url"]
         self.http_client = hs.get_simple_http_client()
         self.data_minus_url = {}
         self.data_minus_url.update(self.data)
-        del self.data_minus_url['url']
+        del self.data_minus_url["url"]
 
     def on_started(self, should_check_for_notifs):
         """Called when this pusher has been started.
@@ -124,7 +118,9 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
             self._start_processing()
 
     def on_new_notifications(self, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering):
-        self.max_stream_ordering = max(max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering or 0)
+        self.max_stream_ordering = max(
+            max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering or 0
+        )
         self._start_processing()
 
     def on_new_receipts(self, min_stream_id, max_stream_id):
@@ -192,7 +188,9 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
         logger.info(
             "Processing %i unprocessed push actions for %s starting at "
             "stream_ordering %s",
-            len(unprocessed), self.name, self.last_stream_ordering,
+            len(unprocessed),
+            self.name,
+            self.last_stream_ordering,
         )
 
         for push_action in unprocessed:
@@ -200,71 +198,72 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
             if processed:
                 http_push_processed_counter.inc()
                 self.backoff_delay = HttpPusher.INITIAL_BACKOFF_SEC
-                self.last_stream_ordering = push_action['stream_ordering']
+                self.last_stream_ordering = push_action["stream_ordering"]
                 yield self.store.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success(
-                    self.app_id, self.pushkey, self.user_id,
+                    self.app_id,
+                    self.pushkey,
+                    self.user_id,
                     self.last_stream_ordering,
-                    self.clock.time_msec()
+                    self.clock.time_msec(),
                 )
                 if self.failing_since:
                     self.failing_since = None
                     yield self.store.update_pusher_failing_since(
-                        self.app_id, self.pushkey, self.user_id,
-                        self.failing_since
+                        self.app_id, self.pushkey, self.user_id, self.failing_since
                     )
             else:
                 http_push_failed_counter.inc()
                 if not self.failing_since:
                     self.failing_since = self.clock.time_msec()
                     yield self.store.update_pusher_failing_since(
-                        self.app_id, self.pushkey, self.user_id,
-                        self.failing_since
+                        self.app_id, self.pushkey, self.user_id, self.failing_since
                     )
 
                 if (
-                    self.failing_since and
-                    self.failing_since <
-                    self.clock.time_msec() - HttpPusher.GIVE_UP_AFTER_MS
+                    self.failing_since
+                    and self.failing_since
+                    < self.clock.time_msec() - HttpPusher.GIVE_UP_AFTER_MS
                 ):
                     # we really only give up so that if the URL gets
                     # fixed, we don't suddenly deliver a load
                     # of old notifications.
-                    logger.warn("Giving up on a notification to user %s, "
-                                "pushkey %s",
-                                self.user_id, self.pushkey)
+                    logger.warn(
+                        "Giving up on a notification to user %s, " "pushkey %s",
+                        self.user_id,
+                        self.pushkey,
+                    )
                     self.backoff_delay = HttpPusher.INITIAL_BACKOFF_SEC
-                    self.last_stream_ordering = push_action['stream_ordering']
+                    self.last_stream_ordering = push_action["stream_ordering"]
                     yield self.store.update_pusher_last_stream_ordering(
                         self.app_id,
                         self.pushkey,
                         self.user_id,
-                        self.last_stream_ordering
+                        self.last_stream_ordering,
                     )
 
                     self.failing_since = None
                     yield self.store.update_pusher_failing_since(
-                        self.app_id,
-                        self.pushkey,
-                        self.user_id,
-                        self.failing_since
+                        self.app_id, self.pushkey, self.user_id, self.failing_since
                     )
                 else:
                     logger.info("Push failed: delaying for %ds", self.backoff_delay)
                     self.timed_call = self.hs.get_reactor().callLater(
                         self.backoff_delay, self.on_timer
                     )
-                    self.backoff_delay = min(self.backoff_delay * 2, self.MAX_BACKOFF_SEC)
+                    self.backoff_delay = min(
+                        self.backoff_delay * 2, self.MAX_BACKOFF_SEC
+                    )
                     break
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _process_one(self, push_action):
-        if 'notify' not in push_action['actions']:
+        if "notify" not in push_action["actions"]:
             defer.returnValue(True)
 
-        tweaks = push_rule_evaluator.tweaks_for_actions(push_action['actions'])
+        tweaks = push_rule_evaluator.tweaks_for_actions(push_action["actions"])
         badge = yield push_tools.get_badge_count(self.hs.get_datastore(), self.user_id)
 
-        event = yield self.store.get_event(push_action['event_id'], allow_none=True)
+        event = yield self.store.get_event(push_action["event_id"], allow_none=True)
         if event is None:
             defer.returnValue(True)  # It's been redacted
         rejected = yield self.dispatch_push(event, tweaks, badge)
@@ -277,37 +276,30 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
                     # for sanity, we only remove the pushkey if it
                     # was the one we actually sent...
                     logger.warn(
-                        ("Ignoring rejected pushkey %s because we"
-                         " didn't send it"), pk
+                        ("Ignoring rejected pushkey %s because we" " didn't send it"),
+                        pk,
                     )
                 else:
-                    logger.info(
-                        "Pushkey %s was rejected: removing",
-                        pk
-                    )
-                    yield self.hs.remove_pusher(
-                        self.app_id, pk, self.user_id
-                    )
+                    logger.info("Pushkey %s was rejected: removing", pk)
+                    yield self.hs.remove_pusher(self.app_id, pk, self.user_id)
         defer.returnValue(True)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _build_notification_dict(self, event, tweaks, badge):
-        if self.data.get('format') == 'event_id_only':
+        if self.data.get("format") == "event_id_only":
             d = {
-                'notification': {
-                    'event_id': event.event_id,
-                    'room_id': event.room_id,
-                    'counts': {
-                        'unread': badge,
-                    },
-                    'devices': [
+                "notification": {
+                    "event_id": event.event_id,
+                    "room_id": event.room_id,
+                    "counts": {"unread": badge},
+                    "devices": [
                         {
-                            'app_id': self.app_id,
-                            'pushkey': self.pushkey,
-                            'pushkey_ts': long(self.pushkey_ts / 1000),
-                            'data': self.data_minus_url,
+                            "app_id": self.app_id,
+                            "pushkey": self.pushkey,
+                            "pushkey_ts": long(self.pushkey_ts / 1000),
+                            "data": self.data_minus_url,
                         }
-                    ]
+                    ],
                 }
             }
             defer.returnValue(d)
@@ -317,41 +309,41 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
         )
 
         d = {
-            'notification': {
-                'id': event.event_id,  # deprecated: remove soon
-                'event_id': event.event_id,
-                'room_id': event.room_id,
-                'type': event.type,
-                'sender': event.user_id,
-                'counts': {  # -- we don't mark messages as read yet so
-                             # we have no way of knowing
+            "notification": {
+                "id": event.event_id,  # deprecated: remove soon
+                "event_id": event.event_id,
+                "room_id": event.room_id,
+                "type": event.type,
+                "sender": event.user_id,
+                "counts": {  # -- we don't mark messages as read yet so
+                    # we have no way of knowing
                     # Just set the badge to 1 until we have read receipts
-                    'unread': badge,
+                    "unread": badge,
                     # 'missed_calls': 2
                 },
-                'devices': [
+                "devices": [
                     {
-                        'app_id': self.app_id,
-                        'pushkey': self.pushkey,
-                        'pushkey_ts': long(self.pushkey_ts / 1000),
-                        'data': self.data_minus_url,
-                        'tweaks': tweaks
+                        "app_id": self.app_id,
+                        "pushkey": self.pushkey,
+                        "pushkey_ts": long(self.pushkey_ts / 1000),
+                        "data": self.data_minus_url,
+                        "tweaks": tweaks,
                     }
-                ]
+                ],
             }
         }
-        if event.type == 'm.room.member' and event.is_state():
-            d['notification']['membership'] = event.content['membership']
-            d['notification']['user_is_target'] = event.state_key == self.user_id
+        if event.type == "m.room.member" and event.is_state():
+            d["notification"]["membership"] = event.content["membership"]
+            d["notification"]["user_is_target"] = event.state_key == self.user_id
         if self.hs.config.push_include_content and event.content:
-            d['notification']['content'] = event.content
+            d["notification"]["content"] = event.content
 
         # We no longer send aliases separately, instead, we send the human
         # readable name of the room, which may be an alias.
-        if 'sender_display_name' in ctx and len(ctx['sender_display_name']) > 0:
-            d['notification']['sender_display_name'] = ctx['sender_display_name']
-        if 'name' in ctx and len(ctx['name']) > 0:
-            d['notification']['room_name'] = ctx['name']
+        if "sender_display_name" in ctx and len(ctx["sender_display_name"]) > 0:
+            d["notification"]["sender_display_name"] = ctx["sender_display_name"]
+        if "name" in ctx and len(ctx["name"]) > 0:
+            d["notification"]["room_name"] = ctx["name"]
 
         defer.returnValue(d)
 
@@ -361,16 +353,21 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
         if not notification_dict:
             defer.returnValue([])
         try:
-            resp = yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(self.url, notification_dict)
+            resp = yield self.http_client.post_json_get_json(
+                self.url, notification_dict
+            )
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning(
                 "Failed to push event %s to %s: %s %s",
-                event.event_id, self.name, type(e), e,
+                event.event_id,
+                self.name,
+                type(e),
+                e,
             )
             defer.returnValue(False)
         rejected = []
-        if 'rejected' in resp:
-            rejected = resp['rejected']
+        if "rejected" in resp:
+            rejected = resp["rejected"]
         defer.returnValue(rejected)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -381,21 +378,19 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
         """
         logger.info("Sending updated badge count %d to %s", badge, self.name)
         d = {
-            'notification': {
-                'id': '',
-                'type': None,
-                'sender': '',
-                'counts': {
-                    'unread': badge
-                },
-                'devices': [
+            "notification": {
+                "id": "",
+                "type": None,
+                "sender": "",
+                "counts": {"unread": badge},
+                "devices": [
                     {
-                        'app_id': self.app_id,
-                        'pushkey': self.pushkey,
-                        'pushkey_ts': long(self.pushkey_ts / 1000),
-                        'data': self.data_minus_url,
+                        "app_id": self.app_id,
+                        "pushkey": self.pushkey,
+                        "pushkey_ts": long(self.pushkey_ts / 1000),
+                        "data": self.data_minus_url,
                     }
-                ]
+                ],
             }
         }
         try:
@@ -403,7 +398,6 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
             http_badges_processed_counter.inc()
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning(
-                "Failed to send badge count to %s: %s %s",
-                self.name, type(e), e,
+                "Failed to send badge count to %s: %s %s", self.name, type(e), e
             )
             http_badges_failed_counter.inc()
diff --git a/synapse/push/mailer.py b/synapse/push/mailer.py
index 099f9545ab..17c7d3195a 100644
--- a/synapse/push/mailer.py
+++ b/synapse/push/mailer.py
@@ -42,17 +42,21 @@ from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_client
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON_IN_ROOM = "You have a message on %(app)s from %(person)s " \
-                              "in the %(room)s room..."
+MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON_IN_ROOM = (
+    "You have a message on %(app)s from %(person)s " "in the %(room)s room..."
+)
 MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON = "You have a message on %(app)s from %(person)s..."
 MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON = "You have messages on %(app)s from %(person)s..."
 MESSAGES_IN_ROOM = "You have messages on %(app)s in the %(room)s room..."
-MESSAGES_IN_ROOM_AND_OTHERS = \
+MESSAGES_IN_ROOM_AND_OTHERS = (
     "You have messages on %(app)s in the %(room)s room and others..."
-MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON_AND_OTHERS = \
+)
+MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON_AND_OTHERS = (
     "You have messages on %(app)s from %(person)s and others..."
-INVITE_FROM_PERSON_TO_ROOM = "%(person)s has invited you to join the " \
-                             "%(room)s room on %(app)s..."
+)
+INVITE_FROM_PERSON_TO_ROOM = (
+    "%(person)s has invited you to join the " "%(room)s room on %(app)s..."
+)
 INVITE_FROM_PERSON = "%(person)s has invited you to chat on %(app)s..."
 
 CONTEXT_BEFORE = 1
@@ -60,12 +64,38 @@ CONTEXT_AFTER = 1
 
 # From https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-react-sdk/blob/master/src/HtmlUtils.js
 ALLOWED_TAGS = [
-    'font',  # custom to matrix for IRC-style font coloring
-    'del',  # for markdown
+    "font",  # custom to matrix for IRC-style font coloring
+    "del",  # for markdown
     # deliberately no h1/h2 to stop people shouting.
-    'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6', 'blockquote', 'p', 'a', 'ul', 'ol',
-    'nl', 'li', 'b', 'i', 'u', 'strong', 'em', 'strike', 'code', 'hr', 'br', 'div',
-    'table', 'thead', 'caption', 'tbody', 'tr', 'th', 'td', 'pre'
+    "h3",
+    "h4",
+    "h5",
+    "h6",
+    "blockquote",
+    "p",
+    "a",
+    "ul",
+    "ol",
+    "nl",
+    "li",
+    "b",
+    "i",
+    "u",
+    "strong",
+    "em",
+    "strike",
+    "code",
+    "hr",
+    "br",
+    "div",
+    "table",
+    "thead",
+    "caption",
+    "tbody",
+    "tr",
+    "th",
+    "td",
+    "pre",
 ]
 ALLOWED_ATTRS = {
     # custom ones first:
@@ -94,13 +124,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
         logger.info("Created Mailer for app_name %s" % app_name)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def send_password_reset_mail(
-        self,
-        email_address,
-        token,
-        client_secret,
-        sid,
-    ):
+    def send_password_reset_mail(self, email_address, token, client_secret, sid):
         """Send an email with a password reset link to a user
 
         Args:
@@ -112,19 +136,16 @@ class Mailer(object):
                 group together multiple email sending attempts
             sid (str): The generated session ID
         """
-        if email.utils.parseaddr(email_address)[1] == '':
+        if email.utils.parseaddr(email_address)[1] == "":
             raise RuntimeError("Invalid 'to' email address")
 
         link = (
-            self.hs.config.public_baseurl +
-            "_matrix/client/unstable/password_reset/email/submit_token"
-            "?token=%s&client_secret=%s&sid=%s" %
-            (token, client_secret, sid)
+            self.hs.config.public_baseurl
+            + "_matrix/client/unstable/password_reset/email/submit_token"
+            "?token=%s&client_secret=%s&sid=%s" % (token, client_secret, sid)
         )
 
-        template_vars = {
-            "link": link,
-        }
+        template_vars = {"link": link}
 
         yield self.send_email(
             email_address,
@@ -133,15 +154,14 @@ class Mailer(object):
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def send_notification_mail(self, app_id, user_id, email_address,
-                               push_actions, reason):
+    def send_notification_mail(
+        self, app_id, user_id, email_address, push_actions, reason
+    ):
         """Send email regarding a user's room notifications"""
-        rooms_in_order = deduped_ordered_list(
-            [pa['room_id'] for pa in push_actions]
-        )
+        rooms_in_order = deduped_ordered_list([pa["room_id"] for pa in push_actions])
 
         notif_events = yield self.store.get_events(
-            [pa['event_id'] for pa in push_actions]
+            [pa["event_id"] for pa in push_actions]
         )
 
         notifs_by_room = {}
@@ -171,9 +191,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
         yield concurrently_execute(_fetch_room_state, rooms_in_order, 3)
 
         # actually sort our so-called rooms_in_order list, most recent room first
-        rooms_in_order.sort(
-            key=lambda r: -(notifs_by_room[r][-1]['received_ts'] or 0)
-        )
+        rooms_in_order.sort(key=lambda r: -(notifs_by_room[r][-1]["received_ts"] or 0))
 
         rooms = []
 
@@ -183,9 +201,11 @@ class Mailer(object):
             )
             rooms.append(roomvars)
 
-        reason['room_name'] = yield calculate_room_name(
-            self.store, state_by_room[reason['room_id']], user_id,
-            fallback_to_members=True
+        reason["room_name"] = yield calculate_room_name(
+            self.store,
+            state_by_room[reason["room_id"]],
+            user_id,
+            fallback_to_members=True,
         )
 
         summary_text = yield self.make_summary_text(
@@ -204,25 +224,21 @@ class Mailer(object):
         }
 
         yield self.send_email(
-            email_address,
-            "[%s] %s" % (self.app_name, summary_text),
-            template_vars,
+            email_address, "[%s] %s" % (self.app_name, summary_text), template_vars
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send_email(self, email_address, subject, template_vars):
         """Send an email with the given information and template text"""
         try:
-            from_string = self.hs.config.email_notif_from % {
-                "app": self.app_name
-            }
+            from_string = self.hs.config.email_notif_from % {"app": self.app_name}
         except TypeError:
             from_string = self.hs.config.email_notif_from
 
         raw_from = email.utils.parseaddr(from_string)[1]
         raw_to = email.utils.parseaddr(email_address)[1]
 
-        if raw_to == '':
+        if raw_to == "":
             raise RuntimeError("Invalid 'to' address")
 
         html_text = self.template_html.render(**template_vars)
@@ -231,27 +247,31 @@ class Mailer(object):
         plain_text = self.template_text.render(**template_vars)
         text_part = MIMEText(plain_text, "plain", "utf8")
 
-        multipart_msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
-        multipart_msg['Subject'] = subject
-        multipart_msg['From'] = from_string
-        multipart_msg['To'] = email_address
-        multipart_msg['Date'] = email.utils.formatdate()
-        multipart_msg['Message-ID'] = email.utils.make_msgid()
+        multipart_msg = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
+        multipart_msg["Subject"] = subject
+        multipart_msg["From"] = from_string
+        multipart_msg["To"] = email_address
+        multipart_msg["Date"] = email.utils.formatdate()
+        multipart_msg["Message-ID"] = email.utils.make_msgid()
         multipart_msg.attach(text_part)
         multipart_msg.attach(html_part)
 
         logger.info("Sending email push notification to %s" % email_address)
 
-        yield make_deferred_yieldable(self.sendmail(
-            self.hs.config.email_smtp_host,
-            raw_from, raw_to, multipart_msg.as_string().encode('utf8'),
-            reactor=self.hs.get_reactor(),
-            port=self.hs.config.email_smtp_port,
-            requireAuthentication=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user is not None,
-            username=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user,
-            password=self.hs.config.email_smtp_pass,
-            requireTransportSecurity=self.hs.config.require_transport_security
-        ))
+        yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+            self.sendmail(
+                self.hs.config.email_smtp_host,
+                raw_from,
+                raw_to,
+                multipart_msg.as_string().encode("utf8"),
+                reactor=self.hs.get_reactor(),
+                port=self.hs.config.email_smtp_port,
+                requireAuthentication=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user is not None,
+                username=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user,
+                password=self.hs.config.email_smtp_pass,
+                requireTransportSecurity=self.hs.config.require_transport_security,
+            )
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_room_vars(self, room_id, user_id, notifs, notif_events, room_state_ids):
@@ -272,17 +292,18 @@ class Mailer(object):
         if not is_invite:
             for n in notifs:
                 notifvars = yield self.get_notif_vars(
-                    n, user_id, notif_events[n['event_id']], room_state_ids
+                    n, user_id, notif_events[n["event_id"]], room_state_ids
                 )
 
                 # merge overlapping notifs together.
                 # relies on the notifs being in chronological order.
                 merge = False
-                if room_vars['notifs'] and 'messages' in room_vars['notifs'][-1]:
-                    prev_messages = room_vars['notifs'][-1]['messages']
-                    for message in notifvars['messages']:
-                        pm = list(filter(lambda pm: pm['id'] == message['id'],
-                                         prev_messages))
+                if room_vars["notifs"] and "messages" in room_vars["notifs"][-1]:
+                    prev_messages = room_vars["notifs"][-1]["messages"]
+                    for message in notifvars["messages"]:
+                        pm = list(
+                            filter(lambda pm: pm["id"] == message["id"], prev_messages)
+                        )
                         if pm:
                             if not message["is_historical"]:
                                 pm[0]["is_historical"] = False
@@ -293,20 +314,22 @@ class Mailer(object):
                             prev_messages.append(message)
 
                 if not merge:
-                    room_vars['notifs'].append(notifvars)
+                    room_vars["notifs"].append(notifvars)
 
         defer.returnValue(room_vars)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_notif_vars(self, notif, user_id, notif_event, room_state_ids):
         results = yield self.store.get_events_around(
-            notif['room_id'], notif['event_id'],
-            before_limit=CONTEXT_BEFORE, after_limit=CONTEXT_AFTER
+            notif["room_id"],
+            notif["event_id"],
+            before_limit=CONTEXT_BEFORE,
+            after_limit=CONTEXT_AFTER,
         )
 
         ret = {
             "link": self.make_notif_link(notif),
-            "ts": notif['received_ts'],
+            "ts": notif["received_ts"],
             "messages": [],
         }
 
@@ -318,7 +341,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
         for event in the_events:
             messagevars = yield self.get_message_vars(notif, event, room_state_ids)
             if messagevars is not None:
-                ret['messages'].append(messagevars)
+                ret["messages"].append(messagevars)
 
         defer.returnValue(ret)
 
@@ -340,7 +363,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
 
         ret = {
             "msgtype": msgtype,
-            "is_historical": event.event_id != notif['event_id'],
+            "is_historical": event.event_id != notif["event_id"],
             "id": event.event_id,
             "ts": event.origin_server_ts,
             "sender_name": sender_name,
@@ -379,8 +402,9 @@ class Mailer(object):
         return messagevars
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def make_summary_text(self, notifs_by_room, room_state_ids,
-                          notif_events, user_id, reason):
+    def make_summary_text(
+        self, notifs_by_room, room_state_ids, notif_events, user_id, reason
+    ):
         if len(notifs_by_room) == 1:
             # Only one room has new stuff
             room_id = list(notifs_by_room.keys())[0]
@@ -404,16 +428,19 @@ class Mailer(object):
                 inviter_name = name_from_member_event(inviter_member_event)
 
                 if room_name is None:
-                    defer.returnValue(INVITE_FROM_PERSON % {
-                        "person": inviter_name,
-                        "app": self.app_name
-                    })
+                    defer.returnValue(
+                        INVITE_FROM_PERSON
+                        % {"person": inviter_name, "app": self.app_name}
+                    )
                 else:
-                    defer.returnValue(INVITE_FROM_PERSON_TO_ROOM % {
-                        "person": inviter_name,
-                        "room": room_name,
-                        "app": self.app_name,
-                    })
+                    defer.returnValue(
+                        INVITE_FROM_PERSON_TO_ROOM
+                        % {
+                            "person": inviter_name,
+                            "room": room_name,
+                            "app": self.app_name,
+                        }
+                    )
 
             sender_name = None
             if len(notifs_by_room[room_id]) == 1:
@@ -427,67 +454,86 @@ class Mailer(object):
                     sender_name = name_from_member_event(state_event)
 
                 if sender_name is not None and room_name is not None:
-                    defer.returnValue(MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON_IN_ROOM % {
-                        "person": sender_name,
-                        "room": room_name,
-                        "app": self.app_name,
-                    })
+                    defer.returnValue(
+                        MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON_IN_ROOM
+                        % {
+                            "person": sender_name,
+                            "room": room_name,
+                            "app": self.app_name,
+                        }
+                    )
                 elif sender_name is not None:
-                    defer.returnValue(MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON % {
-                        "person": sender_name,
-                        "app": self.app_name,
-                    })
+                    defer.returnValue(
+                        MESSAGE_FROM_PERSON
+                        % {"person": sender_name, "app": self.app_name}
+                    )
             else:
                 # There's more than one notification for this room, so just
                 # say there are several
                 if room_name is not None:
-                    defer.returnValue(MESSAGES_IN_ROOM % {
-                        "room": room_name,
-                        "app": self.app_name,
-                    })
+                    defer.returnValue(
+                        MESSAGES_IN_ROOM % {"room": room_name, "app": self.app_name}
+                    )
                 else:
                     # If the room doesn't have a name, say who the messages
                     # are from explicitly to avoid, "messages in the Bob room"
-                    sender_ids = list(set([
-                        notif_events[n['event_id']].sender
-                        for n in notifs_by_room[room_id]
-                    ]))
-
-                    member_events = yield self.store.get_events([
-                        room_state_ids[room_id][("m.room.member", s)]
-                        for s in sender_ids
-                    ])
-
-                    defer.returnValue(MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON % {
-                        "person": descriptor_from_member_events(member_events.values()),
-                        "app": self.app_name,
-                    })
+                    sender_ids = list(
+                        set(
+                            [
+                                notif_events[n["event_id"]].sender
+                                for n in notifs_by_room[room_id]
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                    member_events = yield self.store.get_events(
+                        [
+                            room_state_ids[room_id][("m.room.member", s)]
+                            for s in sender_ids
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+                    defer.returnValue(
+                        MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON
+                        % {
+                            "person": descriptor_from_member_events(
+                                member_events.values()
+                            ),
+                            "app": self.app_name,
+                        }
+                    )
         else:
             # Stuff's happened in multiple different rooms
 
             # ...but we still refer to the 'reason' room which triggered the mail
-            if reason['room_name'] is not None:
-                defer.returnValue(MESSAGES_IN_ROOM_AND_OTHERS % {
-                    "room": reason['room_name'],
-                    "app": self.app_name,
-                })
+            if reason["room_name"] is not None:
+                defer.returnValue(
+                    MESSAGES_IN_ROOM_AND_OTHERS
+                    % {"room": reason["room_name"], "app": self.app_name}
+                )
             else:
                 # If the reason room doesn't have a name, say who the messages
                 # are from explicitly to avoid, "messages in the Bob room"
-                sender_ids = list(set([
-                    notif_events[n['event_id']].sender
-                    for n in notifs_by_room[reason['room_id']]
-                ]))
+                sender_ids = list(
+                    set(
+                        [
+                            notif_events[n["event_id"]].sender
+                            for n in notifs_by_room[reason["room_id"]]
+                        ]
+                    )
+                )
 
-                member_events = yield self.store.get_events([
-                    room_state_ids[room_id][("m.room.member", s)]
-                    for s in sender_ids
-                ])
+                member_events = yield self.store.get_events(
+                    [room_state_ids[room_id][("m.room.member", s)] for s in sender_ids]
+                )
 
-                defer.returnValue(MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON_AND_OTHERS % {
-                    "person": descriptor_from_member_events(member_events.values()),
-                    "app": self.app_name,
-                })
+                defer.returnValue(
+                    MESSAGES_FROM_PERSON_AND_OTHERS
+                    % {
+                        "person": descriptor_from_member_events(member_events.values()),
+                        "app": self.app_name,
+                    }
+                )
 
     def make_room_link(self, room_id):
         if self.hs.config.email_riot_base_url:
@@ -503,17 +549,17 @@ class Mailer(object):
         if self.hs.config.email_riot_base_url:
             return "%s/#/room/%s/%s" % (
                 self.hs.config.email_riot_base_url,
-                notif['room_id'], notif['event_id']
+                notif["room_id"],
+                notif["event_id"],
             )
         elif self.app_name == "Vector":
             # need /beta for Universal Links to work on iOS
             return "https://vector.im/beta/#/room/%s/%s" % (
-                notif['room_id'], notif['event_id']
+                notif["room_id"],
+                notif["event_id"],
             )
         else:
-            return "https://matrix.to/#/%s/%s" % (
-                notif['room_id'], notif['event_id']
-            )
+            return "https://matrix.to/#/%s/%s" % (notif["room_id"], notif["event_id"])
 
     def make_unsubscribe_link(self, user_id, app_id, email_address):
         params = {
@@ -530,12 +576,18 @@ class Mailer(object):
 
 
 def safe_markup(raw_html):
-    return jinja2.Markup(bleach.linkify(bleach.clean(
-        raw_html, tags=ALLOWED_TAGS, attributes=ALLOWED_ATTRS,
-        # bleach master has this, but it isn't released yet
-        # protocols=ALLOWED_SCHEMES,
-        strip=True
-    )))
+    return jinja2.Markup(
+        bleach.linkify(
+            bleach.clean(
+                raw_html,
+                tags=ALLOWED_TAGS,
+                attributes=ALLOWED_ATTRS,
+                # bleach master has this, but it isn't released yet
+                # protocols=ALLOWED_SCHEMES,
+                strip=True,
+            )
+        )
+    )
 
 
 def safe_text(raw_text):
@@ -543,10 +595,9 @@ def safe_text(raw_text):
     Process text: treat it as HTML but escape any tags (ie. just escape the
     HTML) then linkify it.
     """
-    return jinja2.Markup(bleach.linkify(bleach.clean(
-        raw_text, tags=[], attributes={},
-        strip=False
-    )))
+    return jinja2.Markup(
+        bleach.linkify(bleach.clean(raw_text, tags=[], attributes={}, strip=False))
+    )
 
 
 def deduped_ordered_list(l):
@@ -595,15 +646,11 @@ def _create_mxc_to_http_filter(config):
 
         serverAndMediaId = value[6:]
         fragment = None
-        if '#' in serverAndMediaId:
-            (serverAndMediaId, fragment) = serverAndMediaId.split('#', 1)
+        if "#" in serverAndMediaId:
+            (serverAndMediaId, fragment) = serverAndMediaId.split("#", 1)
             fragment = "#" + fragment
 
-        params = {
-            "width": width,
-            "height": height,
-            "method": resize_method,
-        }
+        params = {"width": width, "height": height, "method": resize_method}
         return "%s_matrix/media/v1/thumbnail/%s?%s%s" % (
             config.public_baseurl,
             serverAndMediaId,
diff --git a/synapse/push/presentable_names.py b/synapse/push/presentable_names.py
index 0c66702325..06056fbf4f 100644
--- a/synapse/push/presentable_names.py
+++ b/synapse/push/presentable_names.py
@@ -28,8 +28,13 @@ ALL_ALONE = "Empty Room"
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True,
-                        fallback_to_single_member=True):
+def calculate_room_name(
+    store,
+    room_state_ids,
+    user_id,
+    fallback_to_members=True,
+    fallback_to_single_member=True,
+):
     """
     Works out a user-facing name for the given room as per Matrix
     spec recommendations.
@@ -58,8 +63,10 @@ def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True
             room_state_ids[("m.room.canonical_alias", "")], allow_none=True
         )
         if (
-            canon_alias and canon_alias.content and canon_alias.content["alias"] and
-            _looks_like_an_alias(canon_alias.content["alias"])
+            canon_alias
+            and canon_alias.content
+            and canon_alias.content["alias"]
+            and _looks_like_an_alias(canon_alias.content["alias"])
         ):
             defer.returnValue(canon_alias.content["alias"])
 
@@ -71,9 +78,7 @@ def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True
     if "m.room.aliases" in room_state_bytype_ids:
         m_room_aliases = room_state_bytype_ids["m.room.aliases"]
         for alias_id in m_room_aliases.values():
-            alias_event = yield store.get_event(
-                alias_id, allow_none=True
-            )
+            alias_event = yield store.get_event(alias_id, allow_none=True)
             if alias_event and alias_event.content.get("aliases"):
                 the_aliases = alias_event.content["aliases"]
                 if len(the_aliases) > 0 and _looks_like_an_alias(the_aliases[0]):
@@ -89,8 +94,8 @@ def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True
         )
 
     if (
-        my_member_event is not None and
-        my_member_event.content['membership'] == "invite"
+        my_member_event is not None
+        and my_member_event.content["membership"] == "invite"
     ):
         if ("m.room.member", my_member_event.sender) in room_state_ids:
             inviter_member_event = yield store.get_event(
@@ -100,9 +105,8 @@ def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True
             if inviter_member_event:
                 if fallback_to_single_member:
                     defer.returnValue(
-                        "Invite from %s" % (
-                            name_from_member_event(inviter_member_event),
-                        )
+                        "Invite from %s"
+                        % (name_from_member_event(inviter_member_event),)
                     )
                 else:
                     return
@@ -116,8 +120,10 @@ def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True
             list(room_state_bytype_ids["m.room.member"].values())
         )
         all_members = [
-            ev for ev in member_events.values()
-            if ev.content['membership'] == "join" or ev.content['membership'] == "invite"
+            ev
+            for ev in member_events.values()
+            if ev.content["membership"] == "join"
+            or ev.content["membership"] == "invite"
         ]
         # Sort the member events oldest-first so the we name people in the
         # order the joined (it should at least be deterministic rather than
@@ -134,9 +140,9 @@ def calculate_room_name(store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_members=True
             # or inbound invite, or outbound 3PID invite.
             if all_members[0].sender == user_id:
                 if "m.room.third_party_invite" in room_state_bytype_ids:
-                    third_party_invites = (
-                        room_state_bytype_ids["m.room.third_party_invite"].values()
-                    )
+                    third_party_invites = room_state_bytype_ids[
+                        "m.room.third_party_invite"
+                    ].values()
 
                     if len(third_party_invites) > 0:
                         # technically third party invite events are not member
@@ -191,8 +197,9 @@ def descriptor_from_member_events(member_events):
 
 def name_from_member_event(member_event):
     if (
-        member_event.content and "displayname" in member_event.content and
-        member_event.content["displayname"]
+        member_event.content
+        and "displayname" in member_event.content
+        and member_event.content["displayname"]
     ):
         return member_event.content["displayname"]
     return member_event.state_key
diff --git a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
index cf6c8b875e..5ed9147de4 100644
--- a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ from synapse.util.caches.lrucache import LruCache
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-GLOB_REGEX = re.compile(r'\\\[(\\\!|)(.*)\\\]')
-IS_GLOB = re.compile(r'[\?\*\[\]]')
+GLOB_REGEX = re.compile(r"\\\[(\\\!|)(.*)\\\]")
+IS_GLOB = re.compile(r"[\?\*\[\]]")
 INEQUALITY_EXPR = re.compile("^([=<>]*)([0-9]*)$")
 
 
@@ -36,20 +36,20 @@ def _room_member_count(ev, condition, room_member_count):
 
 
 def _sender_notification_permission(ev, condition, sender_power_level, power_levels):
-    notif_level_key = condition.get('key')
+    notif_level_key = condition.get("key")
     if notif_level_key is None:
         return False
 
-    notif_levels = power_levels.get('notifications', {})
+    notif_levels = power_levels.get("notifications", {})
     room_notif_level = notif_levels.get(notif_level_key, 50)
 
     return sender_power_level >= room_notif_level
 
 
 def _test_ineq_condition(condition, number):
-    if 'is' not in condition:
+    if "is" not in condition:
         return False
-    m = INEQUALITY_EXPR.match(condition['is'])
+    m = INEQUALITY_EXPR.match(condition["is"])
     if not m:
         return False
     ineq = m.group(1)
@@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ def _test_ineq_condition(condition, number):
         return False
     rhs = int(rhs)
 
-    if ineq == '' or ineq == '==':
+    if ineq == "" or ineq == "==":
         return number == rhs
-    elif ineq == '<':
+    elif ineq == "<":
         return number < rhs
-    elif ineq == '>':
+    elif ineq == ">":
         return number > rhs
-    elif ineq == '>=':
+    elif ineq == ">=":
         return number >= rhs
-    elif ineq == '<=':
+    elif ineq == "<=":
         return number <= rhs
     else:
         return False
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ def tweaks_for_actions(actions):
     for a in actions:
         if not isinstance(a, dict):
             continue
-        if 'set_tweak' in a and 'value' in a:
-            tweaks[a['set_tweak']] = a['value']
+        if "set_tweak" in a and "value" in a:
+            tweaks[a["set_tweak"]] = a["value"]
     return tweaks
 
 
@@ -93,26 +93,24 @@ class PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(object):
         self._value_cache = _flatten_dict(event)
 
     def matches(self, condition, user_id, display_name):
-        if condition['kind'] == 'event_match':
+        if condition["kind"] == "event_match":
             return self._event_match(condition, user_id)
-        elif condition['kind'] == 'contains_display_name':
+        elif condition["kind"] == "contains_display_name":
             return self._contains_display_name(display_name)
-        elif condition['kind'] == 'room_member_count':
-            return _room_member_count(
-                self._event, condition, self._room_member_count
-            )
-        elif condition['kind'] == 'sender_notification_permission':
+        elif condition["kind"] == "room_member_count":
+            return _room_member_count(self._event, condition, self._room_member_count)
+        elif condition["kind"] == "sender_notification_permission":
             return _sender_notification_permission(
-                self._event, condition, self._sender_power_level, self._power_levels,
+                self._event, condition, self._sender_power_level, self._power_levels
             )
         else:
             return True
 
     def _event_match(self, condition, user_id):
-        pattern = condition.get('pattern', None)
+        pattern = condition.get("pattern", None)
 
         if not pattern:
-            pattern_type = condition.get('pattern_type', None)
+            pattern_type = condition.get("pattern_type", None)
             if pattern_type == "user_id":
                 pattern = user_id
             elif pattern_type == "user_localpart":
@@ -123,14 +121,14 @@ class PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(object):
             return False
 
         # XXX: optimisation: cache our pattern regexps
-        if condition['key'] == 'content.body':
+        if condition["key"] == "content.body":
             body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
             if not body:
                 return False
 
             return _glob_matches(pattern, body, word_boundary=True)
         else:
-            haystack = self._get_value(condition['key'])
+            haystack = self._get_value(condition["key"])
             if haystack is None:
                 return False
 
@@ -193,16 +191,13 @@ def _glob_to_re(glob, word_boundary):
     if IS_GLOB.search(glob):
         r = re.escape(glob)
 
-        r = r.replace(r'\*', '.*?')
-        r = r.replace(r'\?', '.')
+        r = r.replace(r"\*", ".*?")
+        r = r.replace(r"\?", ".")
 
         # handle [abc], [a-z] and [!a-z] style ranges.
         r = GLOB_REGEX.sub(
             lambda x: (
-                '[%s%s]' % (
-                    x.group(1) and '^' or '',
-                    x.group(2).replace(r'\\\-', '-')
-                )
+                "[%s%s]" % (x.group(1) and "^" or "", x.group(2).replace(r"\\\-", "-"))
             ),
             r,
         )
diff --git a/synapse/push/push_tools.py b/synapse/push/push_tools.py
index 8049c298c2..e37269cdb9 100644
--- a/synapse/push/push_tools.py
+++ b/synapse/push/push_tools.py
@@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ def get_badge_count(store, user_id):
     invites = yield store.get_invited_rooms_for_user(user_id)
     joins = yield store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id)
 
-    my_receipts_by_room = yield store.get_receipts_for_user(
-        user_id, "m.read",
-    )
+    my_receipts_by_room = yield store.get_receipts_for_user(user_id, "m.read")
 
     badge = len(invites)
 
@@ -57,10 +55,10 @@ def get_context_for_event(store, state_handler, ev, user_id):
         store, room_state_ids, user_id, fallback_to_single_member=False
     )
     if name:
-        ctx['name'] = name
+        ctx["name"] = name
 
     sender_state_event_id = room_state_ids[("m.room.member", ev.sender)]
     sender_state_event = yield store.get_event(sender_state_event_id)
-    ctx['sender_display_name'] = name_from_member_event(sender_state_event)
+    ctx["sender_display_name"] = name_from_member_event(sender_state_event)
 
     defer.returnValue(ctx)
diff --git a/synapse/push/pusher.py b/synapse/push/pusher.py
index aff85daeb5..a9c64a9c54 100644
--- a/synapse/push/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/pusher.py
@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ class PusherFactory(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.hs = hs
 
-        self.pusher_types = {
-            "http": HttpPusher,
-        }
+        self.pusher_types = {"http": HttpPusher}
 
         logger.info("email enable notifs: %r", hs.config.email_enable_notifs)
         if hs.config.email_enable_notifs:
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ class PusherFactory(object):
             logger.info("defined email pusher type")
 
     def create_pusher(self, pusherdict):
-        kind = pusherdict['kind']
+        kind = pusherdict["kind"]
         f = self.pusher_types.get(kind, None)
         if not f:
             return None
@@ -77,8 +75,8 @@ class PusherFactory(object):
         return EmailPusher(self.hs, pusherdict, mailer)
 
     def _app_name_from_pusherdict(self, pusherdict):
-        if 'data' in pusherdict and 'brand' in pusherdict['data']:
-            app_name = pusherdict['data']['brand']
+        if "data" in pusherdict and "brand" in pusherdict["data"]:
+            app_name = pusherdict["data"]["brand"]
         else:
             app_name = self.hs.config.email_app_name
 
diff --git a/synapse/push/pusherpool.py b/synapse/push/pusherpool.py
index 63c583565f..df6f670740 100644
--- a/synapse/push/pusherpool.py
+++ b/synapse/push/pusherpool.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ class PusherPool:
     notifications are sent; accordingly Pusher.on_started, Pusher.on_new_notifications and
     Pusher.on_new_receipts are not expected to return deferreds.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, _hs):
         self.hs = _hs
         self.pusher_factory = PusherFactory(_hs)
@@ -57,9 +58,19 @@ class PusherPool:
         run_as_background_process("start_pushers", self._start_pushers)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def add_pusher(self, user_id, access_token, kind, app_id,
-                   app_display_name, device_display_name, pushkey, lang, data,
-                   profile_tag=""):
+    def add_pusher(
+        self,
+        user_id,
+        access_token,
+        kind,
+        app_id,
+        app_display_name,
+        device_display_name,
+        pushkey,
+        lang,
+        data,
+        profile_tag="",
+    ):
         """Creates a new pusher and adds it to the pool
 
         Returns:
@@ -71,21 +82,23 @@ class PusherPool:
         # will then get pulled out of the database,
         # recreated, added and started: this means we have only one
         # code path adding pushers.
-        self.pusher_factory.create_pusher({
-            "id": None,
-            "user_name": user_id,
-            "kind": kind,
-            "app_id": app_id,
-            "app_display_name": app_display_name,
-            "device_display_name": device_display_name,
-            "pushkey": pushkey,
-            "ts": time_now_msec,
-            "lang": lang,
-            "data": data,
-            "last_stream_ordering": None,
-            "last_success": None,
-            "failing_since": None
-        })
+        self.pusher_factory.create_pusher(
+            {
+                "id": None,
+                "user_name": user_id,
+                "kind": kind,
+                "app_id": app_id,
+                "app_display_name": app_display_name,
+                "device_display_name": device_display_name,
+                "pushkey": pushkey,
+                "ts": time_now_msec,
+                "lang": lang,
+                "data": data,
+                "last_stream_ordering": None,
+                "last_success": None,
+                "failing_since": None,
+            }
+        )
 
         # create the pusher setting last_stream_ordering to the current maximum
         # stream ordering in event_push_actions, so it will process
@@ -113,18 +126,19 @@ class PusherPool:
         defer.returnValue(pusher)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def remove_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey_not_user(self, app_id, pushkey,
-                                                      not_user_id):
-        to_remove = yield self.store.get_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey(
-            app_id, pushkey
-        )
+    def remove_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey_not_user(
+        self, app_id, pushkey, not_user_id
+    ):
+        to_remove = yield self.store.get_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey(app_id, pushkey)
         for p in to_remove:
-            if p['user_name'] != not_user_id:
+            if p["user_name"] != not_user_id:
                 logger.info(
                     "Removing pusher for app id %s, pushkey %s, user %s",
-                    app_id, pushkey, p['user_name']
+                    app_id,
+                    pushkey,
+                    p["user_name"],
                 )
-                yield self.remove_pusher(p['app_id'], p['pushkey'], p['user_name'])
+                yield self.remove_pusher(p["app_id"], p["pushkey"], p["user_name"])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def remove_pushers_by_access_token(self, user_id, access_tokens):
@@ -138,14 +152,14 @@ class PusherPool:
         """
         tokens = set(access_tokens)
         for p in (yield self.store.get_pushers_by_user_id(user_id)):
-            if p['access_token'] in tokens:
+            if p["access_token"] in tokens:
                 logger.info(
                     "Removing pusher for app id %s, pushkey %s, user %s",
-                    p['app_id'], p['pushkey'], p['user_name']
-                )
-                yield self.remove_pusher(
-                    p['app_id'], p['pushkey'], p['user_name'],
+                    p["app_id"],
+                    p["pushkey"],
+                    p["user_name"],
                 )
+                yield self.remove_pusher(p["app_id"], p["pushkey"], p["user_name"])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_new_notifications(self, min_stream_id, max_stream_id):
@@ -199,13 +213,11 @@ class PusherPool:
         if not self._should_start_pushers:
             return
 
-        resultlist = yield self.store.get_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey(
-            app_id, pushkey
-        )
+        resultlist = yield self.store.get_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey(app_id, pushkey)
 
         pusher_dict = None
         for r in resultlist:
-            if r['user_name'] == user_id:
+            if r["user_name"] == user_id:
                 pusher_dict = r
 
         pusher = None
@@ -245,9 +257,9 @@ class PusherPool:
         except PusherConfigException as e:
             logger.warning(
                 "Pusher incorrectly configured user=%s, appid=%s, pushkey=%s: %s",
-                pusherdict.get('user_name'),
-                pusherdict.get('app_id'),
-                pusherdict.get('pushkey'),
+                pusherdict.get("user_name"),
+                pusherdict.get("app_id"),
+                pusherdict.get("pushkey"),
                 e,
             )
             return
@@ -258,11 +270,8 @@ class PusherPool:
         if not p:
             return
 
-        appid_pushkey = "%s:%s" % (
-            pusherdict['app_id'],
-            pusherdict['pushkey'],
-        )
-        byuser = self.pushers.setdefault(pusherdict['user_name'], {})
+        appid_pushkey = "%s:%s" % (pusherdict["app_id"], pusherdict["pushkey"])
+        byuser = self.pushers.setdefault(pusherdict["user_name"], {})
 
         if appid_pushkey in byuser:
             byuser[appid_pushkey].on_stop()
@@ -275,7 +284,7 @@ class PusherPool:
         last_stream_ordering = pusherdict["last_stream_ordering"]
         if last_stream_ordering:
             have_notifs = yield self.store.get_if_maybe_push_in_range_for_user(
-                user_id, last_stream_ordering,
+                user_id, last_stream_ordering
             )
         else:
             # We always want to default to starting up the pusher rather than
diff --git a/synapse/push/rulekinds.py b/synapse/push/rulekinds.py
index 4cae48ac07..ce7cc1b4ee 100644
--- a/synapse/push/rulekinds.py
+++ b/synapse/push/rulekinds.py
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP = {
-    'underride': 1,
-    'sender': 2,
-    'room': 3,
-    'content': 4,
-    'override': 5,
+    "underride": 1,
+    "sender": 2,
+    "room": 3,
+    "content": 4,
+    "override": 5,
 }
 PRIORITY_CLASS_INVERSE_MAP = {v: k for k, v in PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP.items()}
diff --git a/synapse/python_dependencies.py b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
index 11ace2bfb1..77e2d1a0e1 100644
--- a/synapse/python_dependencies.py
+++ b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
@@ -45,14 +45,11 @@ REQUIREMENTS = [
     "signedjson>=1.0.0",
     "pynacl>=1.2.1",
     "idna>=2.5",
-
     # validating SSL certs for IP addresses requires service_identity 18.1.
     "service_identity>=18.1.0",
-
     # our logcontext handling relies on the ability to cancel inlineCallbacks
     # (https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/4632) which landed in Twisted 18.7.
     "Twisted>=18.7.0",
-
     "treq>=15.1",
     # Twisted has required pyopenssl 16.0 since about Twisted 16.6.
     "pyopenssl>=16.0.0",
@@ -71,34 +68,27 @@ REQUIREMENTS = [
     # prometheus_client 0.4.0 changed the format of counter metrics
     # (cf https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4001)
     "prometheus_client>=0.0.18,<0.4.0",
-
     # we use attr.s(slots), which arrived in 16.0.0
     # Twisted 18.7.0 requires attrs>=17.4.0
     "attrs>=17.4.0",
-
     "netaddr>=0.7.18",
 ]
 
 CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS = {
     "email": ["Jinja2>=2.9", "bleach>=1.4.3"],
     "matrix-synapse-ldap3": ["matrix-synapse-ldap3>=0.1"],
-
     # we use execute_batch, which arrived in psycopg 2.7.
     "postgres": ["psycopg2>=2.7"],
-
     # ConsentResource uses select_autoescape, which arrived in jinja 2.9
     "resources.consent": ["Jinja2>=2.9"],
-
     # ACME support is required to provision TLS certificates from authorities
     # that use the protocol, such as Let's Encrypt.
     "acme": [
         "txacme>=0.9.2",
-
         # txacme depends on eliot. Eliot 1.8.0 is incompatible with
         # python 3.5.2, as per https://github.com/itamarst/eliot/issues/418
         'eliot<1.8.0;python_version<"3.5.3"',
     ],
-
     "saml2": ["pysaml2>=4.5.0"],
     "systemd": ["systemd-python>=231"],
     "url_preview": ["lxml>=3.5.0"],
@@ -121,12 +111,14 @@ def list_requirements():
 class DependencyException(Exception):
     @property
     def message(self):
-        return "\n".join([
-            "Missing Requirements: %s" % (", ".join(self.dependencies),),
-            "To install run:",
-            "    pip install --upgrade --force %s" % (" ".join(self.dependencies),),
-            "",
-        ])
+        return "\n".join(
+            [
+                "Missing Requirements: %s" % (", ".join(self.dependencies),),
+                "To install run:",
+                "    pip install --upgrade --force %s" % (" ".join(self.dependencies),),
+                "",
+            ]
+        )
 
     @property
     def dependencies(self):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
index 0a432a16fa..fe482e279f 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
         if self.CACHE:
             self.response_cache = ResponseCache(
-                hs, "repl." + self.NAME,
-                timeout_ms=30 * 60 * 1000,
+                hs, "repl." + self.NAME, timeout_ms=30 * 60 * 1000
             )
 
         assert self.METHOD in ("PUT", "POST", "GET")
@@ -134,8 +133,7 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(object):
             data = yield cls._serialize_payload(**kwargs)
 
             url_args = [
-                urllib.parse.quote(kwargs[name], safe='')
-                for name in cls.PATH_ARGS
+                urllib.parse.quote(kwargs[name], safe="") for name in cls.PATH_ARGS
             ]
 
             if cls.CACHE:
@@ -156,7 +154,10 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(object):
                 )
 
             uri = "http://%s:%s/_synapse/replication/%s/%s" % (
-                host, port, cls.NAME, "/".join(url_args)
+                host,
+                port,
+                cls.NAME,
+                "/".join(url_args),
             )
 
             try:
@@ -202,10 +203,7 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(object):
             url_args.append("txn_id")
 
         args = "/".join("(?P<%s>[^/]+)" % (arg,) for arg in url_args)
-        pattern = re.compile("^/_synapse/replication/%s/%s$" % (
-            self.NAME,
-            args
-        ))
+        pattern = re.compile("^/_synapse/replication/%s/%s$" % (self.NAME, args))
 
         http_server.register_paths(method, [pattern], handler)
 
@@ -219,8 +217,4 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(object):
 
         assert self.CACHE
 
-        return self.response_cache.wrap(
-            txn_id,
-            self._handle_request,
-            request, **kwargs
-        )
+        return self.response_cache.wrap(txn_id, self._handle_request, request, **kwargs)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/federation.py b/synapse/replication/http/federation.py
index 0f0a07c422..61eafbe708 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/federation.py
@@ -68,18 +68,17 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         for event, context in event_and_contexts:
             serialized_context = yield context.serialize(event, store)
 
-            event_payloads.append({
-                "event": event.get_pdu_json(),
-                "event_format_version": event.format_version,
-                "internal_metadata": event.internal_metadata.get_dict(),
-                "rejected_reason": event.rejected_reason,
-                "context": serialized_context,
-            })
-
-        payload = {
-            "events": event_payloads,
-            "backfilled": backfilled,
-        }
+            event_payloads.append(
+                {
+                    "event": event.get_pdu_json(),
+                    "event_format_version": event.format_version,
+                    "internal_metadata": event.internal_metadata.get_dict(),
+                    "rejected_reason": event.rejected_reason,
+                    "context": serialized_context,
+                }
+            )
+
+        payload = {"events": event_payloads, "backfilled": backfilled}
 
         defer.returnValue(payload)
 
@@ -103,18 +102,15 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
                 event = EventType(event_dict, internal_metadata, rejected_reason)
 
                 context = yield EventContext.deserialize(
-                    self.store, event_payload["context"],
+                    self.store, event_payload["context"]
                 )
 
                 event_and_contexts.append((event, context))
 
-        logger.info(
-            "Got %d events from federation",
-            len(event_and_contexts),
-        )
+        logger.info("Got %d events from federation", len(event_and_contexts))
 
         yield self.federation_handler.persist_events_and_notify(
-            event_and_contexts, backfilled,
+            event_and_contexts, backfilled
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -146,10 +142,7 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEduRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _serialize_payload(edu_type, origin, content):
-        return {
-            "origin": origin,
-            "content": content,
-        }
+        return {"origin": origin, "content": content}
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _handle_request(self, request, edu_type):
@@ -159,10 +152,7 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEduRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             origin = content["origin"]
             edu_content = content["content"]
 
-        logger.info(
-            "Got %r edu from %s",
-            edu_type, origin,
-        )
+        logger.info("Got %r edu from %s", edu_type, origin)
 
         result = yield self.registry.on_edu(edu_type, origin, edu_content)
 
@@ -201,9 +191,7 @@ class ReplicationGetQueryRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             query_type (str)
             args (dict): The arguments received for the given query type
         """
-        return {
-            "args": args,
-        }
+        return {"args": args}
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _handle_request(self, request, query_type):
@@ -212,10 +200,7 @@ class ReplicationGetQueryRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
             args = content["args"]
 
-        logger.info(
-            "Got %r query",
-            query_type,
-        )
+        logger.info("Got %r query", query_type)
 
         result = yield self.registry.on_query(query_type, args)
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/login.py b/synapse/replication/http/login.py
index 63bc0405ea..7c1197e5dd 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/login.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/login.py
@@ -61,13 +61,10 @@ class RegisterDeviceReplicationServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         is_guest = content["is_guest"]
 
         device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest,
+            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "device_id": device_id,
-            "access_token": access_token,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"device_id": device_id, "access_token": access_token}))
 
 
 def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/membership.py b/synapse/replication/http/membership.py
index 81a2b204c7..0a76a3762f 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/membership.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/membership.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteJoinRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
     """
 
     NAME = "remote_join"
-    PATH_ARGS = ("room_id", "user_id",)
+    PATH_ARGS = ("room_id", "user_id")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(ReplicationRemoteJoinRestServlet, self).__init__(hs)
@@ -50,8 +50,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteJoinRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _serialize_payload(requester, room_id, user_id, remote_room_hosts,
-                           content):
+    def _serialize_payload(requester, room_id, user_id, remote_room_hosts, content):
         """
         Args:
             requester(Requester)
@@ -78,16 +77,10 @@ class ReplicationRemoteJoinRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         if requester.user:
             request.authenticated_entity = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        logger.info(
-            "remote_join: %s into room: %s",
-            user_id, room_id,
-        )
+        logger.info("remote_join: %s into room: %s", user_id, room_id)
 
         yield self.federation_handler.do_invite_join(
-            remote_room_hosts,
-            room_id,
-            user_id,
-            event_content,
+            remote_room_hosts, room_id, user_id, event_content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -107,7 +100,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
     """
 
     NAME = "remote_reject_invite"
-    PATH_ARGS = ("room_id", "user_id",)
+    PATH_ARGS = ("room_id", "user_id")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet, self).__init__(hs)
@@ -141,16 +134,11 @@ class ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         if requester.user:
             request.authenticated_entity = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        logger.info(
-            "remote_reject_invite: %s out of room: %s",
-            user_id, room_id,
-        )
+        logger.info("remote_reject_invite: %s out of room: %s", user_id, room_id)
 
         try:
             event = yield self.federation_handler.do_remotely_reject_invite(
-                remote_room_hosts,
-                room_id,
-                user_id,
+                remote_room_hosts, room_id, user_id
             )
             ret = event.get_pdu_json()
         except Exception as e:
@@ -162,9 +150,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             #
             logger.warn("Failed to reject invite: %s", e)
 
-            yield self.store.locally_reject_invite(
-                user_id, room_id
-            )
+            yield self.store.locally_reject_invite(user_id, room_id)
             ret = {}
 
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
@@ -228,7 +214,7 @@ class ReplicationRegister3PIDGuestRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         logger.info("get_or_register_3pid_guest: %r", content)
 
         ret = yield self.registeration_handler.get_or_register_3pid_guest(
-            medium, address, inviter_user_id,
+            medium, address, inviter_user_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
@@ -264,7 +250,7 @@ class ReplicationUserJoinedLeftRoomRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             user_id (str)
             change (str): Either "joined" or "left"
         """
-        assert change in ("joined", "left",)
+        assert change in ("joined", "left")
 
         return {}
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/register.py b/synapse/replication/http/register.py
index 912a5ac341..f81a0f1b8f 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/register.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/register.py
@@ -37,8 +37,16 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _serialize_payload(
-        user_id, token, password_hash, was_guest, make_guest, appservice_id,
-        create_profile_with_displayname, admin, user_type, address,
+        user_id,
+        token,
+        password_hash,
+        was_guest,
+        make_guest,
+        appservice_id,
+        create_profile_with_displayname,
+        admin,
+        user_type,
+        address,
     ):
         """
         Args:
@@ -85,7 +93,7 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             create_profile_with_displayname=content["create_profile_with_displayname"],
             admin=content["admin"],
             user_type=content["user_type"],
-            address=content["address"]
+            address=content["address"],
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -104,8 +112,7 @@ class ReplicationPostRegisterActionsServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         self.registration_handler = hs.get_registration_handler()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _serialize_payload(user_id, auth_result, access_token, bind_email,
-                           bind_msisdn):
+    def _serialize_payload(user_id, auth_result, access_token, bind_email, bind_msisdn):
         """
         Args:
             user_id (str): The user ID that consented
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py b/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
index 3635015eda..034763fe99 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "extra_users": [],
         }
     """
+
     NAME = "send_event"
     PATH_ARGS = ("event_id",)
 
@@ -57,8 +58,9 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
     @staticmethod
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _serialize_payload(event_id, store, event, context, requester,
-                           ratelimit, extra_users):
+    def _serialize_payload(
+        event_id, store, event, context, requester, ratelimit, extra_users
+    ):
         """
         Args:
             event_id (str)
@@ -108,14 +110,11 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             request.authenticated_entity = requester.user.to_string()
 
         logger.info(
-            "Got event to send with ID: %s into room: %s",
-            event.event_id, event.room_id,
+            "Got event to send with ID: %s into room: %s", event.event_id, event.room_id
         )
 
         yield self.event_creation_handler.persist_and_notify_client_event(
-            requester, event, context,
-            ratelimit=ratelimit,
-            extra_users=extra_users,
+            requester, event, context, ratelimit=ratelimit, extra_users=extra_users
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_base.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_base.py
index 817d1f67f9..182cb2a1d8 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/_base.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class BaseSlavedStore(SQLBaseStore):
         super(BaseSlavedStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
         if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
             self._cache_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-                db_conn, "cache_invalidation_stream", "stream_id",
+                db_conn, "cache_invalidation_stream", "stream_id"
             )
         else:
             self._cache_id_gen = None
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/account_data.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/account_data.py
index d9ba6d69b1..3c44d1d48d 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/account_data.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/account_data.py
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@ from synapse.storage.tags import TagsWorkerStore
 
 
 class SlavedAccountDataStore(TagsWorkerStore, AccountDataWorkerStore, BaseSlavedStore):
-
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         self._account_data_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "account_data_max_stream_id", "stream_id",
+            db_conn, "account_data_max_stream_id", "stream_id"
         )
 
         super(SlavedAccountDataStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
@@ -45,24 +44,20 @@ class SlavedAccountDataStore(TagsWorkerStore, AccountDataWorkerStore, BaseSlaved
             self._account_data_id_gen.advance(token)
             for row in rows:
                 self.get_tags_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
-                self._account_data_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                    row.user_id, token
-                )
+                self._account_data_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
         elif stream_name == "account_data":
             self._account_data_id_gen.advance(token)
             for row in rows:
                 if not row.room_id:
                     self.get_global_account_data_by_type_for_user.invalidate(
-                        (row.data_type, row.user_id,)
+                        (row.data_type, row.user_id)
                     )
                 self.get_account_data_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
-                self.get_account_data_for_room.invalidate((row.user_id, row.room_id,))
+                self.get_account_data_for_room.invalidate((row.user_id, row.room_id))
                 self.get_account_data_for_room_and_type.invalidate(
-                    (row.user_id, row.room_id, row.data_type,),
-                )
-                self._account_data_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                    row.user_id, token
+                    (row.user_id, row.room_id, row.data_type)
                 )
+                self._account_data_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
         return super(SlavedAccountDataStore, self).process_replication_rows(
             stream_name, token, rows
         )
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/appservice.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/appservice.py
index b53a4c6bd1..cda12ea70d 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/appservice.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from synapse.storage.appservice import (
 )
 
 
-class SlavedApplicationServiceStore(ApplicationServiceTransactionWorkerStore,
-                                    ApplicationServiceWorkerStore):
+class SlavedApplicationServiceStore(
+    ApplicationServiceTransactionWorkerStore, ApplicationServiceWorkerStore
+):
     pass
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/client_ips.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/client_ips.py
index 5b8521c770..14ced32333 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/client_ips.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/client_ips.py
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ class SlavedClientIpStore(BaseSlavedStore):
         super(SlavedClientIpStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
         self.client_ip_last_seen = Cache(
-            name="client_ip_last_seen",
-            keylen=4,
-            max_entries=50000 * CACHE_SIZE_FACTOR,
+            name="client_ip_last_seen", keylen=4, max_entries=50000 * CACHE_SIZE_FACTOR
         )
 
     def insert_client_ip(self, user_id, access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/deviceinbox.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/deviceinbox.py
index 4d59778863..284fd30d89 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/deviceinbox.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/deviceinbox.py
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ class SlavedDeviceInboxStore(DeviceInboxWorkerStore, BaseSlavedStore):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(SlavedDeviceInboxStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
         self._device_inbox_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "device_max_stream_id", "stream_id",
+            db_conn, "device_max_stream_id", "stream_id"
         )
         self._device_inbox_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
             "DeviceInboxStreamChangeCache",
-            self._device_inbox_id_gen.get_current_token()
+            self._device_inbox_id_gen.get_current_token(),
         )
         self._device_federation_outbox_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
             "DeviceFederationOutboxStreamChangeCache",
-            self._device_inbox_id_gen.get_current_token()
+            self._device_inbox_id_gen.get_current_token(),
         )
 
         self._last_device_delete_cache = ExpiringCache(
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py
index 16c9a162c5..d9300fce33 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/devices.py
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ class SlavedDeviceStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore, DeviceWorkerStore, BaseSlavedSto
         self.hs = hs
 
         self._device_list_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "device_lists_stream", "stream_id",
+            db_conn, "device_lists_stream", "stream_id"
         )
         device_list_max = self._device_list_id_gen.get_current_token()
         self._device_list_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "DeviceListStreamChangeCache", device_list_max,
+            "DeviceListStreamChangeCache", device_list_max
         )
         self._device_list_federation_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "DeviceListFederationStreamChangeCache", device_list_max,
+            "DeviceListFederationStreamChangeCache", device_list_max
         )
 
     def stream_positions(self):
@@ -46,17 +46,13 @@ class SlavedDeviceStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore, DeviceWorkerStore, BaseSlavedSto
         if stream_name == "device_lists":
             self._device_list_id_gen.advance(token)
             for row in rows:
-                self._invalidate_caches_for_devices(
-                    token, row.user_id, row.destination,
-                )
+                self._invalidate_caches_for_devices(token, row.user_id, row.destination)
         return super(SlavedDeviceStore, self).process_replication_rows(
             stream_name, token, rows
         )
 
     def _invalidate_caches_for_devices(self, token, user_id, destination):
-        self._device_list_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-            user_id, token
-        )
+        self._device_list_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(user_id, token)
 
         if destination:
             self._device_list_federation_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py
index a3952506c1..ab5937e638 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py
@@ -45,21 +45,20 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # the method descriptor on the DataStore and chuck them into our class.
 
 
-class SlavedEventStore(EventFederationWorkerStore,
-                       RoomMemberWorkerStore,
-                       EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
-                       StreamWorkerStore,
-                       StateGroupWorkerStore,
-                       EventsWorkerStore,
-                       SignatureWorkerStore,
-                       UserErasureWorkerStore,
-                       RelationsWorkerStore,
-                       BaseSlavedStore):
-
+class SlavedEventStore(
+    EventFederationWorkerStore,
+    RoomMemberWorkerStore,
+    EventPushActionsWorkerStore,
+    StreamWorkerStore,
+    StateGroupWorkerStore,
+    EventsWorkerStore,
+    SignatureWorkerStore,
+    UserErasureWorkerStore,
+    RelationsWorkerStore,
+    BaseSlavedStore,
+):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
-        self._stream_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "events", "stream_ordering",
-        )
+        self._stream_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(db_conn, "events", "stream_ordering")
         self._backfill_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
             db_conn, "events", "stream_ordering", step=-1
         )
@@ -90,8 +89,13 @@ class SlavedEventStore(EventFederationWorkerStore,
             self._backfill_id_gen.advance(-token)
             for row in rows:
                 self.invalidate_caches_for_event(
-                    -token, row.event_id, row.room_id, row.type, row.state_key,
-                    row.redacts, row.relates_to,
+                    -token,
+                    row.event_id,
+                    row.room_id,
+                    row.type,
+                    row.state_key,
+                    row.redacts,
+                    row.relates_to,
                     backfilled=True,
                 )
         return super(SlavedEventStore, self).process_replication_rows(
@@ -103,41 +107,48 @@ class SlavedEventStore(EventFederationWorkerStore,
 
         if row.type == EventsStreamEventRow.TypeId:
             self.invalidate_caches_for_event(
-                token, data.event_id, data.room_id, data.type, data.state_key,
-                data.redacts, data.relates_to,
+                token,
+                data.event_id,
+                data.room_id,
+                data.type,
+                data.state_key,
+                data.redacts,
+                data.relates_to,
                 backfilled=False,
             )
         elif row.type == EventsStreamCurrentStateRow.TypeId:
             if data.type == EventTypes.Member:
                 self.get_rooms_for_user_with_stream_ordering.invalidate(
-                    (data.state_key, ),
+                    (data.state_key,)
                 )
         else:
-            raise Exception("Unknown events stream row type %s" % (row.type, ))
-
-    def invalidate_caches_for_event(self, stream_ordering, event_id, room_id,
-                                    etype, state_key, redacts, relates_to,
-                                    backfilled):
+            raise Exception("Unknown events stream row type %s" % (row.type,))
+
+    def invalidate_caches_for_event(
+        self,
+        stream_ordering,
+        event_id,
+        room_id,
+        etype,
+        state_key,
+        redacts,
+        relates_to,
+        backfilled,
+    ):
         self._invalidate_get_event_cache(event_id)
 
         self.get_latest_event_ids_in_room.invalidate((room_id,))
 
-        self.get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user.invalidate_many(
-            (room_id,)
-        )
+        self.get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user.invalidate_many((room_id,))
 
         if not backfilled:
-            self._events_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                room_id, stream_ordering
-            )
+            self._events_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(room_id, stream_ordering)
 
         if redacts:
             self._invalidate_get_event_cache(redacts)
 
         if etype == EventTypes.Member:
-            self._membership_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                state_key, stream_ordering
-            )
+            self._membership_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(state_key, stream_ordering)
             self.get_invited_rooms_for_user.invalidate((state_key,))
 
         if relates_to:
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/groups.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/groups.py
index e933b170bb..28a46edd28 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/groups.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/groups.py
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@ class SlavedGroupServerStore(BaseSlavedStore):
         self.hs = hs
 
         self._group_updates_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "local_group_updates", "stream_id",
+            db_conn, "local_group_updates", "stream_id"
         )
         self._group_updates_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
-            "_group_updates_stream_cache", self._group_updates_id_gen.get_current_token(),
+            "_group_updates_stream_cache",
+            self._group_updates_id_gen.get_current_token(),
         )
 
     get_groups_changes_for_user = __func__(DataStore.get_groups_changes_for_user)
@@ -46,9 +47,7 @@ class SlavedGroupServerStore(BaseSlavedStore):
         if stream_name == "groups":
             self._group_updates_id_gen.advance(token)
             for row in rows:
-                self._group_updates_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                    row.user_id, token
-                )
+                self._group_updates_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
 
         return super(SlavedGroupServerStore, self).process_replication_rows(
             stream_name, token, rows
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/presence.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/presence.py
index 0ec1db25ce..82d808af4c 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/presence.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/presence.py
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ from ._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
 class SlavedPresenceStore(BaseSlavedStore):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(SlavedPresenceStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
-        self._presence_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "presence_stream", "stream_id",
-        )
+        self._presence_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(db_conn, "presence_stream", "stream_id")
 
         self._presence_on_startup = self._get_active_presence(db_conn)
 
@@ -55,9 +53,7 @@ class SlavedPresenceStore(BaseSlavedStore):
         if stream_name == "presence":
             self._presence_id_gen.advance(token)
             for row in rows:
-                self.presence_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                    row.user_id, token
-                )
+                self.presence_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
                 self._get_presence_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
         return super(SlavedPresenceStore, self).process_replication_rows(
             stream_name, token, rows
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py
index 45fc913c52..af7012702e 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/push_rule.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from .events import SlavedEventStore
 class SlavedPushRuleStore(SlavedEventStore, PushRulesWorkerStore):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         self._push_rules_stream_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "push_rules_stream", "stream_id",
+            db_conn, "push_rules_stream", "stream_id"
         )
         super(SlavedPushRuleStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
@@ -47,9 +47,7 @@ class SlavedPushRuleStore(SlavedEventStore, PushRulesWorkerStore):
             for row in rows:
                 self.get_push_rules_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
                 self.get_push_rules_enabled_for_user.invalidate((row.user_id,))
-                self.push_rules_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(
-                    row.user_id, token
-                )
+                self.push_rules_stream_cache.entity_has_changed(row.user_id, token)
         return super(SlavedPushRuleStore, self).process_replication_rows(
             stream_name, token, rows
         )
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py
index 3b2213c0d4..8eeb267d61 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/pushers.py
@@ -21,12 +21,10 @@ from ._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
 
 
 class SlavedPusherStore(PusherWorkerStore, BaseSlavedStore):
-
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(SlavedPusherStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
         self._pushers_id_gen = SlavedIdTracker(
-            db_conn, "pushers", "id",
-            extra_tables=[("deleted_pushers", "stream_id")],
+            db_conn, "pushers", "id", extra_tables=[("deleted_pushers", "stream_id")]
         )
 
     def stream_positions(self):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/receipts.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/receipts.py
index ed12342f40..91afa5a72b 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/receipts.py
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ from ._slaved_id_tracker import SlavedIdTracker
 
 
 class SlavedReceiptsStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, BaseSlavedStore):
-
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         # We instantiate this first as the ReceiptsWorkerStore constructor
         # needs to be able to call get_max_receipt_stream_id
diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/room.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/room.py
index 0cb474928c..f68b3378e3 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/room.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/room.py
@@ -38,6 +38,4 @@ class RoomStore(RoomWorkerStore, BaseSlavedStore):
         if stream_name == "public_rooms":
             self._public_room_id_gen.advance(token)
 
-        return super(RoomStore, self).process_replication_rows(
-            stream_name, token, rows
-        )
+        return super(RoomStore, self).process_replication_rows(stream_name, token, rows)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
index 206dc3b397..a44ceb00e7 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ class ReplicationClientFactory(ReconnectingClientFactory):
     Accepts a handler that will be called when new data is available or data
     is required.
     """
+
     maxDelay = 30  # Try at least once every N seconds
 
     def __init__(self, hs, client_name, handler):
@@ -64,9 +65,7 @@ class ReplicationClientFactory(ReconnectingClientFactory):
 
     def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):
         logger.error("Failed to connect to replication: %r", reason)
-        ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionFailed(
-            self, connector, reason
-        )
+        ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason)
 
 
 class ReplicationClientHandler(object):
@@ -74,6 +73,7 @@ class ReplicationClientHandler(object):
 
     By default proxies incoming replication data to the SlaveStore.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, store):
         self.store = store
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/commands.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/commands.py
index 2098c32a77..0ff2a7199f 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/commands.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/commands.py
@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ import platform
 
 if platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy":
     import json
+
     _json_encoder = json.JSONEncoder()
 else:
     import simplejson as json
+
     _json_encoder = json.JSONEncoder(namedtuple_as_object=False)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ class Command(object):
 
     The default implementation creates a command of form `<NAME> <data>`
     """
+
     NAME = None
 
     def __init__(self, data):
@@ -73,6 +76,7 @@ class ServerCommand(Command):
 
         SERVER <server_name>
     """
+
     NAME = "SERVER"
 
 
@@ -99,6 +103,7 @@ class RdataCommand(Command):
         RDATA presence batch ["@bar:example.com", "online", ...]
         RDATA presence 59 ["@baz:example.com", "online", ...]
     """
+
     NAME = "RDATA"
 
     def __init__(self, stream_name, token, row):
@@ -110,17 +115,17 @@ class RdataCommand(Command):
     def from_line(cls, line):
         stream_name, token, row_json = line.split(" ", 2)
         return cls(
-            stream_name,
-            None if token == "batch" else int(token),
-            json.loads(row_json)
+            stream_name, None if token == "batch" else int(token), json.loads(row_json)
         )
 
     def to_line(self):
-        return " ".join((
-            self.stream_name,
-            str(self.token) if self.token is not None else "batch",
-            _json_encoder.encode(self.row),
-        ))
+        return " ".join(
+            (
+                self.stream_name,
+                str(self.token) if self.token is not None else "batch",
+                _json_encoder.encode(self.row),
+            )
+        )
 
     def get_logcontext_id(self):
         return "RDATA-" + self.stream_name
@@ -133,6 +138,7 @@ class PositionCommand(Command):
     Sent to the client after all missing updates for a stream have been sent
     to the client and they're now up to date.
     """
+
     NAME = "POSITION"
 
     def __init__(self, stream_name, token):
@@ -145,19 +151,21 @@ class PositionCommand(Command):
         return cls(stream_name, int(token))
 
     def to_line(self):
-        return " ".join((self.stream_name, str(self.token),))
+        return " ".join((self.stream_name, str(self.token)))
 
 
 class ErrorCommand(Command):
     """Sent by either side if there was an ERROR. The data is a string describing
     the error.
     """
+
     NAME = "ERROR"
 
 
 class PingCommand(Command):
     """Sent by either side as a keep alive. The data is arbitary (often timestamp)
     """
+
     NAME = "PING"
 
 
@@ -165,6 +173,7 @@ class NameCommand(Command):
     """Sent by client to inform the server of the client's identity. The data
     is the name
     """
+
     NAME = "NAME"
 
 
@@ -184,6 +193,7 @@ class ReplicateCommand(Command):
 
         REPLICATE ALL NOW
     """
+
     NAME = "REPLICATE"
 
     def __init__(self, stream_name, token):
@@ -200,7 +210,7 @@ class ReplicateCommand(Command):
         return cls(stream_name, token)
 
     def to_line(self):
-        return " ".join((self.stream_name, str(self.token),))
+        return " ".join((self.stream_name, str(self.token)))
 
     def get_logcontext_id(self):
         return "REPLICATE-" + self.stream_name
@@ -218,6 +228,7 @@ class UserSyncCommand(Command):
 
     Where <state> is either "start" or "stop"
     """
+
     NAME = "USER_SYNC"
 
     def __init__(self, user_id, is_syncing, last_sync_ms):
@@ -235,9 +246,13 @@ class UserSyncCommand(Command):
         return cls(user_id, state == "start", int(last_sync_ms))
 
     def to_line(self):
-        return " ".join((
-            self.user_id, "start" if self.is_syncing else "end", str(self.last_sync_ms),
-        ))
+        return " ".join(
+            (
+                self.user_id,
+                "start" if self.is_syncing else "end",
+                str(self.last_sync_ms),
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class FederationAckCommand(Command):
@@ -251,6 +266,7 @@ class FederationAckCommand(Command):
 
         FEDERATION_ACK <token>
     """
+
     NAME = "FEDERATION_ACK"
 
     def __init__(self, token):
@@ -268,6 +284,7 @@ class SyncCommand(Command):
     """Used for testing. The client protocol implementation allows waiting
     on a SYNC command with a specified data.
     """
+
     NAME = "SYNC"
 
 
@@ -278,6 +295,7 @@ class RemovePusherCommand(Command):
 
         REMOVE_PUSHER <app_id> <push_key> <user_id>
     """
+
     NAME = "REMOVE_PUSHER"
 
     def __init__(self, app_id, push_key, user_id):
@@ -309,6 +327,7 @@ class InvalidateCacheCommand(Command):
 
     Where <keys_json> is a json list.
     """
+
     NAME = "INVALIDATE_CACHE"
 
     def __init__(self, cache_func, keys):
@@ -322,9 +341,7 @@ class InvalidateCacheCommand(Command):
         return cls(cache_func, json.loads(keys_json))
 
     def to_line(self):
-        return " ".join((
-            self.cache_func, _json_encoder.encode(self.keys),
-        ))
+        return " ".join((self.cache_func, _json_encoder.encode(self.keys)))
 
 
 class UserIpCommand(Command):
@@ -334,6 +351,7 @@ class UserIpCommand(Command):
 
         USER_IP <user_id>, <access_token>, <ip>, <device_id>, <last_seen>, <user_agent>
     """
+
     NAME = "USER_IP"
 
     def __init__(self, user_id, access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id, last_seen):
@@ -350,15 +368,22 @@ class UserIpCommand(Command):
 
         access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id, last_seen = json.loads(jsn)
 
-        return cls(
-            user_id, access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id, last_seen
-        )
+        return cls(user_id, access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id, last_seen)
 
     def to_line(self):
-        return self.user_id + " " + _json_encoder.encode((
-            self.access_token, self.ip, self.user_agent, self.device_id,
-            self.last_seen,
-        ))
+        return (
+            self.user_id
+            + " "
+            + _json_encoder.encode(
+                (
+                    self.access_token,
+                    self.ip,
+                    self.user_agent,
+                    self.device_id,
+                    self.last_seen,
+                )
+            )
+        )
 
 
 # Map of command name to command type.
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
index b51590cf8f..97efb835ad 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ from .commands import (
 from .streams import STREAMS_MAP
 
 connection_close_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_replication_tcp_protocol_close_reason", "", ["reason_type"])
+    "synapse_replication_tcp_protocol_close_reason", "", ["reason_type"]
+)
 
 # A list of all connected protocols. This allows us to send metrics about the
 # connections.
@@ -119,7 +120,8 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
     It also sends `PING` periodically, and correctly times out remote connections
     (if they send a `PING` command)
     """
-    delimiter = b'\n'
+
+    delimiter = b"\n"
 
     VALID_INBOUND_COMMANDS = []  # Valid commands we expect to receive
     VALID_OUTBOUND_COMMANDS = []  # Valid commans we can send
@@ -183,10 +185,14 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
             if now - self.last_sent_command >= PING_TIME:
                 self.send_command(PingCommand(now))
 
-            if self.received_ping and now - self.last_received_command > PING_TIMEOUT_MS:
+            if (
+                self.received_ping
+                and now - self.last_received_command > PING_TIMEOUT_MS
+            ):
                 logger.info(
                     "[%s] Connection hasn't received command in %r ms. Closing.",
-                    self.id(), now - self.last_received_command
+                    self.id(),
+                    now - self.last_received_command,
                 )
                 self.send_error("ping timeout")
 
@@ -208,7 +214,8 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
         self.last_received_command = self.clock.time_msec()
 
         self.inbound_commands_counter[cmd_name] = (
-            self.inbound_commands_counter[cmd_name] + 1)
+            self.inbound_commands_counter[cmd_name] + 1
+        )
 
         cmd_cls = COMMAND_MAP[cmd_name]
         try:
@@ -224,9 +231,7 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
 
         # Now lets try and call on_<CMD_NAME> function
         run_as_background_process(
-            "replication-" + cmd.get_logcontext_id(),
-            self.handle_command,
-            cmd,
+            "replication-" + cmd.get_logcontext_id(), self.handle_command, cmd
         )
 
     def handle_command(self, cmd):
@@ -274,8 +279,9 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
             return
 
         self.outbound_commands_counter[cmd.NAME] = (
-            self.outbound_commands_counter[cmd.NAME] + 1)
-        string = "%s %s" % (cmd.NAME, cmd.to_line(),)
+            self.outbound_commands_counter[cmd.NAME] + 1
+        )
+        string = "%s %s" % (cmd.NAME, cmd.to_line())
         if "\n" in string:
             raise Exception("Unexpected newline in command: %r", string)
 
@@ -283,10 +289,8 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
 
         if len(encoded_string) > self.MAX_LENGTH:
             raise Exception(
-                "Failed to send command %s as too long (%d > %d)" % (
-                    cmd.NAME,
-                    len(encoded_string), self.MAX_LENGTH,
-                )
+                "Failed to send command %s as too long (%d > %d)"
+                % (cmd.NAME, len(encoded_string), self.MAX_LENGTH)
             )
 
         self.sendLine(encoded_string)
@@ -379,7 +383,9 @@ class BaseReplicationStreamProtocol(LineOnlyReceiver):
         if self.transport:
             addr = str(self.transport.getPeer())
         return "ReplicationConnection<name=%s,conn_id=%s,addr=%s>" % (
-            self.name, self.conn_id, addr,
+            self.name,
+            self.conn_id,
+            addr,
         )
 
     def id(self):
@@ -422,7 +428,7 @@ class ServerReplicationStreamProtocol(BaseReplicationStreamProtocol):
 
     def on_USER_SYNC(self, cmd):
         return self.streamer.on_user_sync(
-            self.conn_id, cmd.user_id, cmd.is_syncing, cmd.last_sync_ms,
+            self.conn_id, cmd.user_id, cmd.is_syncing, cmd.last_sync_ms
         )
 
     def on_REPLICATE(self, cmd):
@@ -432,10 +438,7 @@ class ServerReplicationStreamProtocol(BaseReplicationStreamProtocol):
         if stream_name == "ALL":
             # Subscribe to all streams we're publishing to.
             deferreds = [
-                run_in_background(
-                    self.subscribe_to_stream,
-                    stream, token,
-                )
+                run_in_background(self.subscribe_to_stream, stream, token)
                 for stream in iterkeys(self.streamer.streams_by_name)
             ]
 
@@ -449,16 +452,18 @@ class ServerReplicationStreamProtocol(BaseReplicationStreamProtocol):
         return self.streamer.federation_ack(cmd.token)
 
     def on_REMOVE_PUSHER(self, cmd):
-        return self.streamer.on_remove_pusher(
-            cmd.app_id, cmd.push_key, cmd.user_id,
-        )
+        return self.streamer.on_remove_pusher(cmd.app_id, cmd.push_key, cmd.user_id)
 
     def on_INVALIDATE_CACHE(self, cmd):
         return self.streamer.on_invalidate_cache(cmd.cache_func, cmd.keys)
 
     def on_USER_IP(self, cmd):
         return self.streamer.on_user_ip(
-            cmd.user_id, cmd.access_token, cmd.ip, cmd.user_agent, cmd.device_id,
+            cmd.user_id,
+            cmd.access_token,
+            cmd.ip,
+            cmd.user_agent,
+            cmd.device_id,
             cmd.last_seen,
         )
 
@@ -476,7 +481,7 @@ class ServerReplicationStreamProtocol(BaseReplicationStreamProtocol):
         try:
             # Get missing updates
             updates, current_token = yield self.streamer.get_stream_updates(
-                stream_name, token,
+                stream_name, token
             )
 
             # Send all the missing updates
@@ -608,8 +613,7 @@ class ClientReplicationStreamProtocol(BaseReplicationStreamProtocol):
             row = STREAMS_MAP[stream_name].parse_row(cmd.row)
         except Exception:
             logger.exception(
-                "[%s] Failed to parse RDATA: %r %r",
-                self.id(), stream_name, cmd.row
+                "[%s] Failed to parse RDATA: %r %r", self.id(), stream_name, cmd.row
             )
             raise
 
@@ -643,7 +647,9 @@ class ClientReplicationStreamProtocol(BaseReplicationStreamProtocol):
 
         logger.info(
             "[%s] Subscribing to replication stream: %r from %r",
-            self.id(), stream_name, token
+            self.id(),
+            stream_name,
+            token,
         )
 
         self.streams_connecting.add(stream_name)
@@ -661,9 +667,7 @@ pending_commands = LaterGauge(
     "synapse_replication_tcp_protocol_pending_commands",
     "",
     ["name"],
-    lambda: {
-        (p.name,): len(p.pending_commands) for p in connected_connections
-    },
+    lambda: {(p.name,): len(p.pending_commands) for p in connected_connections},
 )
 
 
@@ -678,9 +682,7 @@ transport_send_buffer = LaterGauge(
     "synapse_replication_tcp_protocol_transport_send_buffer",
     "",
     ["name"],
-    lambda: {
-        (p.name,): transport_buffer_size(p) for p in connected_connections
-    },
+    lambda: {(p.name,): transport_buffer_size(p) for p in connected_connections},
 )
 
 
@@ -694,7 +696,7 @@ def transport_kernel_read_buffer_size(protocol, read=True):
             op = SIOCINQ
         else:
             op = SIOCOUTQ
-        size = struct.unpack("I", fcntl.ioctl(fileno, op, '\0\0\0\0'))[0]
+        size = struct.unpack("I", fcntl.ioctl(fileno, op, "\0\0\0\0"))[0]
         return size
     return 0
 
@@ -726,7 +728,7 @@ tcp_inbound_commands = LaterGauge(
     "",
     ["command", "name"],
     lambda: {
-        (k, p.name,): count
+        (k, p.name): count
         for p in connected_connections
         for k, count in iteritems(p.inbound_commands_counter)
     },
@@ -737,7 +739,7 @@ tcp_outbound_commands = LaterGauge(
     "",
     ["command", "name"],
     lambda: {
-        (k, p.name,): count
+        (k, p.name): count
         for p in connected_connections
         for k, count in iteritems(p.outbound_commands_counter)
     },
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/resource.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/resource.py
index f6a38f5140..d1e98428bc 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/resource.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/resource.py
@@ -33,13 +33,15 @@ from .protocol import ServerReplicationStreamProtocol
 from .streams import STREAMS_MAP
 from .streams.federation import FederationStream
 
-stream_updates_counter = Counter("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_stream_updates",
-                                 "", ["stream_name"])
+stream_updates_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_replication_tcp_resource_stream_updates", "", ["stream_name"]
+)
 user_sync_counter = Counter("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_user_sync", "")
 federation_ack_counter = Counter("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_federation_ack", "")
 remove_pusher_counter = Counter("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_remove_pusher", "")
-invalidate_cache_counter = Counter("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_invalidate_cache",
-                                   "")
+invalidate_cache_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_replication_tcp_resource_invalidate_cache", ""
+)
 user_ip_cache_counter = Counter("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_user_ip_cache", "")
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 class ReplicationStreamProtocolFactory(Factory):
     """Factory for new replication connections.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.streamer = ReplicationStreamer(hs)
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
@@ -55,9 +58,7 @@ class ReplicationStreamProtocolFactory(Factory):
 
     def buildProtocol(self, addr):
         return ServerReplicationStreamProtocol(
-            self.server_name,
-            self.clock,
-            self.streamer,
+            self.server_name, self.clock, self.streamer
         )
 
 
@@ -80,29 +81,39 @@ class ReplicationStreamer(object):
         # Current connections.
         self.connections = []
 
-        LaterGauge("synapse_replication_tcp_resource_total_connections", "", [],
-                   lambda: len(self.connections))
+        LaterGauge(
+            "synapse_replication_tcp_resource_total_connections",
+            "",
+            [],
+            lambda: len(self.connections),
+        )
 
         # List of streams that clients can subscribe to.
         # We only support federation stream if federation sending hase been
         # disabled on the master.
         self.streams = [
-            stream(hs) for stream in itervalues(STREAMS_MAP)
+            stream(hs)
+            for stream in itervalues(STREAMS_MAP)
             if stream != FederationStream or not hs.config.send_federation
         ]
 
         self.streams_by_name = {stream.NAME: stream for stream in self.streams}
 
         LaterGauge(
-            "synapse_replication_tcp_resource_connections_per_stream", "",
+            "synapse_replication_tcp_resource_connections_per_stream",
+            "",
             ["stream_name"],
             lambda: {
-                (stream_name,): len([
-                    conn for conn in self.connections
-                    if stream_name in conn.replication_streams
-                ])
+                (stream_name,): len(
+                    [
+                        conn
+                        for conn in self.connections
+                        if stream_name in conn.replication_streams
+                    ]
+                )
                 for stream_name in self.streams_by_name
-            })
+            },
+        )
 
         self.federation_sender = None
         if not hs.config.send_federation:
@@ -179,7 +190,9 @@ class ReplicationStreamer(object):
 
                         logger.debug(
                             "Getting stream: %s: %s -> %s",
-                            stream.NAME, stream.last_token, stream.upto_token
+                            stream.NAME,
+                            stream.last_token,
+                            stream.upto_token,
                         )
                         try:
                             updates, current_token = yield stream.get_updates()
@@ -189,7 +202,8 @@ class ReplicationStreamer(object):
 
                         logger.debug(
                             "Sending %d updates to %d connections",
-                            len(updates), len(self.connections),
+                            len(updates),
+                            len(self.connections),
                         )
 
                         if updates:
@@ -243,7 +257,7 @@ class ReplicationStreamer(object):
         """
         user_sync_counter.inc()
         yield self.presence_handler.update_external_syncs_row(
-            conn_id, user_id, is_syncing, last_sync_ms,
+            conn_id, user_id, is_syncing, last_sync_ms
         )
 
     @measure_func("repl.on_remove_pusher")
@@ -272,7 +286,7 @@ class ReplicationStreamer(object):
         """
         user_ip_cache_counter.inc()
         yield self.store.insert_client_ip(
-            user_id, access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id, last_seen,
+            user_id, access_token, ip, user_agent, device_id, last_seen
         )
         yield self._server_notices_sender.on_user_ip(user_id)
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py
index b6ce7a7bee..7ef67a5a73 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py
@@ -26,78 +26,75 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 MAX_EVENTS_BEHIND = 10000
 
-BackfillStreamRow = namedtuple("BackfillStreamRow", (
-    "event_id",  # str
-    "room_id",  # str
-    "type",  # str
-    "state_key",  # str, optional
-    "redacts",  # str, optional
-    "relates_to",  # str, optional
-))
-PresenceStreamRow = namedtuple("PresenceStreamRow", (
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "state",  # str
-    "last_active_ts",  # int
-    "last_federation_update_ts",  # int
-    "last_user_sync_ts",  # int
-    "status_msg",   # str
-    "currently_active",  # bool
-))
-TypingStreamRow = namedtuple("TypingStreamRow", (
-    "room_id",  # str
-    "user_ids",  # list(str)
-))
-ReceiptsStreamRow = namedtuple("ReceiptsStreamRow", (
-    "room_id",  # str
-    "receipt_type",  # str
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "event_id",  # str
-    "data",  # dict
-))
-PushRulesStreamRow = namedtuple("PushRulesStreamRow", (
-    "user_id",  # str
-))
-PushersStreamRow = namedtuple("PushersStreamRow", (
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "app_id",  # str
-    "pushkey",  # str
-    "deleted",  # bool
-))
-CachesStreamRow = namedtuple("CachesStreamRow", (
-    "cache_func",  # str
-    "keys",  # list(str)
-    "invalidation_ts",  # int
-))
-PublicRoomsStreamRow = namedtuple("PublicRoomsStreamRow", (
-    "room_id",  # str
-    "visibility",  # str
-    "appservice_id",  # str, optional
-    "network_id",  # str, optional
-))
-DeviceListsStreamRow = namedtuple("DeviceListsStreamRow", (
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "destination",  # str
-))
-ToDeviceStreamRow = namedtuple("ToDeviceStreamRow", (
-    "entity",  # str
-))
-TagAccountDataStreamRow = namedtuple("TagAccountDataStreamRow", (
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "room_id",  # str
-    "data",  # dict
-))
-AccountDataStreamRow = namedtuple("AccountDataStream", (
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "room_id",  # str
-    "data_type",  # str
-    "data",  # dict
-))
-GroupsStreamRow = namedtuple("GroupsStreamRow", (
-    "group_id",  # str
-    "user_id",  # str
-    "type",  # str
-    "content",  # dict
-))
+BackfillStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "BackfillStreamRow",
+    (
+        "event_id",  # str
+        "room_id",  # str
+        "type",  # str
+        "state_key",  # str, optional
+        "redacts",  # str, optional
+        "relates_to",  # str, optional
+    ),
+)
+PresenceStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "PresenceStreamRow",
+    (
+        "user_id",  # str
+        "state",  # str
+        "last_active_ts",  # int
+        "last_federation_update_ts",  # int
+        "last_user_sync_ts",  # int
+        "status_msg",  # str
+        "currently_active",  # bool
+    ),
+)
+TypingStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "TypingStreamRow", ("room_id", "user_ids")  # str  # list(str)
+)
+ReceiptsStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "ReceiptsStreamRow",
+    (
+        "room_id",  # str
+        "receipt_type",  # str
+        "user_id",  # str
+        "event_id",  # str
+        "data",  # dict
+    ),
+)
+PushRulesStreamRow = namedtuple("PushRulesStreamRow", ("user_id",))  # str
+PushersStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "PushersStreamRow",
+    ("user_id", "app_id", "pushkey", "deleted"),  # str  # str  # str  # bool
+)
+CachesStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "CachesStreamRow",
+    ("cache_func", "keys", "invalidation_ts"),  # str  # list(str)  # int
+)
+PublicRoomsStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "PublicRoomsStreamRow",
+    (
+        "room_id",  # str
+        "visibility",  # str
+        "appservice_id",  # str, optional
+        "network_id",  # str, optional
+    ),
+)
+DeviceListsStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "DeviceListsStreamRow", ("user_id", "destination")  # str  # str
+)
+ToDeviceStreamRow = namedtuple("ToDeviceStreamRow", ("entity",))  # str
+TagAccountDataStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "TagAccountDataStreamRow", ("user_id", "room_id", "data")  # str  # str  # dict
+)
+AccountDataStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "AccountDataStream",
+    ("user_id", "room_id", "data_type", "data"),  # str  # str  # str  # dict
+)
+GroupsStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "GroupsStreamRow",
+    ("group_id", "user_id", "type", "content"),  # str  # str  # str  # dict
+)
 
 
 class Stream(object):
@@ -106,6 +103,7 @@ class Stream(object):
     Provides a `get_updates()` function that returns new updates since the last
     time it was called up until the point `advance_current_token` was called.
     """
+
     NAME = None  # The name of the stream
     ROW_TYPE = None  # The type of the row. Used by the default impl of parse_row.
     _LIMITED = True  # Whether the update function takes a limit
@@ -185,16 +183,13 @@ class Stream(object):
 
         if self._LIMITED:
             rows = yield self.update_function(
-                from_token, current_token,
-                limit=MAX_EVENTS_BEHIND + 1,
+                from_token, current_token, limit=MAX_EVENTS_BEHIND + 1
             )
 
             # never turn more than MAX_EVENTS_BEHIND + 1 into updates.
             rows = itertools.islice(rows, MAX_EVENTS_BEHIND + 1)
         else:
-            rows = yield self.update_function(
-                from_token, current_token,
-            )
+            rows = yield self.update_function(from_token, current_token)
 
         updates = [(row[0], row[1:]) for row in rows]
 
@@ -230,6 +225,7 @@ class BackfillStream(Stream):
     """We fetched some old events and either we had never seen that event before
     or it went from being an outlier to not.
     """
+
     NAME = "backfill"
     ROW_TYPE = BackfillStreamRow
 
@@ -286,6 +282,7 @@ class ReceiptsStream(Stream):
 class PushRulesStream(Stream):
     """A user has changed their push rules
     """
+
     NAME = "push_rules"
     ROW_TYPE = PushRulesStreamRow
 
@@ -306,6 +303,7 @@ class PushRulesStream(Stream):
 class PushersStream(Stream):
     """A user has added/changed/removed a pusher
     """
+
     NAME = "pushers"
     ROW_TYPE = PushersStreamRow
 
@@ -322,6 +320,7 @@ class CachesStream(Stream):
     """A cache was invalidated on the master and no other stream would invalidate
     the cache on the workers
     """
+
     NAME = "caches"
     ROW_TYPE = CachesStreamRow
 
@@ -337,6 +336,7 @@ class CachesStream(Stream):
 class PublicRoomsStream(Stream):
     """The public rooms list changed
     """
+
     NAME = "public_rooms"
     ROW_TYPE = PublicRoomsStreamRow
 
@@ -352,6 +352,7 @@ class PublicRoomsStream(Stream):
 class DeviceListsStream(Stream):
     """Someone added/changed/removed a device
     """
+
     NAME = "device_lists"
     _LIMITED = False
     ROW_TYPE = DeviceListsStreamRow
@@ -368,6 +369,7 @@ class DeviceListsStream(Stream):
 class ToDeviceStream(Stream):
     """New to_device messages for a client
     """
+
     NAME = "to_device"
     ROW_TYPE = ToDeviceStreamRow
 
@@ -383,6 +385,7 @@ class ToDeviceStream(Stream):
 class TagAccountDataStream(Stream):
     """Someone added/removed a tag for a room
     """
+
     NAME = "tag_account_data"
     ROW_TYPE = TagAccountDataStreamRow
 
@@ -398,6 +401,7 @@ class TagAccountDataStream(Stream):
 class AccountDataStream(Stream):
     """Global or per room account data was changed
     """
+
     NAME = "account_data"
     ROW_TYPE = AccountDataStreamRow
 
@@ -416,7 +420,7 @@ class AccountDataStream(Stream):
 
         results = list(room_results)
         results.extend(
-            (stream_id, user_id, None, account_data_type, content,)
+            (stream_id, user_id, None, account_data_type, content)
             for stream_id, user_id, account_data_type, content in global_results
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/events.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/events.py
index f1290d022a..3d0694bb11 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/events.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/events.py
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ data part are:
 @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True)
 class EventsStreamRow(object):
     """A parsed row from the events replication stream"""
+
     type = attr.ib()  # str: the TypeId of one of the *EventsStreamRows
     data = attr.ib()  # BaseEventsStreamRow
 
@@ -80,11 +81,11 @@ class BaseEventsStreamRow(object):
 class EventsStreamEventRow(BaseEventsStreamRow):
     TypeId = "ev"
 
-    event_id = attr.ib()    # str
-    room_id = attr.ib()     # str
-    type = attr.ib()        # str
-    state_key = attr.ib()   # str, optional
-    redacts = attr.ib()     # str, optional
+    event_id = attr.ib()  # str
+    room_id = attr.ib()  # str
+    type = attr.ib()  # str
+    state_key = attr.ib()  # str, optional
+    redacts = attr.ib()  # str, optional
     relates_to = attr.ib()  # str, optional
 
 
@@ -92,24 +93,21 @@ class EventsStreamEventRow(BaseEventsStreamRow):
 class EventsStreamCurrentStateRow(BaseEventsStreamRow):
     TypeId = "state"
 
-    room_id = attr.ib()    # str
-    type = attr.ib()       # str
+    room_id = attr.ib()  # str
+    type = attr.ib()  # str
     state_key = attr.ib()  # str
-    event_id = attr.ib()   # str, optional
+    event_id = attr.ib()  # str, optional
 
 
 TypeToRow = {
-    Row.TypeId: Row
-    for Row in (
-        EventsStreamEventRow,
-        EventsStreamCurrentStateRow,
-    )
+    Row.TypeId: Row for Row in (EventsStreamEventRow, EventsStreamCurrentStateRow)
 }
 
 
 class EventsStream(Stream):
     """We received a new event, or an event went from being an outlier to not
     """
+
     NAME = "events"
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -121,19 +119,17 @@ class EventsStream(Stream):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def update_function(self, from_token, current_token, limit=None):
         event_rows = yield self._store.get_all_new_forward_event_rows(
-            from_token, current_token, limit,
+            from_token, current_token, limit
         )
         event_updates = (
-            (row[0], EventsStreamEventRow.TypeId, row[1:])
-            for row in event_rows
+            (row[0], EventsStreamEventRow.TypeId, row[1:]) for row in event_rows
         )
 
         state_rows = yield self._store.get_all_updated_current_state_deltas(
             from_token, current_token, limit
         )
         state_updates = (
-            (row[0], EventsStreamCurrentStateRow.TypeId, row[1:])
-            for row in state_rows
+            (row[0], EventsStreamCurrentStateRow.TypeId, row[1:]) for row in state_rows
         )
 
         all_updates = heapq.merge(event_updates, state_updates)
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/federation.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/federation.py
index 9aa43aa8d2..dc2484109d 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/federation.py
@@ -17,16 +17,20 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 
 from ._base import Stream
 
-FederationStreamRow = namedtuple("FederationStreamRow", (
-    "type",  # str, the type of data as defined in the BaseFederationRows
-    "data",  # dict, serialization of a federation.send_queue.BaseFederationRow
-))
+FederationStreamRow = namedtuple(
+    "FederationStreamRow",
+    (
+        "type",  # str, the type of data as defined in the BaseFederationRows
+        "data",  # dict, serialization of a federation.send_queue.BaseFederationRow
+    ),
+)
 
 
 class FederationStream(Stream):
     """Data to be sent over federation. Only available when master has federation
     sending disabled.
     """
+
     NAME = "federation"
     ROW_TYPE = FederationStreamRow
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
index e6110ad9b1..1d20b96d03 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ class ClientRestResource(JsonResource):
        * /_matrix/client/unstable
        * etc
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         JsonResource.__init__(self, hs, canonical_json=False)
         self.register_servlets(self, hs)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py
index d6c4dcdb18..9843a902c6 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/__init__.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def historical_admin_path_patterns(path_regex):
             "^/_synapse/admin/v1",
             "^/_matrix/client/api/v1/admin",
             "^/_matrix/client/unstable/admin",
-            "^/_matrix/client/r0/admin"
+            "^/_matrix/client/r0/admin",
         )
     )
 
@@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ class UsersRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
 
 class VersionServlet(RestServlet):
-    PATTERNS = (re.compile("^/_synapse/admin/v1/server_version$"), )
+    PATTERNS = (re.compile("^/_synapse/admin/v1/server_version$"),)
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.res = {
-            'server_version': get_version_string(synapse),
-            'python_version': platform.python_version(),
+            "server_version": get_version_string(synapse),
+            "python_version": platform.python_version(),
         }
 
     def on_GET(self, request):
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
          nonces (dict[str, int]): The nonces that we will accept. A dict of
              nonce to the time it was generated, in int seconds.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/register")
     NONCE_TIMEOUT = 60
 
@@ -146,28 +147,24 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         if "nonce" not in body:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, "nonce must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON,
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "nonce must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON)
 
         nonce = body["nonce"]
 
         if nonce not in self.nonces:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, "unrecognised nonce",
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "unrecognised nonce")
 
         # Delete the nonce, so it can't be reused, even if it's invalid
         del self.nonces[nonce]
 
         if "username" not in body:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "username must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON,
+                400, "username must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON
             )
         else:
             if (
-                not isinstance(body['username'], text_type)
-                or len(body['username']) > 512
+                not isinstance(body["username"], text_type)
+                or len(body["username"]) > 512
             ):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid username")
 
@@ -177,12 +174,12 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
 
         if "password" not in body:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "password must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON,
+                400, "password must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON
             )
         else:
             if (
-                not isinstance(body['password'], text_type)
-                or len(body['password']) > 512
+                not isinstance(body["password"], text_type)
+                or len(body["password"]) > 512
             ):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid password")
 
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
             key=self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret.encode(),
             digestmod=hashlib.sha1,
         )
-        want_mac.update(nonce.encode('utf8'))
+        want_mac.update(nonce.encode("utf8"))
         want_mac.update(b"\x00")
         want_mac.update(username)
         want_mac.update(b"\x00")
@@ -211,13 +208,10 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
         want_mac.update(b"admin" if admin else b"notadmin")
         if user_type:
             want_mac.update(b"\x00")
-            want_mac.update(user_type.encode('utf8'))
+            want_mac.update(user_type.encode("utf8"))
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
-        if not hmac.compare_digest(
-                want_mac.encode('ascii'),
-                got_mac.encode('ascii')
-        ):
+        if not hmac.compare_digest(want_mac.encode("ascii"), got_mac.encode("ascii")):
             raise SynapseError(403, "HMAC incorrect")
 
         # Reuse the parts of RegisterRestServlet to reduce code duplication
@@ -226,7 +220,7 @@ class UserRegisterServlet(RestServlet):
         register = RegisterRestServlet(self.hs)
 
         (user_id, _) = yield register.registration_handler.register(
-            localpart=body['username'].lower(),
+            localpart=body["username"].lower(),
             password=body["password"],
             admin=bool(admin),
             generate_token=False,
@@ -308,7 +302,7 @@ class PurgeHistoryRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # user can provide an event_id in the URL or the request body, or can
         # provide a timestamp in the request body.
         if event_id is None:
-            event_id = body.get('purge_up_to_event_id')
+            event_id = body.get("purge_up_to_event_id")
 
         if event_id is not None:
             event = yield self.store.get_event(event_id)
@@ -318,44 +312,39 @@ class PurgeHistoryRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
             token = yield self.store.get_topological_token_for_event(event_id)
 
-            logger.info(
-                "[purge] purging up to token %s (event_id %s)",
-                token, event_id,
-            )
-        elif 'purge_up_to_ts' in body:
-            ts = body['purge_up_to_ts']
+            logger.info("[purge] purging up to token %s (event_id %s)", token, event_id)
+        elif "purge_up_to_ts" in body:
+            ts = body["purge_up_to_ts"]
             if not isinstance(ts, int):
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    400, "purge_up_to_ts must be an int",
-                    errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON,
+                    400, "purge_up_to_ts must be an int", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON
                 )
 
-            stream_ordering = (
-                yield self.store.find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts(ts)
-            )
+            stream_ordering = (yield self.store.find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts(ts))
 
             r = (
                 yield self.store.get_room_event_after_stream_ordering(
-                    room_id, stream_ordering,
+                    room_id, stream_ordering
                 )
             )
             if not r:
                 logger.warn(
                     "[purge] purging events not possible: No event found "
                     "(received_ts %i => stream_ordering %i)",
-                    ts, stream_ordering,
+                    ts,
+                    stream_ordering,
                 )
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    404,
-                    "there is no event to be purged",
-                    errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND,
+                    404, "there is no event to be purged", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND
                 )
             (stream, topo, _event_id) = r
             token = "t%d-%d" % (topo, stream)
             logger.info(
                 "[purge] purging up to token %s (received_ts %i => "
                 "stream_ordering %i)",
-                token, ts, stream_ordering,
+                token,
+                ts,
+                stream_ordering,
             )
         else:
             raise SynapseError(
@@ -365,13 +354,10 @@ class PurgeHistoryRestServlet(RestServlet):
             )
 
         purge_id = yield self.pagination_handler.start_purge_history(
-            room_id, token,
-            delete_local_events=delete_local_events,
+            room_id, token, delete_local_events=delete_local_events
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "purge_id": purge_id,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"purge_id": purge_id}))
 
 
 class PurgeHistoryStatusRestServlet(RestServlet):
@@ -421,16 +407,14 @@ class DeactivateAccountRestServlet(RestServlet):
         UserID.from_string(target_user_id)
 
         result = yield self._deactivate_account_handler.deactivate_account(
-            target_user_id, erase,
+            target_user_id, erase
         )
         if result:
             id_server_unbind_result = "success"
         else:
             id_server_unbind_result = "no-support"
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result}))
 
 
 class ShutdownRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
@@ -439,6 +423,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
     to a new room created by `new_room_user_id` and kicked users will be auto
     joined to the new room.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/shutdown_room/(?P<room_id>[^/]+)")
 
     DEFAULT_MESSAGE = (
@@ -474,9 +459,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
             config={
                 "preset": "public_chat",
                 "name": room_name,
-                "power_level_content_override": {
-                    "users_default": -10,
-                },
+                "power_level_content_override": {"users_default": -10},
             },
             ratelimit=False,
         )
@@ -485,8 +468,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         logger.info(
-            "Shutting down room %r, joining to new room: %r",
-            room_id, new_room_id,
+            "Shutting down room %r, joining to new room: %r", room_id, new_room_id
         )
 
         # This will work even if the room is already blocked, but that is
@@ -529,7 +511,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 kicked_users.append(user_id)
             except Exception:
                 logger.exception(
-                    "Failed to leave old room and join new room for %r", user_id,
+                    "Failed to leave old room and join new room for %r", user_id
                 )
                 failed_to_kick_users.append(user_id)
 
@@ -550,18 +532,24 @@ class ShutdownRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
             room_id, new_room_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "kicked_users": kicked_users,
-            "failed_to_kick_users": failed_to_kick_users,
-            "local_aliases": aliases_for_room,
-            "new_room_id": new_room_id,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (
+                200,
+                {
+                    "kicked_users": kicked_users,
+                    "failed_to_kick_users": failed_to_kick_users,
+                    "local_aliases": aliases_for_room,
+                    "new_room_id": new_room_id,
+                },
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class QuarantineMediaInRoom(RestServlet):
     """Quarantines all media in a room so that no one can download it via
     this server.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/quarantine_media/(?P<room_id>[^/]+)")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -574,7 +562,7 @@ class QuarantineMediaInRoom(RestServlet):
         yield assert_user_is_admin(self.auth, requester.user)
 
         num_quarantined = yield self.store.quarantine_media_ids_in_room(
-            room_id, requester.user.to_string(),
+            room_id, requester.user.to_string()
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {"num_quarantined": num_quarantined}))
@@ -583,6 +571,7 @@ class QuarantineMediaInRoom(RestServlet):
 class ListMediaInRoom(RestServlet):
     """Lists all of the media in a given room.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/room/(?P<room_id>[^/]+)/media")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -613,7 +602,10 @@ class ResetPasswordRestServlet(RestServlet):
         Returns:
             200 OK with empty object if success otherwise an error.
         """
-    PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/reset_password/(?P<target_user_id>[^/]*)")
+
+    PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns(
+        "/reset_password/(?P<target_user_id>[^/]*)"
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
@@ -633,7 +625,7 @@ class ResetPasswordRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         params = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         assert_params_in_dict(params, ["new_password"])
-        new_password = params['new_password']
+        new_password = params["new_password"]
 
         yield self._set_password_handler.set_password(
             target_user_id, new_password, requester
@@ -650,7 +642,10 @@ class GetUsersPaginatedRestServlet(RestServlet):
         Returns:
             200 OK with json object {list[dict[str, Any]], count} or empty object.
         """
-    PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/users_paginate/(?P<target_user_id>[^/]*)")
+
+    PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns(
+        "/users_paginate/(?P<target_user_id>[^/]*)"
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
@@ -676,9 +671,7 @@ class GetUsersPaginatedRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         logger.info("limit: %s, start: %s", limit, start)
 
-        ret = yield self.handlers.admin_handler.get_users_paginate(
-            order, start, limit
-        )
+        ret = yield self.handlers.admin_handler.get_users_paginate(order, start, limit)
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -702,13 +695,11 @@ class GetUsersPaginatedRestServlet(RestServlet):
         order = "name"  # order by name in user table
         params = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         assert_params_in_dict(params, ["limit", "start"])
-        limit = params['limit']
-        start = params['start']
+        limit = params["limit"]
+        start = params["start"]
         logger.info("limit: %s, start: %s", limit, start)
 
-        ret = yield self.handlers.admin_handler.get_users_paginate(
-            order, start, limit
-        )
+        ret = yield self.handlers.admin_handler.get_users_paginate(order, start, limit)
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
 
 
@@ -722,6 +713,7 @@ class SearchUsersRestServlet(RestServlet):
         Returns:
             200 OK with json object {list[dict[str, Any]], count} or empty object.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/search_users/(?P<target_user_id>[^/]*)")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -750,15 +742,14 @@ class SearchUsersRestServlet(RestServlet):
         term = parse_string(request, "term", required=True)
         logger.info("term: %s ", term)
 
-        ret = yield self.handlers.admin_handler.search_users(
-            term
-        )
+        ret = yield self.handlers.admin_handler.search_users(term)
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
 
 
 class DeleteGroupAdminRestServlet(RestServlet):
     """Allows deleting of local groups
     """
+
     PATTERNS = historical_admin_path_patterns("/delete_group/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -800,15 +791,15 @@ class AccountValidityRenewServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "Missing property 'user_id' in the request body")
 
         expiration_ts = yield self.account_activity_handler.renew_account_for_user(
-            body["user_id"], body.get("expiration_ts"),
+            body["user_id"],
+            body.get("expiration_ts"),
             not body.get("enable_renewal_emails", True),
         )
 
-        res = {
-            "expiration_ts": expiration_ts,
-        }
+        res = {"expiration_ts": expiration_ts}
         defer.returnValue((200, res))
 
+
 ########################################################################################
 #
 # please don't add more servlets here: this file is already long and unwieldy. Put
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/server_notice_servlet.py b/synapse/rest/admin/server_notice_servlet.py
index ae5aca9dac..ee66838a0d 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/server_notice_servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/server_notice_servlet.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ class SendServerNoticeServlet(RestServlet):
         "event_id": "$1895723857jgskldgujpious"
     }
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
         Args:
@@ -58,15 +59,9 @@ class SendServerNoticeServlet(RestServlet):
 
     def register(self, json_resource):
         PATTERN = "^/_synapse/admin/v1/send_server_notice"
+        json_resource.register_paths("POST", (re.compile(PATTERN + "$"),), self.on_POST)
         json_resource.register_paths(
-            "POST",
-            (re.compile(PATTERN + "$"), ),
-            self.on_POST,
-        )
-        json_resource.register_paths(
-            "PUT",
-            (re.compile(PATTERN + "/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$",), ),
-            self.on_PUT,
+            "PUT", (re.compile(PATTERN + "/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$"),), self.on_PUT
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -96,5 +91,5 @@ class SendServerNoticeServlet(RestServlet):
 
     def on_PUT(self, request, txn_id):
         return self.txns.fetch_or_execute_request(
-            request, self.on_POST, request, txn_id,
+            request, self.on_POST, request, txn_id
         )
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/transactions.py b/synapse/rest/client/transactions.py
index 48c17f1b6d..36404b797d 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/transactions.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/transactions.py
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ CLEANUP_PERIOD_MS = 1000 * 60 * 30  # 30 mins
 
 
 class HttpTransactionCache(object):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.hs = hs
         self.auth = self.hs.get_auth()
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class HttpTransactionCache(object):
             str: A transaction key
         """
         token = self.auth.get_access_token_from_request(request)
-        return request.path.decode('utf8') + "/" + token
+        return request.path.decode("utf8") + "/" + token
 
     def fetch_or_execute_request(self, request, fn, *args, **kwargs):
         """A helper function for fetch_or_execute which extracts
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/directory.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/directory.py
index 0035182bb9..dd0d38ea5c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/directory.py
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ class ClientDirectoryServer(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         if "room_id" not in content:
-            raise SynapseError(400, 'Missing params: ["room_id"]',
-                               errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON)
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, 'Missing params: ["room_id"]', errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON
+            )
 
         logger.debug("Got content: %s", content)
         logger.debug("Got room name: %s", room_alias.to_string())
@@ -89,13 +90,11 @@ class ClientDirectoryServer(RestServlet):
         try:
             service = yield self.auth.get_appservice_by_req(request)
             room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(room_alias)
-            yield dir_handler.delete_appservice_association(
-                service, room_alias
-            )
+            yield dir_handler.delete_appservice_association(service, room_alias)
             logger.info(
                 "Application service at %s deleted alias %s",
                 service.url,
-                room_alias.to_string()
+                room_alias.to_string(),
             )
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
         except AuthError:
@@ -107,14 +106,10 @@ class ClientDirectoryServer(RestServlet):
 
         room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(room_alias)
 
-        yield dir_handler.delete_association(
-            requester, room_alias
-        )
+        yield dir_handler.delete_association(requester, room_alias)
 
         logger.info(
-            "User %s deleted alias %s",
-            user.to_string(),
-            room_alias.to_string()
+            "User %s deleted alias %s", user.to_string(), room_alias.to_string()
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -135,9 +130,9 @@ class ClientDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
         if room is None:
             raise NotFoundError("Unknown room")
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "visibility": "public" if room["is_public"] else "private"
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (200, {"visibility": "public" if room["is_public"] else "private"})
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_PUT(self, request, room_id):
@@ -147,7 +142,7 @@ class ClientDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
         visibility = content.get("visibility", "public")
 
         yield self.handlers.directory_handler.edit_published_room_list(
-            requester, room_id, visibility,
+            requester, room_id, visibility
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ class ClientDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         yield self.handlers.directory_handler.edit_published_room_list(
-            requester, room_id, "private",
+            requester, room_id, "private"
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -191,7 +186,7 @@ class ClientAppserviceDirectoryListServer(RestServlet):
             )
 
         yield self.handlers.directory_handler.edit_published_appservice_room_list(
-            requester.app_service.id, network_id, room_id, visibility,
+            requester.app_service.id, network_id, room_id, visibility
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/events.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/events.py
index 84ca36270b..d6de2b7360 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/events.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/events.py
@@ -38,17 +38,14 @@ class EventStreamRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, request):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(
-            request,
-            allow_guest=True,
-        )
+        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         is_guest = requester.is_guest
         room_id = None
         if is_guest:
             if b"room_id" not in request.args:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Guest users must specify room_id param")
         if b"room_id" in request.args:
-            room_id = request.args[b"room_id"][0].decode('ascii')
+            room_id = request.args[b"room_id"][0].decode("ascii")
 
         pagin_config = PaginationConfig.from_request(request)
         timeout = EventStreamRestServlet.DEFAULT_LONGPOLL_TIME_MS
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/login.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/login.py
index 3b60728628..4efb679a04 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/login.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/login.py
@@ -44,10 +44,7 @@ def login_submission_legacy_convert(submission):
     to a typed object.
     """
     if "user" in submission:
-        submission["identifier"] = {
-            "type": "m.id.user",
-            "user": submission["user"],
-        }
+        submission["identifier"] = {"type": "m.id.user", "user": submission["user"]}
         del submission["user"]
 
     if "medium" in submission and "address" in submission:
@@ -73,11 +70,7 @@ def login_id_thirdparty_from_phone(identifier):
 
     msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(identifier["country"], identifier["number"])
 
-    return {
-        "type": "m.id.thirdparty",
-        "medium": "msisdn",
-        "address": msisdn,
-    }
+    return {"type": "m.id.thirdparty", "medium": "msisdn", "address": msisdn}
 
 
 class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
@@ -120,9 +113,9 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             # login flow types returned.
             flows.append({"type": LoginRestServlet.TOKEN_TYPE})
 
-        flows.extend((
-            {"type": t} for t in self.auth_handler.get_supported_login_types()
-        ))
+        flows.extend(
+            ({"type": t} for t in self.auth_handler.get_supported_login_types())
+        )
 
         return (200, {"flows": flows})
 
@@ -132,7 +125,8 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
         self._address_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            request.getClientIP(), time_now_s=self.hs.clock.time(),
+            request.getClientIP(),
+            time_now_s=self.hs.clock.time(),
             rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_address.per_second,
             burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_address.burst_count,
             update=True,
@@ -140,8 +134,9 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         login_submission = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         try:
-            if self.jwt_enabled and (login_submission["type"] ==
-                                     LoginRestServlet.JWT_TYPE):
+            if self.jwt_enabled and (
+                login_submission["type"] == LoginRestServlet.JWT_TYPE
+            ):
                 result = yield self.do_jwt_login(login_submission)
             elif login_submission["type"] == LoginRestServlet.TOKEN_TYPE:
                 result = yield self.do_token_login(login_submission)
@@ -170,10 +165,10 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # field)
         logger.info(
             "Got login request with identifier: %r, medium: %r, address: %r, user: %r",
-            login_submission.get('identifier'),
-            login_submission.get('medium'),
-            login_submission.get('address'),
-            login_submission.get('user'),
+            login_submission.get("identifier"),
+            login_submission.get("medium"),
+            login_submission.get("address"),
+            login_submission.get("user"),
         )
         login_submission_legacy_convert(login_submission)
 
@@ -190,13 +185,13 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         # convert threepid identifiers to user IDs
         if identifier["type"] == "m.id.thirdparty":
-            address = identifier.get('address')
-            medium = identifier.get('medium')
+            address = identifier.get("address")
+            medium = identifier.get("medium")
 
             if medium is None or address is None:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid thirdparty identifier")
 
-            if medium == 'email':
+            if medium == "email":
                 # For emails, transform the address to lowercase.
                 # We store all email addreses as lowercase in the DB.
                 # (See add_threepid in synapse/handlers/auth.py)
@@ -205,34 +200,28 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             # Check for login providers that support 3pid login types
             canonical_user_id, callback_3pid = (
                 yield self.auth_handler.check_password_provider_3pid(
-                    medium,
-                    address,
-                    login_submission["password"],
+                    medium, address, login_submission["password"]
                 )
             )
             if canonical_user_id:
                 # Authentication through password provider and 3pid succeeded
                 result = yield self._register_device_with_callback(
-                    canonical_user_id, login_submission, callback_3pid,
+                    canonical_user_id, login_submission, callback_3pid
                 )
                 defer.returnValue(result)
 
             # No password providers were able to handle this 3pid
             # Check local store
             user_id = yield self.hs.get_datastore().get_user_id_by_threepid(
-                medium, address,
+                medium, address
             )
             if not user_id:
                 logger.warn(
-                    "unknown 3pid identifier medium %s, address %r",
-                    medium, address,
+                    "unknown 3pid identifier medium %s, address %r", medium, address
                 )
                 raise LoginError(403, "", errcode=Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
-            identifier = {
-                "type": "m.id.user",
-                "user": user_id,
-            }
+            identifier = {"type": "m.id.user", "user": user_id}
 
         # by this point, the identifier should be an m.id.user: if it's anything
         # else, we haven't understood it.
@@ -242,22 +231,16 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "User identifier is missing 'user' key")
 
         canonical_user_id, callback = yield self.auth_handler.validate_login(
-            identifier["user"],
-            login_submission,
+            identifier["user"], login_submission
         )
 
         result = yield self._register_device_with_callback(
-            canonical_user_id, login_submission, callback,
+            canonical_user_id, login_submission, callback
         )
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _register_device_with_callback(
-        self,
-        user_id,
-        login_submission,
-        callback=None,
-    ):
+    def _register_device_with_callback(self, user_id, login_submission, callback=None):
         """ Registers a device with a given user_id. Optionally run a callback
         function after registration has completed.
 
@@ -273,7 +256,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         device_id = login_submission.get("device_id")
         initial_display_name = login_submission.get("initial_device_display_name")
         device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name,
+            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name
         )
 
         result = {
@@ -290,7 +273,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def do_token_login(self, login_submission):
-        token = login_submission['token']
+        token = login_submission["token"]
         auth_handler = self.auth_handler
         user_id = (
             yield auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token_and_get_user_id(token)
@@ -299,7 +282,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         device_id = login_submission.get("device_id")
         initial_display_name = login_submission.get("initial_device_display_name")
         device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name,
+            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name
         )
 
         result = {
@@ -316,15 +299,16 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         token = login_submission.get("token", None)
         if token is None:
             raise LoginError(
-                401, "Token field for JWT is missing",
-                errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
+                401, "Token field for JWT is missing", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
             )
 
         import jwt
         from jwt.exceptions import InvalidTokenError
 
         try:
-            payload = jwt.decode(token, self.jwt_secret, algorithms=[self.jwt_algorithm])
+            payload = jwt.decode(
+                token, self.jwt_secret, algorithms=[self.jwt_algorithm]
+            )
         except jwt.ExpiredSignatureError:
             raise LoginError(401, "JWT expired", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
         except InvalidTokenError:
@@ -342,7 +326,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             device_id = login_submission.get("device_id")
             initial_display_name = login_submission.get("initial_device_display_name")
             device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-                registered_user_id, device_id, initial_display_name,
+                registered_user_id, device_id, initial_display_name
             )
 
             result = {
@@ -358,7 +342,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             device_id = login_submission.get("device_id")
             initial_display_name = login_submission.get("initial_device_display_name")
             device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-                registered_user_id, device_id, initial_display_name,
+                registered_user_id, device_id, initial_display_name
             )
 
             result = {
@@ -375,21 +359,20 @@ class CasRedirectServlet(RestServlet):
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(CasRedirectServlet, self).__init__()
-        self.cas_server_url = hs.config.cas_server_url.encode('ascii')
-        self.cas_service_url = hs.config.cas_service_url.encode('ascii')
+        self.cas_server_url = hs.config.cas_server_url.encode("ascii")
+        self.cas_service_url = hs.config.cas_service_url.encode("ascii")
 
     def on_GET(self, request):
         args = request.args
         if b"redirectUrl" not in args:
             return (400, "Redirect URL not specified for CAS auth")
-        client_redirect_url_param = urllib.parse.urlencode({
-            b"redirectUrl": args[b"redirectUrl"][0]
-        }).encode('ascii')
-        hs_redirect_url = (self.cas_service_url +
-                           b"/_matrix/client/r0/login/cas/ticket")
-        service_param = urllib.parse.urlencode({
-            b"service": b"%s?%s" % (hs_redirect_url, client_redirect_url_param)
-        }).encode('ascii')
+        client_redirect_url_param = urllib.parse.urlencode(
+            {b"redirectUrl": args[b"redirectUrl"][0]}
+        ).encode("ascii")
+        hs_redirect_url = self.cas_service_url + b"/_matrix/client/r0/login/cas/ticket"
+        service_param = urllib.parse.urlencode(
+            {b"service": b"%s?%s" % (hs_redirect_url, client_redirect_url_param)}
+        ).encode("ascii")
         request.redirect(b"%s/login?%s" % (self.cas_server_url, service_param))
         finish_request(request)
 
@@ -411,7 +394,7 @@ class CasTicketServlet(RestServlet):
         uri = self.cas_server_url + "/proxyValidate"
         args = {
             "ticket": parse_string(request, "ticket", required=True),
-            "service": self.cas_service_url
+            "service": self.cas_service_url,
         }
         try:
             body = yield self._http_client.get_raw(uri, args)
@@ -438,7 +421,7 @@ class CasTicketServlet(RestServlet):
                     raise LoginError(401, "Unauthorized", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
 
         return self._sso_auth_handler.on_successful_auth(
-            user, request, client_redirect_url,
+            user, request, client_redirect_url
         )
 
     def parse_cas_response(self, cas_response_body):
@@ -448,7 +431,7 @@ class CasTicketServlet(RestServlet):
             root = ET.fromstring(cas_response_body)
             if not root.tag.endswith("serviceResponse"):
                 raise Exception("root of CAS response is not serviceResponse")
-            success = (root[0].tag.endswith("authenticationSuccess"))
+            success = root[0].tag.endswith("authenticationSuccess")
             for child in root[0]:
                 if child.tag.endswith("user"):
                     user = child.text
@@ -466,11 +449,11 @@ class CasTicketServlet(RestServlet):
                 raise Exception("CAS response does not contain user")
         except Exception:
             logger.error("Error parsing CAS response", exc_info=1)
-            raise LoginError(401, "Invalid CAS response",
-                             errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
+            raise LoginError(401, "Invalid CAS response", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
         if not success:
-            raise LoginError(401, "Unsuccessful CAS response",
-                             errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
+            raise LoginError(
+                401, "Unsuccessful CAS response", errcode=Codes.UNAUTHORIZED
+            )
         return user, attributes
 
 
@@ -482,6 +465,7 @@ class SSOAuthHandler(object):
     Args:
         hs (synapse.server.HomeServer)
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self._hostname = hs.hostname
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
@@ -490,8 +474,7 @@ class SSOAuthHandler(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_successful_auth(
-        self, username, request, client_redirect_url,
-        user_display_name=None,
+        self, username, request, client_redirect_url, user_display_name=None
     ):
         """Called once the user has successfully authenticated with the SSO.
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/logout.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/logout.py
index b8064f261e..cd711be519 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/logout.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/logout.py
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ class LogoutRestServlet(RestServlet):
             yield self._auth_handler.delete_access_token(access_token)
         else:
             yield self._device_handler.delete_device(
-                requester.user.to_string(), requester.device_id)
+                requester.user.to_string(), requester.device_id
+            )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/presence.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/presence.py
index e263da3cb7..3e87f0fdb3 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/presence.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/presence.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class PresenceStatusRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         if requester.user != user:
             allowed = yield self.presence_handler.is_visible(
-                observed_user=user, observer_user=requester.user,
+                observed_user=user, observer_user=requester.user
             )
 
             if not allowed:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/profile.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/profile.py
index e15d9d82a6..4d8ab1f47e 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/profile.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/profile.py
@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ class ProfileDisplaynameRestServlet(RestServlet):
         except Exception:
             defer.returnValue((400, "Unable to parse name"))
 
-        yield self.profile_handler.set_displayname(
-            user, requester, new_name, is_admin)
+        yield self.profile_handler.set_displayname(user, requester, new_name, is_admin)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -113,8 +112,7 @@ class ProfileAvatarURLRestServlet(RestServlet):
         except Exception:
             defer.returnValue((400, "Unable to parse name"))
 
-        yield self.profile_handler.set_avatar_url(
-            user, requester, new_name, is_admin)
+        yield self.profile_handler.set_avatar_url(user, requester, new_name, is_admin)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/push_rule.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/push_rule.py
index 3d6326fe2f..e635efb420 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/push_rule.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/push_rule.py
@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
     SynapseError,
     UnrecognizedRequestError,
 )
-from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_json_value_from_request, parse_string
+from synapse.http.servlet import (
+    RestServlet,
+    parse_json_value_from_request,
+    parse_string,
+)
 from synapse.push.baserules import BASE_RULE_IDS
 from synapse.push.clientformat import format_push_rules_for_user
 from synapse.push.rulekinds import PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP
@@ -32,7 +36,8 @@ from synapse.storage.push_rule import InconsistentRuleException, RuleNotFoundExc
 class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/(?P<path>pushrules/.*)$", v1=True)
     SLIGHTLY_PEDANTIC_TRAILING_SLASH_ERROR = (
-        "Unrecognised request: You probably wanted a trailing slash")
+        "Unrecognised request: You probably wanted a trailing slash"
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(PushRuleRestServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -54,27 +59,25 @@ class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        if '/' in spec['rule_id'] or '\\' in spec['rule_id']:
+        if "/" in spec["rule_id"] or "\\" in spec["rule_id"]:
             raise SynapseError(400, "rule_id may not contain slashes")
 
         content = parse_json_value_from_request(request)
 
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        if 'attr' in spec:
+        if "attr" in spec:
             yield self.set_rule_attr(user_id, spec, content)
             self.notify_user(user_id)
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
-        if spec['rule_id'].startswith('.'):
+        if spec["rule_id"].startswith("."):
             # Rule ids starting with '.' are reserved for server default rules.
             raise SynapseError(400, "cannot add new rule_ids that start with '.'")
 
         try:
             (conditions, actions) = _rule_tuple_from_request_object(
-                spec['template'],
-                spec['rule_id'],
-                content,
+                spec["template"], spec["rule_id"], content
             )
         except InvalidRuleException as e:
             raise SynapseError(400, str(e))
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 conditions=conditions,
                 actions=actions,
                 before=before,
-                after=after
+                after=after,
             )
             self.notify_user(user_id)
         except InconsistentRuleException as e:
@@ -118,9 +121,7 @@ class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
         namespaced_rule_id = _namespaced_rule_id_from_spec(spec)
 
         try:
-            yield self.store.delete_push_rule(
-                user_id, namespaced_rule_id
-            )
+            yield self.store.delete_push_rule(user_id, namespaced_rule_id)
             self.notify_user(user_id)
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
         except StoreError as e:
@@ -149,10 +150,10 @@ class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 PushRuleRestServlet.SLIGHTLY_PEDANTIC_TRAILING_SLASH_ERROR
             )
 
-        if path[0] == '':
+        if path[0] == "":
             defer.returnValue((200, rules))
-        elif path[0] == 'global':
-            result = _filter_ruleset_with_path(rules['global'], path[1:])
+        elif path[0] == "global":
+            result = _filter_ruleset_with_path(rules["global"], path[1:])
             defer.returnValue((200, result))
         else:
             raise UnrecognizedRequestError()
@@ -162,12 +163,10 @@ class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
     def notify_user(self, user_id):
         stream_id, _ = self.store.get_push_rules_stream_token()
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "push_rules_key", stream_id, users=[user_id]
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("push_rules_key", stream_id, users=[user_id])
 
     def set_rule_attr(self, user_id, spec, val):
-        if spec['attr'] == 'enabled':
+        if spec["attr"] == "enabled":
             if isinstance(val, dict) and "enabled" in val:
                 val = val["enabled"]
             if not isinstance(val, bool):
@@ -176,14 +175,12 @@ class PushRuleRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 # bools directly, so let's not break them.
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Value for 'enabled' must be boolean")
             namespaced_rule_id = _namespaced_rule_id_from_spec(spec)
-            return self.store.set_push_rule_enabled(
-                user_id, namespaced_rule_id, val
-            )
-        elif spec['attr'] == 'actions':
-            actions = val.get('actions')
+            return self.store.set_push_rule_enabled(user_id, namespaced_rule_id, val)
+        elif spec["attr"] == "actions":
+            actions = val.get("actions")
             _check_actions(actions)
             namespaced_rule_id = _namespaced_rule_id_from_spec(spec)
-            rule_id = spec['rule_id']
+            rule_id = spec["rule_id"]
             is_default_rule = rule_id.startswith(".")
             if is_default_rule:
                 if namespaced_rule_id not in BASE_RULE_IDS:
@@ -210,12 +207,12 @@ def _rule_spec_from_path(path):
     """
     if len(path) < 2:
         raise UnrecognizedRequestError()
-    if path[0] != 'pushrules':
+    if path[0] != "pushrules":
         raise UnrecognizedRequestError()
 
     scope = path[1]
     path = path[2:]
-    if scope != 'global':
+    if scope != "global":
         raise UnrecognizedRequestError()
 
     if len(path) == 0:
@@ -229,56 +226,40 @@ def _rule_spec_from_path(path):
 
     rule_id = path[0]
 
-    spec = {
-        'scope': scope,
-        'template': template,
-        'rule_id': rule_id
-    }
+    spec = {"scope": scope, "template": template, "rule_id": rule_id}
 
     path = path[1:]
 
     if len(path) > 0 and len(path[0]) > 0:
-        spec['attr'] = path[0]
+        spec["attr"] = path[0]
 
     return spec
 
 
 def _rule_tuple_from_request_object(rule_template, rule_id, req_obj):
-    if rule_template in ['override', 'underride']:
-        if 'conditions' not in req_obj:
+    if rule_template in ["override", "underride"]:
+        if "conditions" not in req_obj:
             raise InvalidRuleException("Missing 'conditions'")
-        conditions = req_obj['conditions']
+        conditions = req_obj["conditions"]
         for c in conditions:
-            if 'kind' not in c:
+            if "kind" not in c:
                 raise InvalidRuleException("Condition without 'kind'")
-    elif rule_template == 'room':
-        conditions = [{
-            'kind': 'event_match',
-            'key': 'room_id',
-            'pattern': rule_id
-        }]
-    elif rule_template == 'sender':
-        conditions = [{
-            'kind': 'event_match',
-            'key': 'user_id',
-            'pattern': rule_id
-        }]
-    elif rule_template == 'content':
-        if 'pattern' not in req_obj:
+    elif rule_template == "room":
+        conditions = [{"kind": "event_match", "key": "room_id", "pattern": rule_id}]
+    elif rule_template == "sender":
+        conditions = [{"kind": "event_match", "key": "user_id", "pattern": rule_id}]
+    elif rule_template == "content":
+        if "pattern" not in req_obj:
             raise InvalidRuleException("Content rule missing 'pattern'")
-        pat = req_obj['pattern']
+        pat = req_obj["pattern"]
 
-        conditions = [{
-            'kind': 'event_match',
-            'key': 'content.body',
-            'pattern': pat
-        }]
+        conditions = [{"kind": "event_match", "key": "content.body", "pattern": pat}]
     else:
         raise InvalidRuleException("Unknown rule template: %s" % (rule_template,))
 
-    if 'actions' not in req_obj:
+    if "actions" not in req_obj:
         raise InvalidRuleException("No actions found")
-    actions = req_obj['actions']
+    actions = req_obj["actions"]
 
     _check_actions(actions)
 
@@ -290,9 +271,9 @@ def _check_actions(actions):
         raise InvalidRuleException("No actions found")
 
     for a in actions:
-        if a in ['notify', 'dont_notify', 'coalesce']:
+        if a in ["notify", "dont_notify", "coalesce"]:
             pass
-        elif isinstance(a, dict) and 'set_tweak' in a:
+        elif isinstance(a, dict) and "set_tweak" in a:
             pass
         else:
             raise InvalidRuleException("Unrecognised action")
@@ -304,7 +285,7 @@ def _filter_ruleset_with_path(ruleset, path):
             PushRuleRestServlet.SLIGHTLY_PEDANTIC_TRAILING_SLASH_ERROR
         )
 
-    if path[0] == '':
+    if path[0] == "":
         return ruleset
     template_kind = path[0]
     if template_kind not in ruleset:
@@ -314,13 +295,13 @@ def _filter_ruleset_with_path(ruleset, path):
         raise UnrecognizedRequestError(
             PushRuleRestServlet.SLIGHTLY_PEDANTIC_TRAILING_SLASH_ERROR
         )
-    if path[0] == '':
+    if path[0] == "":
         return ruleset[template_kind]
     rule_id = path[0]
 
     the_rule = None
     for r in ruleset[template_kind]:
-        if r['rule_id'] == rule_id:
+        if r["rule_id"] == rule_id:
             the_rule = r
     if the_rule is None:
         raise NotFoundError
@@ -339,19 +320,19 @@ def _filter_ruleset_with_path(ruleset, path):
 
 
 def _priority_class_from_spec(spec):
-    if spec['template'] not in PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP.keys():
-        raise InvalidRuleException("Unknown template: %s" % (spec['template']))
-    pc = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP[spec['template']]
+    if spec["template"] not in PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP.keys():
+        raise InvalidRuleException("Unknown template: %s" % (spec["template"]))
+    pc = PRIORITY_CLASS_MAP[spec["template"]]
 
     return pc
 
 
 def _namespaced_rule_id_from_spec(spec):
-    return _namespaced_rule_id(spec, spec['rule_id'])
+    return _namespaced_rule_id(spec, spec["rule_id"])
 
 
 def _namespaced_rule_id(spec, rule_id):
-    return "global/%s/%s" % (spec['template'], rule_id)
+    return "global/%s/%s" % (spec["template"], rule_id)
 
 
 class InvalidRuleException(Exception):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/pusher.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/pusher.py
index 15d860db37..e9246018df 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/pusher.py
@@ -44,9 +44,7 @@ class PushersRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         user = requester.user
 
-        pushers = yield self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by_user_id(
-            user.to_string()
-        )
+        pushers = yield self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by_user_id(user.to_string())
 
         allowed_keys = [
             "app_display_name",
@@ -87,50 +85,61 @@ class PushersSetRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        if ('pushkey' in content and 'app_id' in content
-                and 'kind' in content and
-                content['kind'] is None):
+        if (
+            "pushkey" in content
+            and "app_id" in content
+            and "kind" in content
+            and content["kind"] is None
+        ):
             yield self.pusher_pool.remove_pusher(
-                content['app_id'], content['pushkey'], user_id=user.to_string()
+                content["app_id"], content["pushkey"], user_id=user.to_string()
             )
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
         assert_params_in_dict(
             content,
-            ['kind', 'app_id', 'app_display_name',
-             'device_display_name', 'pushkey', 'lang', 'data']
+            [
+                "kind",
+                "app_id",
+                "app_display_name",
+                "device_display_name",
+                "pushkey",
+                "lang",
+                "data",
+            ],
         )
 
-        logger.debug("set pushkey %s to kind %s", content['pushkey'], content['kind'])
+        logger.debug("set pushkey %s to kind %s", content["pushkey"], content["kind"])
         logger.debug("Got pushers request with body: %r", content)
 
         append = False
-        if 'append' in content:
-            append = content['append']
+        if "append" in content:
+            append = content["append"]
 
         if not append:
             yield self.pusher_pool.remove_pushers_by_app_id_and_pushkey_not_user(
-                app_id=content['app_id'],
-                pushkey=content['pushkey'],
-                not_user_id=user.to_string()
+                app_id=content["app_id"],
+                pushkey=content["pushkey"],
+                not_user_id=user.to_string(),
             )
 
         try:
             yield self.pusher_pool.add_pusher(
                 user_id=user.to_string(),
                 access_token=requester.access_token_id,
-                kind=content['kind'],
-                app_id=content['app_id'],
-                app_display_name=content['app_display_name'],
-                device_display_name=content['device_display_name'],
-                pushkey=content['pushkey'],
-                lang=content['lang'],
-                data=content['data'],
-                profile_tag=content.get('profile_tag', ""),
+                kind=content["kind"],
+                app_id=content["app_id"],
+                app_display_name=content["app_display_name"],
+                device_display_name=content["device_display_name"],
+                pushkey=content["pushkey"],
+                lang=content["lang"],
+                data=content["data"],
+                profile_tag=content.get("profile_tag", ""),
             )
         except PusherConfigException as pce:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Config Error: " + str(pce),
-                               errcode=Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "Config Error: " + str(pce), errcode=Codes.MISSING_PARAM
+            )
 
         self.notifier.on_new_replication_data()
 
@@ -144,6 +153,7 @@ class PushersRemoveRestServlet(RestServlet):
     """
     To allow pusher to be delete by clicking a link (ie. GET request)
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/pushers/remove$", v1=True)
     SUCCESS_HTML = b"<html><body>You have been unsubscribed</body><html>"
 
@@ -164,9 +174,7 @@ class PushersRemoveRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         try:
             yield self.pusher_pool.remove_pusher(
-                app_id=app_id,
-                pushkey=pushkey,
-                user_id=user.to_string(),
+                app_id=app_id, pushkey=pushkey, user_id=user.to_string()
             )
         except StoreError as se:
             if se.code != 404:
@@ -177,9 +185,9 @@ class PushersRemoveRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         request.setResponseCode(200)
         request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
-        request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (
-            len(PushersRemoveRestServlet.SUCCESS_HTML),
-        ))
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(PushersRemoveRestServlet.SUCCESS_HTML),)
+        )
         request.write(PushersRemoveRestServlet.SUCCESS_HTML)
         finish_request(request)
         defer.returnValue(None)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py
index e8f672c4ba..a028337125 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py
@@ -61,18 +61,16 @@ class RoomCreateRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         PATTERNS = "/createRoom"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
         # define CORS for all of /rooms in RoomCreateRestServlet for simplicity
-        http_server.register_paths("OPTIONS",
-                                   client_patterns("/rooms(?:/.*)?$", v1=True),
-                                   self.on_OPTIONS)
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "OPTIONS", client_patterns("/rooms(?:/.*)?$", v1=True), self.on_OPTIONS
+        )
         # define CORS for /createRoom[/txnid]
-        http_server.register_paths("OPTIONS",
-                                   client_patterns("/createRoom(?:/.*)?$", v1=True),
-                                   self.on_OPTIONS)
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "OPTIONS", client_patterns("/createRoom(?:/.*)?$", v1=True), self.on_OPTIONS
+        )
 
     def on_PUT(self, request, txn_id):
-        return self.txns.fetch_or_execute_request(
-            request, self.on_POST, request
-        )
+        return self.txns.fetch_or_execute_request(request, self.on_POST, request)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
@@ -107,21 +105,23 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         no_state_key = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/state/(?P<event_type>[^/]*)$"
 
         # /room/$roomid/state/$eventtype/$statekey
-        state_key = ("/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/state/"
-                     "(?P<event_type>[^/]*)/(?P<state_key>[^/]*)$")
-
-        http_server.register_paths("GET",
-                                   client_patterns(state_key, v1=True),
-                                   self.on_GET)
-        http_server.register_paths("PUT",
-                                   client_patterns(state_key, v1=True),
-                                   self.on_PUT)
-        http_server.register_paths("GET",
-                                   client_patterns(no_state_key, v1=True),
-                                   self.on_GET_no_state_key)
-        http_server.register_paths("PUT",
-                                   client_patterns(no_state_key, v1=True),
-                                   self.on_PUT_no_state_key)
+        state_key = (
+            "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/state/"
+            "(?P<event_type>[^/]*)/(?P<state_key>[^/]*)$"
+        )
+
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "GET", client_patterns(state_key, v1=True), self.on_GET
+        )
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "PUT", client_patterns(state_key, v1=True), self.on_PUT
+        )
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "GET", client_patterns(no_state_key, v1=True), self.on_GET_no_state_key
+        )
+        http_server.register_paths(
+            "PUT", client_patterns(no_state_key, v1=True), self.on_PUT_no_state_key
+        )
 
     def on_GET_no_state_key(self, request, room_id, event_type):
         return self.on_GET(request, room_id, event_type, "")
@@ -132,8 +132,9 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_type, state_key):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
-        format = parse_string(request, "format", default="content",
-                              allowed_values=["content", "event"])
+        format = parse_string(
+            request, "format", default="content", allowed_values=["content", "event"]
+        )
 
         msg_handler = self.message_handler
         data = yield msg_handler.get_room_data(
@@ -145,9 +146,7 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         )
 
         if not data:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND)
 
         if format == "event":
             event = format_event_for_client_v2(data.get_dict())
@@ -182,9 +181,7 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             )
         else:
             event = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-                requester,
-                event_dict,
-                txn_id=txn_id,
+                requester, event_dict, txn_id=txn_id
             )
 
         ret = {}
@@ -195,7 +192,6 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
 # TODO: Needs unit testing for generic events + feedback
 class RoomSendEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(RoomSendEventRestServlet, self).__init__(hs)
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
@@ -203,7 +199,7 @@ class RoomSendEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
     def register(self, http_server):
         # /rooms/$roomid/send/$event_type[/$txn_id]
-        PATTERNS = ("/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/send/(?P<event_type>[^/]*)")
+        PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/send/(?P<event_type>[^/]*)"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server, with_get=True)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -218,13 +214,11 @@ class RoomSendEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
         }
 
-        if b'ts' in request.args and requester.app_service:
-            event_dict['origin_server_ts'] = parse_integer(request, "ts", 0)
+        if b"ts" in request.args and requester.app_service:
+            event_dict["origin_server_ts"] = parse_integer(request, "ts", 0)
 
         event = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-            requester,
-            event_dict,
-            txn_id=txn_id,
+            requester, event_dict, txn_id=txn_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {"event_id": event.event_id}))
@@ -247,15 +241,12 @@ class JoinRoomAliasServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
     def register(self, http_server):
         # /join/$room_identifier[/$txn_id]
-        PATTERNS = ("/join/(?P<room_identifier>[^/]*)")
+        PATTERNS = "/join/(?P<room_identifier>[^/]*)"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request, room_identifier, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(
-            request,
-            allow_guest=True,
-        )
+        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         try:
             content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
@@ -268,7 +259,7 @@ class JoinRoomAliasServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             room_id = room_identifier
             try:
                 remote_room_hosts = [
-                    x.decode('ascii') for x in request.args[b"server_name"]
+                    x.decode("ascii") for x in request.args[b"server_name"]
                 ]
             except Exception:
                 remote_room_hosts = None
@@ -278,9 +269,9 @@ class JoinRoomAliasServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             room_id, remote_room_hosts = yield handler.lookup_room_alias(room_alias)
             room_id = room_id.to_string()
         else:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "%s was not legal room ID or room alias" % (
-                room_identifier,
-            ))
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "%s was not legal room ID or room alias" % (room_identifier,)
+            )
 
         yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             requester=requester,
@@ -339,14 +330,11 @@ class PublicRoomListRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         handler = self.hs.get_room_list_handler()
         if server:
             data = yield handler.get_remote_public_room_list(
-                server,
-                limit=limit,
-                since_token=since_token,
+                server, limit=limit, since_token=since_token
             )
         else:
             data = yield handler.get_local_public_room_list(
-                limit=limit,
-                since_token=since_token,
+                limit=limit, since_token=since_token
             )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, data))
@@ -439,16 +427,13 @@ class RoomMemberListRestServlet(RestServlet):
         chunk = []
 
         for event in events:
-            if (
-                (membership and event['content'].get("membership") != membership) or
-                (not_membership and event['content'].get("membership") == not_membership)
+            if (membership and event["content"].get("membership") != membership) or (
+                not_membership and event["content"].get("membership") == not_membership
             ):
                 continue
             chunk.append(event)
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "chunk": chunk
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"chunk": chunk}))
 
 
 # deprecated in favour of /members?membership=join?
@@ -466,12 +451,10 @@ class JoinedRoomMemberListRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         users_with_profile = yield self.message_handler.get_joined_members(
-            requester, room_id,
+            requester, room_id
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "joined": users_with_profile,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"joined": users_with_profile}))
 
 
 # TODO: Needs better unit testing
@@ -486,9 +469,7 @@ class RoomMessageListRestServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
-        pagination_config = PaginationConfig.from_request(
-            request, default_limit=10,
-        )
+        pagination_config = PaginationConfig.from_request(request, default_limit=10)
         as_client_event = b"raw" not in request.args
         filter_bytes = parse_string(request, b"filter", encoding=None)
         if filter_bytes:
@@ -544,9 +525,7 @@ class RoomInitialSyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         pagination_config = PaginationConfig.from_request(request)
         content = yield self.initial_sync_handler.room_initial_sync(
-            room_id=room_id,
-            requester=requester,
-            pagin_config=pagination_config,
+            room_id=room_id, requester=requester, pagin_config=pagination_config
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, content))
 
@@ -603,30 +582,24 @@ class RoomEventContextServlet(RestServlet):
             event_filter = None
 
         results = yield self.room_context_handler.get_event_context(
-            requester.user,
-            room_id,
-            event_id,
-            limit,
-            event_filter,
+            requester.user, room_id, event_id, limit, event_filter
         )
 
         if not results:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND)
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         results["events_before"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            results["events_before"], time_now,
+            results["events_before"], time_now
         )
         results["event"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-            results["event"], time_now,
+            results["event"], time_now
         )
         results["events_after"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            results["events_after"], time_now,
+            results["events_after"], time_now
         )
         results["state"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            results["state"], time_now,
+            results["state"], time_now
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, results))
@@ -639,20 +612,14 @@ class RoomForgetRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
     def register(self, http_server):
-        PATTERNS = ("/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/forget")
+        PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/forget"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request, room_id, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(
-            request,
-            allow_guest=False,
-        )
+        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=False)
 
-        yield self.room_member_handler.forget(
-            user=requester.user,
-            room_id=room_id,
-        )
+        yield self.room_member_handler.forget(user=requester.user, room_id=room_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -664,7 +631,6 @@ class RoomForgetRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
 # TODO: Needs unit testing
 class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
-
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(RoomMembershipRestServlet, self).__init__(hs)
         self.room_member_handler = hs.get_room_member_handler()
@@ -672,20 +638,19 @@ class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
     def register(self, http_server):
         # /rooms/$roomid/[invite|join|leave]
-        PATTERNS = ("/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/"
-                    "(?P<membership_action>join|invite|leave|ban|unban|kick)")
+        PATTERNS = (
+            "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/"
+            "(?P<membership_action>join|invite|leave|ban|unban|kick)"
+        )
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request, room_id, membership_action, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(
-            request,
-            allow_guest=True,
-        )
+        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         if requester.is_guest and membership_action not in {
             Membership.JOIN,
-            Membership.LEAVE
+            Membership.LEAVE,
         }:
             raise AuthError(403, "Guest access not allowed")
 
@@ -704,7 +669,7 @@ class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
                 content["address"],
                 content["id_server"],
                 requester,
-                txn_id
+                txn_id,
             )
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
             return
@@ -715,8 +680,8 @@ class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             target = UserID.from_string(content["user_id"])
 
         event_content = None
-        if 'reason' in content and membership_action in ['kick', 'ban']:
-            event_content = {'reason': content['reason']}
+        if "reason" in content and membership_action in ["kick", "ban"]:
+            event_content = {"reason": content["reason"]}
 
         yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             requester=requester,
@@ -755,7 +720,7 @@ class RoomRedactEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
     def register(self, http_server):
-        PATTERNS = ("/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/redact/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)")
+        PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/redact/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -817,9 +782,7 @@ class RoomTypingRestServlet(RestServlet):
             )
         else:
             yield self.typing_handler.stopped_typing(
-                target_user=target_user,
-                auth_user=requester.user,
-                room_id=room_id,
+                target_user=target_user, auth_user=requester.user, room_id=room_id
             )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -841,9 +804,7 @@ class SearchRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         batch = parse_string(request, "next_batch")
         results = yield self.handlers.search_handler.search(
-            requester.user,
-            content,
-            batch,
+            requester.user, content, batch
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, results))
@@ -879,20 +840,18 @@ def register_txn_path(servlet, regex_string, http_server, with_get=False):
         with_get: True to also register respective GET paths for the PUTs.
     """
     http_server.register_paths(
-        "POST",
-        client_patterns(regex_string + "$", v1=True),
-        servlet.on_POST
+        "POST", client_patterns(regex_string + "$", v1=True), servlet.on_POST
     )
     http_server.register_paths(
         "PUT",
         client_patterns(regex_string + "/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$", v1=True),
-        servlet.on_PUT
+        servlet.on_PUT,
     )
     if with_get:
         http_server.register_paths(
             "GET",
             client_patterns(regex_string + "/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$", v1=True),
-            servlet.on_GET
+            servlet.on_GET,
         )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/voip.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/voip.py
index 6381049210..41b3171ac8 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/voip.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/voip.py
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ class VoipRestServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_GET(self, request):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(
-            request,
-            self.hs.config.turn_allow_guests
+            request, self.hs.config.turn_allow_guests
         )
 
         turnUris = self.hs.config.turn_uris
@@ -49,9 +48,7 @@ class VoipRestServlet(RestServlet):
             username = "%d:%s" % (expiry, requester.user.to_string())
 
             mac = hmac.new(
-                turnSecret.encode(),
-                msg=username.encode(),
-                digestmod=hashlib.sha1
+                turnSecret.encode(), msg=username.encode(), digestmod=hashlib.sha1
             )
             # We need to use standard padded base64 encoding here
             # encode_base64 because we need to add the standard padding to get the
@@ -65,12 +62,17 @@ class VoipRestServlet(RestServlet):
         else:
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            'username': username,
-            'password': password,
-            'ttl': userLifetime / 1000,
-            'uris': turnUris,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (
+                200,
+                {
+                    "username": username,
+                    "password": password,
+                    "ttl": userLifetime / 1000,
+                    "uris": turnUris,
+                },
+            )
+        )
 
     def on_OPTIONS(self, request):
         return (200, {})
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/_base.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/_base.py
index 5236d5d566..e3d59ac3ac 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/_base.py
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ def client_patterns(path_regex, releases=(0,), unstable=True, v1=False):
 def set_timeline_upper_limit(filter_json, filter_timeline_limit):
     if filter_timeline_limit < 0:
         return  # no upper limits
-    timeline = filter_json.get('room', {}).get('timeline', {})
-    if 'limit' in timeline:
-        filter_json['room']['timeline']["limit"] = min(
-            filter_json['room']['timeline']['limit'],
-            filter_timeline_limit)
+    timeline = filter_json.get("room", {}).get("timeline", {})
+    if "limit" in timeline:
+        filter_json["room"]["timeline"]["limit"] = min(
+            filter_json["room"]["timeline"]["limit"], filter_timeline_limit
+        )
 
 
 def interactive_auth_handler(orig):
@@ -74,10 +74,12 @@ def interactive_auth_handler(orig):
         # ...
         yield self.auth_handler.check_auth
             """
+
     def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
         res = defer.maybeDeferred(orig, *args, **kwargs)
         res.addErrback(_catch_incomplete_interactive_auth)
         return res
+
     return wrapped
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
index ab75f6c2b2..f143d8b85c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         if self.config.email_password_reset_behaviour == "local":
             from synapse.push.mailer import Mailer, load_jinja2_templates
+
             templates = load_jinja2_templates(
                 config=hs.config,
                 template_html_name=hs.config.email_password_reset_template_html,
@@ -72,14 +73,12 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
                     "User password resets have been disabled due to lack of email config"
                 )
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Email-based password resets have been disabled on this server",
+                400, "Email-based password resets have been disabled on this server"
             )
 
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, [
-            'client_secret', 'email', 'send_attempt'
-        ])
+        assert_params_in_dict(body, ["client_secret", "email", "send_attempt"])
 
         # Extract params from body
         client_secret = body["client_secret"]
@@ -95,24 +94,24 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
             )
 
         existingUid = yield self.hs.get_datastore().get_user_id_by_threepid(
-            'email', email,
+            "email", email
         )
 
         if existingUid is None:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Email not found", Codes.THREEPID_NOT_FOUND)
 
         if self.config.email_password_reset_behaviour == "remote":
-            if 'id_server' not in body:
+            if "id_server" not in body:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Missing 'id_server' param in body")
 
             # Have the identity server handle the password reset flow
             ret = yield self.identity_handler.requestEmailToken(
-                body["id_server"], email, client_secret, send_attempt, next_link,
+                body["id_server"], email, client_secret, send_attempt, next_link
             )
         else:
             # Send password reset emails from Synapse
             sid = yield self.send_password_reset(
-                email, client_secret, send_attempt, next_link,
+                email, client_secret, send_attempt, next_link
             )
 
             # Wrap the session id in a JSON object
@@ -121,13 +120,7 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def send_password_reset(
-        self,
-        email,
-        client_secret,
-        send_attempt,
-        next_link=None,
-    ):
+    def send_password_reset(self, email, client_secret, send_attempt, next_link=None):
         """Send a password reset email
 
         Args:
@@ -144,14 +137,14 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # Check that this email/client_secret/send_attempt combo is new or
         # greater than what we've seen previously
         session = yield self.datastore.get_threepid_validation_session(
-            "email", client_secret, address=email, validated=False,
+            "email", client_secret, address=email, validated=False
         )
 
         # Check to see if a session already exists and that it is not yet
         # marked as validated
         if session and session.get("validated_at") is None:
-            session_id = session['session_id']
-            last_send_attempt = session['last_send_attempt']
+            session_id = session["session_id"]
+            last_send_attempt = session["last_send_attempt"]
 
             # Check that the send_attempt is higher than previous attempts
             if send_attempt <= last_send_attempt:
@@ -169,22 +162,27 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # and session_id
         try:
             yield self.mailer.send_password_reset_mail(
-                email, token, client_secret, session_id,
+                email, token, client_secret, session_id
             )
         except Exception:
-            logger.exception(
-                "Error sending a password reset email to %s", email,
-            )
+            logger.exception("Error sending a password reset email to %s", email)
             raise SynapseError(
                 500, "An error was encountered when sending the password reset email"
             )
 
-        token_expires = (self.hs.clock.time_msec() +
-                         self.config.email_validation_token_lifetime)
+        token_expires = (
+            self.hs.clock.time_msec() + self.config.email_validation_token_lifetime
+        )
 
         yield self.datastore.start_or_continue_validation_session(
-            "email", email, session_id, client_secret, send_attempt,
-            next_link, token, token_expires,
+            "email",
+            email,
+            session_id,
+            client_secret,
+            send_attempt,
+            next_link,
+            token,
+            token_expires,
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(session_id)
@@ -203,12 +201,12 @@ class MsisdnPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, [
-            'id_server', 'client_secret',
-            'country', 'phone_number', 'send_attempt',
-        ])
+        assert_params_in_dict(
+            body,
+            ["id_server", "client_secret", "country", "phone_number", "send_attempt"],
+        )
 
-        msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(body['country'], body['phone_number'])
+        msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(body["country"], body["phone_number"])
 
         if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "msisdn", msisdn):
             raise SynapseError(
@@ -217,9 +215,7 @@ class MsisdnPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 Codes.THREEPID_DENIED,
             )
 
-        existingUid = yield self.datastore.get_user_id_by_threepid(
-            'msisdn', msisdn
-        )
+        existingUid = yield self.datastore.get_user_id_by_threepid("msisdn", msisdn)
 
         if existingUid is None:
             raise SynapseError(400, "MSISDN not found", Codes.THREEPID_NOT_FOUND)
@@ -230,10 +226,9 @@ class MsisdnPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
 class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
     """Handles 3PID validation token submission"""
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/password_reset/(?P<medium>[^/]*)/submit_token/*$",
-        releases=(),
-        unstable=True,
+        "/password_reset/(?P<medium>[^/]*)/submit_token/*$", releases=(), unstable=True
     )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -252,8 +247,7 @@ class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_GET(self, request, medium):
         if medium != "email":
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "This medium is currently not supported for password resets",
+                400, "This medium is currently not supported for password resets"
             )
         if self.config.email_password_reset_behaviour == "off":
             if self.config.password_resets_were_disabled_due_to_email_config:
@@ -261,7 +255,7 @@ class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
                     "User password resets have been disabled due to lack of email config"
                 )
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Email-based password resets have been disabled on this server",
+                400, "Email-based password resets have been disabled on this server"
             )
 
         sid = parse_string(request, "sid")
@@ -272,10 +266,7 @@ class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
         try:
             # Mark the session as valid
             next_link = yield self.datastore.validate_threepid_session(
-                sid,
-                client_secret,
-                token,
-                self.clock.time_msec(),
+                sid, client_secret, token, self.clock.time_msec()
             )
 
             # Perform a 302 redirect if next_link is set
@@ -298,13 +289,11 @@ class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
             html = self.load_jinja2_template(
                 self.config.email_template_dir,
                 self.config.email_password_reset_failure_template,
-                template_vars={
-                    "failure_reason": e.msg,
-                }
+                template_vars={"failure_reason": e.msg},
             )
             request.setResponseCode(e.code)
 
-        request.write(html.encode('utf-8'))
+        request.write(html.encode("utf-8"))
         finish_request(request)
         defer.returnValue(None)
 
@@ -330,20 +319,14 @@ class PasswordResetSubmitTokenServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_POST(self, request, medium):
         if medium != "email":
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "This medium is currently not supported for password resets",
+                400, "This medium is currently not supported for password resets"
             )
 
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, [
-            'sid', 'client_secret', 'token',
-        ])
+        assert_params_in_dict(body, ["sid", "client_secret", "token"])
 
         valid, _ = yield self.datastore.validate_threepid_validation_token(
-            body['sid'],
-            body['client_secret'],
-            body['token'],
-            self.clock.time_msec(),
+            body["sid"], body["client_secret"], body["token"], self.clock.time_msec()
         )
         response_code = 200 if valid else 400
 
@@ -379,29 +362,30 @@ class PasswordRestServlet(RestServlet):
         if self.auth.has_access_token(request):
             requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
             params = yield self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
-                requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request),
+                requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
             )
             user_id = requester.user.to_string()
         else:
             requester = None
             result, params, _ = yield self.auth_handler.check_auth(
                 [[LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY], [LoginType.MSISDN]],
-                body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request),
+                body,
+                self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request),
                 password_servlet=True,
             )
 
             if LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY in result:
                 threepid = result[LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY]
-                if 'medium' not in threepid or 'address' not in threepid:
+                if "medium" not in threepid or "address" not in threepid:
                     raise SynapseError(500, "Malformed threepid")
-                if threepid['medium'] == 'email':
+                if threepid["medium"] == "email":
                     # For emails, transform the address to lowercase.
                     # We store all email addreses as lowercase in the DB.
                     # (See add_threepid in synapse/handlers/auth.py)
-                    threepid['address'] = threepid['address'].lower()
+                    threepid["address"] = threepid["address"].lower()
                 # if using email, we must know about the email they're authing with!
                 threepid_user_id = yield self.datastore.get_user_id_by_threepid(
-                    threepid['medium'], threepid['address']
+                    threepid["medium"], threepid["address"]
                 )
                 if not threepid_user_id:
                     raise SynapseError(404, "Email address not found", Codes.NOT_FOUND)
@@ -411,11 +395,9 @@ class PasswordRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 raise SynapseError(500, "", Codes.UNKNOWN)
 
         assert_params_in_dict(params, ["new_password"])
-        new_password = params['new_password']
+        new_password = params["new_password"]
 
-        yield self._set_password_handler.set_password(
-            user_id, new_password, requester
-        )
+        yield self._set_password_handler.set_password(user_id, new_password, requester)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -450,25 +432,22 @@ class DeactivateAccountRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # allow ASes to dectivate their own users
         if requester.app_service:
             yield self._deactivate_account_handler.deactivate_account(
-                requester.user.to_string(), erase,
+                requester.user.to_string(), erase
             )
             defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
         yield self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
-            requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request),
+            requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
         )
         result = yield self._deactivate_account_handler.deactivate_account(
-            requester.user.to_string(), erase,
-            id_server=body.get("id_server"),
+            requester.user.to_string(), erase, id_server=body.get("id_server")
         )
         if result:
             id_server_unbind_result = "success"
         else:
             id_server_unbind_result = "no-support"
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result}))
 
 
 class EmailThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
@@ -484,11 +463,10 @@ class EmailThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         assert_params_in_dict(
-            body,
-            ['id_server', 'client_secret', 'email', 'send_attempt'],
+            body, ["id_server", "client_secret", "email", "send_attempt"]
         )
 
-        if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "email", body['email']):
+        if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "email", body["email"]):
             raise SynapseError(
                 403,
                 "Your email domain is not authorized on this server",
@@ -496,7 +474,7 @@ class EmailThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
             )
 
         existingUid = yield self.datastore.get_user_id_by_threepid(
-            'email', body['email']
+            "email", body["email"]
         )
 
         if existingUid is not None:
@@ -518,12 +496,12 @@ class MsisdnThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, [
-            'id_server', 'client_secret',
-            'country', 'phone_number', 'send_attempt',
-        ])
+        assert_params_in_dict(
+            body,
+            ["id_server", "client_secret", "country", "phone_number", "send_attempt"],
+        )
 
-        msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(body['country'], body['phone_number'])
+        msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(body["country"], body["phone_number"])
 
         if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "msisdn", msisdn):
             raise SynapseError(
@@ -532,9 +510,7 @@ class MsisdnThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 Codes.THREEPID_DENIED,
             )
 
-        existingUid = yield self.datastore.get_user_id_by_threepid(
-            'msisdn', msisdn
-        )
+        existingUid = yield self.datastore.get_user_id_by_threepid("msisdn", msisdn)
 
         if existingUid is not None:
             raise SynapseError(400, "MSISDN is already in use", Codes.THREEPID_IN_USE)
@@ -558,18 +534,16 @@ class ThreepidRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_GET(self, request):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        threepids = yield self.datastore.user_get_threepids(
-            requester.user.to_string()
-        )
+        threepids = yield self.datastore.user_get_threepids(requester.user.to_string())
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {'threepids': threepids}))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"threepids": threepids}))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        threePidCreds = body.get('threePidCreds')
-        threePidCreds = body.get('three_pid_creds', threePidCreds)
+        threePidCreds = body.get("threePidCreds")
+        threePidCreds = body.get("three_pid_creds", threePidCreds)
         if threePidCreds is None:
             raise SynapseError(400, "Missing param", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
 
@@ -579,30 +553,20 @@ class ThreepidRestServlet(RestServlet):
         threepid = yield self.identity_handler.threepid_from_creds(threePidCreds)
 
         if not threepid:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Failed to auth 3pid", Codes.THREEPID_AUTH_FAILED
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Failed to auth 3pid", Codes.THREEPID_AUTH_FAILED)
 
-        for reqd in ['medium', 'address', 'validated_at']:
+        for reqd in ["medium", "address", "validated_at"]:
             if reqd not in threepid:
                 logger.warn("Couldn't add 3pid: invalid response from ID server")
                 raise SynapseError(500, "Invalid response from ID Server")
 
         yield self.auth_handler.add_threepid(
-            user_id,
-            threepid['medium'],
-            threepid['address'],
-            threepid['validated_at'],
+            user_id, threepid["medium"], threepid["address"], threepid["validated_at"]
         )
 
-        if 'bind' in body and body['bind']:
-            logger.debug(
-                "Binding threepid %s to %s",
-                threepid, user_id
-            )
-            yield self.identity_handler.bind_threepid(
-                threePidCreds, user_id
-            )
+        if "bind" in body and body["bind"]:
+            logger.debug("Binding threepid %s to %s", threepid, user_id)
+            yield self.identity_handler.bind_threepid(threePidCreds, user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -618,14 +582,14 @@ class ThreepidDeleteRestServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, ['medium', 'address'])
+        assert_params_in_dict(body, ["medium", "address"])
 
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         try:
             ret = yield self.auth_handler.delete_threepid(
-                user_id, body['medium'], body['address'], body.get("id_server"),
+                user_id, body["medium"], body["address"], body.get("id_server")
             )
         except Exception:
             # NB. This endpoint should succeed if there is nothing to
@@ -639,9 +603,7 @@ class ThreepidDeleteRestServlet(RestServlet):
         else:
             id_server_unbind_result = "no-support"
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result}))
 
 
 class WhoamiRestServlet(RestServlet):
@@ -655,7 +617,7 @@ class WhoamiRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_GET(self, request):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {'user_id': requester.user.to_string()}))
+        defer.returnValue((200, {"user_id": requester.user.to_string()}))
 
 
 def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_data.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_data.py
index 574a6298ce..f155c26259 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_data.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_data.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ class AccountDataServlet(RestServlet):
     PUT /user/{user_id}/account_data/{account_dataType} HTTP/1.1
     GET /user/{user_id}/account_data/{account_dataType} HTTP/1.1
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/account_data/(?P<account_data_type>[^/]*)"
     )
@@ -52,9 +53,7 @@ class AccountDataServlet(RestServlet):
             user_id, account_data_type, body
         )
 
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id]
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class AccountDataServlet(RestServlet):
             raise AuthError(403, "Cannot get account data for other users.")
 
         event = yield self.store.get_global_account_data_by_type_for_user(
-            account_data_type, user_id,
+            account_data_type, user_id
         )
 
         if event is None:
@@ -79,6 +78,7 @@ class RoomAccountDataServlet(RestServlet):
     PUT /user/{user_id}/rooms/{room_id}/account_data/{account_dataType} HTTP/1.1
     GET /user/{user_id}/rooms/{room_id}/account_data/{account_dataType} HTTP/1.1
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)"
         "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)"
@@ -103,16 +103,14 @@ class RoomAccountDataServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(
                 405,
                 "Cannot set m.fully_read through this API."
-                " Use /rooms/!roomId:server.name/read_markers"
+                " Use /rooms/!roomId:server.name/read_markers",
             )
 
         max_id = yield self.store.add_account_data_to_room(
             user_id, room_id, account_data_type, body
         )
 
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id]
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ class RoomAccountDataServlet(RestServlet):
             raise AuthError(403, "Cannot get account data for other users.")
 
         event = yield self.store.get_account_data_for_room_and_type(
-            user_id, room_id, account_data_type,
+            user_id, room_id, account_data_type
         )
 
         if event is None:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_validity.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_validity.py
index 63bdc33564..d29c10b83d 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_validity.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account_validity.py
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class AccountValidityRenewServlet(RestServlet):
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/account_validity/renew$")
-    SUCCESS_HTML = b"<html><body>Your account has been successfully renewed.</body><html>"
+    SUCCESS_HTML = (
+        b"<html><body>Your account has been successfully renewed.</body><html>"
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
@@ -47,13 +49,13 @@ class AccountValidityRenewServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "Missing renewal token")
         renewal_token = request.args[b"token"][0]
 
-        yield self.account_activity_handler.renew_account(renewal_token.decode('utf8'))
+        yield self.account_activity_handler.renew_account(renewal_token.decode("utf8"))
 
         request.setResponseCode(200)
         request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
-        request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (
-            len(AccountValidityRenewServlet.SUCCESS_HTML),
-        ))
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(AccountValidityRenewServlet.SUCCESS_HTML),)
+        )
         request.write(AccountValidityRenewServlet.SUCCESS_HTML)
         finish_request(request)
         defer.returnValue(None)
@@ -77,7 +79,9 @@ class AccountValiditySendMailServlet(RestServlet):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request):
         if not self.account_validity.renew_by_email_enabled:
-            raise AuthError(403, "Account renewal via email is disabled on this server.")
+            raise AuthError(
+                403, "Account renewal via email is disabled on this server."
+            )
 
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_expired=True)
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
index 8dfe5cba02..bebc2951e7 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
     cannot be handled in the normal flow (with requests to the same endpoint).
     Current use is for web fallback auth.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(r"/auth/(?P<stagetype>[\w\.]*)/fallback/web")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -138,11 +139,10 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         if stagetype == LoginType.RECAPTCHA:
             html = RECAPTCHA_TEMPLATE % {
-                'session': session,
-                'myurl': "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
-                    CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.RECAPTCHA
-                ),
-                'sitekey': self.hs.config.recaptcha_public_key,
+                "session": session,
+                "myurl": "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web"
+                % (CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.RECAPTCHA),
+                "sitekey": self.hs.config.recaptcha_public_key,
             }
             html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
             request.setResponseCode(200)
@@ -154,14 +154,11 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
             return None
         elif stagetype == LoginType.TERMS:
             html = TERMS_TEMPLATE % {
-                'session': session,
-                'terms_url': "%s_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
-                    self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
-                    self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
-                ),
-                'myurl': "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
-                    CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS
-                ),
+                "session": session,
+                "terms_url": "%s_matrix/consent?v=%s"
+                % (self.hs.config.public_baseurl, self.hs.config.user_consent_version),
+                "myurl": "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web"
+                % (CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS),
             }
             html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
             request.setResponseCode(200)
@@ -187,26 +184,20 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
             if not response:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "No captcha response supplied")
 
-            authdict = {
-                'response': response,
-                'session': session,
-            }
+            authdict = {"response": response, "session": session}
 
             success = yield self.auth_handler.add_oob_auth(
-                LoginType.RECAPTCHA,
-                authdict,
-                self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
+                LoginType.RECAPTCHA, authdict, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
             )
 
             if success:
                 html = SUCCESS_TEMPLATE
             else:
                 html = RECAPTCHA_TEMPLATE % {
-                    'session': session,
-                    'myurl': "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
-                        CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.RECAPTCHA
-                    ),
-                    'sitekey': self.hs.config.recaptcha_public_key,
+                    "session": session,
+                    "myurl": "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web"
+                    % (CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.RECAPTCHA),
+                    "sitekey": self.hs.config.recaptcha_public_key,
                 }
             html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
             request.setResponseCode(200)
@@ -218,31 +209,28 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
             defer.returnValue(None)
         elif stagetype == LoginType.TERMS:
-            if ('session' not in request.args or
-                    len(request.args['session'])) == 0:
+            if ("session" not in request.args or len(request.args["session"])) == 0:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "No session supplied")
 
-            session = request.args['session'][0]
-            authdict = {'session': session}
+            session = request.args["session"][0]
+            authdict = {"session": session}
 
             success = yield self.auth_handler.add_oob_auth(
-                LoginType.TERMS,
-                authdict,
-                self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
+                LoginType.TERMS, authdict, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
             )
 
             if success:
                 html = SUCCESS_TEMPLATE
             else:
                 html = TERMS_TEMPLATE % {
-                    'session': session,
-                    'terms_url': "%s_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                    "session": session,
+                    "terms_url": "%s_matrix/consent?v=%s"
+                    % (
                         self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
                         self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
                     ),
-                    'myurl': "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
-                        CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS
-                    ),
+                    "myurl": "%s/r0/auth/%s/fallback/web"
+                    % (CLIENT_API_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS),
                 }
             html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
             request.setResponseCode(200)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/devices.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/devices.py
index 78665304a5..d279229d74 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/devices.py
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ class DeleteDevicesRestServlet(RestServlet):
     API for bulk deletion of devices. Accepts a JSON object with a devices
     key which lists the device_ids to delete. Requires user interactive auth.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/delete_devices")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -84,12 +85,11 @@ class DeleteDevicesRestServlet(RestServlet):
         assert_params_in_dict(body, ["devices"])
 
         yield self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
-            requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request),
+            requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
         )
 
         yield self.device_handler.delete_devices(
-            requester.user.to_string(),
-            body['devices'],
+            requester.user.to_string(), body["devices"]
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -112,8 +112,7 @@ class DeviceRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_GET(self, request, device_id):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         device = yield self.device_handler.get_device(
-            requester.user.to_string(),
-            device_id,
+            requester.user.to_string(), device_id
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, device))
 
@@ -134,12 +133,10 @@ class DeviceRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 raise
 
         yield self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
-            requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request),
+            requester, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
         )
 
-        yield self.device_handler.delete_device(
-            requester.user.to_string(), device_id,
-        )
+        yield self.device_handler.delete_device(requester.user.to_string(), device_id)
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -148,9 +145,7 @@ class DeviceRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         yield self.device_handler.update_device(
-            requester.user.to_string(),
-            device_id,
-            body
+            requester.user.to_string(), device_id, body
         )
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/filter.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/filter.py
index 65db48c3cc..3f0adf4a21 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/filter.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/filter.py
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ class GetFilterRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         try:
             filter = yield self.filtering.get_user_filter(
-                user_localpart=target_user.localpart,
-                filter_id=filter_id,
+                user_localpart=target_user.localpart, filter_id=filter_id
             )
 
             defer.returnValue((200, filter.get_filter_json()))
@@ -84,14 +83,10 @@ class CreateFilterRestServlet(RestServlet):
             raise AuthError(403, "Can only create filters for local users")
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        set_timeline_upper_limit(
-            content,
-            self.hs.config.filter_timeline_limit
-        )
+        set_timeline_upper_limit(content, self.hs.config.filter_timeline_limit)
 
         filter_id = yield self.filtering.add_user_filter(
-            user_localpart=target_user.localpart,
-            user_filter=content,
+            user_localpart=target_user.localpart, user_filter=content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {"filter_id": str(filter_id)}))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/groups.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/groups.py
index d082385ec7..a312dd2593 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/groups.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/groups.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 class GroupServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get the group profile
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/profile$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -43,8 +44,7 @@ class GroupServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         group_description = yield self.groups_handler.get_group_profile(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, group_description))
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class GroupServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         yield self.groups_handler.update_group_profile(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ class GroupServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupSummaryServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get the full group summary
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/summary$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -79,8 +80,7 @@ class GroupSummaryServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         get_group_summary = yield self.groups_handler.get_group_summary(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, get_group_summary))
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ class GroupSummaryRoomsCatServlet(RestServlet):
         - /groups/:group/summary/rooms/:room_id
         - /groups/:group/summary/categories/:category/rooms/:room_id
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/summary"
         "(/categories/(?P<category_id>[^/]+))?"
@@ -112,7 +113,8 @@ class GroupSummaryRoomsCatServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.update_group_summary_room(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id,
+            requester_user_id,
             room_id=room_id,
             category_id=category_id,
             content=content,
@@ -126,9 +128,7 @@ class GroupSummaryRoomsCatServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.delete_group_summary_room(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            room_id=room_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id=room_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ class GroupSummaryRoomsCatServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupCategoryServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get/add/update/delete a group category
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/(?P<category_id>[^/]+)$"
     )
@@ -153,8 +154,7 @@ class GroupCategoryServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         category = yield self.groups_handler.get_group_category(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, category))
@@ -166,9 +166,7 @@ class GroupCategoryServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.update_group_category(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
-            content=content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id=category_id, content=content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -179,8 +177,7 @@ class GroupCategoryServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.delete_group_category(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            category_id=category_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, category_id=category_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -189,9 +186,8 @@ class GroupCategoryServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupCategoriesServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get all group categories
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/categories/$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupCategoriesServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -205,7 +201,7 @@ class GroupCategoriesServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         category = yield self.groups_handler.get_group_categories(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, category))
@@ -214,9 +210,8 @@ class GroupCategoriesServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupRoleServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get/add/update/delete a group role
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/(?P<role_id>[^/]+)$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/(?P<role_id>[^/]+)$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupRoleServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -230,8 +225,7 @@ class GroupRoleServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         category = yield self.groups_handler.get_group_role(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id=role_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, category))
@@ -243,9 +237,7 @@ class GroupRoleServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.update_group_role(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
-            content=content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id=role_id, content=content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -256,8 +248,7 @@ class GroupRoleServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.delete_group_role(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, role_id=role_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -266,9 +257,8 @@ class GroupRoleServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupRolesServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get all group roles
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/roles/$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupRolesServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -282,7 +272,7 @@ class GroupRolesServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         category = yield self.groups_handler.get_group_roles(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, category))
@@ -295,6 +285,7 @@ class GroupSummaryUsersRoleServlet(RestServlet):
         - /groups/:group/summary/users/:room_id
         - /groups/:group/summary/roles/:role/users/:user_id
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/summary"
         "(/roles/(?P<role_id>[^/]+))?"
@@ -314,7 +305,8 @@ class GroupSummaryUsersRoleServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.update_group_summary_user(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
+            group_id,
+            requester_user_id,
             user_id=user_id,
             role_id=role_id,
             content=content,
@@ -328,9 +320,7 @@ class GroupSummaryUsersRoleServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         resp = yield self.groups_handler.delete_group_summary_user(
-            group_id, requester_user_id,
-            user_id=user_id,
-            role_id=role_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, user_id=user_id, role_id=role_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, resp))
@@ -339,6 +329,7 @@ class GroupSummaryUsersRoleServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupRoomServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get all rooms in a group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/rooms$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -352,7 +343,9 @@ class GroupRoomServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        result = yield self.groups_handler.get_rooms_in_group(group_id, requester_user_id)
+        result = yield self.groups_handler.get_rooms_in_group(
+            group_id, requester_user_id
+        )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
 
@@ -360,6 +353,7 @@ class GroupRoomServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupUsersServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get all users in a group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/users$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -373,7 +367,9 @@ class GroupUsersServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        result = yield self.groups_handler.get_users_in_group(group_id, requester_user_id)
+        result = yield self.groups_handler.get_users_in_group(
+            group_id, requester_user_id
+        )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
 
@@ -381,6 +377,7 @@ class GroupUsersServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupInvitedUsersServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get users invited to a group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/invited_users$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -395,8 +392,7 @@ class GroupInvitedUsersServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         result = yield self.groups_handler.get_invited_users_in_group(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -405,6 +401,7 @@ class GroupInvitedUsersServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupSettingJoinPolicyServlet(RestServlet):
     """Set group join policy
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/settings/m.join_policy$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -420,9 +417,7 @@ class GroupSettingJoinPolicyServlet(RestServlet):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         result = yield self.groups_handler.set_group_join_policy(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -431,6 +426,7 @@ class GroupSettingJoinPolicyServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupCreateServlet(RestServlet):
     """Create a group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/create_group$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -451,9 +447,7 @@ class GroupCreateServlet(RestServlet):
         group_id = GroupID(localpart, self.server_name).to_string()
 
         result = yield self.groups_handler.create_group(
-            group_id,
-            requester_user_id,
-            content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -462,6 +456,7 @@ class GroupCreateServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupAdminRoomsServlet(RestServlet):
     """Add a room to the group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/admin/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)$"
     )
@@ -479,7 +474,7 @@ class GroupAdminRoomsServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         result = yield self.groups_handler.add_room_to_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -490,7 +485,7 @@ class GroupAdminRoomsServlet(RestServlet):
         requester_user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         result = yield self.groups_handler.remove_room_from_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -499,6 +494,7 @@ class GroupAdminRoomsServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupAdminRoomsConfigServlet(RestServlet):
     """Update the config of a room in a group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/admin/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)"
         "/config/(?P<config_key>[^/]*)$"
@@ -517,7 +513,7 @@ class GroupAdminRoomsConfigServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         result = yield self.groups_handler.update_room_in_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, room_id, config_key, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -526,6 +522,7 @@ class GroupAdminRoomsConfigServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupAdminUsersInviteServlet(RestServlet):
     """Invite a user to the group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/admin/users/invite/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)$"
     )
@@ -546,7 +543,7 @@ class GroupAdminUsersInviteServlet(RestServlet):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         config = content.get("config", {})
         result = yield self.groups_handler.invite(
-            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, config,
+            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, config
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -555,6 +552,7 @@ class GroupAdminUsersInviteServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupAdminUsersKickServlet(RestServlet):
     """Kick a user from the group
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/admin/users/remove/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)$"
     )
@@ -572,7 +570,7 @@ class GroupAdminUsersKickServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         result = yield self.groups_handler.remove_user_from_group(
-            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, user_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -581,9 +579,8 @@ class GroupAdminUsersKickServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupSelfLeaveServlet(RestServlet):
     """Leave a joined group
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/leave$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/leave$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupSelfLeaveServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -598,7 +595,7 @@ class GroupSelfLeaveServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         result = yield self.groups_handler.remove_user_from_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -607,9 +604,8 @@ class GroupSelfLeaveServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupSelfJoinServlet(RestServlet):
     """Attempt to join a group, or knock
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/join$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/join$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupSelfJoinServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -624,7 +620,7 @@ class GroupSelfJoinServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         result = yield self.groups_handler.join_group(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -633,9 +629,8 @@ class GroupSelfJoinServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupSelfAcceptInviteServlet(RestServlet):
     """Accept a group invite
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/accept_invite$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/accept_invite$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupSelfAcceptInviteServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -650,7 +645,7 @@ class GroupSelfAcceptInviteServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         result = yield self.groups_handler.accept_invite(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, content,
+            group_id, requester_user_id, content
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
@@ -659,9 +654,8 @@ class GroupSelfAcceptInviteServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupSelfUpdatePublicityServlet(RestServlet):
     """Update whether we publicise a users membership of a group
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/update_publicity$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/groups/(?P<group_id>[^/]*)/self/update_publicity$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupSelfUpdatePublicityServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -676,9 +670,7 @@ class GroupSelfUpdatePublicityServlet(RestServlet):
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         publicise = content["publicise"]
-        yield self.store.update_group_publicity(
-            group_id, requester_user_id, publicise,
-        )
+        yield self.store.update_group_publicity(group_id, requester_user_id, publicise)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -686,9 +678,8 @@ class GroupSelfUpdatePublicityServlet(RestServlet):
 class PublicisedGroupsForUserServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get the list of groups a user is advertising
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/publicised_groups/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/publicised_groups/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(PublicisedGroupsForUserServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -701,9 +692,7 @@ class PublicisedGroupsForUserServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_GET(self, request, user_id):
         yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
-        result = yield self.groups_handler.get_publicised_groups_for_user(
-            user_id
-        )
+        result = yield self.groups_handler.get_publicised_groups_for_user(user_id)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
 
@@ -711,9 +700,8 @@ class PublicisedGroupsForUserServlet(RestServlet):
 class PublicisedGroupsForUsersServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get the list of groups a user is advertising
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/publicised_groups$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/publicised_groups$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(PublicisedGroupsForUsersServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -729,9 +717,7 @@ class PublicisedGroupsForUsersServlet(RestServlet):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         user_ids = content["user_ids"]
 
-        result = yield self.groups_handler.bulk_get_publicised_groups(
-            user_ids
-        )
+        result = yield self.groups_handler.bulk_get_publicised_groups(user_ids)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
 
@@ -739,9 +725,8 @@ class PublicisedGroupsForUsersServlet(RestServlet):
 class GroupsForUserServlet(RestServlet):
     """Get all groups the logged in user is joined to
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/joined_groups$"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/joined_groups$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(GroupsForUserServlet, self).__init__()
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/keys.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/keys.py
index 4cbfbf5631..45c9928b65 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/keys.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/keys.py
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
       },
     }
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/keys/upload(/(?P<device_id>[^/]+))?$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -76,18 +77,19 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
         if device_id is not None:
             # passing the device_id here is deprecated; however, we allow it
             # for now for compatibility with older clients.
-            if (requester.device_id is not None and
-                    device_id != requester.device_id):
-                logger.warning("Client uploading keys for a different device "
-                               "(logged in as %s, uploading for %s)",
-                               requester.device_id, device_id)
+            if requester.device_id is not None and device_id != requester.device_id:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Client uploading keys for a different device "
+                    "(logged in as %s, uploading for %s)",
+                    requester.device_id,
+                    device_id,
+                )
         else:
             device_id = requester.device_id
 
         if device_id is None:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
+                400, "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
             )
 
         result = yield self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user(
@@ -159,6 +161,7 @@ class KeyChangesServlet(RestServlet):
         200 OK
         { "changed": ["@foo:example.com"] }
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/keys/changes$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -184,9 +187,7 @@ class KeyChangesServlet(RestServlet):
 
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        results = yield self.device_handler.get_user_ids_changed(
-            user_id, from_token,
-        )
+        results = yield self.device_handler.get_user_ids_changed(user_id, from_token)
 
         defer.returnValue((200, results))
 
@@ -209,6 +210,7 @@ class OneTimeKeyServlet(RestServlet):
     } } } }
 
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/keys/claim$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -221,10 +223,7 @@ class OneTimeKeyServlet(RestServlet):
         yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         timeout = parse_integer(request, "timeout", 10 * 1000)
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        result = yield self.e2e_keys_handler.claim_one_time_keys(
-            body,
-            timeout,
-        )
+        result = yield self.e2e_keys_handler.claim_one_time_keys(body, timeout)
         defer.returnValue((200, result))
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/notifications.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/notifications.py
index 53e666989b..728a52328f 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/notifications.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/notifications.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class NotificationsServlet(RestServlet):
         )
 
         receipts_by_room = yield self.store.get_receipts_for_user_with_orderings(
-            user_id, 'm.read'
+            user_id, "m.read"
         )
 
         notif_event_ids = [pa["event_id"] for pa in push_actions]
@@ -67,11 +67,13 @@ class NotificationsServlet(RestServlet):
                 "profile_tag": pa["profile_tag"],
                 "actions": pa["actions"],
                 "ts": pa["received_ts"],
-                "event": (yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-                    notif_events[pa["event_id"]],
-                    self.clock.time_msec(),
-                    event_format=format_event_for_client_v2_without_room_id,
-                )),
+                "event": (
+                    yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+                        notif_events[pa["event_id"]],
+                        self.clock.time_msec(),
+                        event_format=format_event_for_client_v2_without_room_id,
+                    )
+                ),
             }
 
             if pa["room_id"] not in receipts_by_room:
@@ -80,17 +82,15 @@ class NotificationsServlet(RestServlet):
                 receipt = receipts_by_room[pa["room_id"]]
 
                 returned_pa["read"] = (
-                    receipt["topological_ordering"], receipt["stream_ordering"]
-                ) >= (
-                    pa["topological_ordering"], pa["stream_ordering"]
-                )
+                    receipt["topological_ordering"],
+                    receipt["stream_ordering"],
+                ) >= (pa["topological_ordering"], pa["stream_ordering"])
             returned_push_actions.append(returned_pa)
             next_token = str(pa["stream_ordering"])
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "notifications": returned_push_actions,
-            "next_token": next_token,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (200, {"notifications": returned_push_actions, "next_token": next_token})
+        )
 
 
 def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/openid.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/openid.py
index bb927d9f9d..b1b5385b09 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/openid.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/openid.py
@@ -56,9 +56,8 @@ class IdTokenServlet(RestServlet):
         "expires_in": 3600,
     }
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/openid/request_token"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/openid/request_token")
 
     EXPIRES_MS = 3600 * 1000
 
@@ -84,12 +83,17 @@ class IdTokenServlet(RestServlet):
 
         yield self.store.insert_open_id_token(token, ts_valid_until_ms, user_id)
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "access_token": token,
-            "token_type": "Bearer",
-            "matrix_server_name": self.server_name,
-            "expires_in": self.EXPIRES_MS / 1000,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (
+                200,
+                {
+                    "access_token": token,
+                    "token_type": "Bearer",
+                    "matrix_server_name": self.server_name,
+                    "expires_in": self.EXPIRES_MS / 1000,
+                },
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py
index f4bd0d077f..e75664279b 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ReadMarkerRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 room_id,
                 "m.read",
                 user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
-                event_id=read_event_id
+                event_id=read_event_id,
             )
 
         read_marker_event_id = body.get("m.fully_read", None)
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ReadMarkerRestServlet(RestServlet):
             yield self.read_marker_handler.received_client_read_marker(
                 room_id,
                 user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
-                event_id=read_marker_event_id
+                event_id=read_marker_event_id,
             )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py
index fa12ac3e4d..488905626a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py
@@ -49,10 +49,7 @@ class ReceiptRestServlet(RestServlet):
         yield self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
 
         yield self.receipts_handler.received_client_receipt(
-            room_id,
-            receipt_type,
-            user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
-            event_id=event_id
+            room_id, receipt_type, user_id=requester.user.to_string(), event_id=event_id
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
index 79c085408b..5c120e4dd5 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ from ._base import client_patterns, interactive_auth_handler
 if hasattr(hmac, "compare_digest"):
     compare_digest = hmac.compare_digest
 else:
+
     def compare_digest(a, b):
         return a == b
 
@@ -75,11 +76,11 @@ class EmailRegisterRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, [
-            'id_server', 'client_secret', 'email', 'send_attempt'
-        ])
+        assert_params_in_dict(
+            body, ["id_server", "client_secret", "email", "send_attempt"]
+        )
 
-        if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "email", body['email']):
+        if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "email", body["email"]):
             raise SynapseError(
                 403,
                 "Your email domain is not authorized to register on this server",
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ class EmailRegisterRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
             )
 
         existingUid = yield self.hs.get_datastore().get_user_id_by_threepid(
-            'email', body['email']
+            "email", body["email"]
         )
 
         if existingUid is not None:
@@ -113,13 +114,12 @@ class MsisdnRegisterRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
     def on_POST(self, request):
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        assert_params_in_dict(body, [
-            'id_server', 'client_secret',
-            'country', 'phone_number',
-            'send_attempt',
-        ])
+        assert_params_in_dict(
+            body,
+            ["id_server", "client_secret", "country", "phone_number", "send_attempt"],
+        )
 
-        msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(body['country'], body['phone_number'])
+        msisdn = phone_number_to_msisdn(body["country"], body["phone_number"])
 
         if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, "msisdn", msisdn):
             raise SynapseError(
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class MsisdnRegisterRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
             )
 
         existingUid = yield self.hs.get_datastore().get_user_id_by_threepid(
-            'msisdn', msisdn
+            "msisdn", msisdn
         )
 
         if existingUid is not None:
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class UsernameAvailabilityRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 reject_limit=1,
                 # Allow 1 request at a time
                 concurrent_requests=1,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -212,7 +212,8 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         time_now = self.clock.time()
 
         allowed, time_allowed = self.ratelimiter.can_do_action(
-            client_addr, time_now_s=time_now,
+            client_addr,
+            time_now_s=time_now,
             rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_registration.per_second,
             burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_registration.burst_count,
             update=False,
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         if not allowed:
             raise LimitExceededError(
-                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now)),
+                retry_after_ms=int(1000 * (time_allowed - time_now))
             )
 
         kind = b"user"
@@ -239,18 +240,22 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # we do basic sanity checks here because the auth layer will store these
         # in sessions. Pull out the username/password provided to us.
         desired_password = None
-        if 'password' in body:
-            if (not isinstance(body['password'], string_types) or
-                    len(body['password']) > 512):
+        if "password" in body:
+            if (
+                not isinstance(body["password"], string_types)
+                or len(body["password"]) > 512
+            ):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid password")
             desired_password = body["password"]
 
         desired_username = None
-        if 'username' in body:
-            if (not isinstance(body['username'], string_types) or
-                    len(body['username']) > 512):
+        if "username" in body:
+            if (
+                not isinstance(body["username"], string_types)
+                or len(body["username"]) > 512
+            ):
                 raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid username")
-            desired_username = body['username']
+            desired_username = body["username"]
 
         appservice = None
         if self.auth.has_access_token(request):
@@ -290,7 +295,7 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
             desired_username = desired_username.lower()
 
         # == Shared Secret Registration == (e.g. create new user scripts)
-        if 'mac' in body:
+        if "mac" in body:
             # FIXME: Should we really be determining if this is shared secret
             # auth based purely on the 'mac' key?
             result = yield self._do_shared_secret_registration(
@@ -305,16 +310,13 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         guest_access_token = body.get("guest_access_token", None)
 
-        if (
-            'initial_device_display_name' in body and
-            'password' not in body
-        ):
+        if "initial_device_display_name" in body and "password" not in body:
             # ignore 'initial_device_display_name' if sent without
             # a password to work around a client bug where it sent
             # the 'initial_device_display_name' param alone, wiping out
             # the original registration params
             logger.warn("Ignoring initial_device_display_name without password")
-            del body['initial_device_display_name']
+            del body["initial_device_display_name"]
 
         session_id = self.auth_handler.get_session_id(body)
         registered_user_id = None
@@ -336,8 +338,8 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         # FIXME: need a better error than "no auth flow found" for scenarios
         # where we required 3PID for registration but the user didn't give one
-        require_email = 'email' in self.hs.config.registrations_require_3pid
-        require_msisdn = 'msisdn' in self.hs.config.registrations_require_3pid
+        require_email = "email" in self.hs.config.registrations_require_3pid
+        require_msisdn = "msisdn" in self.hs.config.registrations_require_3pid
 
         show_msisdn = True
         if self.hs.config.disable_msisdn_registration:
@@ -362,9 +364,9 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 if not require_email:
                     flows.extend([[LoginType.RECAPTCHA, LoginType.MSISDN]])
                 # always let users provide both MSISDN & email
-                flows.extend([
-                    [LoginType.RECAPTCHA, LoginType.MSISDN, LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY],
-                ])
+                flows.extend(
+                    [[LoginType.RECAPTCHA, LoginType.MSISDN, LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY]]
+                )
         else:
             # only support 3PIDless registration if no 3PIDs are required
             if not require_email and not require_msisdn:
@@ -378,9 +380,7 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 if not require_email or require_msisdn:
                     flows.extend([[LoginType.MSISDN]])
                 # always let users provide both MSISDN & email
-                flows.extend([
-                    [LoginType.MSISDN, LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY]
-                ])
+                flows.extend([[LoginType.MSISDN, LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY]])
 
         # Append m.login.terms to all flows if we're requiring consent
         if self.hs.config.user_consent_at_registration:
@@ -410,21 +410,20 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         if auth_result:
             for login_type in [LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY, LoginType.MSISDN]:
                 if login_type in auth_result:
-                    medium = auth_result[login_type]['medium']
-                    address = auth_result[login_type]['address']
+                    medium = auth_result[login_type]["medium"]
+                    address = auth_result[login_type]["address"]
 
                     if not check_3pid_allowed(self.hs, medium, address):
                         raise SynapseError(
                             403,
-                            "Third party identifiers (email/phone numbers)" +
-                            " are not authorized on this server",
+                            "Third party identifiers (email/phone numbers)"
+                            + " are not authorized on this server",
                             Codes.THREEPID_DENIED,
                         )
 
         if registered_user_id is not None:
             logger.info(
-                "Already registered user ID %r for this session",
-                registered_user_id
+                "Already registered user ID %r for this session", registered_user_id
             )
             # don't re-register the threepids
             registered = False
@@ -451,11 +450,11 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 # the two activation emails, they would register the same 3pid twice.
                 for login_type in [LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY, LoginType.MSISDN]:
                     if login_type in auth_result:
-                        medium = auth_result[login_type]['medium']
-                        address = auth_result[login_type]['address']
+                        medium = auth_result[login_type]["medium"]
+                        address = auth_result[login_type]["address"]
 
                         existingUid = yield self.store.get_user_id_by_threepid(
-                            medium, address,
+                            medium, address
                         )
 
                         if existingUid is not None:
@@ -520,7 +519,7 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "Shared secret registration is not enabled")
         if not username:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "username must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON,
+                400, "username must be specified", errcode=Codes.BAD_JSON
             )
 
         # use the username from the original request rather than the
@@ -541,12 +540,10 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         ).hexdigest()
 
         if not compare_digest(want_mac, got_mac):
-            raise SynapseError(
-                403, "HMAC incorrect",
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(403, "HMAC incorrect")
 
         (user_id, _) = yield self.registration_handler.register(
-            localpart=username, password=password, generate_token=False,
+            localpart=username, password=password, generate_token=False
         )
 
         result = yield self._create_registration_details(user_id, body)
@@ -565,21 +562,15 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         Returns:
             defer.Deferred: (object) dictionary for response from /register
         """
-        result = {
-            "user_id": user_id,
-            "home_server": self.hs.hostname,
-        }
+        result = {"user_id": user_id, "home_server": self.hs.hostname}
         if not params.get("inhibit_login", False):
             device_id = params.get("device_id")
             initial_display_name = params.get("initial_device_display_name")
             device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-                user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest=False,
+                user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest=False
             )
 
-            result.update({
-                "access_token": access_token,
-                "device_id": device_id,
-            })
+            result.update({"access_token": access_token, "device_id": device_id})
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -587,9 +578,7 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         if not self.hs.config.allow_guest_access:
             raise SynapseError(403, "Guest access is disabled")
         user_id, _ = yield self.registration_handler.register(
-            generate_token=False,
-            make_guest=True,
-            address=address,
+            generate_token=False, make_guest=True, address=address
         )
 
         # we don't allow guests to specify their own device_id, because
@@ -597,15 +586,20 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
         device_id = synapse.api.auth.GUEST_DEVICE_ID
         initial_display_name = params.get("initial_device_display_name")
         device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
-            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest=True,
+            user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest=True
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue((200, {
-            "user_id": user_id,
-            "device_id": device_id,
-            "access_token": access_token,
-            "home_server": self.hs.hostname,
-        }))
+        defer.returnValue(
+            (
+                200,
+                {
+                    "user_id": user_id,
+                    "device_id": device_id,
+                    "access_token": access_token,
+                    "home_server": self.hs.hostname,
+                },
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/relations.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/relations.py
index f8f8742bdc..8e362782cc 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/relations.py
@@ -32,7 +32,10 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
     parse_string,
 )
 from synapse.rest.client.transactions import HttpTransactionCache
-from synapse.storage.relations import AggregationPaginationToken, RelationPaginationToken
+from synapse.storage.relations import (
+    AggregationPaginationToken,
+    RelationPaginationToken,
+)
 
 from ._base import client_patterns
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/report_event.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/report_event.py
index 10198662a9..e7578af804 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/report_event.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/report_event.py
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class ReportEventRestServlet(RestServlet):
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/report/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)$"
-    )
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/report/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(ReportEventRestServlet, self).__init__()
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
index 87779645f9..8d1b810565 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
@@ -129,22 +129,12 @@ class RoomKeysServlet(RestServlet):
         version = parse_string(request, "version")
 
         if session_id:
-            body = {
-                "sessions": {
-                    session_id: body
-                }
-            }
+            body = {"sessions": {session_id: body}}
 
         if room_id:
-            body = {
-                "rooms": {
-                    room_id: body
-                }
-            }
+            body = {"rooms": {room_id: body}}
 
-        yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.upload_room_keys(
-            user_id, version, body
-        )
+        yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.upload_room_keys(user_id, version, body)
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -212,10 +202,10 @@ class RoomKeysServlet(RestServlet):
         if session_id:
             # If the client requests a specific session, but that session was
             # not backed up, then return an M_NOT_FOUND.
-            if room_keys['rooms'] == {}:
+            if room_keys["rooms"] == {}:
                 raise NotFoundError("No room_keys found")
             else:
-                room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]['sessions'][session_id]
+                room_keys = room_keys["rooms"][room_id]["sessions"][session_id]
         elif room_id:
             # If the client requests all sessions from a room, but no sessions
             # are found, then return an empty result rather than an error, so
@@ -223,10 +213,10 @@ class RoomKeysServlet(RestServlet):
             # empty result is valid.  (Similarly if the client requests all
             # sessions from the backup, but in that case, room_keys is already
             # in the right format, so we don't need to do anything about it.)
-            if room_keys['rooms'] == {}:
-                room_keys = {'sessions': {}}
+            if room_keys["rooms"] == {}:
+                room_keys = {"sessions": {}}
             else:
-                room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]
+                room_keys = room_keys["rooms"][room_id]
 
         defer.returnValue((200, room_keys))
 
@@ -256,9 +246,7 @@ class RoomKeysServlet(RestServlet):
 
 
 class RoomKeysNewVersionServlet(RestServlet):
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/room_keys/version$"
-    )
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/room_keys/version$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
@@ -304,9 +292,7 @@ class RoomKeysNewVersionServlet(RestServlet):
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
         info = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        new_version = yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.create_version(
-            user_id, info
-        )
+        new_version = yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.create_version(user_id, info)
         defer.returnValue((200, {"version": new_version}))
 
     # we deliberately don't have a PUT /version, as these things really should
@@ -314,9 +300,7 @@ class RoomKeysNewVersionServlet(RestServlet):
 
 
 class RoomKeysVersionServlet(RestServlet):
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/room_keys/version(/(?P<version>[^/]+))?$"
-    )
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/room_keys/version(/(?P<version>[^/]+))?$")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
@@ -350,9 +334,7 @@ class RoomKeysVersionServlet(RestServlet):
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         try:
-            info = yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.get_version_info(
-                user_id, version
-            )
+            info = yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.get_version_info(user_id, version)
         except SynapseError as e:
             if e.code == 404:
                 raise SynapseError(404, "No backup found", Codes.NOT_FOUND)
@@ -375,9 +357,7 @@ class RoomKeysVersionServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=False)
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
-        yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.delete_version(
-            user_id, version
-        )
+        yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.delete_version(user_id, version)
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -407,11 +387,11 @@ class RoomKeysVersionServlet(RestServlet):
         info = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         if version is None:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "No version specified to update", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "No version specified to update", Codes.MISSING_PARAM
+            )
 
-        yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.update_version(
-            user_id, version, info
-        )
+        yield self.e2e_room_keys_handler.update_version(user_id, version, info)
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
index c621a90fba..d7f7faa029 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
@@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ class RoomUpgradeRestServlet(RestServlet):
     Args:
         hs (synapse.server.HomeServer):
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         # /rooms/$roomid/upgrade
-        "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/upgrade$",
+        "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/upgrade$"
     )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ class RoomUpgradeRestServlet(RestServlet):
         requester = yield self._auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-        assert_params_in_dict(content, ("new_version", ))
+        assert_params_in_dict(content, ("new_version",))
         new_version = content["new_version"]
 
         if new_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
@@ -77,9 +78,7 @@ class RoomUpgradeRestServlet(RestServlet):
             requester, room_id, new_version
         )
 
-        ret = {
-            "replacement_room": new_room_id,
-        }
+        ret = {"replacement_room": new_room_id}
 
         defer.returnValue((200, ret))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sendtodevice.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sendtodevice.py
index 120a713361..78075b8fc0 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sendtodevice.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sendtodevice.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class SendToDeviceRestServlet(servlet.RestServlet):
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/sendToDevice/(?P<message_type>[^/]*)/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$",
+        "/sendToDevice/(?P<message_type>[^/]*)/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$"
     )
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py
index 148fc6c985..02d56dee6c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py
@@ -96,44 +96,42 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 400, "'from' is not a valid query parameter. Did you mean 'since'?"
             )
 
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(
-            request, allow_guest=True
-        )
+        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         user = requester.user
         device_id = requester.device_id
 
         timeout = parse_integer(request, "timeout", default=0)
         since = parse_string(request, "since")
         set_presence = parse_string(
-            request, "set_presence", default="online",
-            allowed_values=self.ALLOWED_PRESENCE
+            request,
+            "set_presence",
+            default="online",
+            allowed_values=self.ALLOWED_PRESENCE,
         )
         filter_id = parse_string(request, "filter", default=None)
         full_state = parse_boolean(request, "full_state", default=False)
 
         logger.debug(
             "/sync: user=%r, timeout=%r, since=%r,"
-            " set_presence=%r, filter_id=%r, device_id=%r" % (
-                user, timeout, since, set_presence, filter_id, device_id
-            )
+            " set_presence=%r, filter_id=%r, device_id=%r"
+            % (user, timeout, since, set_presence, filter_id, device_id)
         )
 
         request_key = (user, timeout, since, filter_id, full_state, device_id)
 
         if filter_id:
-            if filter_id.startswith('{'):
+            if filter_id.startswith("{"):
                 try:
                     filter_object = json.loads(filter_id)
-                    set_timeline_upper_limit(filter_object,
-                                             self.hs.config.filter_timeline_limit)
+                    set_timeline_upper_limit(
+                        filter_object, self.hs.config.filter_timeline_limit
+                    )
                 except Exception:
                     raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid filter JSON")
                 self.filtering.check_valid_filter(filter_object)
                 filter = FilterCollection(filter_object)
             else:
-                filter = yield self.filtering.get_user_filter(
-                    user.localpart, filter_id
-                )
+                filter = yield self.filtering.get_user_filter(user.localpart, filter_id)
         else:
             filter = DEFAULT_FILTER_COLLECTION
 
@@ -156,15 +154,19 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         affect_presence = set_presence != PresenceState.OFFLINE
 
         if affect_presence:
-            yield self.presence_handler.set_state(user, {"presence": set_presence}, True)
+            yield self.presence_handler.set_state(
+                user, {"presence": set_presence}, True
+            )
 
         context = yield self.presence_handler.user_syncing(
-            user.to_string(), affect_presence=affect_presence,
+            user.to_string(), affect_presence=affect_presence
         )
         with context:
             sync_result = yield self.sync_handler.wait_for_sync_for_user(
-                sync_config, since_token=since_token, timeout=timeout,
-                full_state=full_state
+                sync_config,
+                since_token=since_token,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                full_state=full_state,
             )
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
@@ -176,53 +178,54 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def encode_response(self, time_now, sync_result, access_token_id, filter):
-        if filter.event_format == 'client':
+        if filter.event_format == "client":
             event_formatter = format_event_for_client_v2_without_room_id
-        elif filter.event_format == 'federation':
+        elif filter.event_format == "federation":
             event_formatter = format_event_raw
         else:
-            raise Exception("Unknown event format %s" % (filter.event_format, ))
+            raise Exception("Unknown event format %s" % (filter.event_format,))
 
         joined = yield self.encode_joined(
-            sync_result.joined, time_now, access_token_id,
+            sync_result.joined,
+            time_now,
+            access_token_id,
             filter.event_fields,
             event_formatter,
         )
 
         invited = yield self.encode_invited(
-            sync_result.invited, time_now, access_token_id,
-            event_formatter,
+            sync_result.invited, time_now, access_token_id, event_formatter
         )
 
         archived = yield self.encode_archived(
-            sync_result.archived, time_now, access_token_id,
+            sync_result.archived,
+            time_now,
+            access_token_id,
             filter.event_fields,
             event_formatter,
         )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "account_data": {"events": sync_result.account_data},
-            "to_device": {"events": sync_result.to_device},
-            "device_lists": {
-                "changed": list(sync_result.device_lists.changed),
-                "left": list(sync_result.device_lists.left),
-            },
-            "presence": SyncRestServlet.encode_presence(
-                sync_result.presence, time_now
-            ),
-            "rooms": {
-                "join": joined,
-                "invite": invited,
-                "leave": archived,
-            },
-            "groups": {
-                "join": sync_result.groups.join,
-                "invite": sync_result.groups.invite,
-                "leave": sync_result.groups.leave,
-            },
-            "device_one_time_keys_count": sync_result.device_one_time_keys_count,
-            "next_batch": sync_result.next_batch.to_string(),
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "account_data": {"events": sync_result.account_data},
+                "to_device": {"events": sync_result.to_device},
+                "device_lists": {
+                    "changed": list(sync_result.device_lists.changed),
+                    "left": list(sync_result.device_lists.left),
+                },
+                "presence": SyncRestServlet.encode_presence(
+                    sync_result.presence, time_now
+                ),
+                "rooms": {"join": joined, "invite": invited, "leave": archived},
+                "groups": {
+                    "join": sync_result.groups.join,
+                    "invite": sync_result.groups.invite,
+                    "leave": sync_result.groups.leave,
+                },
+                "device_one_time_keys_count": sync_result.device_one_time_keys_count,
+                "next_batch": sync_result.next_batch.to_string(),
+            }
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def encode_presence(events, time_now):
@@ -262,7 +265,11 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         joined = {}
         for room in rooms:
             joined[room.room_id] = yield self.encode_room(
-                room, time_now, token_id, joined=True, only_fields=event_fields,
+                room,
+                time_now,
+                token_id,
+                joined=True,
+                only_fields=event_fields,
                 event_formatter=event_formatter,
             )
 
@@ -290,7 +297,9 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         invited = {}
         for room in rooms:
             invite = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-                room.invite, time_now, token_id=token_id,
+                room.invite,
+                time_now,
+                token_id=token_id,
                 event_format=event_formatter,
                 is_invite=True,
             )
@@ -298,9 +307,7 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
             invite["unsigned"] = unsigned
             invited_state = list(unsigned.pop("invite_room_state", []))
             invited_state.append(invite)
-            invited[room.room_id] = {
-                "invite_state": {"events": invited_state}
-            }
+            invited[room.room_id] = {"invite_state": {"events": invited_state}}
 
         defer.returnValue(invited)
 
@@ -327,7 +334,10 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         joined = {}
         for room in rooms:
             joined[room.room_id] = yield self.encode_room(
-                room, time_now, token_id, joined=False,
+                room,
+                time_now,
+                token_id,
+                joined=False,
                 only_fields=event_fields,
                 event_formatter=event_formatter,
             )
@@ -336,8 +346,7 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def encode_room(
-            self, room, time_now, token_id, joined,
-            only_fields, event_formatter,
+        self, room, time_now, token_id, joined, only_fields, event_formatter
     ):
         """
         Args:
@@ -355,9 +364,11 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         Returns:
             dict[str, object]: the room, encoded in our response format
         """
+
         def serialize(events):
             return self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                events, time_now=time_now,
+                events,
+                time_now=time_now,
                 # We don't bundle "live" events, as otherwise clients
                 # will end up double counting annotations.
                 bundle_aggregations=False,
@@ -377,7 +388,9 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
             if event.room_id != room.room_id:
                 logger.warn(
                     "Event %r is under room %r instead of %r",
-                    event.event_id, room.room_id, event.room_id,
+                    event.event_id,
+                    room.room_id,
+                    event.room_id,
                 )
 
         serialized_state = yield serialize(state_events)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tags.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tags.py
index ebff7cff45..07b6ede603 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tags.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tags.py
@@ -29,9 +29,8 @@ class TagListServlet(RestServlet):
     """
     GET /user/{user_id}/rooms/{room_id}/tags HTTP/1.1
     """
-    PATTERNS = client_patterns(
-        "/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/tags"
-    )
+
+    PATTERNS = client_patterns("/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/tags")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         super(TagListServlet, self).__init__()
@@ -54,6 +53,7 @@ class TagServlet(RestServlet):
     PUT /user/{user_id}/rooms/{room_id}/tags/{tag} HTTP/1.1
     DELETE /user/{user_id}/rooms/{room_id}/tags/{tag} HTTP/1.1
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns(
         "/user/(?P<user_id>[^/]*)/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/tags/(?P<tag>[^/]*)"
     )
@@ -74,9 +74,7 @@ class TagServlet(RestServlet):
 
         max_id = yield self.store.add_tag_to_room(user_id, room_id, tag, body)
 
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id]
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
@@ -88,9 +86,7 @@ class TagServlet(RestServlet):
 
         max_id = yield self.store.remove_tag_from_room(user_id, room_id, tag)
 
-        self.notifier.on_new_event(
-            "account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id]
-        )
+        self.notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
 
         defer.returnValue((200, {}))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/thirdparty.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/thirdparty.py
index e7a987466a..1e66662a05 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/thirdparty.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/thirdparty.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ThirdPartyProtocolServlet(RestServlet):
         yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         protocols = yield self.appservice_handler.get_3pe_protocols(
-            only_protocol=protocol,
+            only_protocol=protocol
         )
         if protocol in protocols:
             defer.returnValue((200, protocols[protocol]))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tokenrefresh.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tokenrefresh.py
index 6c366142e1..2da0f55811 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tokenrefresh.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/tokenrefresh.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ class TokenRefreshRestServlet(RestServlet):
     Exchanges refresh tokens for a pair of an access token and a new refresh
     token.
     """
+
     PATTERNS = client_patterns("/tokenrefresh")
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/user_directory.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/user_directory.py
index 69e4efc47a..e19fb6d583 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/user_directory.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/user_directory.py
@@ -60,10 +60,7 @@ class UserDirectorySearchRestServlet(RestServlet):
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         if not self.hs.config.user_directory_search_enabled:
-            defer.returnValue((200, {
-                "limited": False,
-                "results": [],
-            }))
+            defer.returnValue((200, {"limited": False, "results": []}))
 
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
@@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ class UserDirectorySearchRestServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(400, "`search_term` is required field")
 
         results = yield self.user_directory_handler.search_users(
-            user_id, search_term, limit,
+            user_id, search_term, limit
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((200, results))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/versions.py b/synapse/rest/client/versions.py
index babbf6a23c..0e09191632 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/versions.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/versions.py
@@ -25,27 +25,28 @@ class VersionsRestServlet(RestServlet):
     PATTERNS = [re.compile("^/_matrix/client/versions$")]
 
     def on_GET(self, request):
-        return (200, {
-            "versions": [
-                # XXX: at some point we need to decide whether we need to include
-                # the previous version numbers, given we've defined r0.3.0 to be
-                # backwards compatible with r0.2.0.  But need to check how
-                # conscientious we've been in compatibility, and decide whether the
-                # middle number is the major revision when at 0.X.Y (as opposed to
-                # X.Y.Z).  And we need to decide whether it's fair to make clients
-                # parse the version string to figure out what's going on.
-                "r0.0.1",
-                "r0.1.0",
-                "r0.2.0",
-                "r0.3.0",
-                "r0.4.0",
-                "r0.5.0",
-            ],
-            # as per MSC1497:
-            "unstable_features": {
-                "m.lazy_load_members": True,
-            }
-        })
+        return (
+            200,
+            {
+                "versions": [
+                    # XXX: at some point we need to decide whether we need to include
+                    # the previous version numbers, given we've defined r0.3.0 to be
+                    # backwards compatible with r0.2.0.  But need to check how
+                    # conscientious we've been in compatibility, and decide whether the
+                    # middle number is the major revision when at 0.X.Y (as opposed to
+                    # X.Y.Z).  And we need to decide whether it's fair to make clients
+                    # parse the version string to figure out what's going on.
+                    "r0.0.1",
+                    "r0.1.0",
+                    "r0.2.0",
+                    "r0.3.0",
+                    "r0.4.0",
+                    "r0.5.0",
+                ],
+                # as per MSC1497:
+                "unstable_features": {"m.lazy_load_members": True},
+            },
+        )
 
 
 def register_servlets(http_server):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py b/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
index 6b371bfa2f..9a32892d8b 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 if hasattr(hmac, "compare_digest"):
     compare_digest = hmac.compare_digest
 else:
+
     def compare_digest(a, b):
         return a == b
 
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
            For POST: required; gives the value to be recorded in the database
            against the user.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
         Args:
@@ -98,21 +100,20 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
         if self._default_consent_version is None:
             raise ConfigError(
                 "Consent resource is enabled but user_consent section is "
-                "missing in config file.",
+                "missing in config file."
             )
 
         consent_template_directory = hs.config.user_consent_template_dir
 
         loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(consent_template_directory)
         self._jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(
-            loader=loader,
-            autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(['html', 'htm', 'xml']),
+            loader=loader, autoescape=jinja2.select_autoescape(["html", "htm", "xml"])
         )
 
         if hs.config.form_secret is None:
             raise ConfigError(
                 "Consent resource is enabled but form_secret is not set in "
-                "config file. It should be set to an arbitrary secret string.",
+                "config file. It should be set to an arbitrary secret string."
             )
 
         self._hmac_secret = hs.config.form_secret.encode("utf-8")
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
 
             self._check_hash(username, userhmac_bytes)
 
-            if username.startswith('@'):
+            if username.startswith("@"):
                 qualified_user_id = username
             else:
                 qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
@@ -153,7 +154,8 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
 
         try:
             self._render_template(
-                request, "%s.html" % (version,),
+                request,
+                "%s.html" % (version,),
                 user=username,
                 userhmac=userhmac,
                 version=version,
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
 
         self._check_hash(username, userhmac)
 
-        if username.startswith('@'):
+        if username.startswith("@"):
             qualified_user_id = username
         else:
             qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
@@ -221,11 +223,13 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
               SynapseError if the hash doesn't match
 
         """
-        want_mac = hmac.new(
-            key=self._hmac_secret,
-            msg=userid.encode('utf-8'),
-            digestmod=sha256,
-        ).hexdigest().encode('ascii')
+        want_mac = (
+            hmac.new(
+                key=self._hmac_secret, msg=userid.encode("utf-8"), digestmod=sha256
+            )
+            .hexdigest()
+            .encode("ascii")
+        )
 
         if not compare_digest(want_mac, userhmac):
             raise SynapseError(http_client.FORBIDDEN, "HMAC incorrect")
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py
index ec0ec7b431..c16280f668 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py
@@ -80,33 +80,27 @@ class LocalKey(Resource):
         for key in self.config.signing_key:
             verify_key_bytes = key.verify_key.encode()
             key_id = "%s:%s" % (key.alg, key.version)
-            verify_keys[key_id] = {
-                u"key": encode_base64(verify_key_bytes)
-            }
+            verify_keys[key_id] = {"key": encode_base64(verify_key_bytes)}
 
         old_verify_keys = {}
         for key_id, key in self.config.old_signing_keys.items():
             verify_key_bytes = key.encode()
             old_verify_keys[key_id] = {
-                u"key": encode_base64(verify_key_bytes),
-                u"expired_ts": key.expired_ts,
+                "key": encode_base64(verify_key_bytes),
+                "expired_ts": key.expired_ts,
             }
 
         tls_fingerprints = self.config.tls_fingerprints
 
         json_object = {
-            u"valid_until_ts": self.valid_until_ts,
-            u"server_name": self.config.server_name,
-            u"verify_keys": verify_keys,
-            u"old_verify_keys": old_verify_keys,
-            u"tls_fingerprints": tls_fingerprints,
+            "valid_until_ts": self.valid_until_ts,
+            "server_name": self.config.server_name,
+            "verify_keys": verify_keys,
+            "old_verify_keys": old_verify_keys,
+            "tls_fingerprints": tls_fingerprints,
         }
         for key in self.config.signing_key:
-            json_object = sign_json(
-                json_object,
-                self.config.server_name,
-                key,
-            )
+            json_object = sign_json(json_object, self.config.server_name, key)
         return json_object
 
     def render_GET(self, request):
@@ -114,6 +108,4 @@ class LocalKey(Resource):
         # Update the expiry time if less than half the interval remains.
         if time_now + self.config.key_refresh_interval / 2 > self.valid_until_ts:
             self.update_response_body(time_now)
-        return respond_with_json_bytes(
-            request, 200, self.response_body,
-        )
+        return respond_with_json_bytes(request, 200, self.response_body)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py
index 8a730bbc35..ec8b9d7269 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/key/v2/remote_key_resource.py
@@ -103,20 +103,16 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
     def async_render_GET(self, request):
         if len(request.postpath) == 1:
             server, = request.postpath
-            query = {server.decode('ascii'): {}}
+            query = {server.decode("ascii"): {}}
         elif len(request.postpath) == 2:
             server, key_id = request.postpath
-            minimum_valid_until_ts = parse_integer(
-                request, "minimum_valid_until_ts"
-            )
+            minimum_valid_until_ts = parse_integer(request, "minimum_valid_until_ts")
             arguments = {}
             if minimum_valid_until_ts is not None:
                 arguments["minimum_valid_until_ts"] = minimum_valid_until_ts
-            query = {server.decode('ascii'): {key_id.decode('ascii'): arguments}}
+            query = {server.decode("ascii"): {key_id.decode("ascii"): arguments}}
         else:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                404, "Not found %r" % request.postpath, Codes.NOT_FOUND
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(404, "Not found %r" % request.postpath, Codes.NOT_FOUND)
 
         yield self.query_keys(request, query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=True)
 
@@ -140,8 +136,8 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
         store_queries = []
         for server_name, key_ids in query.items():
             if (
-                self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None and
-                server_name not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
+                self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None
+                and server_name not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
             ):
                 logger.debug("Federation denied with %s", server_name)
                 continue
@@ -159,9 +155,7 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
 
         cache_misses = dict()
         for (server_name, key_id, from_server), results in cached.items():
-            results = [
-                (result["ts_added_ms"], result) for result in results
-            ]
+            results = [(result["ts_added_ms"], result) for result in results]
 
             if not results and key_id is not None:
                 cache_misses.setdefault(server_name, set()).add(key_id)
@@ -178,23 +172,30 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
                         logger.debug(
                             "Cached response for %r/%r is older than requested"
                             ": valid_until (%r) < minimum_valid_until (%r)",
-                            server_name, key_id,
-                            ts_valid_until_ms, req_valid_until
+                            server_name,
+                            key_id,
+                            ts_valid_until_ms,
+                            req_valid_until,
                         )
                         miss = True
                     else:
                         logger.debug(
                             "Cached response for %r/%r is newer than requested"
                             ": valid_until (%r) >= minimum_valid_until (%r)",
-                            server_name, key_id,
-                            ts_valid_until_ms, req_valid_until
+                            server_name,
+                            key_id,
+                            ts_valid_until_ms,
+                            req_valid_until,
                         )
                 elif (ts_added_ms + ts_valid_until_ms) / 2 < time_now_ms:
                     logger.debug(
                         "Cached response for %r/%r is too old"
                         ": (added (%r) + valid_until (%r)) / 2 < now (%r)",
-                        server_name, key_id,
-                        ts_added_ms, ts_valid_until_ms, time_now_ms
+                        server_name,
+                        key_id,
+                        ts_added_ms,
+                        ts_valid_until_ms,
+                        time_now_ms,
                     )
                     # We more than half way through the lifetime of the
                     # response. We should fetch a fresh copy.
@@ -203,8 +204,11 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
                     logger.debug(
                         "Cached response for %r/%r is still valid"
                         ": (added (%r) + valid_until (%r)) / 2 < now (%r)",
-                        server_name, key_id,
-                        ts_added_ms, ts_valid_until_ms, time_now_ms
+                        server_name,
+                        key_id,
+                        ts_added_ms,
+                        ts_valid_until_ms,
+                        time_now_ms,
                     )
 
                 if miss:
@@ -216,12 +220,10 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
 
         if cache_misses and query_remote_on_cache_miss:
             yield self.fetcher.get_keys(cache_misses)
-            yield self.query_keys(
-                request, query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=False
-            )
+            yield self.query_keys(request, query, query_remote_on_cache_miss=False)
         else:
             result_io = BytesIO()
-            result_io.write(b"{\"server_keys\":")
+            result_io.write(b'{"server_keys":')
             sep = b"["
             for json_bytes in json_results:
                 result_io.write(sep)
@@ -231,6 +233,4 @@ class RemoteKey(Resource):
                 result_io.write(sep)
             result_io.write(b"]}")
 
-            respond_with_json_bytes(
-                request, 200, result_io.getvalue(),
-            )
+            respond_with_json_bytes(request, 200, result_io.getvalue())
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v0/content_repository.py b/synapse/rest/media/v0/content_repository.py
index 5a426ff2f6..86884c0ef4 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v0/content_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v0/content_repository.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ class ContentRepoResource(resource.Resource):
         - Content type base64d (so we can return it when clients GET it)
 
     """
+
     isLeaf = True
 
     def __init__(self, hs, directory):
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ class ContentRepoResource(resource.Resource):
         # servers.
 
         # TODO: A little crude here, we could do this better.
-        filename = request.path.decode('ascii').split('/')[-1]
+        filename = request.path.decode("ascii").split("/")[-1]
         # be paranoid
         filename = re.sub("[^0-9A-z.-_]", "", filename)
 
@@ -69,17 +70,15 @@ class ContentRepoResource(resource.Resource):
             base64_contentype = filename.split(".")[1]
             content_type = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(base64_contentype)
             logger.info("Sending file %s", file_path)
-            f = open(file_path, 'rb')
-            request.setHeader('Content-Type', content_type)
+            f = open(file_path, "rb")
+            request.setHeader("Content-Type", content_type)
 
             # cache for at least a day.
             # XXX: we might want to turn this off for data we don't want to
             # recommend caching as it's sensitive or private - or at least
             # select private. don't bother setting Expires as all our matrix
             # clients are smart enough to be happy with Cache-Control (right?)
-            request.setHeader(
-                b"Cache-Control", b"public,max-age=86400,s-maxage=86400"
-            )
+            request.setHeader(b"Cache-Control", b"public,max-age=86400,s-maxage=86400")
 
             d = FileSender().beginFileTransfer(f, request)
 
@@ -87,13 +86,15 @@ class ContentRepoResource(resource.Resource):
             def cbFinished(ignored):
                 f.close()
                 finish_request(request)
+
             d.addCallback(cbFinished)
         else:
             respond_with_json_bytes(
                 request,
                 404,
                 json.dumps(cs_error("Not found", code=Codes.NOT_FOUND)),
-                send_cors=True)
+                send_cors=True,
+            )
 
         return server.NOT_DONE_YET
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/_base.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/_base.py
index 2dcc8f74d6..3318638d3e 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/_base.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ def parse_media_id(request):
         server_name, media_id = request.postpath[:2]
 
         if isinstance(server_name, bytes):
-            server_name = server_name.decode('utf-8')
-            media_id = media_id.decode('utf8')
+            server_name = server_name.decode("utf-8")
+            media_id = media_id.decode("utf8")
 
         file_name = None
         if len(request.postpath) > 2:
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ def add_file_headers(request, media_type, file_size, upload_name):
         # correctly interpret those as of 0.99.2 and (b) they are a bit of a pain and we
         # may as well just do the filename* version.
         if _can_encode_filename_as_token(upload_name):
-            disposition = 'inline; filename=%s' % (upload_name, )
+            disposition = "inline; filename=%s" % (upload_name,)
         else:
-            disposition = "inline; filename*=utf-8''%s" % (_quote(upload_name), )
+            disposition = "inline; filename*=utf-8''%s" % (_quote(upload_name),)
 
-        request.setHeader(b"Content-Disposition", disposition.encode('ascii'))
+        request.setHeader(b"Content-Disposition", disposition.encode("ascii"))
 
     # cache for at least a day.
     # XXX: we might want to turn this off for data we don't want to
@@ -137,10 +137,27 @@ def add_file_headers(request, media_type, file_size, upload_name):
 
 # separators as defined in RFC2616. SP and HT are handled separately.
 # see _can_encode_filename_as_token.
-_FILENAME_SEPARATOR_CHARS = set((
-    "(", ")", "<", ">", "@", ",", ";", ":", "\\", '"',
-    "/", "[", "]", "?", "=", "{", "}",
-))
+_FILENAME_SEPARATOR_CHARS = set(
+    (
+        "(",
+        ")",
+        "<",
+        ">",
+        "@",
+        ",",
+        ";",
+        ":",
+        "\\",
+        '"',
+        "/",
+        "[",
+        "]",
+        "?",
+        "=",
+        "{",
+        "}",
+    )
+)
 
 
 def _can_encode_filename_as_token(x):
@@ -271,7 +288,7 @@ def get_filename_from_headers(headers):
     Returns:
         A Unicode string of the filename, or None.
     """
-    content_disposition = headers.get(b"Content-Disposition", [b''])
+    content_disposition = headers.get(b"Content-Disposition", [b""])
 
     # No header, bail out.
     if not content_disposition[0]:
@@ -293,7 +310,7 @@ def get_filename_from_headers(headers):
                     # Once it is decoded, we can then unquote the %-encoded
                     # parts strictly into a unicode string.
                     upload_name = urllib.parse.unquote(
-                        upload_name_utf8.decode('ascii'), errors="strict"
+                        upload_name_utf8.decode("ascii"), errors="strict"
                     )
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     # Incorrect UTF-8.
@@ -302,7 +319,7 @@ def get_filename_from_headers(headers):
                 # On Python 2, we first unquote the %-encoded parts and then
                 # decode it strictly using UTF-8.
                 try:
-                    upload_name = urllib.parse.unquote(upload_name_utf8).decode('utf8')
+                    upload_name = urllib.parse.unquote(upload_name_utf8).decode("utf8")
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     pass
 
@@ -310,7 +327,7 @@ def get_filename_from_headers(headers):
     if not upload_name:
         upload_name_ascii = params.get(b"filename", None)
         if upload_name_ascii and is_ascii(upload_name_ascii):
-            upload_name = upload_name_ascii.decode('ascii')
+            upload_name = upload_name_ascii.decode("ascii")
 
     # This may be None here, indicating we did not find a matching name.
     return upload_name
@@ -328,19 +345,19 @@ def _parse_header(line):
         Tuple[bytes, dict[bytes, bytes]]:
             the main content-type, followed by the parameter dictionary
     """
-    parts = _parseparam(b';' + line)
+    parts = _parseparam(b";" + line)
     key = next(parts)
     pdict = {}
     for p in parts:
-        i = p.find(b'=')
+        i = p.find(b"=")
         if i >= 0:
             name = p[:i].strip().lower()
-            value = p[i + 1:].strip()
+            value = p[i + 1 :].strip()
 
             # strip double-quotes
             if len(value) >= 2 and value[0:1] == value[-1:] == b'"':
                 value = value[1:-1]
-                value = value.replace(b'\\\\', b'\\').replace(b'\\"', b'"')
+                value = value.replace(b"\\\\", b"\\").replace(b'\\"', b'"')
             pdict[name] = value
 
     return key, pdict
@@ -357,16 +374,16 @@ def _parseparam(s):
     Returns:
         Iterable[bytes]: the split input
     """
-    while s[:1] == b';':
+    while s[:1] == b";":
         s = s[1:]
 
         # look for the next ;
-        end = s.find(b';')
+        end = s.find(b";")
 
         # if there is an odd number of " marks between here and the next ;, skip to the
         # next ; instead
         while end > 0 and (s.count(b'"', 0, end) - s.count(b'\\"', 0, end)) % 2:
-            end = s.find(b';', end + 1)
+            end = s.find(b";", end + 1)
 
         if end < 0:
             end = len(s)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/config_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/config_resource.py
index 77316033f7..fa3d6680fc 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/config_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/config_resource.py
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ class MediaConfigResource(Resource):
         config = hs.get_config()
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
-        self.limits_dict = {
-            "m.upload.size": config.max_upload_size,
-        }
+        self.limits_dict = {"m.upload.size": config.max_upload_size}
 
     def render_GET(self, request):
         self._async_render_GET(request)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/download_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/download_resource.py
index bdc5daecc1..a21a35f843 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/download_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/download_resource.py
@@ -54,18 +54,20 @@ class DownloadResource(Resource):
             b" plugin-types application/pdf;"
             b" style-src 'unsafe-inline';"
             b" media-src 'self';"
-            b" object-src 'self';"
+            b" object-src 'self';",
         )
         server_name, media_id, name = parse_media_id(request)
         if server_name == self.server_name:
             yield self.media_repo.get_local_media(request, media_id, name)
         else:
             allow_remote = synapse.http.servlet.parse_boolean(
-                request, "allow_remote", default=True)
+                request, "allow_remote", default=True
+            )
             if not allow_remote:
                 logger.info(
                     "Rejecting request for remote media %s/%s due to allow_remote",
-                    server_name, media_id,
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
                 )
                 respond_404(request)
                 return
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/filepath.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/filepath.py
index c8586fa280..e25c382c9c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/filepath.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/filepath.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ def _wrap_in_base_path(func):
     """Takes a function that returns a relative path and turns it into an
     absolute path based on the location of the primary media store
     """
+
     @functools.wraps(func)
     def _wrapped(self, *args, **kwargs):
         path = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -43,125 +44,102 @@ class MediaFilePaths(object):
     def __init__(self, primary_base_path):
         self.base_path = primary_base_path
 
-    def default_thumbnail_rel(self, default_top_level, default_sub_type, width,
-                              height, content_type, method):
+    def default_thumbnail_rel(
+        self, default_top_level, default_sub_type, width, height, content_type, method
+    ):
         top_level_type, sub_type = content_type.split("/")
-        file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s-%s" % (
-            width, height, top_level_type, sub_type, method
-        )
+        file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s-%s" % (width, height, top_level_type, sub_type, method)
         return os.path.join(
-            "default_thumbnails", default_top_level,
-            default_sub_type, file_name
+            "default_thumbnails", default_top_level, default_sub_type, file_name
         )
 
     default_thumbnail = _wrap_in_base_path(default_thumbnail_rel)
 
     def local_media_filepath_rel(self, media_id):
-        return os.path.join(
-            "local_content",
-            media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:]
-        )
+        return os.path.join("local_content", media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:])
 
     local_media_filepath = _wrap_in_base_path(local_media_filepath_rel)
 
-    def local_media_thumbnail_rel(self, media_id, width, height, content_type,
-                                  method):
+    def local_media_thumbnail_rel(self, media_id, width, height, content_type, method):
         top_level_type, sub_type = content_type.split("/")
-        file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s-%s" % (
-            width, height, top_level_type, sub_type, method
-        )
+        file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s-%s" % (width, height, top_level_type, sub_type, method)
         return os.path.join(
-            "local_thumbnails",
-            media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:],
-            file_name
+            "local_thumbnails", media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:], file_name
         )
 
     local_media_thumbnail = _wrap_in_base_path(local_media_thumbnail_rel)
 
     def remote_media_filepath_rel(self, server_name, file_id):
         return os.path.join(
-            "remote_content", server_name,
-            file_id[0:2], file_id[2:4], file_id[4:]
+            "remote_content", server_name, file_id[0:2], file_id[2:4], file_id[4:]
         )
 
     remote_media_filepath = _wrap_in_base_path(remote_media_filepath_rel)
 
-    def remote_media_thumbnail_rel(self, server_name, file_id, width, height,
-                                   content_type, method):
+    def remote_media_thumbnail_rel(
+        self, server_name, file_id, width, height, content_type, method
+    ):
         top_level_type, sub_type = content_type.split("/")
         file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s" % (width, height, top_level_type, sub_type)
         return os.path.join(
-            "remote_thumbnail", server_name,
-            file_id[0:2], file_id[2:4], file_id[4:],
-            file_name
+            "remote_thumbnail",
+            server_name,
+            file_id[0:2],
+            file_id[2:4],
+            file_id[4:],
+            file_name,
         )
 
     remote_media_thumbnail = _wrap_in_base_path(remote_media_thumbnail_rel)
 
     def remote_media_thumbnail_dir(self, server_name, file_id):
         return os.path.join(
-            self.base_path, "remote_thumbnail", server_name,
-            file_id[0:2], file_id[2:4], file_id[4:],
+            self.base_path,
+            "remote_thumbnail",
+            server_name,
+            file_id[0:2],
+            file_id[2:4],
+            file_id[4:],
         )
 
     def url_cache_filepath_rel(self, media_id):
         if NEW_FORMAT_ID_RE.match(media_id):
             # Media id is of the form <DATE><RANDOM_STRING>
             # E.g.: 2017-09-28-fsdRDt24DS234dsf
-            return os.path.join(
-                "url_cache",
-                media_id[:10], media_id[11:]
-            )
+            return os.path.join("url_cache", media_id[:10], media_id[11:])
         else:
-            return os.path.join(
-                "url_cache",
-                media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:],
-            )
+            return os.path.join("url_cache", media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:])
 
     url_cache_filepath = _wrap_in_base_path(url_cache_filepath_rel)
 
     def url_cache_filepath_dirs_to_delete(self, media_id):
         "The dirs to try and remove if we delete the media_id file"
         if NEW_FORMAT_ID_RE.match(media_id):
-            return [
-                os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache",
-                    media_id[:10],
-                ),
-            ]
+            return [os.path.join(self.base_path, "url_cache", media_id[:10])]
         else:
             return [
-                os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache",
-                    media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4],
-                ),
-                os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache",
-                    media_id[0:2],
-                ),
+                os.path.join(self.base_path, "url_cache", media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4]),
+                os.path.join(self.base_path, "url_cache", media_id[0:2]),
             ]
 
-    def url_cache_thumbnail_rel(self, media_id, width, height, content_type,
-                                method):
+    def url_cache_thumbnail_rel(self, media_id, width, height, content_type, method):
         # Media id is of the form <DATE><RANDOM_STRING>
         # E.g.: 2017-09-28-fsdRDt24DS234dsf
 
         top_level_type, sub_type = content_type.split("/")
-        file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s-%s" % (
-            width, height, top_level_type, sub_type, method
-        )
+        file_name = "%i-%i-%s-%s-%s" % (width, height, top_level_type, sub_type, method)
 
         if NEW_FORMAT_ID_RE.match(media_id):
             return os.path.join(
-                "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                media_id[:10], media_id[11:],
-                file_name
+                "url_cache_thumbnails", media_id[:10], media_id[11:], file_name
             )
         else:
             return os.path.join(
                 "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:],
-                file_name
+                media_id[0:2],
+                media_id[2:4],
+                media_id[4:],
+                file_name,
             )
 
     url_cache_thumbnail = _wrap_in_base_path(url_cache_thumbnail_rel)
@@ -172,13 +150,15 @@ class MediaFilePaths(object):
 
         if NEW_FORMAT_ID_RE.match(media_id):
             return os.path.join(
-                self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                media_id[:10], media_id[11:],
+                self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails", media_id[:10], media_id[11:]
             )
         else:
             return os.path.join(
-                self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:],
+                self.base_path,
+                "url_cache_thumbnails",
+                media_id[0:2],
+                media_id[2:4],
+                media_id[4:],
             )
 
     def url_cache_thumbnail_dirs_to_delete(self, media_id):
@@ -188,26 +168,21 @@ class MediaFilePaths(object):
         if NEW_FORMAT_ID_RE.match(media_id):
             return [
                 os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                    media_id[:10], media_id[11:],
-                ),
-                os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                    media_id[:10],
+                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails", media_id[:10], media_id[11:]
                 ),
+                os.path.join(self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails", media_id[:10]),
             ]
         else:
             return [
                 os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                    media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4], media_id[4:],
-                ),
-                os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                    media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4],
+                    self.base_path,
+                    "url_cache_thumbnails",
+                    media_id[0:2],
+                    media_id[2:4],
+                    media_id[4:],
                 ),
                 os.path.join(
-                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails",
-                    media_id[0:2],
+                    self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails", media_id[0:2], media_id[2:4]
                 ),
+                os.path.join(self.base_path, "url_cache_thumbnails", media_id[0:2]),
             ]
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
index a4929dd5db..df3d985a38 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
@@ -100,17 +100,16 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             storage_providers.append(provider)
 
         self.media_storage = MediaStorage(
-            self.hs, self.primary_base_path, self.filepaths, storage_providers,
+            self.hs, self.primary_base_path, self.filepaths, storage_providers
         )
 
         self.clock.looping_call(
-            self._start_update_recently_accessed,
-            UPDATE_RECENTLY_ACCESSED_TS,
+            self._start_update_recently_accessed, UPDATE_RECENTLY_ACCESSED_TS
         )
 
     def _start_update_recently_accessed(self):
         return run_as_background_process(
-            "update_recently_accessed_media", self._update_recently_accessed,
+            "update_recently_accessed_media", self._update_recently_accessed
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -138,8 +137,9 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             self.recently_accessed_locals.add(media_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def create_content(self, media_type, upload_name, content, content_length,
-                       auth_user):
+    def create_content(
+        self, media_type, upload_name, content, content_length, auth_user
+    ):
         """Store uploaded content for a local user and return the mxc URL
 
         Args:
@@ -154,10 +154,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         """
         media_id = random_string(24)
 
-        file_info = FileInfo(
-            server_name=None,
-            file_id=media_id,
-        )
+        file_info = FileInfo(server_name=None, file_id=media_id)
 
         fname = yield self.media_storage.store_file(content, file_info)
 
@@ -172,9 +169,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             user_id=auth_user,
         )
 
-        yield self._generate_thumbnails(
-            None, media_id, media_id, media_type,
-        )
+        yield self._generate_thumbnails(None, media_id, media_id, media_type)
 
         defer.returnValue("mxc://%s/%s" % (self.server_name, media_id))
 
@@ -205,14 +200,11 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         upload_name = name if name else media_info["upload_name"]
         url_cache = media_info["url_cache"]
 
-        file_info = FileInfo(
-            None, media_id,
-            url_cache=url_cache,
-        )
+        file_info = FileInfo(None, media_id, url_cache=url_cache)
 
         responder = yield self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
         yield respond_with_responder(
-            request, responder, media_type, media_length, upload_name,
+            request, responder, media_type, media_length, upload_name
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -232,8 +224,8 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
                 to request
         """
         if (
-            self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None and
-            server_name not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
+            self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None
+            and server_name not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
         ):
             raise FederationDeniedError(server_name)
 
@@ -244,7 +236,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         key = (server_name, media_id)
         with (yield self.remote_media_linearizer.queue(key)):
             responder, media_info = yield self._get_remote_media_impl(
-                server_name, media_id,
+                server_name, media_id
             )
 
         # We deliberately stream the file outside the lock
@@ -253,7 +245,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             media_length = media_info["media_length"]
             upload_name = name if name else media_info["upload_name"]
             yield respond_with_responder(
-                request, responder, media_type, media_length, upload_name,
+                request, responder, media_type, media_length, upload_name
             )
         else:
             respond_404(request)
@@ -272,8 +264,8 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             Deferred[dict]: The media_info of the file
         """
         if (
-            self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None and
-            server_name not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
+            self.federation_domain_whitelist is not None
+            and server_name not in self.federation_domain_whitelist
         ):
             raise FederationDeniedError(server_name)
 
@@ -282,7 +274,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         key = (server_name, media_id)
         with (yield self.remote_media_linearizer.queue(key)):
             responder, media_info = yield self._get_remote_media_impl(
-                server_name, media_id,
+                server_name, media_id
             )
 
         # Ensure we actually use the responder so that it releases resources
@@ -305,9 +297,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         Returns:
             Deferred[(Responder, media_info)]
         """
-        media_info = yield self.store.get_cached_remote_media(
-            server_name, media_id
-        )
+        media_info = yield self.store.get_cached_remote_media(server_name, media_id)
 
         # file_id is the ID we use to track the file locally. If we've already
         # seen the file then reuse the existing ID, otherwise genereate a new
@@ -331,9 +321,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
 
         # Failed to find the file anywhere, lets download it.
 
-        media_info = yield self._download_remote_file(
-            server_name, media_id, file_id
-        )
+        media_info = yield self._download_remote_file(server_name, media_id, file_id)
 
         responder = yield self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
         defer.returnValue((responder, media_info))
@@ -354,54 +342,60 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             Deferred[MediaInfo]
         """
 
-        file_info = FileInfo(
-            server_name=server_name,
-            file_id=file_id,
-        )
+        file_info = FileInfo(server_name=server_name, file_id=file_id)
 
         with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish):
-            request_path = "/".join((
-                "/_matrix/media/v1/download", server_name, media_id,
-            ))
+            request_path = "/".join(
+                ("/_matrix/media/v1/download", server_name, media_id)
+            )
             try:
                 length, headers = yield self.client.get_file(
-                    server_name, request_path, output_stream=f,
-                    max_size=self.max_upload_size, args={
+                    server_name,
+                    request_path,
+                    output_stream=f,
+                    max_size=self.max_upload_size,
+                    args={
                         # tell the remote server to 404 if it doesn't
                         # recognise the server_name, to make sure we don't
                         # end up with a routing loop.
-                        "allow_remote": "false",
-                    }
+                        "allow_remote": "false"
+                    },
                 )
             except RequestSendFailed as e:
-                logger.warn("Request failed fetching remote media %s/%s: %r",
-                            server_name, media_id, e)
+                logger.warn(
+                    "Request failed fetching remote media %s/%s: %r",
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    e,
+                )
                 raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
 
             except HttpResponseException as e:
-                logger.warn("HTTP error fetching remote media %s/%s: %s",
-                            server_name, media_id, e.response)
+                logger.warn(
+                    "HTTP error fetching remote media %s/%s: %s",
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    e.response,
+                )
                 if e.code == twisted.web.http.NOT_FOUND:
                     raise e.to_synapse_error()
                 raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
 
             except SynapseError:
-                logger.warn(
-                    "Failed to fetch remote media %s/%s",
-                    server_name, media_id,
-                )
+                logger.warn("Failed to fetch remote media %s/%s", server_name, media_id)
                 raise
             except NotRetryingDestination:
                 logger.warn("Not retrying destination %r", server_name)
                 raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
             except Exception:
-                logger.exception("Failed to fetch remote media %s/%s",
-                                 server_name, media_id)
+                logger.exception(
+                    "Failed to fetch remote media %s/%s", server_name, media_id
+                )
                 raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
 
             yield finish()
 
-        media_type = headers[b"Content-Type"][0].decode('ascii')
+        media_type = headers[b"Content-Type"][0].decode("ascii")
         upload_name = get_filename_from_headers(headers)
         time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
 
@@ -425,24 +419,23 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             "filesystem_id": file_id,
         }
 
-        yield self._generate_thumbnails(
-            server_name, media_id, file_id, media_type,
-        )
+        yield self._generate_thumbnails(server_name, media_id, file_id, media_type)
 
         defer.returnValue(media_info)
 
     def _get_thumbnail_requirements(self, media_type):
         return self.thumbnail_requirements.get(media_type, ())
 
-    def _generate_thumbnail(self, thumbnailer, t_width, t_height,
-                            t_method, t_type):
+    def _generate_thumbnail(self, thumbnailer, t_width, t_height, t_method, t_type):
         m_width = thumbnailer.width
         m_height = thumbnailer.height
 
         if m_width * m_height >= self.max_image_pixels:
             logger.info(
                 "Image too large to thumbnail %r x %r > %r",
-                m_width, m_height, self.max_image_pixels
+                m_width,
+                m_height,
+                self.max_image_pixels,
             )
             return
 
@@ -462,17 +455,22 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         return t_byte_source
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def generate_local_exact_thumbnail(self, media_id, t_width, t_height,
-                                       t_method, t_type, url_cache):
-        input_path = yield self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(FileInfo(
-            None, media_id, url_cache=url_cache,
-        ))
+    def generate_local_exact_thumbnail(
+        self, media_id, t_width, t_height, t_method, t_type, url_cache
+    ):
+        input_path = yield self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(
+            FileInfo(None, media_id, url_cache=url_cache)
+        )
 
         thumbnailer = Thumbnailer(input_path)
         t_byte_source = yield logcontext.defer_to_thread(
             self.hs.get_reactor(),
             self._generate_thumbnail,
-            thumbnailer, t_width, t_height, t_method, t_type
+            thumbnailer,
+            t_width,
+            t_height,
+            t_method,
+            t_type,
         )
 
         if t_byte_source:
@@ -489,7 +487,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
                 )
 
                 output_path = yield self.media_storage.store_file(
-                    t_byte_source, file_info,
+                    t_byte_source, file_info
                 )
             finally:
                 t_byte_source.close()
@@ -505,17 +503,22 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             defer.returnValue(output_path)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def generate_remote_exact_thumbnail(self, server_name, file_id, media_id,
-                                        t_width, t_height, t_method, t_type):
-        input_path = yield self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(FileInfo(
-            server_name, file_id, url_cache=False,
-        ))
+    def generate_remote_exact_thumbnail(
+        self, server_name, file_id, media_id, t_width, t_height, t_method, t_type
+    ):
+        input_path = yield self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(
+            FileInfo(server_name, file_id, url_cache=False)
+        )
 
         thumbnailer = Thumbnailer(input_path)
         t_byte_source = yield logcontext.defer_to_thread(
             self.hs.get_reactor(),
             self._generate_thumbnail,
-            thumbnailer, t_width, t_height, t_method, t_type
+            thumbnailer,
+            t_width,
+            t_height,
+            t_method,
+            t_type,
         )
 
         if t_byte_source:
@@ -531,7 +534,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
                 )
 
                 output_path = yield self.media_storage.store_file(
-                    t_byte_source, file_info,
+                    t_byte_source, file_info
                 )
             finally:
                 t_byte_source.close()
@@ -541,15 +544,22 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             t_len = os.path.getsize(output_path)
 
             yield self.store.store_remote_media_thumbnail(
-                server_name, media_id, file_id,
-                t_width, t_height, t_type, t_method, t_len
+                server_name,
+                media_id,
+                file_id,
+                t_width,
+                t_height,
+                t_type,
+                t_method,
+                t_len,
             )
 
             defer.returnValue(output_path)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _generate_thumbnails(self, server_name, media_id, file_id, media_type,
-                             url_cache=False):
+    def _generate_thumbnails(
+        self, server_name, media_id, file_id, media_type, url_cache=False
+    ):
         """Generate and store thumbnails for an image.
 
         Args:
@@ -568,9 +578,9 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         if not requirements:
             return
 
-        input_path = yield self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(FileInfo(
-            server_name, file_id, url_cache=url_cache,
-        ))
+        input_path = yield self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(
+            FileInfo(server_name, file_id, url_cache=url_cache)
+        )
 
         thumbnailer = Thumbnailer(input_path)
         m_width = thumbnailer.width
@@ -579,14 +589,15 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
         if m_width * m_height >= self.max_image_pixels:
             logger.info(
                 "Image too large to thumbnail %r x %r > %r",
-                m_width, m_height, self.max_image_pixels
+                m_width,
+                m_height,
+                self.max_image_pixels,
             )
             return
 
         if thumbnailer.transpose_method is not None:
             m_width, m_height = yield logcontext.defer_to_thread(
-                self.hs.get_reactor(),
-                thumbnailer.transpose
+                self.hs.get_reactor(), thumbnailer.transpose
             )
 
         # We deduplicate the thumbnail sizes by ignoring the cropped versions if
@@ -606,15 +617,11 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             # Generate the thumbnail
             if t_method == "crop":
                 t_byte_source = yield logcontext.defer_to_thread(
-                    self.hs.get_reactor(),
-                    thumbnailer.crop,
-                    t_width, t_height, t_type,
+                    self.hs.get_reactor(), thumbnailer.crop, t_width, t_height, t_type
                 )
             elif t_method == "scale":
                 t_byte_source = yield logcontext.defer_to_thread(
-                    self.hs.get_reactor(),
-                    thumbnailer.scale,
-                    t_width, t_height, t_type,
+                    self.hs.get_reactor(), thumbnailer.scale, t_width, t_height, t_type
                 )
             else:
                 logger.error("Unrecognized method: %r", t_method)
@@ -636,7 +643,7 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
                 )
 
                 output_path = yield self.media_storage.store_file(
-                    t_byte_source, file_info,
+                    t_byte_source, file_info
                 )
             finally:
                 t_byte_source.close()
@@ -646,18 +653,21 @@ class MediaRepository(object):
             # Write to database
             if server_name:
                 yield self.store.store_remote_media_thumbnail(
-                    server_name, media_id, file_id,
-                    t_width, t_height, t_type, t_method, t_len
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    file_id,
+                    t_width,
+                    t_height,
+                    t_type,
+                    t_method,
+                    t_len,
                 )
             else:
                 yield self.store.store_local_thumbnail(
                     media_id, t_width, t_height, t_type, t_method, t_len
                 )
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "width": m_width,
-            "height": m_height,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue({"width": m_width, "height": m_height})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def delete_old_remote_media(self, before_ts):
@@ -749,11 +759,12 @@ class MediaRepositoryResource(Resource):
 
         self.putChild(b"upload", UploadResource(hs, media_repo))
         self.putChild(b"download", DownloadResource(hs, media_repo))
-        self.putChild(b"thumbnail", ThumbnailResource(
-            hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage,
-        ))
+        self.putChild(
+            b"thumbnail", ThumbnailResource(hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage)
+        )
         if hs.config.url_preview_enabled:
-            self.putChild(b"preview_url", PreviewUrlResource(
-                hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage,
-            ))
+            self.putChild(
+                b"preview_url",
+                PreviewUrlResource(hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage),
+            )
         self.putChild(b"config", MediaConfigResource(hs))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_storage.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_storage.py
index 896078fe76..eff86836fb 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_storage.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_storage.py
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ class MediaStorage(object):
         with self.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish_cb):
             # Write to the main repository
             yield logcontext.defer_to_thread(
-                self.hs.get_reactor(),
-                _write_file_synchronously, source, f,
+                self.hs.get_reactor(), _write_file_synchronously, source, f
             )
             yield finish_cb()
 
@@ -179,7 +178,8 @@ class MediaStorage(object):
             if res:
                 with res:
                     consumer = BackgroundFileConsumer(
-                        open(local_path, "wb"), self.hs.get_reactor())
+                        open(local_path, "wb"), self.hs.get_reactor()
+                    )
                     yield res.write_to_consumer(consumer)
                     yield consumer.wait()
                 defer.returnValue(local_path)
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ class MediaStorage(object):
                     width=file_info.thumbnail_width,
                     height=file_info.thumbnail_height,
                     content_type=file_info.thumbnail_type,
-                    method=file_info.thumbnail_method
+                    method=file_info.thumbnail_method,
                 )
             return self.filepaths.remote_media_filepath_rel(
-                file_info.server_name, file_info.file_id,
+                file_info.server_name, file_info.file_id
             )
 
         if file_info.thumbnail:
@@ -229,11 +229,9 @@ class MediaStorage(object):
                 width=file_info.thumbnail_width,
                 height=file_info.thumbnail_height,
                 content_type=file_info.thumbnail_type,
-                method=file_info.thumbnail_method
+                method=file_info.thumbnail_method,
             )
-        return self.filepaths.local_media_filepath_rel(
-            file_info.file_id,
-        )
+        return self.filepaths.local_media_filepath_rel(file_info.file_id)
 
 
 def _write_file_synchronously(source, dest):
@@ -255,6 +253,7 @@ class FileResponder(Responder):
         open_file (file): A file like object to be streamed ot the client,
             is closed when finished streaming.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, open_file):
         self.open_file = open_file
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
index acf87709f2..de6f292ffb 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
         )
 
         self._cleaner_loop = self.clock.looping_call(
-            self._start_expire_url_cache_data, 10 * 1000,
+            self._start_expire_url_cache_data, 10 * 1000
         )
 
     def render_OPTIONS(self, request):
@@ -121,16 +121,16 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
             for attrib in entry:
                 pattern = entry[attrib]
                 value = getattr(url_tuple, attrib)
-                logger.debug((
-                    "Matching attrib '%s' with value '%s' against"
-                    " pattern '%s'"
-                ) % (attrib, value, pattern))
+                logger.debug(
+                    ("Matching attrib '%s' with value '%s' against" " pattern '%s'")
+                    % (attrib, value, pattern)
+                )
 
                 if value is None:
                     match = False
                     continue
 
-                if pattern.startswith('^'):
+                if pattern.startswith("^"):
                     if not re.match(pattern, getattr(url_tuple, attrib)):
                         match = False
                         continue
@@ -139,12 +139,9 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
                         match = False
                         continue
             if match:
-                logger.warn(
-                    "URL %s blocked by url_blacklist entry %s", url, entry
-                )
+                logger.warn("URL %s blocked by url_blacklist entry %s", url, entry)
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    403, "URL blocked by url pattern blacklist entry",
-                    Codes.UNKNOWN
+                    403, "URL blocked by url pattern blacklist entry", Codes.UNKNOWN
                 )
 
         # the in-memory cache:
@@ -156,14 +153,8 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
         observable = self._cache.get(url)
 
         if not observable:
-            download = run_in_background(
-                self._do_preview,
-                url, requester.user, ts,
-            )
-            observable = ObservableDeferred(
-                download,
-                consumeErrors=True
-            )
+            download = run_in_background(self._do_preview, url, requester.user, ts)
+            observable = ObservableDeferred(download, consumeErrors=True)
             self._cache[url] = observable
         else:
             logger.info("Returning cached response")
@@ -187,15 +178,15 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
         # historical previews, if we have any)
         cache_result = yield self.store.get_url_cache(url, ts)
         if (
-            cache_result and
-            cache_result["expires_ts"] > ts and
-            cache_result["response_code"] / 100 == 2
+            cache_result
+            and cache_result["expires_ts"] > ts
+            and cache_result["response_code"] / 100 == 2
         ):
             # It may be stored as text in the database, not as bytes (such as
             # PostgreSQL). If so, encode it back before handing it on.
             og = cache_result["og"]
             if isinstance(og, six.text_type):
-                og = og.encode('utf8')
+                og = og.encode("utf8")
             defer.returnValue(og)
             return
 
@@ -203,33 +194,31 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
 
         logger.debug("got media_info of '%s'" % media_info)
 
-        if _is_media(media_info['media_type']):
-            file_id = media_info['filesystem_id']
+        if _is_media(media_info["media_type"]):
+            file_id = media_info["filesystem_id"]
             dims = yield self.media_repo._generate_thumbnails(
-                None, file_id, file_id, media_info["media_type"],
-                url_cache=True,
+                None, file_id, file_id, media_info["media_type"], url_cache=True
             )
 
             og = {
-                "og:description": media_info['download_name'],
-                "og:image": "mxc://%s/%s" % (
-                    self.server_name, media_info['filesystem_id']
-                ),
-                "og:image:type": media_info['media_type'],
-                "matrix:image:size": media_info['media_length'],
+                "og:description": media_info["download_name"],
+                "og:image": "mxc://%s/%s"
+                % (self.server_name, media_info["filesystem_id"]),
+                "og:image:type": media_info["media_type"],
+                "matrix:image:size": media_info["media_length"],
             }
 
             if dims:
-                og["og:image:width"] = dims['width']
-                og["og:image:height"] = dims['height']
+                og["og:image:width"] = dims["width"]
+                og["og:image:height"] = dims["height"]
             else:
                 logger.warn("Couldn't get dims for %s" % url)
 
             # define our OG response for this media
-        elif _is_html(media_info['media_type']):
+        elif _is_html(media_info["media_type"]):
             # TODO: somehow stop a big HTML tree from exploding synapse's RAM
 
-            with open(media_info['filename'], 'rb') as file:
+            with open(media_info["filename"], "rb") as file:
                 body = file.read()
 
             encoding = None
@@ -242,45 +231,43 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
             # If we find a match, it should take precedence over the
             # Content-Type header, so set it here.
             if match:
-                encoding = match.group(1).decode('ascii')
+                encoding = match.group(1).decode("ascii")
 
             # If we don't find a match, we'll look at the HTTP Content-Type, and
             # if that doesn't exist, we'll fall back to UTF-8.
             if not encoding:
-                match = _content_type_match.match(
-                    media_info['media_type']
-                )
+                match = _content_type_match.match(media_info["media_type"])
                 encoding = match.group(1) if match else "utf-8"
 
-            og = decode_and_calc_og(body, media_info['uri'], encoding)
+            og = decode_and_calc_og(body, media_info["uri"], encoding)
 
             # pre-cache the image for posterity
             # FIXME: it might be cleaner to use the same flow as the main /preview_url
             # request itself and benefit from the same caching etc.  But for now we
             # just rely on the caching on the master request to speed things up.
-            if 'og:image' in og and og['og:image']:
+            if "og:image" in og and og["og:image"]:
                 image_info = yield self._download_url(
-                    _rebase_url(og['og:image'], media_info['uri']), user
+                    _rebase_url(og["og:image"], media_info["uri"]), user
                 )
 
-                if _is_media(image_info['media_type']):
+                if _is_media(image_info["media_type"]):
                     # TODO: make sure we don't choke on white-on-transparent images
-                    file_id = image_info['filesystem_id']
+                    file_id = image_info["filesystem_id"]
                     dims = yield self.media_repo._generate_thumbnails(
-                        None, file_id, file_id, image_info["media_type"],
-                        url_cache=True,
+                        None, file_id, file_id, image_info["media_type"], url_cache=True
                     )
                     if dims:
-                        og["og:image:width"] = dims['width']
-                        og["og:image:height"] = dims['height']
+                        og["og:image:width"] = dims["width"]
+                        og["og:image:height"] = dims["height"]
                     else:
                         logger.warn("Couldn't get dims for %s" % og["og:image"])
 
                     og["og:image"] = "mxc://%s/%s" % (
-                        self.server_name, image_info['filesystem_id']
+                        self.server_name,
+                        image_info["filesystem_id"],
                     )
-                    og["og:image:type"] = image_info['media_type']
-                    og["matrix:image:size"] = image_info['media_length']
+                    og["og:image:type"] = image_info["media_type"]
+                    og["matrix:image:size"] = image_info["media_length"]
                 else:
                     del og["og:image"]
         else:
@@ -289,7 +276,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
 
         logger.debug("Calculated OG for %s as %s" % (url, og))
 
-        jsonog = json.dumps(og).encode('utf8')
+        jsonog = json.dumps(og).encode("utf8")
 
         # store OG in history-aware DB cache
         yield self.store.store_url_cache(
@@ -310,19 +297,15 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
         # we're most likely being explicitly triggered by a human rather than a
         # bot, so are we really a robot?
 
-        file_id = datetime.date.today().isoformat() + '_' + random_string(16)
+        file_id = datetime.date.today().isoformat() + "_" + random_string(16)
 
-        file_info = FileInfo(
-            server_name=None,
-            file_id=file_id,
-            url_cache=True,
-        )
+        file_info = FileInfo(server_name=None, file_id=file_id, url_cache=True)
 
         with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish):
             try:
                 logger.debug("Trying to get url '%s'" % url)
                 length, headers, uri, code = yield self.client.get_file(
-                    url, output_stream=f, max_size=self.max_spider_size,
+                    url, output_stream=f, max_size=self.max_spider_size
                 )
             except SynapseError:
                 # Pass SynapseErrors through directly, so that the servlet
@@ -334,24 +317,25 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
                 # Note: This will also be the case if one of the resolved IP
                 # addresses is blacklisted
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    502, "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
-                    Codes.UNKNOWN
+                    502,
+                    "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
+                    Codes.UNKNOWN,
                 )
             except Exception as e:
                 # FIXME: pass through 404s and other error messages nicely
                 logger.warn("Error downloading %s: %r", url, e)
 
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    500, "Failed to download content: %s" % (
-                        traceback.format_exception_only(sys.exc_info()[0], e),
-                    ),
+                    500,
+                    "Failed to download content: %s"
+                    % (traceback.format_exception_only(sys.exc_info()[0], e),),
                     Codes.UNKNOWN,
                 )
             yield finish()
 
         try:
             if b"Content-Type" in headers:
-                media_type = headers[b"Content-Type"][0].decode('ascii')
+                media_type = headers[b"Content-Type"][0].decode("ascii")
             else:
                 media_type = "application/octet-stream"
             time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
@@ -375,24 +359,26 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
             # therefore not expire it.
             raise
 
-        defer.returnValue({
-            "media_type": media_type,
-            "media_length": length,
-            "download_name": download_name,
-            "created_ts": time_now_ms,
-            "filesystem_id": file_id,
-            "filename": fname,
-            "uri": uri,
-            "response_code": code,
-            # FIXME: we should calculate a proper expiration based on the
-            # Cache-Control and Expire headers.  But for now, assume 1 hour.
-            "expires": 60 * 60 * 1000,
-            "etag": headers["ETag"][0] if "ETag" in headers else None,
-        })
+        defer.returnValue(
+            {
+                "media_type": media_type,
+                "media_length": length,
+                "download_name": download_name,
+                "created_ts": time_now_ms,
+                "filesystem_id": file_id,
+                "filename": fname,
+                "uri": uri,
+                "response_code": code,
+                # FIXME: we should calculate a proper expiration based on the
+                # Cache-Control and Expire headers.  But for now, assume 1 hour.
+                "expires": 60 * 60 * 1000,
+                "etag": headers["ETag"][0] if "ETag" in headers else None,
+            }
+        )
 
     def _start_expire_url_cache_data(self):
         return run_as_background_process(
-            "expire_url_cache_data", self._expire_url_cache_data,
+            "expire_url_cache_data", self._expire_url_cache_data
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -496,7 +482,7 @@ def decode_and_calc_og(body, media_uri, request_encoding=None):
         # blindly try decoding the body as utf-8, which seems to fix
         # the charset mismatches on https://google.com
         parser = etree.HTMLParser(recover=True, encoding=request_encoding)
-        tree = etree.fromstring(body.decode('utf-8', 'ignore'), parser)
+        tree = etree.fromstring(body.decode("utf-8", "ignore"), parser)
         og = _calc_og(tree, media_uri)
 
     return og
@@ -523,8 +509,8 @@ def _calc_og(tree, media_uri):
 
     og = {}
     for tag in tree.xpath("//*/meta[starts-with(@property, 'og:')]"):
-        if 'content' in tag.attrib:
-            og[tag.attrib['property']] = tag.attrib['content']
+        if "content" in tag.attrib:
+            og[tag.attrib["property"]] = tag.attrib["content"]
 
     # TODO: grab article: meta tags too, e.g.:
 
@@ -535,39 +521,43 @@ def _calc_og(tree, media_uri):
     # "article:published_time" content="2016-03-31T19:58:24+00:00" />
     # "article:modified_time" content="2016-04-01T18:31:53+00:00" />
 
-    if 'og:title' not in og:
+    if "og:title" not in og:
         # do some basic spidering of the HTML
         title = tree.xpath("(//title)[1] | (//h1)[1] | (//h2)[1] | (//h3)[1]")
         if title and title[0].text is not None:
-            og['og:title'] = title[0].text.strip()
+            og["og:title"] = title[0].text.strip()
         else:
-            og['og:title'] = None
+            og["og:title"] = None
 
-    if 'og:image' not in og:
+    if "og:image" not in og:
         # TODO: extract a favicon failing all else
         meta_image = tree.xpath(
             "//*/meta[translate(@itemprop, 'IMAGE', 'image')='image']/@content"
         )
         if meta_image:
-            og['og:image'] = _rebase_url(meta_image[0], media_uri)
+            og["og:image"] = _rebase_url(meta_image[0], media_uri)
         else:
             # TODO: consider inlined CSS styles as well as width & height attribs
             images = tree.xpath("//img[@src][number(@width)>10][number(@height)>10]")
-            images = sorted(images, key=lambda i: (
-                -1 * float(i.attrib['width']) * float(i.attrib['height'])
-            ))
+            images = sorted(
+                images,
+                key=lambda i: (
+                    -1 * float(i.attrib["width"]) * float(i.attrib["height"])
+                ),
+            )
             if not images:
                 images = tree.xpath("//img[@src]")
             if images:
-                og['og:image'] = images[0].attrib['src']
+                og["og:image"] = images[0].attrib["src"]
 
-    if 'og:description' not in og:
+    if "og:description" not in og:
         meta_description = tree.xpath(
             "//*/meta"
             "[translate(@name, 'DESCRIPTION', 'description')='description']"
-            "/@content")
+            "/@content"
+        )
         if meta_description:
-            og['og:description'] = meta_description[0]
+            og["og:description"] = meta_description[0]
         else:
             # grab any text nodes which are inside the <body/> tag...
             # unless they are within an HTML5 semantic markup tag...
@@ -588,18 +578,18 @@ def _calc_og(tree, media_uri):
                 "script",
                 "noscript",
                 "style",
-                etree.Comment
+                etree.Comment,
             )
 
             # Split all the text nodes into paragraphs (by splitting on new
             # lines)
             text_nodes = (
-                re.sub(r'\s+', '\n', el).strip()
+                re.sub(r"\s+", "\n", el).strip()
                 for el in _iterate_over_text(tree.find("body"), *TAGS_TO_REMOVE)
             )
-            og['og:description'] = summarize_paragraphs(text_nodes)
+            og["og:description"] = summarize_paragraphs(text_nodes)
     else:
-        og['og:description'] = summarize_paragraphs([og['og:description']])
+        og["og:description"] = summarize_paragraphs([og["og:description"]])
 
     # TODO: delete the url downloads to stop diskfilling,
     # as we only ever cared about its OG
@@ -636,7 +626,7 @@ def _iterate_over_text(tree, *tags_to_ignore):
                     [child, child.tail] if child.tail else [child]
                     for child in el.iterchildren()
                 ),
-                elements
+                elements,
             )
 
 
@@ -647,8 +637,8 @@ def _rebase_url(url, base):
         url[0] = base[0] or "http"
     if not url[1]:  # fix up hostname
         url[1] = base[1]
-        if not url[2].startswith('/'):
-            url[2] = re.sub(r'/[^/]+$', '/', base[2]) + url[2]
+        if not url[2].startswith("/"):
+            url[2] = re.sub(r"/[^/]+$", "/", base[2]) + url[2]
     return urlparse.urlunparse(url)
 
 
@@ -659,9 +649,8 @@ def _is_media(content_type):
 
 def _is_html(content_type):
     content_type = content_type.lower()
-    if (
-        content_type.startswith("text/html") or
-        content_type.startswith("application/xhtml")
+    if content_type.startswith("text/html") or content_type.startswith(
+        "application/xhtml"
     ):
         return True
 
@@ -671,19 +660,19 @@ def summarize_paragraphs(text_nodes, min_size=200, max_size=500):
     # first paragraph and then word boundaries.
     # TODO: Respect sentences?
 
-    description = ''
+    description = ""
 
     # Keep adding paragraphs until we get to the MIN_SIZE.
     for text_node in text_nodes:
         if len(description) < min_size:
-            text_node = re.sub(r'[\t \r\n]+', ' ', text_node)
-            description += text_node + '\n\n'
+            text_node = re.sub(r"[\t \r\n]+", " ", text_node)
+            description += text_node + "\n\n"
         else:
             break
 
     description = description.strip()
-    description = re.sub(r'[\t ]+', ' ', description)
-    description = re.sub(r'[\t \r\n]*[\r\n]+', '\n\n', description)
+    description = re.sub(r"[\t ]+", " ", description)
+    description = re.sub(r"[\t \r\n]*[\r\n]+", "\n\n", description)
 
     # If the concatenation of paragraphs to get above MIN_SIZE
     # took us over MAX_SIZE, then we need to truncate mid paragraph
@@ -715,5 +704,5 @@ def summarize_paragraphs(text_nodes, min_size=200, max_size=500):
 
         # We always add an ellipsis because at the very least
         # we chopped mid paragraph.
-        description = new_desc.strip() + u"…"
+        description = new_desc.strip() + "…"
     return description if description else None
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/storage_provider.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/storage_provider.py
index d90cbfb56a..359b45ebfc 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/storage_provider.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/storage_provider.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class StorageProvider(object):
     """A storage provider is a service that can store uploaded media and
     retrieve them.
     """
+
     def store_file(self, path, file_info):
         """Store the file described by file_info. The actual contents can be
         retrieved by reading the file in file_info.upload_path.
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ class StorageProviderWrapper(StorageProvider):
             uploaded, or todo the upload in the backgroud.
         store_remote (bool): Whether remote media should be uploaded
     """
+
     def __init__(self, backend, store_local, store_synchronous, store_remote):
         self.backend = backend
         self.store_local = store_local
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ class StorageProviderWrapper(StorageProvider):
                     return self.backend.store_file(path, file_info)
                 except Exception:
                     logger.exception("Error storing file")
+
             run_in_background(store)
             return defer.succeed(None)
 
@@ -123,8 +126,7 @@ class FileStorageProviderBackend(StorageProvider):
             os.makedirs(dirname)
 
         return logcontext.defer_to_thread(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(),
-            shutil.copyfile, primary_fname, backup_fname,
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), shutil.copyfile, primary_fname, backup_fname
         )
 
     def fetch(self, path, file_info):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnail_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnail_resource.py
index 35a750923b..ca84c9f139 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnail_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnail_resource.py
@@ -74,19 +74,18 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
         else:
             if self.dynamic_thumbnails:
                 yield self._select_or_generate_remote_thumbnail(
-                    request, server_name, media_id,
-                    width, height, method, m_type
+                    request, server_name, media_id, width, height, method, m_type
                 )
             else:
                 yield self._respond_remote_thumbnail(
-                    request, server_name, media_id,
-                    width, height, method, m_type
+                    request, server_name, media_id, width, height, method, m_type
                 )
             self.media_repo.mark_recently_accessed(server_name, media_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _respond_local_thumbnail(self, request, media_id, width, height,
-                                 method, m_type):
+    def _respond_local_thumbnail(
+        self, request, media_id, width, height, method, m_type
+    ):
         media_info = yield self.store.get_local_media(media_id)
 
         if not media_info:
@@ -105,7 +104,8 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
             )
 
             file_info = FileInfo(
-                server_name=None, file_id=media_id,
+                server_name=None,
+                file_id=media_id,
                 url_cache=media_info["url_cache"],
                 thumbnail=True,
                 thumbnail_width=thumbnail_info["thumbnail_width"],
@@ -124,9 +124,15 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
             respond_404(request)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _select_or_generate_local_thumbnail(self, request, media_id, desired_width,
-                                            desired_height, desired_method,
-                                            desired_type):
+    def _select_or_generate_local_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request,
+        media_id,
+        desired_width,
+        desired_height,
+        desired_method,
+        desired_type,
+    ):
         media_info = yield self.store.get_local_media(media_id)
 
         if not media_info:
@@ -146,7 +152,8 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
 
             if t_w and t_h and t_method and t_type:
                 file_info = FileInfo(
-                    server_name=None, file_id=media_id,
+                    server_name=None,
+                    file_id=media_id,
                     url_cache=media_info["url_cache"],
                     thumbnail=True,
                     thumbnail_width=info["thumbnail_width"],
@@ -167,7 +174,11 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
 
         # Okay, so we generate one.
         file_path = yield self.media_repo.generate_local_exact_thumbnail(
-            media_id, desired_width, desired_height, desired_method, desired_type,
+            media_id,
+            desired_width,
+            desired_height,
+            desired_method,
+            desired_type,
             url_cache=media_info["url_cache"],
         )
 
@@ -178,13 +189,20 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
             respond_404(request)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _select_or_generate_remote_thumbnail(self, request, server_name, media_id,
-                                             desired_width, desired_height,
-                                             desired_method, desired_type):
+    def _select_or_generate_remote_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request,
+        server_name,
+        media_id,
+        desired_width,
+        desired_height,
+        desired_method,
+        desired_type,
+    ):
         media_info = yield self.media_repo.get_remote_media_info(server_name, media_id)
 
         thumbnail_infos = yield self.store.get_remote_media_thumbnails(
-            server_name, media_id,
+            server_name, media_id
         )
 
         file_id = media_info["filesystem_id"]
@@ -197,7 +215,8 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
 
             if t_w and t_h and t_method and t_type:
                 file_info = FileInfo(
-                    server_name=server_name, file_id=media_info["filesystem_id"],
+                    server_name=server_name,
+                    file_id=media_info["filesystem_id"],
                     thumbnail=True,
                     thumbnail_width=info["thumbnail_width"],
                     thumbnail_height=info["thumbnail_height"],
@@ -217,8 +236,13 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
 
         # Okay, so we generate one.
         file_path = yield self.media_repo.generate_remote_exact_thumbnail(
-            server_name, file_id, media_id, desired_width,
-            desired_height, desired_method, desired_type
+            server_name,
+            file_id,
+            media_id,
+            desired_width,
+            desired_height,
+            desired_method,
+            desired_type,
         )
 
         if file_path:
@@ -228,15 +252,16 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
             respond_404(request)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _respond_remote_thumbnail(self, request, server_name, media_id, width,
-                                  height, method, m_type):
+    def _respond_remote_thumbnail(
+        self, request, server_name, media_id, width, height, method, m_type
+    ):
         # TODO: Don't download the whole remote file
         # We should proxy the thumbnail from the remote server instead of
         # downloading the remote file and generating our own thumbnails.
         media_info = yield self.media_repo.get_remote_media_info(server_name, media_id)
 
         thumbnail_infos = yield self.store.get_remote_media_thumbnails(
-            server_name, media_id,
+            server_name, media_id
         )
 
         if thumbnail_infos:
@@ -244,7 +269,8 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
                 width, height, method, m_type, thumbnail_infos
             )
             file_info = FileInfo(
-                server_name=server_name, file_id=media_info["filesystem_id"],
+                server_name=server_name,
+                file_id=media_info["filesystem_id"],
                 thumbnail=True,
                 thumbnail_width=thumbnail_info["thumbnail_width"],
                 thumbnail_height=thumbnail_info["thumbnail_height"],
@@ -261,8 +287,14 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
             logger.info("Failed to find any generated thumbnails")
             respond_404(request)
 
-    def _select_thumbnail(self, desired_width, desired_height, desired_method,
-                          desired_type, thumbnail_infos):
+    def _select_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        desired_width,
+        desired_height,
+        desired_method,
+        desired_type,
+        thumbnail_infos,
+    ):
         d_w = desired_width
         d_h = desired_height
 
@@ -280,15 +312,27 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
                     type_quality = desired_type != info["thumbnail_type"]
                     length_quality = info["thumbnail_length"]
                     if t_w >= d_w or t_h >= d_h:
-                        info_list.append((
-                            aspect_quality, min_quality, size_quality, type_quality,
-                            length_quality, info
-                        ))
+                        info_list.append(
+                            (
+                                aspect_quality,
+                                min_quality,
+                                size_quality,
+                                type_quality,
+                                length_quality,
+                                info,
+                            )
+                        )
                     else:
-                        info_list2.append((
-                            aspect_quality, min_quality, size_quality, type_quality,
-                            length_quality, info
-                        ))
+                        info_list2.append(
+                            (
+                                aspect_quality,
+                                min_quality,
+                                size_quality,
+                                type_quality,
+                                length_quality,
+                                info,
+                            )
+                        )
             if info_list:
                 return min(info_list)[-1]
             else:
@@ -304,13 +348,11 @@ class ThumbnailResource(Resource):
                 type_quality = desired_type != info["thumbnail_type"]
                 length_quality = info["thumbnail_length"]
                 if t_method == "scale" and (t_w >= d_w or t_h >= d_h):
-                    info_list.append((
-                        size_quality, type_quality, length_quality, info
-                    ))
+                    info_list.append((size_quality, type_quality, length_quality, info))
                 elif t_method == "scale":
-                    info_list2.append((
-                        size_quality, type_quality, length_quality, info
-                    ))
+                    info_list2.append(
+                        (size_quality, type_quality, length_quality, info)
+                    )
             if info_list:
                 return min(info_list)[-1]
             else:
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py
index 3efd0d80fc..90d8e6bffe 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/thumbnailer.py
@@ -28,16 +28,13 @@ EXIF_TRANSPOSE_MAPPINGS = {
     5: Image.TRANSPOSE,
     6: Image.ROTATE_270,
     7: Image.TRANSVERSE,
-    8: Image.ROTATE_90
+    8: Image.ROTATE_90,
 }
 
 
 class Thumbnailer(object):
 
-    FORMATS = {
-        "image/jpeg": "JPEG",
-        "image/png": "PNG",
-    }
+    FORMATS = {"image/jpeg": "JPEG", "image/png": "PNG"}
 
     def __init__(self, input_path):
         self.image = Image.open(input_path)
@@ -110,17 +107,13 @@ class Thumbnailer(object):
         """
         if width * self.height > height * self.width:
             scaled_height = (width * self.height) // self.width
-            scaled_image = self.image.resize(
-                (width, scaled_height), Image.ANTIALIAS
-            )
+            scaled_image = self.image.resize((width, scaled_height), Image.ANTIALIAS)
             crop_top = (scaled_height - height) // 2
             crop_bottom = height + crop_top
             cropped = scaled_image.crop((0, crop_top, width, crop_bottom))
         else:
             scaled_width = (height * self.width) // self.height
-            scaled_image = self.image.resize(
-                (scaled_width, height), Image.ANTIALIAS
-            )
+            scaled_image = self.image.resize((scaled_width, height), Image.ANTIALIAS)
             crop_left = (scaled_width - width) // 2
             crop_right = width + crop_left
             cropped = scaled_image.crop((crop_left, 0, crop_right, height))
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/upload_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/upload_resource.py
index c1240e1963..d1d7e959f0 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/upload_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/upload_resource.py
@@ -55,48 +55,36 @@ class UploadResource(Resource):
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         # TODO: The checks here are a bit late. The content will have
         # already been uploaded to a tmp file at this point
-        content_length = request.getHeader(b"Content-Length").decode('ascii')
+        content_length = request.getHeader(b"Content-Length").decode("ascii")
         if content_length is None:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                msg="Request must specify a Content-Length", code=400
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(msg="Request must specify a Content-Length", code=400)
         if int(content_length) > self.max_upload_size:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                msg="Upload request body is too large",
-                code=413,
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(msg="Upload request body is too large", code=413)
 
         upload_name = parse_string(request, b"filename", encoding=None)
         if upload_name:
             try:
-                upload_name = upload_name.decode('utf8')
+                upload_name = upload_name.decode("utf8")
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 raise SynapseError(
-                    msg="Invalid UTF-8 filename parameter: %r" % (upload_name),
-                    code=400,
+                    msg="Invalid UTF-8 filename parameter: %r" % (upload_name), code=400
                 )
 
         headers = request.requestHeaders
 
         if headers.hasHeader(b"Content-Type"):
-            media_type = headers.getRawHeaders(b"Content-Type")[0].decode('ascii')
+            media_type = headers.getRawHeaders(b"Content-Type")[0].decode("ascii")
         else:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                msg="Upload request missing 'Content-Type'",
-                code=400,
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(msg="Upload request missing 'Content-Type'", code=400)
 
         # if headers.hasHeader(b"Content-Disposition"):
         #     disposition = headers.getRawHeaders(b"Content-Disposition")[0]
         # TODO(markjh): parse content-dispostion
 
         content_uri = yield self.media_repo.create_content(
-            media_type, upload_name, request.content,
-            content_length, requester.user
+            media_type, upload_name, request.content, content_length, requester.user
         )
 
         logger.info("Uploaded content with URI %r", content_uri)
 
-        respond_with_json(
-            request, 200, {"content_uri": content_uri}, send_cors=True
-        )
+        respond_with_json(request, 200, {"content_uri": content_uri}, send_cors=True)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/saml2/metadata_resource.py b/synapse/rest/saml2/metadata_resource.py
index e8c680aeb4..1e8526e22e 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/saml2/metadata_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/saml2/metadata_resource.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SAML2MetadataResource(Resource):
 
     def render_GET(self, request):
         metadata_xml = saml2.metadata.create_metadata_string(
-            configfile=None, config=self.sp_config,
+            configfile=None, config=self.sp_config
         )
         request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/xml; charset=utf-8")
         return metadata_xml
diff --git a/synapse/rest/saml2/response_resource.py b/synapse/rest/saml2/response_resource.py
index 69fb77b322..ab14b70675 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/saml2/response_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/saml2/response_resource.py
@@ -46,18 +46,16 @@ class SAML2ResponseResource(Resource):
 
     @wrap_html_request_handler
     def _async_render_POST(self, request):
-        resp_bytes = parse_string(request, 'SAMLResponse', required=True)
-        relay_state = parse_string(request, 'RelayState', required=True)
+        resp_bytes = parse_string(request, "SAMLResponse", required=True)
+        relay_state = parse_string(request, "RelayState", required=True)
 
         try:
             saml2_auth = self._saml_client.parse_authn_request_response(
-                resp_bytes, saml2.BINDING_HTTP_POST,
+                resp_bytes, saml2.BINDING_HTTP_POST
             )
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning("Exception parsing SAML2 response", exc_info=1)
-            raise CodeMessageException(
-                400, "Unable to parse SAML2 response: %s" % (e,),
-            )
+            raise CodeMessageException(400, "Unable to parse SAML2 response: %s" % (e,))
 
         if saml2_auth.not_signed:
             raise CodeMessageException(400, "SAML2 response was not signed")
@@ -69,6 +67,5 @@ class SAML2ResponseResource(Resource):
 
         displayName = saml2_auth.ava.get("displayName", [None])[0]
         return self._sso_auth_handler.on_successful_auth(
-            username, request, relay_state,
-            user_display_name=displayName,
+            username, request, relay_state, user_display_name=displayName
         )
diff --git a/synapse/rest/well_known.py b/synapse/rest/well_known.py
index a7fa4f39af..5e8fda4b65 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/well_known.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/well_known.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class WellKnownBuilder(object):
     Args:
         hs (synapse.server.HomeServer):
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self._config = hs.config
 
@@ -37,15 +38,11 @@ class WellKnownBuilder(object):
         if self._config.public_baseurl is None:
             return None
 
-        result = {
-            "m.homeserver": {
-                "base_url": self._config.public_baseurl,
-            },
-        }
+        result = {"m.homeserver": {"base_url": self._config.public_baseurl}}
 
         if self._config.default_identity_server:
             result["m.identity_server"] = {
-                "base_url": self._config.default_identity_server,
+                "base_url": self._config.default_identity_server
             }
 
         return result
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ class WellKnownResource(Resource):
         if not r:
             request.setResponseCode(404)
             request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/plain")
-            return b'.well-known not available'
+            return b".well-known not available"
 
         logger.debug("returning: %s", r)
         request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"application/json")
diff --git a/synapse/secrets.py b/synapse/secrets.py
index f6280f951c..0b327a0f82 100644
--- a/synapse/secrets.py
+++ b/synapse/secrets.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ if sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 6):
     def Secrets():
         return secrets
 
+
 else:
     import os
     import binascii
@@ -38,4 +39,4 @@ else:
             return os.urandom(nbytes)
 
         def token_hex(self, nbytes=32):
-            return binascii.hexlify(self.token_bytes(nbytes)).decode('ascii')
+            return binascii.hexlify(self.token_bytes(nbytes)).decode("ascii")
diff --git a/synapse/server.py b/synapse/server.py
index a54e023cc9..a9592c396c 100644
--- a/synapse/server.py
+++ b/synapse/server.py
@@ -91,7 +91,9 @@ from synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository import (
 from synapse.secrets import Secrets
 from synapse.server_notices.server_notices_manager import ServerNoticesManager
 from synapse.server_notices.server_notices_sender import ServerNoticesSender
-from synapse.server_notices.worker_server_notices_sender import WorkerServerNoticesSender
+from synapse.server_notices.worker_server_notices_sender import (
+    WorkerServerNoticesSender,
+)
 from synapse.state import StateHandler, StateResolutionHandler
 from synapse.streams.events import EventSources
 from synapse.util import Clock
@@ -127,79 +129,76 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
     DEPENDENCIES = [
-        'http_client',
-        'db_pool',
-        'federation_client',
-        'federation_server',
-        'handlers',
-        'auth',
-        'room_creation_handler',
-        'state_handler',
-        'state_resolution_handler',
-        'presence_handler',
-        'sync_handler',
-        'typing_handler',
-        'room_list_handler',
-        'acme_handler',
-        'auth_handler',
-        'device_handler',
-        'stats_handler',
-        'e2e_keys_handler',
-        'e2e_room_keys_handler',
-        'event_handler',
-        'event_stream_handler',
-        'initial_sync_handler',
-        'application_service_api',
-        'application_service_scheduler',
-        'application_service_handler',
-        'device_message_handler',
-        'profile_handler',
-        'event_creation_handler',
-        'deactivate_account_handler',
-        'set_password_handler',
-        'notifier',
-        'event_sources',
-        'keyring',
-        'pusherpool',
-        'event_builder_factory',
-        'filtering',
-        'http_client_context_factory',
-        'simple_http_client',
-        'media_repository',
-        'media_repository_resource',
-        'federation_transport_client',
-        'federation_sender',
-        'receipts_handler',
-        'macaroon_generator',
-        'tcp_replication',
-        'read_marker_handler',
-        'action_generator',
-        'user_directory_handler',
-        'groups_local_handler',
-        'groups_server_handler',
-        'groups_attestation_signing',
-        'groups_attestation_renewer',
-        'secrets',
-        'spam_checker',
-        'third_party_event_rules',
-        'room_member_handler',
-        'federation_registry',
-        'server_notices_manager',
-        'server_notices_sender',
-        'message_handler',
-        'pagination_handler',
-        'room_context_handler',
-        'sendmail',
-        'registration_handler',
-        'account_validity_handler',
-        'event_client_serializer',
-    ]
-
-    REQUIRED_ON_MASTER_STARTUP = [
+        "http_client",
+        "db_pool",
+        "federation_client",
+        "federation_server",
+        "handlers",
+        "auth",
+        "room_creation_handler",
+        "state_handler",
+        "state_resolution_handler",
+        "presence_handler",
+        "sync_handler",
+        "typing_handler",
+        "room_list_handler",
+        "acme_handler",
+        "auth_handler",
+        "device_handler",
+        "stats_handler",
+        "e2e_keys_handler",
+        "e2e_room_keys_handler",
+        "event_handler",
+        "event_stream_handler",
+        "initial_sync_handler",
+        "application_service_api",
+        "application_service_scheduler",
+        "application_service_handler",
+        "device_message_handler",
+        "profile_handler",
+        "event_creation_handler",
+        "deactivate_account_handler",
+        "set_password_handler",
+        "notifier",
+        "event_sources",
+        "keyring",
+        "pusherpool",
+        "event_builder_factory",
+        "filtering",
+        "http_client_context_factory",
+        "simple_http_client",
+        "media_repository",
+        "media_repository_resource",
+        "federation_transport_client",
+        "federation_sender",
+        "receipts_handler",
+        "macaroon_generator",
+        "tcp_replication",
+        "read_marker_handler",
+        "action_generator",
         "user_directory_handler",
-        "stats_handler"
+        "groups_local_handler",
+        "groups_server_handler",
+        "groups_attestation_signing",
+        "groups_attestation_renewer",
+        "secrets",
+        "spam_checker",
+        "third_party_event_rules",
+        "room_member_handler",
+        "federation_registry",
+        "server_notices_manager",
+        "server_notices_sender",
+        "message_handler",
+        "pagination_handler",
+        "room_context_handler",
+        "sendmail",
+        "registration_handler",
+        "account_validity_handler",
+        "event_client_serializer",
     ]
 
+    REQUIRED_ON_MASTER_STARTUP = ["user_directory_handler", "stats_handler"]
+
     # This is overridden in derived application classes
     # (such as synapse.app.homeserver.SynapseHomeServer) and gives the class to be
     # instantiated during setup() for future return by get_datastore()
@@ -410,9 +409,7 @@ class HomeServer(object):
         name = self.db_config["name"]
 
         return adbapi.ConnectionPool(
-            name,
-            cp_reactor=self.get_reactor(),
-            **self.db_config.get("args", {})
+            name, cp_reactor=self.get_reactor(), **self.db_config.get("args", {})
         )
 
     def get_db_conn(self, run_new_connection=True):
@@ -424,7 +421,8 @@ class HomeServer(object):
         # Any param beginning with cp_ is a parameter for adbapi, and should
         # not be passed to the database engine.
         db_params = {
-            k: v for k, v in self.db_config.get("args", {}).items()
+            k: v
+            for k, v in self.db_config.get("args", {}).items()
             if not k.startswith("cp_")
         }
         db_conn = self.database_engine.module.connect(**db_params)
@@ -555,9 +553,7 @@ def _make_dependency_method(depname):
         if builder:
             # Prevent cyclic dependencies from deadlocking
             if depname in hs._building:
-                raise ValueError("Cyclic dependency while building %s" % (
-                    depname,
-                ))
+                raise ValueError("Cyclic dependency while building %s" % (depname,))
             hs._building[depname] = 1
 
             dep = builder()
@@ -568,9 +564,7 @@ def _make_dependency_method(depname):
             return dep
 
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "%s has no %s nor a builder for it" % (
-                type(hs).__name__, depname,
-            )
+            "%s has no %s nor a builder for it" % (type(hs).__name__, depname)
         )
 
     setattr(HomeServer, "get_%s" % (depname), _get)
diff --git a/synapse/server.pyi b/synapse/server.pyi
index 9583e82d52..16f8f6b573 100644
--- a/synapse/server.pyi
+++ b/synapse/server.pyi
@@ -22,60 +22,57 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     @property
     def config(self) -> synapse.config.homeserver.HomeServerConfig:
         pass
-
     def get_auth(self) -> synapse.api.auth.Auth:
         pass
-
     def get_auth_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.auth.AuthHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_datastore(self) -> synapse.storage.DataStore:
         pass
-
     def get_device_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.device.DeviceHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_e2e_keys_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.e2e_keys.E2eKeysHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_handlers(self) -> synapse.handlers.Handlers:
         pass
-
     def get_state_handler(self) -> synapse.state.StateHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_state_resolution_handler(self) -> synapse.state.StateResolutionHandler:
         pass
-
-    def get_deactivate_account_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.deactivate_account.DeactivateAccountHandler:
+    def get_deactivate_account_handler(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.handlers.deactivate_account.DeactivateAccountHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_room_creation_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.room.RoomCreationHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_room_member_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.room_member.RoomMemberHandler:
         pass
-
-    def get_event_creation_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.message.EventCreationHandler:
+    def get_event_creation_handler(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.handlers.message.EventCreationHandler:
         pass
-
-    def get_set_password_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.set_password.SetPasswordHandler:
+    def get_set_password_handler(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.handlers.set_password.SetPasswordHandler:
         pass
-
     def get_federation_sender(self) -> synapse.federation.sender.FederationSender:
         pass
-
-    def get_federation_transport_client(self) -> synapse.federation.transport.client.TransportLayerClient:
+    def get_federation_transport_client(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.federation.transport.client.TransportLayerClient:
         pass
-
-    def get_media_repository_resource(self) -> synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository.MediaRepositoryResource:
+    def get_media_repository_resource(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository.MediaRepositoryResource:
         pass
-
-    def get_media_repository(self) -> synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository.MediaRepository:
+    def get_media_repository(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository.MediaRepository:
         pass
-
-    def get_server_notices_manager(self) -> synapse.server_notices.server_notices_manager.ServerNoticesManager:
+    def get_server_notices_manager(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.server_notices.server_notices_manager.ServerNoticesManager:
         pass
-
-    def get_server_notices_sender(self) -> synapse.server_notices.server_notices_sender.ServerNoticesSender:
+    def get_server_notices_sender(
+        self
+    ) -> synapse.server_notices.server_notices_sender.ServerNoticesSender:
         pass
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py b/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py
index 5e3044d164..415e9c17d8 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/consent_server_notices.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ class ConsentServerNotices(object):
     """Keeps track of whether we need to send users server_notices about
     privacy policy consent, and sends one if we do.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
 
@@ -49,12 +50,11 @@ class ConsentServerNotices(object):
             if not self._server_notices_manager.is_enabled():
                 raise ConfigError(
                     "user_consent configuration requires server notices, but "
-                    "server notices are not enabled.",
+                    "server notices are not enabled."
                 )
-            if 'body' not in self._server_notice_content:
+            if "body" not in self._server_notice_content:
                 raise ConfigError(
-                    "user_consent server_notice_consent must contain a 'body' "
-                    "key.",
+                    "user_consent server_notice_consent must contain a 'body' " "key."
                 )
 
             self._consent_uri_builder = ConsentURIBuilder(hs.config)
@@ -95,18 +95,14 @@ class ConsentServerNotices(object):
             # need to send a message.
             try:
                 consent_uri = self._consent_uri_builder.build_user_consent_uri(
-                    get_localpart_from_id(user_id),
+                    get_localpart_from_id(user_id)
                 )
                 content = copy_with_str_subst(
-                    self._server_notice_content, {
-                        'consent_uri': consent_uri,
-                    },
-                )
-                yield self._server_notices_manager.send_notice(
-                    user_id, content,
+                    self._server_notice_content, {"consent_uri": consent_uri}
                 )
+                yield self._server_notices_manager.send_notice(user_id, content)
                 yield self._store.user_set_consent_server_notice_sent(
-                    user_id, self._current_consent_version,
+                    user_id, self._current_consent_version
                 )
             except SynapseError as e:
                 logger.error("Error sending server notice about user consent: %s", e)
@@ -128,9 +124,7 @@ def copy_with_str_subst(x, substitutions):
     if isinstance(x, string_types):
         return x % substitutions
     if isinstance(x, dict):
-        return {
-            k: copy_with_str_subst(v, substitutions) for (k, v) in iteritems(x)
-        }
+        return {k: copy_with_str_subst(v, substitutions) for (k, v) in iteritems(x)}
     if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
         return [copy_with_str_subst(y) for y in x]
 
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py b/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py
index af15cba0ee..f183743f31 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/resource_limits_server_notices.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class ResourceLimitsServerNotices(object):
     """ Keeps track of whether the server has reached it's resource limit and
     ensures that the client is kept up to date.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
         Args:
@@ -104,34 +105,28 @@ class ResourceLimitsServerNotices(object):
             if currently_blocked and not is_auth_blocking:
                 # Room is notifying of a block, when it ought not to be.
                 # Remove block notification
-                content = {
-                    "pinned": ref_events
-                }
+                content = {"pinned": ref_events}
                 yield self._server_notices_manager.send_notice(
-                    user_id, content, EventTypes.Pinned, '',
+                    user_id, content, EventTypes.Pinned, ""
                 )
 
             elif not currently_blocked and is_auth_blocking:
                 # Room is not notifying of a block, when it ought to be.
                 # Add block notification
                 content = {
-                    'body': event_content,
-                    'msgtype': ServerNoticeMsgType,
-                    'server_notice_type': ServerNoticeLimitReached,
-                    'admin_contact': self._config.admin_contact,
-                    'limit_type': event_limit_type
+                    "body": event_content,
+                    "msgtype": ServerNoticeMsgType,
+                    "server_notice_type": ServerNoticeLimitReached,
+                    "admin_contact": self._config.admin_contact,
+                    "limit_type": event_limit_type,
                 }
                 event = yield self._server_notices_manager.send_notice(
-                    user_id, content, EventTypes.Message,
+                    user_id, content, EventTypes.Message
                 )
 
-                content = {
-                    "pinned": [
-                        event.event_id,
-                    ]
-                }
+                content = {"pinned": [event.event_id]}
                 yield self._server_notices_manager.send_notice(
-                    user_id, content, EventTypes.Pinned, '',
+                    user_id, content, EventTypes.Pinned, ""
                 )
 
         except SynapseError as e:
@@ -156,9 +151,7 @@ class ResourceLimitsServerNotices(object):
             max_id = yield self._store.add_tag_to_room(
                 user_id, room_id, SERVER_NOTICE_ROOM_TAG, {}
             )
-            self._notifier.on_new_event(
-                "account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id]
-            )
+            self._notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _is_room_currently_blocked(self, room_id):
@@ -188,7 +181,7 @@ class ResourceLimitsServerNotices(object):
 
         referenced_events = []
         if pinned_state_event is not None:
-            referenced_events = list(pinned_state_event.content.get('pinned', []))
+            referenced_events = list(pinned_state_event.content.get("pinned", []))
 
         events = yield self._store.get_events(referenced_events)
         for event_id, event in iteritems(events):
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_manager.py b/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_manager.py
index c5cc6d728e..71e7e75320 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_manager.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_manager.py
@@ -51,8 +51,7 @@ class ServerNoticesManager(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def send_notice(
-        self, user_id, event_content,
-        type=EventTypes.Message, state_key=None
+        self, user_id, event_content, type=EventTypes.Message, state_key=None
     ):
         """Send a notice to the given user
 
@@ -82,10 +81,10 @@ class ServerNoticesManager(object):
         }
 
         if state_key is not None:
-            event_dict['state_key'] = state_key
+            event_dict["state_key"] = state_key
 
         res = yield self._event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-            requester, event_dict, ratelimit=False,
+            requester, event_dict, ratelimit=False
         )
         defer.returnValue(res)
 
@@ -104,11 +103,10 @@ class ServerNoticesManager(object):
         if not self.is_enabled():
             raise Exception("Server notices not enabled")
 
-        assert self._is_mine_id(user_id), \
-            "Cannot send server notices to remote users"
+        assert self._is_mine_id(user_id), "Cannot send server notices to remote users"
 
         rooms = yield self._store.get_rooms_for_user_where_membership_is(
-            user_id, [Membership.INVITE, Membership.JOIN],
+            user_id, [Membership.INVITE, Membership.JOIN]
         )
         system_mxid = self._config.server_notices_mxid
         for room in rooms:
@@ -132,8 +130,8 @@ class ServerNoticesManager(object):
         # avatar, we have to use both.
         join_profile = None
         if (
-            self._config.server_notices_mxid_display_name is not None or
-            self._config.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url is not None
+            self._config.server_notices_mxid_display_name is not None
+            or self._config.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url is not None
         ):
             join_profile = {
                 "displayname": self._config.server_notices_mxid_display_name,
@@ -146,22 +144,18 @@ class ServerNoticesManager(object):
             config={
                 "preset": RoomCreationPreset.PRIVATE_CHAT,
                 "name": self._config.server_notices_room_name,
-                "power_level_content_override": {
-                    "users_default": -10,
-                },
-                "invite": (user_id,)
+                "power_level_content_override": {"users_default": -10},
+                "invite": (user_id,),
             },
             ratelimit=False,
             creator_join_profile=join_profile,
         )
-        room_id = info['room_id']
+        room_id = info["room_id"]
 
         max_id = yield self._store.add_tag_to_room(
-            user_id, room_id, SERVER_NOTICE_ROOM_TAG, {},
-        )
-        self._notifier.on_new_event(
-            "account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id]
+            user_id, room_id, SERVER_NOTICE_ROOM_TAG, {}
         )
+        self._notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
 
         logger.info("Created server notices room %s for %s", room_id, user_id)
         defer.returnValue(room_id)
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_sender.py b/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_sender.py
index 6121b2f267..652bab58e3 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_sender.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/server_notices_sender.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ class ServerNoticesSender(object):
     """A centralised place which sends server notices automatically when
     Certain Events take place
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ class ServerNoticesSender(object):
         """
         self._server_notices = (
             ConsentServerNotices(hs),
-            ResourceLimitsServerNotices(hs)
+            ResourceLimitsServerNotices(hs),
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -43,9 +44,7 @@ class ServerNoticesSender(object):
             user_id (str): mxid of user who synced
         """
         for sn in self._server_notices:
-            yield sn.maybe_send_server_notice_to_user(
-                user_id,
-            )
+            yield sn.maybe_send_server_notice_to_user(user_id)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_user_ip(self, user_id):
@@ -58,6 +57,4 @@ class ServerNoticesSender(object):
         # we check for notices to send to the user in on_user_ip as well as
         # in on_user_syncing
         for sn in self._server_notices:
-            yield sn.maybe_send_server_notice_to_user(
-                user_id,
-            )
+            yield sn.maybe_send_server_notice_to_user(user_id)
diff --git a/synapse/server_notices/worker_server_notices_sender.py b/synapse/server_notices/worker_server_notices_sender.py
index 4a133026c3..245ec7c64f 100644
--- a/synapse/server_notices/worker_server_notices_sender.py
+++ b/synapse/server_notices/worker_server_notices_sender.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
 
 class WorkerServerNoticesSender(object):
     """Stub impl of ServerNoticesSender which does nothing"""
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         """
         Args:
diff --git a/synapse/state/__init__.py b/synapse/state/__init__.py
index 36684ef9f6..fc20d1eaee 100644
--- a/synapse/state/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/state/__init__.py
@@ -98,8 +98,9 @@ class StateHandler(object):
         self._state_resolution_handler = hs.get_state_resolution_handler()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_current_state(self, room_id, event_type=None, state_key="",
-                          latest_event_ids=None):
+    def get_current_state(
+        self, room_id, event_type=None, state_key="", latest_event_ids=None
+    ):
         """ Retrieves the current state for the room. This is done by
         calling `get_latest_events_in_room` to get the leading edges of the
         event graph and then resolving any of the state conflicts.
@@ -128,8 +129,9 @@ class StateHandler(object):
             defer.returnValue(event)
             return
 
-        state_map = yield self.store.get_events(list(state.values()),
-                                                get_prev_content=False)
+        state_map = yield self.store.get_events(
+            list(state.values()), get_prev_content=False
+        )
         state = {
             key: state_map[e_id] for key, e_id in iteritems(state) if e_id in state_map
         }
@@ -211,9 +213,7 @@ class StateHandler(object):
             # state. Certainly store.get_current_state won't return any, and
             # persisting the event won't store the state group.
             if old_state:
-                prev_state_ids = {
-                    (s.type, s.state_key): s.event_id for s in old_state
-                }
+                prev_state_ids = {(s.type, s.state_key): s.event_id for s in old_state}
                 if event.is_state():
                     current_state_ids = dict(prev_state_ids)
                     key = (event.type, event.state_key)
@@ -239,9 +239,7 @@ class StateHandler(object):
             # Let's just correctly fill out the context and create a
             # new state group for it.
 
-            prev_state_ids = {
-                (s.type, s.state_key): s.event_id for s in old_state
-            }
+            prev_state_ids = {(s.type, s.state_key): s.event_id for s in old_state}
 
             if event.is_state():
                 key = (event.type, event.state_key)
@@ -273,7 +271,7 @@ class StateHandler(object):
         logger.debug("calling resolve_state_groups from compute_event_context")
 
         entry = yield self.resolve_state_groups_for_events(
-            event.room_id, event.prev_event_ids(),
+            event.room_id, event.prev_event_ids()
         )
 
         prev_state_ids = entry.state
@@ -296,9 +294,7 @@ class StateHandler(object):
                 # If the state at the event has a state group assigned then
                 # we can use that as the prev group
                 prev_group = entry.state_group
-                delta_ids = {
-                    key: event.event_id
-                }
+                delta_ids = {key: event.event_id}
             elif entry.prev_group:
                 # If the state at the event only has a prev group, then we can
                 # use that as a prev group too.
@@ -360,31 +356,31 @@ class StateHandler(object):
         # map from state group id to the state in that state group (where
         # 'state' is a map from state key to event id)
         # dict[int, dict[(str, str), str]]
-        state_groups_ids = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(
-            room_id, event_ids
-        )
+        state_groups_ids = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(room_id, event_ids)
 
         if len(state_groups_ids) == 0:
-            defer.returnValue(_StateCacheEntry(
-                state={},
-                state_group=None,
-            ))
+            defer.returnValue(_StateCacheEntry(state={}, state_group=None))
         elif len(state_groups_ids) == 1:
             name, state_list = list(state_groups_ids.items()).pop()
 
             prev_group, delta_ids = yield self.store.get_state_group_delta(name)
 
-            defer.returnValue(_StateCacheEntry(
-                state=state_list,
-                state_group=name,
-                prev_group=prev_group,
-                delta_ids=delta_ids,
-            ))
+            defer.returnValue(
+                _StateCacheEntry(
+                    state=state_list,
+                    state_group=name,
+                    prev_group=prev_group,
+                    delta_ids=delta_ids,
+                )
+            )
 
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
 
         result = yield self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_state_groups(
-            room_id, room_version, state_groups_ids, None,
+            room_id,
+            room_version,
+            state_groups_ids,
+            None,
             state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(self.store),
         )
         defer.returnValue(result)
@@ -394,27 +390,21 @@ class StateHandler(object):
         logger.info(
             "Resolving state for %s with %d groups", event.room_id, len(state_sets)
         )
-        state_set_ids = [{
-            (ev.type, ev.state_key): ev.event_id
-            for ev in st
-        } for st in state_sets]
-
-        state_map = {
-            ev.event_id: ev
-            for st in state_sets
-            for ev in st
-        }
+        state_set_ids = [
+            {(ev.type, ev.state_key): ev.event_id for ev in st} for st in state_sets
+        ]
+
+        state_map = {ev.event_id: ev for st in state_sets for ev in st}
 
         with Measure(self.clock, "state._resolve_events"):
             new_state = yield resolve_events_with_store(
-                room_version, state_set_ids,
+                room_version,
+                state_set_ids,
                 event_map=state_map,
                 state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(self.store),
             )
 
-        new_state = {
-            key: state_map[ev_id] for key, ev_id in iteritems(new_state)
-        }
+        new_state = {key: state_map[ev_id] for key, ev_id in iteritems(new_state)}
 
         defer.returnValue(new_state)
 
@@ -425,6 +415,7 @@ class StateResolutionHandler(object):
     Note that the storage layer depends on this handler, so all functions must
     be storage-independent.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
 
@@ -444,7 +435,7 @@ class StateResolutionHandler(object):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
     def resolve_state_groups(
-        self, room_id, room_version, state_groups_ids, event_map, state_res_store,
+        self, room_id, room_version, state_groups_ids, event_map, state_res_store
     ):
         """Resolves conflicts between a set of state groups
 
@@ -471,10 +462,7 @@ class StateResolutionHandler(object):
         Returns:
             Deferred[_StateCacheEntry]: resolved state
         """
-        logger.debug(
-            "resolve_state_groups state_groups %s",
-            state_groups_ids.keys()
-        )
+        logger.debug("resolve_state_groups state_groups %s", state_groups_ids.keys())
 
         group_names = frozenset(state_groups_ids.keys())
 
@@ -529,10 +517,7 @@ class StateResolutionHandler(object):
             defer.returnValue(cache)
 
 
-def _make_state_cache_entry(
-    new_state,
-    state_groups_ids,
-):
+def _make_state_cache_entry(new_state, state_groups_ids):
     """Given a resolved state, and a set of input state groups, pick one to base
     a new state group on (if any), and return an appropriately-constructed
     _StateCacheEntry.
@@ -562,10 +547,7 @@ def _make_state_cache_entry(
         old_state_event_ids = set(itervalues(state))
         if new_state_event_ids == old_state_event_ids:
             # got an exact match.
-            return _StateCacheEntry(
-                state=new_state,
-                state_group=sg,
-            )
+            return _StateCacheEntry(state=new_state, state_group=sg)
 
     # TODO: We want to create a state group for this set of events, to
     # increase cache hits, but we need to make sure that it doesn't
@@ -576,20 +558,13 @@ def _make_state_cache_entry(
     delta_ids = None
 
     for old_group, old_state in iteritems(state_groups_ids):
-        n_delta_ids = {
-            k: v
-            for k, v in iteritems(new_state)
-            if old_state.get(k) != v
-        }
+        n_delta_ids = {k: v for k, v in iteritems(new_state) if old_state.get(k) != v}
         if not delta_ids or len(n_delta_ids) < len(delta_ids):
             prev_group = old_group
             delta_ids = n_delta_ids
 
     return _StateCacheEntry(
-        state=new_state,
-        state_group=None,
-        prev_group=prev_group,
-        delta_ids=delta_ids,
+        state=new_state, state_group=None, prev_group=prev_group, delta_ids=delta_ids
     )
 
 
@@ -618,11 +593,11 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_sto
     v = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[room_version]
     if v.state_res == StateResolutionVersions.V1:
         return v1.resolve_events_with_store(
-            state_sets, event_map, state_res_store.get_events,
+            state_sets, event_map, state_res_store.get_events
         )
     else:
         return v2.resolve_events_with_store(
-            room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_store,
+            room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_store
         )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/state/v1.py b/synapse/state/v1.py
index 29b4e86cfd..88acd4817e 100644
--- a/synapse/state/v1.py
+++ b/synapse/state/v1.py
@@ -57,23 +57,17 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(state_sets, event_map, state_map_factory):
     if len(state_sets) == 1:
         defer.returnValue(state_sets[0])
 
-    unconflicted_state, conflicted_state = _seperate(
-        state_sets,
-    )
+    unconflicted_state, conflicted_state = _seperate(state_sets)
 
     needed_events = set(
-        event_id
-        for event_ids in itervalues(conflicted_state)
-        for event_id in event_ids
+        event_id for event_ids in itervalues(conflicted_state) for event_id in event_ids
     )
     needed_event_count = len(needed_events)
     if event_map is not None:
         needed_events -= set(iterkeys(event_map))
 
     logger.info(
-        "Asking for %d/%d conflicted events",
-        len(needed_events),
-        needed_event_count,
+        "Asking for %d/%d conflicted events", len(needed_events), needed_event_count
     )
 
     # dict[str, FrozenEvent]: a map from state event id to event. Only includes
@@ -97,17 +91,17 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(state_sets, event_map, state_map_factory):
         new_needed_events -= set(iterkeys(event_map))
 
     logger.info(
-        "Asking for %d/%d auth events",
-        len(new_needed_events),
-        new_needed_event_count,
+        "Asking for %d/%d auth events", len(new_needed_events), new_needed_event_count
     )
 
     state_map_new = yield state_map_factory(new_needed_events)
     state_map.update(state_map_new)
 
-    defer.returnValue(_resolve_with_state(
-        unconflicted_state, conflicted_state, auth_events, state_map
-    ))
+    defer.returnValue(
+        _resolve_with_state(
+            unconflicted_state, conflicted_state, auth_events, state_map
+        )
+    )
 
 
 def _seperate(state_sets):
@@ -173,8 +167,9 @@ def _create_auth_events_from_maps(unconflicted_state, conflicted_state, state_ma
     return auth_events
 
 
-def _resolve_with_state(unconflicted_state_ids, conflicted_state_ids, auth_event_ids,
-                        state_map):
+def _resolve_with_state(
+    unconflicted_state_ids, conflicted_state_ids, auth_event_ids, state_map
+):
     conflicted_state = {}
     for key, event_ids in iteritems(conflicted_state_ids):
         events = [state_map[ev_id] for ev_id in event_ids if ev_id in state_map]
@@ -190,9 +185,7 @@ def _resolve_with_state(unconflicted_state_ids, conflicted_state_ids, auth_event
     }
 
     try:
-        resolved_state = _resolve_state_events(
-            conflicted_state, auth_events
-        )
+        resolved_state = _resolve_state_events(conflicted_state, auth_events)
     except Exception:
         logger.exception("Failed to resolve state")
         raise
@@ -218,37 +211,28 @@ def _resolve_state_events(conflicted_state, auth_events):
     if POWER_KEY in conflicted_state:
         events = conflicted_state[POWER_KEY]
         logger.debug("Resolving conflicted power levels %r", events)
-        resolved_state[POWER_KEY] = _resolve_auth_events(
-            events, auth_events)
+        resolved_state[POWER_KEY] = _resolve_auth_events(events, auth_events)
 
     auth_events.update(resolved_state)
 
     for key, events in iteritems(conflicted_state):
         if key[0] == EventTypes.JoinRules:
             logger.debug("Resolving conflicted join rules %r", events)
-            resolved_state[key] = _resolve_auth_events(
-                events,
-                auth_events
-            )
+            resolved_state[key] = _resolve_auth_events(events, auth_events)
 
     auth_events.update(resolved_state)
 
     for key, events in iteritems(conflicted_state):
         if key[0] == EventTypes.Member:
             logger.debug("Resolving conflicted member lists %r", events)
-            resolved_state[key] = _resolve_auth_events(
-                events,
-                auth_events
-            )
+            resolved_state[key] = _resolve_auth_events(events, auth_events)
 
     auth_events.update(resolved_state)
 
     for key, events in iteritems(conflicted_state):
         if key not in resolved_state:
             logger.debug("Resolving conflicted state %r:%r", key, events)
-            resolved_state[key] = _resolve_normal_events(
-                events, auth_events
-            )
+            resolved_state[key] = _resolve_normal_events(events, auth_events)
 
     return resolved_state
 
@@ -257,9 +241,7 @@ def _resolve_auth_events(events, auth_events):
     reverse = [i for i in reversed(_ordered_events(events))]
 
     auth_keys = set(
-        key
-        for event in events
-        for key in event_auth.auth_types_for_event(event)
+        key for event in events for key in event_auth.auth_types_for_event(event)
     )
 
     new_auth_events = {}
@@ -313,6 +295,6 @@ def _ordered_events(events):
     def key_func(e):
         # we have to use utf-8 rather than ascii here because it turns out we allow
         # people to send us events with non-ascii event IDs :/
-        return -int(e.depth), hashlib.sha1(e.event_id.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+        return -int(e.depth), hashlib.sha1(e.event_id.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
 
     return sorted(events, key=key_func)
diff --git a/synapse/state/v2.py b/synapse/state/v2.py
index 650995c92c..db969e8997 100644
--- a/synapse/state/v2.py
+++ b/synapse/state/v2.py
@@ -70,19 +70,18 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_sto
 
     # Also fetch all auth events that appear in only some of the state sets'
     # auth chains.
-    auth_diff = yield _get_auth_chain_difference(
-        state_sets, event_map, state_res_store,
-    )
+    auth_diff = yield _get_auth_chain_difference(state_sets, event_map, state_res_store)
 
-    full_conflicted_set = set(itertools.chain(
-        itertools.chain.from_iterable(itervalues(conflicted_state)),
-        auth_diff,
-    ))
+    full_conflicted_set = set(
+        itertools.chain(
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(itervalues(conflicted_state)), auth_diff
+        )
+    )
 
-    events = yield state_res_store.get_events([
-        eid for eid in full_conflicted_set
-        if eid not in event_map
-    ], allow_rejected=True)
+    events = yield state_res_store.get_events(
+        [eid for eid in full_conflicted_set if eid not in event_map],
+        allow_rejected=True,
+    )
     event_map.update(events)
 
     full_conflicted_set = set(eid for eid in full_conflicted_set if eid in event_map)
@@ -91,22 +90,21 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_sto
 
     # Get and sort all the power events (kicks/bans/etc)
     power_events = (
-        eid for eid in full_conflicted_set
-        if _is_power_event(event_map[eid])
+        eid for eid in full_conflicted_set if _is_power_event(event_map[eid])
     )
 
     sorted_power_events = yield _reverse_topological_power_sort(
-        power_events,
-        event_map,
-        state_res_store,
-        full_conflicted_set,
+        power_events, event_map, state_res_store, full_conflicted_set
     )
 
     logger.debug("sorted %d power events", len(sorted_power_events))
 
     # Now sequentially auth each one
     resolved_state = yield _iterative_auth_checks(
-        room_version, sorted_power_events, unconflicted_state, event_map,
+        room_version,
+        sorted_power_events,
+        unconflicted_state,
+        event_map,
         state_res_store,
     )
 
@@ -116,23 +114,20 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_sto
     # events using the mainline of the resolved power level.
 
     leftover_events = [
-        ev_id
-        for ev_id in full_conflicted_set
-        if ev_id not in sorted_power_events
+        ev_id for ev_id in full_conflicted_set if ev_id not in sorted_power_events
     ]
 
     logger.debug("sorting %d remaining events", len(leftover_events))
 
     pl = resolved_state.get((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""), None)
     leftover_events = yield _mainline_sort(
-        leftover_events, pl, event_map, state_res_store,
+        leftover_events, pl, event_map, state_res_store
     )
 
     logger.debug("resolving remaining events")
 
     resolved_state = yield _iterative_auth_checks(
-        room_version, leftover_events, resolved_state, event_map,
-        state_res_store,
+        room_version, leftover_events, resolved_state, event_map, state_res_store
     )
 
     logger.debug("resolved")
@@ -209,14 +204,16 @@ def _get_auth_chain_difference(state_sets, event_map, state_res_store):
         auth_ids = set(
             eid
             for key, eid in iteritems(state_set)
-            if (key[0] in (
-                EventTypes.Member,
-                EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite,
-            ) or key in (
-                (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ''),
-                (EventTypes.Create, ''),
-                (EventTypes.JoinRules, ''),
-            )) and eid not in common
+            if (
+                key[0] in (EventTypes.Member, EventTypes.ThirdPartyInvite)
+                or key
+                in (
+                    (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""),
+                    (EventTypes.Create, ""),
+                    (EventTypes.JoinRules, ""),
+                )
+            )
+            and eid not in common
         )
 
         auth_chain = yield state_res_store.get_auth_chain(auth_ids)
@@ -274,15 +271,16 @@ def _is_power_event(event):
         return True
 
     if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
-        if event.membership in ('leave', 'ban'):
+        if event.membership in ("leave", "ban"):
             return event.sender != event.state_key
 
     return False
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def _add_event_and_auth_chain_to_graph(graph, event_id, event_map,
-                                       state_res_store, auth_diff):
+def _add_event_and_auth_chain_to_graph(
+    graph, event_id, event_map, state_res_store, auth_diff
+):
     """Helper function for _reverse_topological_power_sort that add the event
     and its auth chain (that is in the auth diff) to the graph
 
@@ -327,7 +325,7 @@ def _reverse_topological_power_sort(event_ids, event_map, state_res_store, auth_
     graph = {}
     for event_id in event_ids:
         yield _add_event_and_auth_chain_to_graph(
-            graph, event_id, event_map, state_res_store, auth_diff,
+            graph, event_id, event_map, state_res_store, auth_diff
         )
 
     event_to_pl = {}
@@ -342,18 +340,16 @@ def _reverse_topological_power_sort(event_ids, event_map, state_res_store, auth_
         return -pl, ev.origin_server_ts, event_id
 
     # Note: graph is modified during the sort
-    it = lexicographical_topological_sort(
-        graph,
-        key=_get_power_order,
-    )
+    it = lexicographical_topological_sort(graph, key=_get_power_order)
     sorted_events = list(it)
 
     defer.returnValue(sorted_events)
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def _iterative_auth_checks(room_version, event_ids, base_state, event_map,
-                           state_res_store):
+def _iterative_auth_checks(
+    room_version, event_ids, base_state, event_map, state_res_store
+):
     """Sequentially apply auth checks to each event in given list, updating the
     state as it goes along.
 
@@ -389,9 +385,11 @@ def _iterative_auth_checks(room_version, event_ids, base_state, event_map,
 
         try:
             event_auth.check(
-                room_version, event, auth_events,
+                room_version,
+                event,
+                auth_events,
                 do_sig_check=False,
-                do_size_check=False
+                do_size_check=False,
             )
 
             resolved_state[(event.type, event.state_key)] = event_id
@@ -402,8 +400,7 @@ def _iterative_auth_checks(room_version, event_ids, base_state, event_map,
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def _mainline_sort(event_ids, resolved_power_event_id, event_map,
-                   state_res_store):
+def _mainline_sort(event_ids, resolved_power_event_id, event_map, state_res_store):
     """Returns a sorted list of event_ids sorted by mainline ordering based on
     the given event resolved_power_event_id
 
@@ -436,8 +433,7 @@ def _mainline_sort(event_ids, resolved_power_event_id, event_map,
     order_map = {}
     for ev_id in event_ids:
         depth = yield _get_mainline_depth_for_event(
-            event_map[ev_id], mainline_map,
-            event_map, state_res_store,
+            event_map[ev_id], mainline_map, event_map, state_res_store
         )
         order_map[ev_id] = (depth, event_map[ev_id].origin_server_ts, ev_id)
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/__init__.py b/synapse/storage/__init__.py
index 0ca6f6121f..6b0ca80087 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/__init__.py
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class DataStore(
         Counts the number of users who used this homeserver in the last 24 hours.
         """
         yesterday = int(self._clock.time_msec()) - (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)
-        return self.runInteraction("count_daily_users", self._count_users, yesterday,)
+        return self.runInteraction("count_daily_users", self._count_users, yesterday)
 
     def count_monthly_users(self):
         """
@@ -291,9 +291,7 @@ class DataStore(
         """
         thirty_days_ago = int(self._clock.time_msec()) - (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30)
         return self.runInteraction(
-            "count_monthly_users",
-            self._count_users,
-            thirty_days_ago,
+            "count_monthly_users", self._count_users, thirty_days_ago
         )
 
     def _count_users(self, txn, time_from):
@@ -361,7 +359,7 @@ class DataStore(
             txn.execute(sql, (thirty_days_ago_in_secs, thirty_days_ago_in_secs))
 
             for row in txn:
-                if row[0] == 'unknown':
+                if row[0] == "unknown":
                     pass
                 results[row[0]] = row[1]
 
@@ -388,7 +386,7 @@ class DataStore(
             txn.execute(sql, (thirty_days_ago_in_secs, thirty_days_ago_in_secs))
 
             count, = txn.fetchone()
-            results['all'] = count
+            results["all"] = count
 
             return results
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/_base.py b/synapse/storage/_base.py
index 941c07fce5..c74bcc8f0b 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/_base.py
@@ -312,9 +312,7 @@ class SQLBaseStore(object):
             if res:
                 for user in res:
                     self.set_expiration_date_for_user_txn(
-                        txn,
-                        user["name"],
-                        use_delta=True,
+                        txn, user["name"], use_delta=True
                     )
 
         yield self.runInteraction(
@@ -1667,7 +1665,7 @@ def db_to_json(db_content):
     # Decode it to a Unicode string before feeding it to json.loads, so we
     # consistenty get a Unicode-containing object out.
     if isinstance(db_content, (bytes, bytearray)):
-        db_content = db_content.decode('utf8')
+        db_content = db_content.decode("utf8")
 
     try:
         return json.loads(db_content)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/background_updates.py b/synapse/storage/background_updates.py
index b8b8273f73..50f913a414 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/background_updates.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/background_updates.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class BackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
             in_flight = set(update["update_name"] for update in updates)
             for update in updates:
                 if update["depends_on"] not in in_flight:
-                    self._background_update_queue.append(update['update_name'])
+                    self._background_update_queue.append(update["update_name"])
 
         if not self._background_update_queue:
             # no work left to do
diff --git a/synapse/storage/devices.py b/synapse/storage/devices.py
index d102e07372..3413a46675 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/devices.py
@@ -149,9 +149,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             defer.returnValue((stream_id_cutoff, []))
 
         results = yield self._get_device_update_edus_by_remote(
-            destination,
-            from_stream_id,
-            query_map,
+            destination, from_stream_id, query_map
         )
 
         defer.returnValue((now_stream_id, results))
@@ -182,9 +180,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         return list(txn)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _get_device_update_edus_by_remote(
-        self, destination, from_stream_id, query_map,
-    ):
+    def _get_device_update_edus_by_remote(self, destination, from_stream_id, query_map):
         """Returns a list of device update EDUs as well as E2EE keys
 
         Args:
@@ -210,7 +206,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             # The prev_id for the first row is always the last row before
             # `from_stream_id`
             prev_id = yield self._get_last_device_update_for_remote_user(
-                destination, user_id, from_stream_id,
+                destination, user_id, from_stream_id
             )
             for device_id, device in iteritems(user_devices):
                 stream_id = query_map[(user_id, device_id)]
@@ -238,7 +234,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         defer.returnValue(results)
 
     def _get_last_device_update_for_remote_user(
-        self, destination, user_id, from_stream_id,
+        self, destination, user_id, from_stream_id
     ):
         def f(txn):
             prev_sent_id_sql = """
diff --git a/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
index 521936e3b0..f40ef2ab64 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
             },
             values={
                 "version": version,
-                "first_message_index": room_key['first_message_index'],
-                "forwarded_count": room_key['forwarded_count'],
-                "is_verified": room_key['is_verified'],
-                "session_data": json.dumps(room_key['session_data']),
+                "first_message_index": room_key["first_message_index"],
+                "forwarded_count": room_key["forwarded_count"],
+                "is_verified": room_key["is_verified"],
+                "session_data": json.dumps(room_key["session_data"]),
             },
             lock=False,
         )
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
         try:
             version = int(version)
         except ValueError:
-            defer.returnValue({'rooms': {}})
+            defer.returnValue({"rooms": {}})
 
         keyvalues = {"user_id": user_id, "version": version}
         if room_id:
-            keyvalues['room_id'] = room_id
+            keyvalues["room_id"] = room_id
             if session_id:
-                keyvalues['session_id'] = session_id
+                keyvalues["session_id"] = session_id
 
         rows = yield self._simple_select_list(
             table="e2e_room_keys",
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
             desc="get_e2e_room_keys",
         )
 
-        sessions = {'rooms': {}}
+        sessions = {"rooms": {}}
         for row in rows:
-            room_entry = sessions['rooms'].setdefault(row['room_id'], {"sessions": {}})
-            room_entry['sessions'][row['session_id']] = {
+            room_entry = sessions["rooms"].setdefault(row["room_id"], {"sessions": {}})
+            room_entry["sessions"][row["session_id"]] = {
                 "first_message_index": row["first_message_index"],
                 "forwarded_count": row["forwarded_count"],
                 "is_verified": row["is_verified"],
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         keyvalues = {"user_id": user_id, "version": int(version)}
         if room_id:
-            keyvalues['room_id'] = room_id
+            keyvalues["room_id"] = room_id
             if session_id:
-                keyvalues['session_id'] = session_id
+                keyvalues["session_id"] = session_id
 
         yield self._simple_delete(
             table="e2e_room_keys", keyvalues=keyvalues, desc="delete_e2e_room_keys"
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
         )
         row = txn.fetchone()
         if not row:
-            raise StoreError(404, 'No current backup version')
+            raise StoreError(404, "No current backup version")
         return row[0]
 
     def get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(self, user_id, version=None):
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
             )
             current_version = txn.fetchone()[0]
             if current_version is None:
-                current_version = '0'
+                current_version = "0"
 
             new_version = str(int(current_version) + 1)
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py b/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py
index 933bcf42c2..e9b9caa49a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/engines/sqlite.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class Sqlite3Engine(object):
 
 def _parse_match_info(buf):
     bufsize = len(buf)
-    return [struct.unpack('@I', buf[i : i + 4])[0] for i in range(0, bufsize, 4)]
+    return [struct.unpack("@I", buf[i : i + 4])[0] for i in range(0, bufsize, 4)]
 
 
 def _rank(raw_match_info):
diff --git a/synapse/storage/event_federation.py b/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
index e8d16edbc8..cb4478342f 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
@@ -215,8 +215,7 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SignatureWorkerStore, SQLBas
             return [room_id for room_id, in txn]
 
         return self.runInteraction(
-            "get_rooms_with_many_extremities",
-            _get_rooms_with_many_extremities_txn,
+            "get_rooms_with_many_extremities", _get_rooms_with_many_extremities_txn
         )
 
     @cached(max_entries=5000, iterable=True)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/event_push_actions.py b/synapse/storage/event_push_actions.py
index a729f3e067..eca77069fd 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/event_push_actions.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/event_push_actions.py
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         # contain results from the first query, correctly ordered, followed
         # by results from the second query, but we want them all ordered
         # by stream_ordering, oldest first.
-        notifs.sort(key=lambda r: r['stream_ordering'])
+        notifs.sort(key=lambda r: r["stream_ordering"])
 
         # Take only up to the limit. We have to stop at the limit because
         # one of the subqueries may have hit the limit.
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         # contain results from the first query, correctly ordered, followed
         # by results from the second query, but we want them all ordered
         # by received_ts (most recent first)
-        notifs.sort(key=lambda r: -(r['received_ts'] or 0))
+        notifs.sort(key=lambda r: -(r["received_ts"] or 0))
 
         # Now return the first `limit`
         defer.returnValue(notifs[:limit])
diff --git a/synapse/storage/events.py b/synapse/storage/events.py
index f631fb1733..de5965569c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/events.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/events.py
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class EventsStore(
         BucketCollector(
             "synapse_forward_extremities",
             lambda: self._current_forward_extremities_amount,
-            buckets=[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, "+Inf"]
+            buckets=[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, "+Inf"],
         )
 
         # Read the extrems every 60 minutes
diff --git a/synapse/storage/events_bg_updates.py b/synapse/storage/events_bg_updates.py
index 75c1935bf3..1ce21d190c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/events_bg_updates.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/events_bg_updates.py
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
         )
 
         self.register_background_update_handler(
-            self.DELETE_SOFT_FAILED_EXTREMITIES,
-            self._cleanup_extremities_bg_update,
+            self.DELETE_SOFT_FAILED_EXTREMITIES, self._cleanup_extremities_bg_update
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -269,7 +268,8 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
                 LEFT JOIN events USING (event_id)
                 LEFT JOIN event_json USING (event_id)
                 LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
-                """, (batch_size,)
+                """,
+                (batch_size,),
             )
 
             for prev_event_id, event_id, metadata, rejected, outlier in txn:
@@ -364,13 +364,12 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
                     column="event_id",
                     iterable=to_delete,
                     keyvalues={},
-                    retcols=("room_id",)
+                    retcols=("room_id",),
                 )
                 room_ids = set(row["room_id"] for row in rows)
                 for room_id in room_ids:
                     txn.call_after(
-                        self.get_latest_event_ids_in_room.invalidate,
-                        (room_id,)
+                        self.get_latest_event_ids_in_room.invalidate, (room_id,)
                     )
 
             self._simple_delete_many_txn(
@@ -384,7 +383,7 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
             return len(original_set)
 
         num_handled = yield self.runInteraction(
-            "_cleanup_extremities_bg_update", _cleanup_extremities_bg_update_txn,
+            "_cleanup_extremities_bg_update", _cleanup_extremities_bg_update_txn
         )
 
         if not num_handled:
@@ -394,8 +393,7 @@ class EventsBackgroundUpdatesStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
                 txn.execute("DROP TABLE _extremities_to_check")
 
             yield self.runInteraction(
-                "_cleanup_extremities_bg_update_drop_table",
-                _drop_table_txn,
+                "_cleanup_extremities_bg_update_drop_table", _drop_table_txn
             )
 
         defer.returnValue(num_handled)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/events_worker.py b/synapse/storage/events_worker.py
index cc7df5cf14..6d680d405a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/events_worker.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/events_worker.py
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import NotFoundError
 from synapse.api.room_versions import EventFormatVersions
 from synapse.events import FrozenEvent, event_type_from_format_version  # noqa: F401
-# these are only included to make the type annotations work
 from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext  # noqa: F401
 from synapse.events.utils import prune_event
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
@@ -111,8 +110,7 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             return ts
 
         return self.runInteraction(
-            "get_approximate_received_ts",
-            _get_approximate_received_ts_txn,
+            "get_approximate_received_ts", _get_approximate_received_ts_txn
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -677,7 +675,8 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         """
         return self.runInteraction(
             "get_total_state_event_counts",
-            self._get_total_state_event_counts_txn, room_id
+            self._get_total_state_event_counts_txn,
+            room_id,
         )
 
     def _get_current_state_event_counts_txn(self, txn, room_id):
@@ -701,7 +700,8 @@ class EventsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         """
         return self.runInteraction(
             "get_current_state_event_counts",
-            self._get_current_state_event_counts_txn, room_id
+            self._get_current_state_event_counts_txn,
+            room_id,
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/synapse/storage/group_server.py b/synapse/storage/group_server.py
index dce6a43ac1..73e6fc6de2 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/group_server.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/group_server.py
@@ -1179,11 +1179,7 @@ class GroupServerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
             for table in tables:
                 self._simple_delete_txn(
-                    txn,
-                    table=table,
-                    keyvalues={"group_id": group_id},
+                    txn, table=table, keyvalues={"group_id": group_id}
                 )
 
-        return self.runInteraction(
-            "delete_group", _delete_group_txn
-        )
+        return self.runInteraction("delete_group", _delete_group_txn)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/keys.py b/synapse/storage/keys.py
index e3655ad8d7..e72f89e446 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/keys.py
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class KeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
         def _invalidate(res):
             f = self._get_server_verify_key.invalidate
             for i in invalidations:
-                f((i, ))
+                f((i,))
             return res
 
         return self.runInteraction(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/media_repository.py b/synapse/storage/media_repository.py
index 3ecf47e7a7..6b1238ce4a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/media_repository.py
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ class MediaRepositoryStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
         super(MediaRepositoryStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
         self.register_background_index_update(
-            update_name='local_media_repository_url_idx',
-            index_name='local_media_repository_url_idx',
-            table='local_media_repository',
-            columns=['created_ts'],
-            where_clause='url_cache IS NOT NULL',
+            update_name="local_media_repository_url_idx",
+            index_name="local_media_repository_url_idx",
+            table="local_media_repository",
+            columns=["created_ts"],
+            where_clause="url_cache IS NOT NULL",
         )
 
     def get_local_media(self, media_id):
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ class MediaRepositoryStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
             return dict(
                 zip(
                     (
-                        'response_code',
-                        'etag',
-                        'expires_ts',
-                        'og',
-                        'media_id',
-                        'download_ts',
+                        "response_code",
+                        "etag",
+                        "expires_ts",
+                        "og",
+                        "media_id",
+                        "download_ts",
                     ),
                     row,
                 )
diff --git a/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py b/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py
index 8aa8abc470..081564360f 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py
@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersStore(SQLBaseStore):
             if len(self.reserved_users) > 0:
                 # questionmarks is a hack to overcome sqlite not supporting
                 # tuples in 'WHERE IN %s'
-                questionmarks = '?' * len(self.reserved_users)
+                questionmarks = "?" * len(self.reserved_users)
 
                 query_args.extend(self.reserved_users)
                 sql = base_sql + """ AND user_id NOT IN ({})""".format(
-                    ','.join(questionmarks)
+                    ",".join(questionmarks)
                 )
             else:
                 sql = base_sql
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 if len(self.reserved_users) > 0:
                     query_args.extend(self.reserved_users)
                     sql = base_sql + """ AND user_id NOT IN ({})""".format(
-                        ','.join(questionmarks)
+                        ",".join(questionmarks)
                     )
                 else:
                     sql = base_sql
diff --git a/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py b/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
index f2c1bed487..fc10b9534e 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
@@ -146,9 +146,10 @@ def _setup_new_database(cur, database_engine):
 
     directory_entries = os.listdir(sql_dir)
 
-    for filename in sorted(fnmatch.filter(directory_entries, "*.sql") + fnmatch.filter(
-        directory_entries, "*.sql." + specific
-    )):
+    for filename in sorted(
+        fnmatch.filter(directory_entries, "*.sql")
+        + fnmatch.filter(directory_entries, "*.sql." + specific)
+    ):
         sql_loc = os.path.join(sql_dir, filename)
         logger.debug("Applying schema %s", sql_loc)
         executescript(cur, sql_loc)
@@ -313,7 +314,7 @@ def _apply_module_schemas(txn, database_engine, config):
             application config
     """
     for (mod, _config) in config.password_providers:
-        if not hasattr(mod, 'get_db_schema_files'):
+        if not hasattr(mod, "get_db_schema_files"):
             continue
         modname = ".".join((mod.__module__, mod.__name__))
         _apply_module_schema_files(
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ def _apply_module_schema_files(cur, database_engine, modname, names_and_streams)
             continue
 
         root_name, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
-        if ext != '.sql':
+        if ext != ".sql":
             raise PrepareDatabaseException(
                 "only .sql files are currently supported for module schemas"
             )
@@ -407,7 +408,7 @@ def get_statements(f):
 
 
 def executescript(txn, schema_path):
-    with open(schema_path, 'r') as f:
+    with open(schema_path, "r") as f:
         for statement in get_statements(f):
             txn.execute(statement)
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/profile.py b/synapse/storage/profile.py
index aeec2f57c4..0ff392bdb4 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/profile.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/profile.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class ProfileWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         defer.returnValue(
             ProfileInfo(
-                avatar_url=profile['avatar_url'], display_name=profile['displayname']
+                avatar_url=profile["avatar_url"], display_name=profile["displayname"]
             )
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/push_rule.py b/synapse/storage/push_rule.py
index 9e406baafa..98cec8c82b 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/push_rule.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/push_rule.py
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ def _load_rules(rawrules, enabled_map):
     rules = list(list_with_base_rules(ruleslist))
 
     for i, rule in enumerate(rules):
-        rule_id = rule['rule_id']
+        rule_id = rule["rule_id"]
         if rule_id in enabled_map:
-            if rule.get('enabled', True) != bool(enabled_map[rule_id]):
+            if rule.get("enabled", True) != bool(enabled_map[rule_id]):
                 # Rules are cached across users.
                 rule = dict(rule)
-                rule['enabled'] = bool(enabled_map[rule_id])
+                rule["enabled"] = bool(enabled_map[rule_id])
                 rules[i] = rule
 
     return rules
@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
     def get_push_rules_enabled_for_user(self, user_id):
         results = yield self._simple_select_list(
             table="push_rules_enable",
-            keyvalues={'user_name': user_id},
+            keyvalues={"user_name": user_id},
             retcols=("user_name", "rule_id", "enabled"),
             desc="get_push_rules_enabled_for_user",
         )
         defer.returnValue(
-            {r['rule_id']: False if r['enabled'] == 0 else True for r in results}
+            {r["rule_id"]: False if r["enabled"] == 0 else True for r in results}
         )
 
     def have_push_rules_changed_for_user(self, user_id, last_id):
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
         rows.sort(key=lambda row: (-int(row["priority_class"]), -int(row["priority"])))
 
         for row in rows:
-            results.setdefault(row['user_name'], []).append(row)
+            results.setdefault(row["user_name"], []).append(row)
 
         enabled_map_by_user = yield self.bulk_get_push_rules_enabled(user_ids)
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
             rule (Dict): A push rule.
         """
         # Create new rule id
-        rule_id_scope = '/'.join(rule["rule_id"].split('/')[:-1])
+        rule_id_scope = "/".join(rule["rule_id"].split("/")[:-1])
         new_rule_id = rule_id_scope + "/" + new_room_id
 
         # Change room id in each condition
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ class PushRulesWorkerStore(
             desc="bulk_get_push_rules_enabled",
         )
         for row in rows:
-            enabled = bool(row['enabled'])
-            results.setdefault(row['user_name'], {})[row['rule_id']] = enabled
+            enabled = bool(row["enabled"])
+            results.setdefault(row["user_name"], {})[row["rule_id"]] = enabled
         defer.returnValue(results)
 
 
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ class PushRuleStore(PushRulesWorkerStore):
 
         def delete_push_rule_txn(txn, stream_id, event_stream_ordering):
             self._simple_delete_one_txn(
-                txn, "push_rules", {'user_name': user_id, 'rule_id': rule_id}
+                txn, "push_rules", {"user_name": user_id, "rule_id": rule_id}
             )
 
             self._insert_push_rules_update_txn(
@@ -605,9 +605,9 @@ class PushRuleStore(PushRulesWorkerStore):
         self._simple_upsert_txn(
             txn,
             "push_rules_enable",
-            {'user_name': user_id, 'rule_id': rule_id},
-            {'enabled': 1 if enabled else 0},
-            {'id': new_id},
+            {"user_name": user_id, "rule_id": rule_id},
+            {"enabled": 1 if enabled else 0},
+            {"id": new_id},
         )
 
         self._insert_push_rules_update_txn(
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ class PushRuleStore(PushRulesWorkerStore):
                 self._simple_update_one_txn(
                     txn,
                     "push_rules",
-                    {'user_name': user_id, 'rule_id': rule_id},
-                    {'actions': actions_json},
+                    {"user_name": user_id, "rule_id": rule_id},
+                    {"actions": actions_json},
                 )
 
             self._insert_push_rules_update_txn(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/pusher.py b/synapse/storage/pusher.py
index 1567e1df48..cfe0a94330 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/pusher.py
@@ -37,24 +37,24 @@ else:
 class PusherWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
     def _decode_pushers_rows(self, rows):
         for r in rows:
-            dataJson = r['data']
-            r['data'] = None
+            dataJson = r["data"]
+            r["data"] = None
             try:
                 if isinstance(dataJson, db_binary_type):
                     dataJson = str(dataJson).decode("UTF8")
 
-                r['data'] = json.loads(dataJson)
+                r["data"] = json.loads(dataJson)
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warn(
                     "Invalid JSON in data for pusher %d: %s, %s",
-                    r['id'],
+                    r["id"],
                     dataJson,
                     e.args[0],
                 )
                 pass
 
-            if isinstance(r['pushkey'], db_binary_type):
-                r['pushkey'] = str(r['pushkey']).decode("UTF8")
+            if isinstance(r["pushkey"], db_binary_type):
+                r["pushkey"] = str(r["pushkey"]).decode("UTF8")
 
         return rows
 
@@ -195,15 +195,15 @@ class PusherWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
     )
     def get_if_users_have_pushers(self, user_ids):
         rows = yield self._simple_select_many_batch(
-            table='pushers',
-            column='user_name',
+            table="pushers",
+            column="user_name",
             iterable=user_ids,
-            retcols=['user_name'],
-            desc='get_if_users_have_pushers',
+            retcols=["user_name"],
+            desc="get_if_users_have_pushers",
         )
 
         result = {user_id: False for user_id in user_ids}
-        result.update({r['user_name']: True for r in rows})
+        result.update({r["user_name"]: True for r in rows})
 
         defer.returnValue(result)
 
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ class PusherStore(PusherWorkerStore):
     ):
         yield self._simple_update_one(
             "pushers",
-            {'app_id': app_id, 'pushkey': pushkey, 'user_name': user_id},
-            {'last_stream_ordering': last_stream_ordering},
+            {"app_id": app_id, "pushkey": pushkey, "user_name": user_id},
+            {"last_stream_ordering": last_stream_ordering},
             desc="update_pusher_last_stream_ordering",
         )
 
@@ -310,10 +310,10 @@ class PusherStore(PusherWorkerStore):
     ):
         yield self._simple_update_one(
             "pushers",
-            {'app_id': app_id, 'pushkey': pushkey, 'user_name': user_id},
+            {"app_id": app_id, "pushkey": pushkey, "user_name": user_id},
             {
-                'last_stream_ordering': last_stream_ordering,
-                'last_success': last_success,
+                "last_stream_ordering": last_stream_ordering,
+                "last_success": last_success,
             },
             desc="update_pusher_last_stream_ordering_and_success",
         )
@@ -322,8 +322,8 @@ class PusherStore(PusherWorkerStore):
     def update_pusher_failing_since(self, app_id, pushkey, user_id, failing_since):
         yield self._simple_update_one(
             "pushers",
-            {'app_id': app_id, 'pushkey': pushkey, 'user_name': user_id},
-            {'failing_since': failing_since},
+            {"app_id": app_id, "pushkey": pushkey, "user_name": user_id},
+            {"failing_since": failing_since},
             desc="update_pusher_failing_since",
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/receipts.py b/synapse/storage/receipts.py
index a1647e50a1..b477da12b1 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/receipts.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ReceiptsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
     @cachedInlineCallbacks()
     def get_users_with_read_receipts_in_room(self, room_id):
         receipts = yield self.get_receipts_for_room(room_id, "m.read")
-        defer.returnValue(set(r['user_id'] for r in receipts))
+        defer.returnValue(set(r["user_id"] for r in receipts))
 
     @cached(num_args=2)
     def get_receipts_for_room(self, room_id, receipt_type):
diff --git a/synapse/storage/registration.py b/synapse/storage/registration.py
index 0b3c656e90..983ce13291 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/registration.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/registration.py
@@ -116,8 +116,9 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         defer.returnValue(res)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def set_account_validity_for_user(self, user_id, expiration_ts, email_sent,
-                                      renewal_token=None):
+    def set_account_validity_for_user(
+        self, user_id, expiration_ts, email_sent, renewal_token=None
+    ):
         """Updates the account validity properties of the given account, with the
         given values.
 
@@ -131,6 +132,7 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             renewal_token (str): Renewal token the user can use to extend the validity
                 of their account. Defaults to no token.
         """
+
         def set_account_validity_for_user_txn(txn):
             self._simple_update_txn(
                 txn=txn,
@@ -143,12 +145,11 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 },
             )
             self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
-                txn, self.get_expiration_ts_for_user, (user_id,),
+                txn, self.get_expiration_ts_for_user, (user_id,)
             )
 
         yield self.runInteraction(
-            "set_account_validity_for_user",
-            set_account_validity_for_user_txn,
+            "set_account_validity_for_user", set_account_validity_for_user_txn
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         Returns:
             Deferred: Resolves to a list[dict[user_id (str), expiration_ts_ms (int)]]
         """
+
         def select_users_txn(txn, now_ms, renew_at):
             sql = (
                 "SELECT user_id, expiration_ts_ms FROM account_validity"
@@ -229,7 +231,8 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         res = yield self.runInteraction(
             "get_users_expiring_soon",
             select_users_txn,
-            self.clock.time_msec(), self.config.account_validity.renew_at,
+            self.clock.time_msec(),
+            self.config.account_validity.renew_at,
         )
 
         defer.returnValue(res)
@@ -369,7 +372,7 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
                     WHERE creation_ts > ?
                 ) AS t GROUP BY user_type
             """
-            results = {'native': 0, 'guest': 0, 'bridged': 0}
+            results = {"native": 0, "guest": 0, "bridged": 0}
             txn.execute(sql, (yesterday,))
             for row in txn:
                 results[row[0]] = row[1]
@@ -435,7 +438,7 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             {"medium": medium, "address": address},
             ["guest_access_token"],
             True,
-            'get_3pid_guest_access_token',
+            "get_3pid_guest_access_token",
         )
         if ret:
             defer.returnValue(ret["guest_access_token"])
@@ -472,11 +475,11 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             txn,
             "user_threepids",
             {"medium": medium, "address": address},
-            ['user_id'],
+            ["user_id"],
             True,
         )
         if ret:
-            return ret['user_id']
+            return ret["user_id"]
         return None
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -492,8 +495,8 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         ret = yield self._simple_select_list(
             "user_threepids",
             {"user_id": user_id},
-            ['medium', 'address', 'validated_at', 'added_at'],
-            'user_get_threepids',
+            ["medium", "address", "validated_at", "added_at"],
+            "user_get_threepids",
         )
         defer.returnValue(ret)
 
@@ -572,11 +575,7 @@ class RegistrationWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         """
         return self._simple_select_onecol(
             table="user_threepid_id_server",
-            keyvalues={
-                "user_id": user_id,
-                "medium": medium,
-                "address": address,
-            },
+            keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "medium": medium, "address": address},
             retcol="id_server",
             desc="get_id_servers_user_bound",
         )
@@ -612,16 +611,16 @@ class RegistrationStore(
         self.register_noop_background_update("refresh_tokens_device_index")
 
         self.register_background_update_handler(
-            "user_threepids_grandfather", self._bg_user_threepids_grandfather,
+            "user_threepids_grandfather", self._bg_user_threepids_grandfather
         )
 
         self.register_background_update_handler(
-            "users_set_deactivated_flag", self._backgroud_update_set_deactivated_flag,
+            "users_set_deactivated_flag", self._backgroud_update_set_deactivated_flag
         )
 
         # Create a background job for culling expired 3PID validity tokens
         hs.get_clock().looping_call(
-            self.cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens, THIRTY_MINUTES_IN_MS,
+            self.cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens, THIRTY_MINUTES_IN_MS
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -677,8 +676,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
                 return False
 
         end = yield self.runInteraction(
-            "users_set_deactivated_flag",
-            _backgroud_update_set_deactivated_flag_txn,
+            "users_set_deactivated_flag", _backgroud_update_set_deactivated_flag_txn
         )
 
         if end:
@@ -851,7 +849,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
         def user_set_password_hash_txn(txn):
             self._simple_update_one_txn(
-                txn, 'users', {'name': user_id}, {'password_hash': password_hash}
+                txn, "users", {"name": user_id}, {"password_hash": password_hash}
             )
             self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
 
@@ -872,9 +870,9 @@ class RegistrationStore(
         def f(txn):
             self._simple_update_one_txn(
                 txn,
-                table='users',
-                keyvalues={'name': user_id},
-                updatevalues={'consent_version': consent_version},
+                table="users",
+                keyvalues={"name": user_id},
+                updatevalues={"consent_version": consent_version},
             )
             self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
 
@@ -896,9 +894,9 @@ class RegistrationStore(
         def f(txn):
             self._simple_update_one_txn(
                 txn,
-                table='users',
-                keyvalues={'name': user_id},
-                updatevalues={'consent_server_notice_sent': consent_version},
+                table="users",
+                keyvalues={"name": user_id},
+                updatevalues={"consent_server_notice_sent": consent_version},
             )
             self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(txn, self.get_user_by_id, (user_id,))
 
@@ -1068,7 +1066,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
         if id_servers:
             yield self.runInteraction(
-                "_bg_user_threepids_grandfather", _bg_user_threepids_grandfather_txn,
+                "_bg_user_threepids_grandfather", _bg_user_threepids_grandfather_txn
             )
 
         yield self._end_background_update("user_threepids_grandfather")
@@ -1076,12 +1074,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
         defer.returnValue(1)
 
     def get_threepid_validation_session(
-        self,
-        medium,
-        client_secret,
-        address=None,
-        sid=None,
-        validated=True,
+        self, medium, client_secret, address=None, sid=None, validated=True
     ):
         """Gets a session_id and last_send_attempt (if available) for a
         client_secret/medium/(address|session_id) combo
@@ -1101,23 +1094,22 @@ class RegistrationStore(
                 latest session_id and send_attempt count for this 3PID.
                 Otherwise None if there hasn't been a previous attempt
         """
-        keyvalues = {
-            "medium": medium,
-            "client_secret": client_secret,
-        }
+        keyvalues = {"medium": medium, "client_secret": client_secret}
         if address:
             keyvalues["address"] = address
         if sid:
             keyvalues["session_id"] = sid
 
-        assert(address or sid)
+        assert address or sid
 
         def get_threepid_validation_session_txn(txn):
             sql = """
                 SELECT address, session_id, medium, client_secret,
                 last_send_attempt, validated_at
                 FROM threepid_validation_session WHERE %s
-                """ % (" AND ".join("%s = ?" % k for k in iterkeys(keyvalues)),)
+                """ % (
+                " AND ".join("%s = ?" % k for k in iterkeys(keyvalues)),
+            )
 
             if validated is not None:
                 sql += " AND validated_at IS " + ("NOT NULL" if validated else "NULL")
@@ -1132,17 +1124,10 @@ class RegistrationStore(
             return rows[0]
 
         return self.runInteraction(
-            "get_threepid_validation_session",
-            get_threepid_validation_session_txn,
+            "get_threepid_validation_session", get_threepid_validation_session_txn
         )
 
-    def validate_threepid_session(
-        self,
-        session_id,
-        client_secret,
-        token,
-        current_ts,
-    ):
+    def validate_threepid_session(self, session_id, client_secret, token, current_ts):
         """Attempt to validate a threepid session using a token
 
         Args:
@@ -1174,7 +1159,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
             if retrieved_client_secret != client_secret:
                 raise ThreepidValidationError(
-                    400, "This client_secret does not match the provided session_id",
+                    400, "This client_secret does not match the provided session_id"
                 )
 
             row = self._simple_select_one_txn(
@@ -1187,7 +1172,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
             if not row:
                 raise ThreepidValidationError(
-                    400, "Validation token not found or has expired",
+                    400, "Validation token not found or has expired"
                 )
             expires = row["expires"]
             next_link = row["next_link"]
@@ -1198,7 +1183,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
             if expires <= current_ts:
                 raise ThreepidValidationError(
-                    400, "This token has expired. Please request a new one",
+                    400, "This token has expired. Please request a new one"
                 )
 
             # Looks good. Validate the session
@@ -1213,8 +1198,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
         # Return next_link if it exists
         return self.runInteraction(
-            "validate_threepid_session_txn",
-            validate_threepid_session_txn,
+            "validate_threepid_session_txn", validate_threepid_session_txn
         )
 
     def upsert_threepid_validation_session(
@@ -1281,6 +1265,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
             token_expires (int): The timestamp for which after the token
                 will no longer be valid
         """
+
         def start_or_continue_validation_session_txn(txn):
             # Create or update a validation session
             self._simple_upsert_txn(
@@ -1314,6 +1299,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
 
     def cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens(self):
         """Remove threepid validation tokens with expiry dates that have passed"""
+
         def cull_expired_threepid_validation_tokens_txn(txn, ts):
             sql = """
             DELETE FROM threepid_validation_token WHERE
@@ -1335,6 +1321,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
         Args:
             session_id (str): The ID of the session to delete
         """
+
         def delete_threepid_session_txn(txn):
             self._simple_delete_txn(
                 txn,
@@ -1348,8 +1335,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
             )
 
         return self.runInteraction(
-            "delete_threepid_session",
-            delete_threepid_session_txn,
+            "delete_threepid_session", delete_threepid_session_txn
         )
 
     def set_user_deactivated_status_txn(self, txn, user_id, deactivated):
@@ -1360,7 +1346,7 @@ class RegistrationStore(
             updatevalues={"deactivated": 1 if deactivated else 0},
         )
         self._invalidate_cache_and_stream(
-            txn, self.get_user_deactivated_status, (user_id,),
+            txn, self.get_user_deactivated_status, (user_id,)
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -1375,7 +1361,8 @@ class RegistrationStore(
         yield self.runInteraction(
             "set_user_deactivated_status",
             self.set_user_deactivated_status_txn,
-            user_id, deactivated,
+            user_id,
+            deactivated,
         )
 
     @cachedInlineCallbacks()
diff --git a/synapse/storage/relations.py b/synapse/storage/relations.py
index 4c83800cca..1b01934c19 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/relations.py
@@ -468,9 +468,5 @@ class RelationsStore(RelationsWorkerStore):
         """
 
         self._simple_delete_txn(
-            txn,
-            table="event_relations",
-            keyvalues={
-                "event_id": redacted_event_id,
-            }
+            txn, table="event_relations", keyvalues={"event_id": redacted_event_id}
         )
diff --git a/synapse/storage/roommember.py b/synapse/storage/roommember.py
index 7617913326..8004aeb909 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/roommember.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/roommember.py
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
                 table="room_memberships",
                 column="event_id",
                 iterable=missing_member_event_ids,
-                retcols=('user_id', 'display_name', 'avatar_url'),
+                retcols=("user_id", "display_name", "avatar_url"),
                 keyvalues={"membership": Membership.JOIN},
                 batch_size=500,
                 desc="_get_joined_users_from_context",
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
 
     @cachedInlineCallbacks(max_entries=10000)
     def is_host_joined(self, room_id, host):
-        if '%' in host or '_' in host:
+        if "%" in host or "_" in host:
             raise Exception("Invalid host name")
 
         sql = """
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
             Deferred: Resolves to True if the host is/was in the room, otherwise
             False.
         """
-        if '%' in host or '_' in host:
+        if "%" in host or "_" in host:
             raise Exception("Invalid host name")
 
         sql = """
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ class RoomMemberStore(RoomMemberWorkerStore):
                 room_id = row["room_id"]
                 try:
                     event_json = json.loads(row["json"])
-                    content = event_json['content']
+                    content = event_json["content"]
                 except Exception:
                     continue
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/20/pushers.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/20/pushers.py
index 147496a38b..3edfcfd783 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/20/pushers.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/20/pushers.py
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
     logger.info("Porting pushers table...")
-    cur.execute("""
+    cur.execute(
+        """
         CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pushers2 (
           id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
           user_name TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -48,27 +49,34 @@ def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
           failing_since BIGINT,
           UNIQUE (app_id, pushkey, user_name)
         )
-    """)
-    cur.execute("""SELECT
+    """
+    )
+    cur.execute(
+        """SELECT
         id, user_name, access_token, profile_tag, kind,
         app_id, app_display_name, device_display_name,
         pushkey, ts, lang, data, last_token, last_success,
         failing_since
         FROM pushers
-    """)
+    """
+    )
     count = 0
     for row in cur.fetchall():
         row = list(row)
         row[8] = bytes(row[8]).decode("utf-8")
         row[11] = bytes(row[11]).decode("utf-8")
-        cur.execute(database_engine.convert_param_style("""
+        cur.execute(
+            database_engine.convert_param_style(
+                """
             INSERT into pushers2 (
             id, user_name, access_token, profile_tag, kind,
             app_id, app_display_name, device_display_name,
             pushkey, ts, lang, data, last_token, last_success,
             failing_since
-            ) values (%s)""" % (','.join(['?' for _ in range(len(row))]))),
-            row
+            ) values (%s)"""
+                % (",".join(["?" for _ in range(len(row))]))
+            ),
+            row,
         )
         count += 1
     cur.execute("DROP TABLE pushers")
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/30/as_users.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/30/as_users.py
index ef7ec34346..9b95411fb6 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/30/as_users.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/30/as_users.py
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ def run_upgrade(cur, database_engine, config, *args, **kwargs):
         logger.warning("Could not get app_service_config_files from config")
         pass
 
-    appservices = load_appservices(
-        config.server_name, config_files
-    )
+    appservices = load_appservices(config.server_name, config_files)
 
     owned = {}
 
@@ -53,20 +51,19 @@ def run_upgrade(cur, database_engine, config, *args, **kwargs):
                 if user_id in owned.keys():
                     logger.error(
                         "user_id %s was owned by more than one application"
-                        " service (IDs %s and %s); assigning arbitrarily to %s" %
-                        (user_id, owned[user_id], appservice.id, owned[user_id])
+                        " service (IDs %s and %s); assigning arbitrarily to %s"
+                        % (user_id, owned[user_id], appservice.id, owned[user_id])
                     )
                 owned.setdefault(appservice.id, []).append(user_id)
 
     for as_id, user_ids in owned.items():
         n = 100
-        user_chunks = (user_ids[i:i + 100] for i in range(0, len(user_ids), n))
+        user_chunks = (user_ids[i : i + 100] for i in range(0, len(user_ids), n))
         for chunk in user_chunks:
             cur.execute(
                 database_engine.convert_param_style(
-                    "UPDATE users SET appservice_id = ? WHERE name IN (%s)" % (
-                        ",".join("?" for _ in chunk),
-                    )
+                    "UPDATE users SET appservice_id = ? WHERE name IN (%s)"
+                    % (",".join("?" for _ in chunk),)
                 ),
-                [as_id] + chunk
+                [as_id] + chunk,
             )
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/31/pushers.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/31/pushers.py
index 93367fa09e..9bb504aad5 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/31/pushers.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/31/pushers.py
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def token_to_stream_ordering(token):
-    return int(token[1:].split('_')[0])
+    return int(token[1:].split("_")[0])
 
 
 def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
     logger.info("Porting pushers table, delta 31...")
-    cur.execute("""
+    cur.execute(
+        """
         CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pushers2 (
           id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
           user_name TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -48,26 +49,33 @@ def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
           failing_since BIGINT,
           UNIQUE (app_id, pushkey, user_name)
         )
-    """)
-    cur.execute("""SELECT
+    """
+    )
+    cur.execute(
+        """SELECT
         id, user_name, access_token, profile_tag, kind,
         app_id, app_display_name, device_display_name,
         pushkey, ts, lang, data, last_token, last_success,
         failing_since
         FROM pushers
-    """)
+    """
+    )
     count = 0
     for row in cur.fetchall():
         row = list(row)
         row[12] = token_to_stream_ordering(row[12])
-        cur.execute(database_engine.convert_param_style("""
+        cur.execute(
+            database_engine.convert_param_style(
+                """
             INSERT into pushers2 (
             id, user_name, access_token, profile_tag, kind,
             app_id, app_display_name, device_display_name,
             pushkey, ts, lang, data, last_stream_ordering, last_success,
             failing_since
-            ) values (%s)""" % (','.join(['?' for _ in range(len(row))]))),
-            row
+            ) values (%s)"""
+                % (",".join(["?" for _ in range(len(row))]))
+            ),
+            row,
         )
         count += 1
     cur.execute("DROP TABLE pushers")
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/33/remote_media_ts.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/33/remote_media_ts.py
index 9754d3ccfb..a26057dfb6 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/33/remote_media_ts.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/33/remote_media_ts.py
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ def run_upgrade(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
         database_engine.convert_param_style(
             "UPDATE remote_media_cache SET last_access_ts = ?"
         ),
-        (int(time.time() * 1000),)
+        (int(time.time() * 1000),),
     )
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/47/state_group_seq.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/47/state_group_seq.py
index f6766501d2..9fd1ccf6f7 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/47/state_group_seq.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/47/state_group_seq.py
@@ -27,10 +27,7 @@ def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
         else:
             start_val = row[0] + 1
 
-        cur.execute(
-            "CREATE SEQUENCE state_group_id_seq START WITH %s",
-            (start_val, ),
-        )
+        cur.execute("CREATE SEQUENCE state_group_id_seq START WITH %s", (start_val,))
 
 
 def run_upgrade(*args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/48/group_unique_indexes.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/48/group_unique_indexes.py
index 2233af87d7..49f5f2c003 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/48/group_unique_indexes.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/48/group_unique_indexes.py
@@ -38,16 +38,22 @@ def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
     rowid = "ctid" if isinstance(database_engine, PostgresEngine) else "rowid"
 
     # remove duplicates from group_users & group_invites tables
-    cur.execute("""
+    cur.execute(
+        """
         DELETE FROM group_users WHERE %s NOT IN (
            SELECT min(%s) FROM group_users GROUP BY group_id, user_id
         );
-    """ % (rowid, rowid))
-    cur.execute("""
+    """
+        % (rowid, rowid)
+    )
+    cur.execute(
+        """
         DELETE FROM group_invites WHERE %s NOT IN (
            SELECT min(%s) FROM group_invites GROUP BY group_id, user_id
         );
-    """ % (rowid, rowid))
+    """
+        % (rowid, rowid)
+    )
 
     for statement in get_statements(FIX_INDEXES.splitlines()):
         cur.execute(statement)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/50/make_event_content_nullable.py b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/50/make_event_content_nullable.py
index 6dd467b6c5..b1684a8441 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/50/make_event_content_nullable.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/50/make_event_content_nullable.py
@@ -65,14 +65,18 @@ def run_create(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
 
 def run_upgrade(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
     if isinstance(database_engine, PostgresEngine):
-        cur.execute("""
+        cur.execute(
+            """
             ALTER TABLE events ALTER COLUMN content DROP NOT NULL;
-        """)
+        """
+        )
         return
 
     # sqlite is an arse about this. ref: https://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
 
-    cur.execute("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='events' AND type='table'")
+    cur.execute(
+        "SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='events' AND type='table'"
+    )
     (oldsql,) = cur.fetchone()
 
     sql = oldsql.replace("content TEXT NOT NULL", "content TEXT")
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ def run_upgrade(cur, database_engine, *args, **kwargs):
     cur.execute("PRAGMA writable_schema=ON")
     cur.execute(
         "UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql=? WHERE tbl_name='events' AND type='table'",
-        (sql, ),
+        (sql,),
     )
     cur.execute("PRAGMA schema_version=%i" % (oldver + 1,))
     cur.execute("PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF")
diff --git a/synapse/storage/search.py b/synapse/storage/search.py
index 10a27c207a..f3b1cec933 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/search.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/search.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ from .background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 SearchEntry = namedtuple(
-    'SearchEntry',
-    ['key', 'value', 'event_id', 'room_id', 'stream_ordering', 'origin_server_ts'],
+    "SearchEntry",
+    ["key", "value", "event_id", "room_id", "stream_ordering", "origin_server_ts"],
 )
 
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class SearchStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
         target_min_stream_id = progress["target_min_stream_id_inclusive"]
         max_stream_id = progress["max_stream_id_exclusive"]
         rows_inserted = progress.get("rows_inserted", 0)
-        have_added_index = progress['have_added_indexes']
+        have_added_index = progress["have_added_indexes"]
 
         if not have_added_index:
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/stats.py b/synapse/storage/stats.py
index ff266b09b0..1cec84ee2e 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/stats.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/stats.py
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
         # Get all the rooms that we want to process.
         def _make_staging_area(txn):
             # Create the temporary tables
-            stmts = get_statements("""
+            stmts = get_statements(
+                """
                 -- We just recreate the table, we'll be reinserting the
                 -- correct entries again later anyway.
                 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {temp}_rooms;
@@ -85,7 +86,10 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
                     ON {temp}_rooms(events);
                 CREATE INDEX {temp}_rooms_id
                     ON {temp}_rooms(room_id);
-            """.format(temp=TEMP_TABLE).splitlines())
+            """.format(
+                    temp=TEMP_TABLE
+                ).splitlines()
+            )
 
             for statement in stmts:
                 txn.execute(statement)
@@ -105,7 +109,9 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
                 LEFT JOIN room_stats_earliest_token AS t USING (room_id)
                 WHERE t.room_id IS NULL
                 GROUP BY c.room_id
-            """ % (TEMP_TABLE,)
+            """ % (
+                TEMP_TABLE,
+            )
             txn.execute(sql)
 
         new_pos = yield self.get_max_stream_id_in_current_state_deltas()
@@ -184,7 +190,8 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
 
         logger.info(
             "Processing the next %d rooms of %d remaining",
-            len(rooms_to_work_on), progress["remaining"],
+            len(rooms_to_work_on),
+            progress["remaining"],
         )
 
         # Number of state events we've processed by going through each room
@@ -204,10 +211,17 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
             avatar_id = current_state_ids.get((EventTypes.RoomAvatar, ""))
             canonical_alias_id = current_state_ids.get((EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ""))
 
-            state_events = yield self.get_events([
-                join_rules_id, history_visibility_id, encryption_id, name_id,
-                topic_id, avatar_id, canonical_alias_id,
-            ])
+            state_events = yield self.get_events(
+                [
+                    join_rules_id,
+                    history_visibility_id,
+                    encryption_id,
+                    name_id,
+                    topic_id,
+                    avatar_id,
+                    canonical_alias_id,
+                ]
+            )
 
             def _get_or_none(event_id, arg):
                 event = state_events.get(event_id)
@@ -271,7 +285,7 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
 
                 # We've finished a room. Delete it from the table.
                 self._simple_delete_one_txn(
-                    txn, TEMP_TABLE + "_rooms", {"room_id": room_id},
+                    txn, TEMP_TABLE + "_rooms", {"room_id": room_id}
                 )
 
             yield self.runInteraction("update_room_stats", _fetch_data)
@@ -338,7 +352,7 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
             "name",
             "topic",
             "avatar",
-            "canonical_alias"
+            "canonical_alias",
         ):
             field = fields.get(col)
             if field and "\0" in field:
diff --git a/synapse/storage/stream.py b/synapse/storage/stream.py
index 6f7f65d96b..d9482a3843 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/stream.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/stream.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ _EventDictReturn = namedtuple(
 
 
 def generate_pagination_where_clause(
-    direction, column_names, from_token, to_token, engine,
+    direction, column_names, from_token, to_token, engine
 ):
     """Creates an SQL expression to bound the columns by the pagination
     tokens.
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def _make_generic_sql_bound(bound, column_names, values, engine):
         str
     """
 
-    assert(bound in (">", "<", ">=", "<="))
+    assert bound in (">", "<", ">=", "<=")
 
     name1, name2 = column_names
     val1, val2 = values
@@ -169,11 +169,7 @@ def _make_generic_sql_bound(bound, column_names, values, engine):
         # Postgres doesn't optimise ``(x < a) OR (x=a AND y<b)`` as well
         # as it optimises ``(x,y) < (a,b)`` on multicolumn indexes. So we
         # use the later form when running against postgres.
-        return "((%d,%d) %s (%s,%s))" % (
-            val1, val2,
-            bound,
-            name1, name2,
-        )
+        return "((%d,%d) %s (%s,%s))" % (val1, val2, bound, name1, name2)
 
     # We want to generate queries of e.g. the form:
     #
@@ -276,7 +272,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_room_events_stream_for_rooms(
-        self, room_ids, from_key, to_key, limit=0, order='DESC'
+        self, room_ids, from_key, to_key, limit=0, order="DESC"
     ):
         """Get new room events in stream ordering since `from_key`.
 
@@ -346,7 +342,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_room_events_stream_for_room(
-        self, room_id, from_key, to_key, limit=0, order='DESC'
+        self, room_id, from_key, to_key, limit=0, order="DESC"
     ):
 
         """Get new room events in stream ordering since `from_key`.
@@ -395,8 +391,8 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
 
         rows = yield self.runInteraction("get_room_events_stream_for_room", f)
 
-        ret = yield self.get_events_as_list([
-            r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True,
+        ret = yield self.get_events_as_list(
+            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True
         )
 
         self._set_before_and_after(ret, rows, topo_order=from_id is None)
@@ -446,7 +442,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
         rows = yield self.runInteraction("get_membership_changes_for_user", f)
 
         ret = yield self.get_events_as_list(
-            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True,
+            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True
         )
 
         self._set_before_and_after(ret, rows, topo_order=False)
@@ -725,7 +721,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
             txn,
             room_id,
             before_token,
-            direction='b',
+            direction="b",
             limit=before_limit,
             event_filter=event_filter,
         )
@@ -735,7 +731,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
             txn,
             room_id,
             after_token,
-            direction='f',
+            direction="f",
             limit=after_limit,
             event_filter=event_filter,
         )
@@ -816,7 +812,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
         room_id,
         from_token,
         to_token=None,
-        direction='b',
+        direction="b",
         limit=-1,
         event_filter=None,
     ):
@@ -846,7 +842,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
         # the convention of pointing to the event before the gap. Hence
         # we have a bit of asymmetry when it comes to equalities.
         args = [False, room_id]
-        if direction == 'b':
+        if direction == "b":
             order = "DESC"
         else:
             order = "ASC"
@@ -882,7 +878,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
         if rows:
             topo = rows[-1].topological_ordering
             toke = rows[-1].stream_ordering
-            if direction == 'b':
+            if direction == "b":
                 # Tokens are positions between events.
                 # This token points *after* the last event in the chunk.
                 # We need it to point to the event before it in the chunk
@@ -898,7 +894,7 @@ class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def paginate_room_events(
-        self, room_id, from_key, to_key=None, direction='b', limit=-1, event_filter=None
+        self, room_id, from_key, to_key=None, direction="b", limit=-1, event_filter=None
     ):
         """Returns list of events before or after a given token.
 
diff --git a/synapse/streams/config.py b/synapse/streams/config.py
index 451e4fa441..f7f5906a99 100644
--- a/synapse/streams/config.py
+++ b/synapse/streams/config.py
@@ -30,34 +30,34 @@ class SourcePaginationConfig(object):
     """A configuration object which stores pagination parameters for a
     specific event source."""
 
-    def __init__(self, from_key=None, to_key=None, direction='f',
-                 limit=None):
+    def __init__(self, from_key=None, to_key=None, direction="f", limit=None):
         self.from_key = from_key
         self.to_key = to_key
-        self.direction = 'f' if direction == 'f' else 'b'
+        self.direction = "f" if direction == "f" else "b"
         self.limit = min(int(limit), MAX_LIMIT) if limit is not None else None
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return (
-            "StreamConfig(from_key=%r, to_key=%r, direction=%r, limit=%r)"
-        ) % (self.from_key, self.to_key, self.direction, self.limit)
+        return ("StreamConfig(from_key=%r, to_key=%r, direction=%r, limit=%r)") % (
+            self.from_key,
+            self.to_key,
+            self.direction,
+            self.limit,
+        )
 
 
 class PaginationConfig(object):
 
     """A configuration object which stores pagination parameters."""
 
-    def __init__(self, from_token=None, to_token=None, direction='f',
-                 limit=None):
+    def __init__(self, from_token=None, to_token=None, direction="f", limit=None):
         self.from_token = from_token
         self.to_token = to_token
-        self.direction = 'f' if direction == 'f' else 'b'
+        self.direction = "f" if direction == "f" else "b"
         self.limit = min(int(limit), MAX_LIMIT) if limit is not None else None
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_request(cls, request, raise_invalid_params=True,
-                     default_limit=None):
-        direction = parse_string(request, "dir", default='f', allowed_values=['f', 'b'])
+    def from_request(cls, request, raise_invalid_params=True, default_limit=None):
+        direction = parse_string(request, "dir", default="f", allowed_values=["f", "b"])
 
         from_tok = parse_string(request, "from")
         to_tok = parse_string(request, "to")
@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@ class PaginationConfig(object):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            "PaginationConfig(from_tok=%r, to_tok=%r,"
-            " direction=%r, limit=%r)"
+            "PaginationConfig(from_tok=%r, to_tok=%r," " direction=%r, limit=%r)"
         ) % (self.from_token, self.to_token, self.direction, self.limit)
 
     def get_source_config(self, source_name):
diff --git a/synapse/streams/events.py b/synapse/streams/events.py
index e5220132a3..9b416f2f40 100644
--- a/synapse/streams/events.py
+++ b/synapse/streams/events.py
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ class EventSources(object):
 
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self.sources = {
-            name: cls(hs)
-            for name, cls in EventSources.SOURCE_TYPES.items()
+            name: cls(hs) for name, cls in EventSources.SOURCE_TYPES.items()
         }
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
 
@@ -47,21 +46,11 @@ class EventSources(object):
         groups_key = self.store.get_group_stream_token()
 
         token = StreamToken(
-            room_key=(
-                yield self.sources["room"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            presence_key=(
-                yield self.sources["presence"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            typing_key=(
-                yield self.sources["typing"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            receipt_key=(
-                yield self.sources["receipt"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            account_data_key=(
-                yield self.sources["account_data"].get_current_key()
-            ),
+            room_key=(yield self.sources["room"].get_current_key()),
+            presence_key=(yield self.sources["presence"].get_current_key()),
+            typing_key=(yield self.sources["typing"].get_current_key()),
+            receipt_key=(yield self.sources["receipt"].get_current_key()),
+            account_data_key=(yield self.sources["account_data"].get_current_key()),
             push_rules_key=push_rules_key,
             to_device_key=to_device_key,
             device_list_key=device_list_key,
@@ -77,21 +66,11 @@ class EventSources(object):
         groups_key = self.store.get_group_stream_token()
 
         token = StreamToken(
-            room_key=(
-                yield self.sources["room"].get_current_key_for_room(room_id)
-            ),
-            presence_key=(
-                yield self.sources["presence"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            typing_key=(
-                yield self.sources["typing"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            receipt_key=(
-                yield self.sources["receipt"].get_current_key()
-            ),
-            account_data_key=(
-                yield self.sources["account_data"].get_current_key()
-            ),
+            room_key=(yield self.sources["room"].get_current_key_for_room(room_id)),
+            presence_key=(yield self.sources["presence"].get_current_key()),
+            typing_key=(yield self.sources["typing"].get_current_key()),
+            receipt_key=(yield self.sources["receipt"].get_current_key()),
+            account_data_key=(yield self.sources["account_data"].get_current_key()),
             push_rules_key=push_rules_key,
             to_device_key=to_device_key,
             device_list_key=device_list_key,
diff --git a/synapse/types.py b/synapse/types.py
index 3de94b6335..51eadb6ad4 100644
--- a/synapse/types.py
+++ b/synapse/types.py
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@ import attr
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 
 
-class Requester(namedtuple("Requester", [
-    "user", "access_token_id", "is_guest", "device_id", "app_service",
-])):
+class Requester(
+    namedtuple(
+        "Requester", ["user", "access_token_id", "is_guest", "device_id", "app_service"]
+    )
+):
     """
     Represents the user making a request
 
@@ -76,8 +78,9 @@ class Requester(namedtuple("Requester", [
         )
 
 
-def create_requester(user_id, access_token_id=None, is_guest=False,
-                     device_id=None, app_service=None):
+def create_requester(
+    user_id, access_token_id=None, is_guest=False, device_id=None, app_service=None
+):
     """
     Create a new ``Requester`` object
 
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ def get_domain_from_id(string):
     idx = string.find(":")
     if idx == -1:
         raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid ID: %r" % (string,))
-    return string[idx + 1:]
+    return string[idx + 1 :]
 
 
 def get_localpart_from_id(string):
@@ -111,9 +114,7 @@ def get_localpart_from_id(string):
     return string[1:idx]
 
 
-class DomainSpecificString(
-        namedtuple("DomainSpecificString", ("localpart", "domain"))
-):
+class DomainSpecificString(namedtuple("DomainSpecificString", ("localpart", "domain"))):
     """Common base class among ID/name strings that have a local part and a
     domain name, prefixed with a sigil.
 
@@ -141,16 +142,16 @@ class DomainSpecificString(
     def from_string(cls, s):
         """Parse the string given by 's' into a structure object."""
         if len(s) < 1 or s[0:1] != cls.SIGIL:
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Expected %s string to start with '%s'" % (
-                cls.__name__, cls.SIGIL,
-            ))
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, "Expected %s string to start with '%s'" % (cls.__name__, cls.SIGIL)
+            )
 
-        parts = s[1:].split(':', 1)
+        parts = s[1:].split(":", 1)
         if len(parts) != 2:
             raise SynapseError(
-                400, "Expected %s of the form '%slocalname:domain'" % (
-                    cls.__name__, cls.SIGIL,
-                )
+                400,
+                "Expected %s of the form '%slocalname:domain'"
+                % (cls.__name__, cls.SIGIL),
             )
 
         domain = parts[1]
@@ -176,47 +177,50 @@ class DomainSpecificString(
 
 class UserID(DomainSpecificString):
     """Structure representing a user ID."""
+
     SIGIL = "@"
 
 
 class RoomAlias(DomainSpecificString):
     """Structure representing a room name."""
+
     SIGIL = "#"
 
 
 class RoomID(DomainSpecificString):
     """Structure representing a room id. """
+
     SIGIL = "!"
 
 
 class EventID(DomainSpecificString):
     """Structure representing an event id. """
+
     SIGIL = "$"
 
 
 class GroupID(DomainSpecificString):
     """Structure representing a group ID."""
+
     SIGIL = "+"
 
     @classmethod
     def from_string(cls, s):
         group_id = super(GroupID, cls).from_string(s)
         if not group_id.localpart:
-            raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "Group ID cannot be empty",
-            )
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Group ID cannot be empty")
 
         if contains_invalid_mxid_characters(group_id.localpart):
             raise SynapseError(
-                400,
-                "Group ID can only contain characters a-z, 0-9, or '=_-./'",
+                400, "Group ID can only contain characters a-z, 0-9, or '=_-./'"
             )
 
         return group_id
 
 
-mxid_localpart_allowed_characters = set("_-./=" + string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits)
+mxid_localpart_allowed_characters = set(
+    "_-./=" + string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits
+)
 
 
 def contains_invalid_mxid_characters(localpart):
@@ -245,9 +249,9 @@ UPPER_CASE_PATTERN = re.compile(b"[A-Z_]")
 #    bytes rather than strings
 #
 NON_MXID_CHARACTER_PATTERN = re.compile(
-    ("[^%s]" % (
-        re.escape("".join(mxid_localpart_allowed_characters - {"="}),),
-    )).encode("ascii"),
+    ("[^%s]" % (re.escape("".join(mxid_localpart_allowed_characters - {"="})),)).encode(
+        "ascii"
+    )
 )
 
 
@@ -266,10 +270,11 @@ def map_username_to_mxid_localpart(username, case_sensitive=False):
         unicode: string suitable for a mxid localpart
     """
     if not isinstance(username, bytes):
-        username = username.encode('utf-8')
+        username = username.encode("utf-8")
 
     # first we sort out upper-case characters
     if case_sensitive:
+
         def f1(m):
             return b"_" + m.group().lower()
 
@@ -289,25 +294,28 @@ def map_username_to_mxid_localpart(username, case_sensitive=False):
     username = NON_MXID_CHARACTER_PATTERN.sub(f2, username)
 
     # we also do the =-escaping to mxids starting with an underscore.
-    username = re.sub(b'^_', b'=5f', username)
+    username = re.sub(b"^_", b"=5f", username)
 
     # we should now only have ascii bytes left, so can decode back to a
     # unicode.
-    return username.decode('ascii')
+    return username.decode("ascii")
 
 
 class StreamToken(
-    namedtuple("Token", (
-        "room_key",
-        "presence_key",
-        "typing_key",
-        "receipt_key",
-        "account_data_key",
-        "push_rules_key",
-        "to_device_key",
-        "device_list_key",
-        "groups_key",
-    ))
+    namedtuple(
+        "Token",
+        (
+            "room_key",
+            "presence_key",
+            "typing_key",
+            "receipt_key",
+            "account_data_key",
+            "push_rules_key",
+            "to_device_key",
+            "device_list_key",
+            "groups_key",
+        ),
+    )
 ):
     _SEPARATOR = "_"
 
@@ -368,9 +376,7 @@ class StreamToken(
         return self._replace(**{key: new_value})
 
 
-StreamToken.START = StreamToken(
-    *(["s0"] + ["0"] * (len(StreamToken._fields) - 1))
-)
+StreamToken.START = StreamToken(*(["s0"] + ["0"] * (len(StreamToken._fields) - 1)))
 
 
 class RoomStreamToken(namedtuple("_StreamToken", "topological stream")):
@@ -395,15 +401,16 @@ class RoomStreamToken(namedtuple("_StreamToken", "topological stream")):
     "topological_ordering" id of the event it comes after, followed by "-",
     followed by the "stream_ordering" id of the event it comes after.
     """
+
     __slots__ = []
 
     @classmethod
     def parse(cls, string):
         try:
-            if string[0] == 's':
+            if string[0] == "s":
                 return cls(topological=None, stream=int(string[1:]))
-            if string[0] == 't':
-                parts = string[1:].split('-', 1)
+            if string[0] == "t":
+                parts = string[1:].split("-", 1)
                 return cls(topological=int(parts[0]), stream=int(parts[1]))
         except Exception:
             pass
@@ -412,7 +419,7 @@ class RoomStreamToken(namedtuple("_StreamToken", "topological stream")):
     @classmethod
     def parse_stream_token(cls, string):
         try:
-            if string[0] == 's':
+            if string[0] == "s":
                 return cls(topological=None, stream=int(string[1:]))
         except Exception:
             pass
@@ -426,7 +433,7 @@ class RoomStreamToken(namedtuple("_StreamToken", "topological stream")):
 
 
 class ThirdPartyInstanceID(
-        namedtuple("ThirdPartyInstanceID", ("appservice_id", "network_id"))
+    namedtuple("ThirdPartyInstanceID", ("appservice_id", "network_id"))
 ):
     # Deny iteration because it will bite you if you try to create a singleton
     # set by:
@@ -450,18 +457,19 @@ class ThirdPartyInstanceID(
         return cls(appservice_id=bits[0], network_id=bits[1])
 
     def to_string(self):
-        return "%s|%s" % (self.appservice_id, self.network_id,)
+        return "%s|%s" % (self.appservice_id, self.network_id)
 
     __str__ = to_string
 
     @classmethod
-    def create(cls, appservice_id, network_id,):
+    def create(cls, appservice_id, network_id):
         return cls(appservice_id=appservice_id, network_id=network_id)
 
 
 @attr.s(slots=True)
 class ReadReceipt(object):
     """Information about a read-receipt"""
+
     room_id = attr.ib()
     receipt_type = attr.ib()
     user_id = attr.ib()
diff --git a/synapse/util/__init__.py b/synapse/util/__init__.py
index 0ae7e2ef3b..dcc747cac1 100644
--- a/synapse/util/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/util/__init__.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ class Clock(object):
     Args:
         reactor: The Twisted reactor to use.
     """
+
     _reactor = attr.ib()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -70,9 +71,7 @@ class Clock(object):
         call = task.LoopingCall(f)
         call.clock = self._reactor
         d = call.start(msec / 1000.0, now=False)
-        d.addErrback(
-            log_failure, "Looping call died", consumeErrors=False,
-        )
+        d.addErrback(log_failure, "Looping call died", consumeErrors=False)
         return call
 
     def call_later(self, delay, callback, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -84,6 +83,7 @@ class Clock(object):
             *args: Postional arguments to pass to function.
             **kwargs: Key arguments to pass to function.
         """
+
         def wrapped_callback(*args, **kwargs):
             with PreserveLoggingContext():
                 callback(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -129,12 +129,7 @@ def log_failure(failure, msg, consumeErrors=True):
     """
 
     logger.error(
-        msg,
-        exc_info=(
-            failure.type,
-            failure.value,
-            failure.getTracebackObject()
-        )
+        msg, exc_info=(failure.type, failure.value, failure.getTracebackObject())
     )
 
     if not consumeErrors:
@@ -152,12 +147,12 @@ def glob_to_regex(glob):
     Returns:
         re.RegexObject
     """
-    res = ''
+    res = ""
     for c in glob:
-        if c == '*':
-            res = res + '.*'
-        elif c == '?':
-            res = res + '.'
+        if c == "*":
+            res = res + ".*"
+        elif c == "?":
+            res = res + "."
         else:
             res = res + re.escape(c)
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
index 7253ba120f..7757b8708a 100644
--- a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
+++ b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ class ObservableDeferred(object):
             def remove(r):
                 self._observers.discard(d)
                 return r
+
             d.addBoth(remove)
 
             self._observers.add(d)
@@ -123,7 +124,9 @@ class ObservableDeferred(object):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<ObservableDeferred object at %s, result=%r, _deferred=%r>" % (
-            id(self), self._result, self._deferred,
+            id(self),
+            self._result,
+            self._deferred,
         )
 
 
@@ -150,10 +153,12 @@ def concurrently_execute(func, args, limit):
         except StopIteration:
             pass
 
-    return logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults([
-        run_in_background(_concurrently_execute_inner)
-        for _ in range(limit)
-    ], consumeErrors=True)).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
+    return logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+        defer.gatherResults(
+            [run_in_background(_concurrently_execute_inner) for _ in range(limit)],
+            consumeErrors=True,
+        )
+    ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
 
 
 def yieldable_gather_results(func, iter, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -169,10 +174,12 @@ def yieldable_gather_results(func, iter, *args, **kwargs):
         Deferred[list]: Resolved when all functions have been invoked, or errors if
         one of the function calls fails.
     """
-    return logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults([
-        run_in_background(func, item, *args, **kwargs)
-        for item in iter
-    ], consumeErrors=True)).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
+    return logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(
+        defer.gatherResults(
+            [run_in_background(func, item, *args, **kwargs) for item in iter],
+            consumeErrors=True,
+        )
+    ).addErrback(unwrapFirstError)
 
 
 class Linearizer(object):
@@ -185,6 +192,7 @@ class Linearizer(object):
             # do some work.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, name=None, max_count=1, clock=None):
         """
         Args:
@@ -197,6 +205,7 @@ class Linearizer(object):
 
         if not clock:
             from twisted.internet import reactor
+
             clock = Clock(reactor)
         self._clock = clock
         self.max_count = max_count
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ class Linearizer(object):
             res = self._await_lock(key)
         else:
             logger.debug(
-                "Acquired uncontended linearizer lock %r for key %r", self.name, key,
+                "Acquired uncontended linearizer lock %r for key %r", self.name, key
             )
             entry[0] += 1
             res = defer.succeed(None)
@@ -266,9 +275,7 @@ class Linearizer(object):
         """
         entry = self.key_to_defer[key]
 
-        logger.debug(
-            "Waiting to acquire linearizer lock %r for key %r", self.name, key,
-        )
+        logger.debug("Waiting to acquire linearizer lock %r for key %r", self.name, key)
 
         new_defer = make_deferred_yieldable(defer.Deferred())
         entry[1][new_defer] = 1
@@ -293,14 +300,14 @@ class Linearizer(object):
             logger.info("defer %r got err %r", new_defer, e)
             if isinstance(e, CancelledError):
                 logger.debug(
-                    "Cancelling wait for linearizer lock %r for key %r",
-                    self.name, key,
+                    "Cancelling wait for linearizer lock %r for key %r", self.name, key
                 )
 
             else:
                 logger.warn(
                     "Unexpected exception waiting for linearizer lock %r for key %r",
-                    self.name, key,
+                    self.name,
+                    key,
                 )
 
             # we just have to take ourselves back out of the queue.
@@ -438,7 +445,7 @@ def timeout_deferred(deferred, timeout, reactor, on_timeout_cancel=None):
 
         try:
             deferred.cancel()
-        except:   # noqa: E722, if we throw any exception it'll break time outs
+        except:  # noqa: E722, if we throw any exception it'll break time outs
             logger.exception("Canceller failed during timeout")
 
         if not new_d.called:
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py b/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py
index f37d5bec08..8271229015 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ def register_cache(cache_type, cache_name, cache):
 
 
 KNOWN_KEYS = {
-    key: key for key in
-    (
+    key: key
+    for key in (
         "auth_events",
         "content",
         "depth",
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def intern_dict(dictionary):
 
 
 def _intern_known_values(key, value):
-    intern_keys = ("event_id", "room_id", "sender", "user_id", "type", "state_key",)
+    intern_keys = ("event_id", "room_id", "sender", "user_id", "type", "state_key")
 
     if key in intern_keys:
         return intern_string(value)
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
index 187510576a..d2f25063aa 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ _CacheSentinel = object()
 
 
 class CacheEntry(object):
-    __slots__ = [
-        "deferred", "callbacks", "invalidated"
-    ]
+    __slots__ = ["deferred", "callbacks", "invalidated"]
 
     def __init__(self, deferred, callbacks):
         self.deferred = deferred
@@ -73,7 +71,9 @@ class Cache(object):
         self._pending_deferred_cache = cache_type()
 
         self.cache = LruCache(
-            max_size=max_entries, keylen=keylen, cache_type=cache_type,
+            max_size=max_entries,
+            keylen=keylen,
+            cache_type=cache_type,
             size_callback=(lambda d: len(d)) if iterable else None,
             evicted_callback=self._on_evicted,
         )
@@ -133,10 +133,7 @@ class Cache(object):
     def set(self, key, value, callback=None):
         callbacks = [callback] if callback else []
         self.check_thread()
-        entry = CacheEntry(
-            deferred=value,
-            callbacks=callbacks,
-        )
+        entry = CacheEntry(deferred=value, callbacks=callbacks)
 
         existing_entry = self._pending_deferred_cache.pop(key, None)
         if existing_entry:
@@ -191,9 +188,7 @@ class Cache(object):
     def invalidate_many(self, key):
         self.check_thread()
         if not isinstance(key, tuple):
-            raise TypeError(
-                "The cache key must be a tuple not %r" % (type(key),)
-            )
+            raise TypeError("The cache key must be a tuple not %r" % (type(key),))
         self.cache.del_multi(key)
 
         # if we have a pending lookup for this key, remove it from the
@@ -244,29 +239,25 @@ class _CacheDescriptorBase(object):
             raise Exception(
                 "Not enough explicit positional arguments to key off for %r: "
                 "got %i args, but wanted %i. (@cached cannot key off *args or "
-                "**kwargs)"
-                % (orig.__name__, len(all_args), num_args)
+                "**kwargs)" % (orig.__name__, len(all_args), num_args)
             )
 
         self.num_args = num_args
 
         # list of the names of the args used as the cache key
-        self.arg_names = all_args[1:num_args + 1]
+        self.arg_names = all_args[1 : num_args + 1]
 
         # self.arg_defaults is a map of arg name to its default value for each
         # argument that has a default value
         if arg_spec.defaults:
-            self.arg_defaults = dict(zip(
-                all_args[-len(arg_spec.defaults):],
-                arg_spec.defaults
-            ))
+            self.arg_defaults = dict(
+                zip(all_args[-len(arg_spec.defaults) :], arg_spec.defaults)
+            )
         else:
             self.arg_defaults = {}
 
         if "cache_context" in self.arg_names:
-            raise Exception(
-                "cache_context arg cannot be included among the cache keys"
-            )
+            raise Exception("cache_context arg cannot be included among the cache keys")
 
         self.add_cache_context = cache_context
 
@@ -304,12 +295,24 @@ class CacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
             ``cache_context``) to use as cache keys. Defaults to all named
             args of the function.
     """
-    def __init__(self, orig, max_entries=1000, num_args=None, tree=False,
-                 inlineCallbacks=False, cache_context=False, iterable=False):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        orig,
+        max_entries=1000,
+        num_args=None,
+        tree=False,
+        inlineCallbacks=False,
+        cache_context=False,
+        iterable=False,
+    ):
 
         super(CacheDescriptor, self).__init__(
-            orig, num_args=num_args, inlineCallbacks=inlineCallbacks,
-            cache_context=cache_context)
+            orig,
+            num_args=num_args,
+            inlineCallbacks=inlineCallbacks,
+            cache_context=cache_context,
+        )
 
         max_entries = int(max_entries * get_cache_factor_for(orig.__name__))
 
@@ -356,7 +359,9 @@ class CacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
                     return args[0]
                 else:
                     return self.arg_defaults[nm]
+
         else:
+
             def get_cache_key(args, kwargs):
                 return tuple(get_cache_key_gen(args, kwargs))
 
@@ -383,8 +388,7 @@ class CacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
 
             except KeyError:
                 ret = defer.maybeDeferred(
-                    logcontext.preserve_fn(self.function_to_call),
-                    obj, *args, **kwargs
+                    logcontext.preserve_fn(self.function_to_call), obj, *args, **kwargs
                 )
 
                 def onErr(f):
@@ -437,8 +441,9 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
     results.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, orig, cached_method_name, list_name, num_args=None,
-                 inlineCallbacks=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self, orig, cached_method_name, list_name, num_args=None, inlineCallbacks=False
+    ):
         """
         Args:
             orig (function)
@@ -451,7 +456,8 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
                 be wrapped by defer.inlineCallbacks
         """
         super(CacheListDescriptor, self).__init__(
-            orig, num_args=num_args, inlineCallbacks=inlineCallbacks)
+            orig, num_args=num_args, inlineCallbacks=inlineCallbacks
+        )
 
         self.list_name = list_name
 
@@ -463,7 +469,7 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
         if self.list_name not in self.arg_names:
             raise Exception(
                 "Couldn't see arguments %r for %r."
-                % (self.list_name, cached_method_name,)
+                % (self.list_name, cached_method_name)
             )
 
     def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
@@ -494,8 +500,10 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
             # If the cache takes a single arg then that is used as the key,
             # otherwise a tuple is used.
             if num_args == 1:
+
                 def arg_to_cache_key(arg):
                     return arg
+
             else:
                 keylist = list(keyargs)
 
@@ -505,8 +513,7 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
 
             for arg in list_args:
                 try:
-                    res = cache.get(arg_to_cache_key(arg),
-                                    callback=invalidate_callback)
+                    res = cache.get(arg_to_cache_key(arg), callback=invalidate_callback)
                     if not isinstance(res, ObservableDeferred):
                         results[arg] = res
                     elif not res.has_succeeded():
@@ -554,18 +561,15 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
                 args_to_call = dict(arg_dict)
                 args_to_call[self.list_name] = list(missing)
 
-                cached_defers.append(defer.maybeDeferred(
-                    logcontext.preserve_fn(self.function_to_call),
-                    **args_to_call
-                ).addCallbacks(complete_all, errback))
+                cached_defers.append(
+                    defer.maybeDeferred(
+                        logcontext.preserve_fn(self.function_to_call), **args_to_call
+                    ).addCallbacks(complete_all, errback)
+                )
 
             if cached_defers:
-                d = defer.gatherResults(
-                    cached_defers,
-                    consumeErrors=True,
-                ).addCallbacks(
-                    lambda _: results,
-                    unwrapFirstError
+                d = defer.gatherResults(cached_defers, consumeErrors=True).addCallbacks(
+                    lambda _: results, unwrapFirstError
                 )
                 return logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(d)
             else:
@@ -586,8 +590,9 @@ class _CacheContext(namedtuple("_CacheContext", ("cache", "key"))):
         self.cache.invalidate(self.key)
 
 
-def cached(max_entries=1000, num_args=None, tree=False, cache_context=False,
-           iterable=False):
+def cached(
+    max_entries=1000, num_args=None, tree=False, cache_context=False, iterable=False
+):
     return lambda orig: CacheDescriptor(
         orig,
         max_entries=max_entries,
@@ -598,8 +603,9 @@ def cached(max_entries=1000, num_args=None, tree=False, cache_context=False,
     )
 
 
-def cachedInlineCallbacks(max_entries=1000, num_args=None, tree=False,
-                          cache_context=False, iterable=False):
+def cachedInlineCallbacks(
+    max_entries=1000, num_args=None, tree=False, cache_context=False, iterable=False
+):
     return lambda orig: CacheDescriptor(
         orig,
         max_entries=max_entries,
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py b/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py
index 6c0b5a4094..6834e6f3ae 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/dictionary_cache.py
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ class DictionaryEntry(namedtuple("DictionaryEntry", ("full", "known_absent", "va
             there.
         value (dict): The full or partial dict value
     """
+
     def __len__(self):
         return len(self.value)
 
@@ -84,13 +85,15 @@ class DictionaryCache(object):
             self.metrics.inc_hits()
 
             if dict_keys is None:
-                return DictionaryEntry(entry.full, entry.known_absent, dict(entry.value))
+                return DictionaryEntry(
+                    entry.full, entry.known_absent, dict(entry.value)
+                )
             else:
-                return DictionaryEntry(entry.full, entry.known_absent, {
-                    k: entry.value[k]
-                    for k in dict_keys
-                    if k in entry.value
-                })
+                return DictionaryEntry(
+                    entry.full,
+                    entry.known_absent,
+                    {k: entry.value[k] for k in dict_keys if k in entry.value},
+                )
 
         self.metrics.inc_misses()
         return DictionaryEntry(False, set(), {})
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py b/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py
index f369780277..cddf1ed515 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/expiringcache.py
@@ -28,8 +28,15 @@ SENTINEL = object()
 
 
 class ExpiringCache(object):
-    def __init__(self, cache_name, clock, max_len=0, expiry_ms=0,
-                 reset_expiry_on_get=False, iterable=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cache_name,
+        clock,
+        max_len=0,
+        expiry_ms=0,
+        reset_expiry_on_get=False,
+        iterable=False,
+    ):
         """
         Args:
             cache_name (str): Name of this cache, used for logging.
@@ -67,8 +74,7 @@ class ExpiringCache(object):
 
         def f():
             return run_as_background_process(
-                "prune_cache_%s" % self._cache_name,
-                self._prune_cache,
+                "prune_cache_%s" % self._cache_name, self._prune_cache
             )
 
         self._clock.looping_call(f, self._expiry_ms / 2)
@@ -153,7 +159,9 @@ class ExpiringCache(object):
 
         logger.debug(
             "[%s] _prune_cache before: %d, after len: %d",
-            self._cache_name, begin_length, len(self)
+            self._cache_name,
+            begin_length,
+            len(self),
         )
 
     def __len__(self):
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py b/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py
index b684f24e7b..1536cb64f3 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/lrucache.py
@@ -49,8 +49,15 @@ class LruCache(object):
     Can also set callbacks on objects when getting/setting which are fired
     when that key gets invalidated/evicted.
     """
-    def __init__(self, max_size, keylen=1, cache_type=dict, size_callback=None,
-                 evicted_callback=None):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size,
+        keylen=1,
+        cache_type=dict,
+        size_callback=None,
+        evicted_callback=None,
+    ):
         """
         Args:
             max_size (int):
@@ -93,9 +100,12 @@ class LruCache(object):
 
         cached_cache_len = [0]
         if size_callback is not None:
+
             def cache_len():
                 return cached_cache_len[0]
+
         else:
+
             def cache_len():
                 return len(cache)
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/response_cache.py b/synapse/util/caches/response_cache.py
index afb03b2e1b..b1da81633c 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/response_cache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/response_cache.py
@@ -35,12 +35,10 @@ class ResponseCache(object):
         self.pending_result_cache = {}  # Requests that haven't finished yet.
 
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
-        self.timeout_sec = timeout_ms / 1000.
+        self.timeout_sec = timeout_ms / 1000.0
 
         self._name = name
-        self._metrics = register_cache(
-            "response_cache", name, self
-        )
+        self._metrics = register_cache("response_cache", name, self)
 
     def size(self):
         return len(self.pending_result_cache)
@@ -100,8 +98,7 @@ class ResponseCache(object):
         def remove(r):
             if self.timeout_sec:
                 self.clock.call_later(
-                    self.timeout_sec,
-                    self.pending_result_cache.pop, key, None,
+                    self.timeout_sec, self.pending_result_cache.pop, key, None
                 )
             else:
                 self.pending_result_cache.pop(key, None)
@@ -147,14 +144,15 @@ class ResponseCache(object):
         """
         result = self.get(key)
         if not result:
-            logger.info("[%s]: no cached result for [%s], calculating new one",
-                        self._name, key)
+            logger.info(
+                "[%s]: no cached result for [%s], calculating new one", self._name, key
+            )
             d = run_in_background(callback, *args, **kwargs)
             result = self.set(key, d)
         elif not isinstance(result, defer.Deferred) or result.called:
-            logger.info("[%s]: using completed cached result for [%s]",
-                        self._name, key)
+            logger.info("[%s]: using completed cached result for [%s]", self._name, key)
         else:
-            logger.info("[%s]: using incomplete cached result for [%s]",
-                        self._name, key)
+            logger.info(
+                "[%s]: using incomplete cached result for [%s]", self._name, key
+            )
         return make_deferred_yieldable(result)
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py b/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py
index 625aedc940..235f64049c 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/stream_change_cache.py
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@ class StreamChangeCache(object):
 
         if stream_pos >= self._earliest_known_stream_pos:
             changed_entities = {
-                self._cache[k] for k in self._cache.islice(
-                    start=self._cache.bisect_right(stream_pos),
-                )
+                self._cache[k]
+                for k in self._cache.islice(start=self._cache.bisect_right(stream_pos))
             }
 
             result = changed_entities.intersection(entities)
@@ -114,8 +113,10 @@ class StreamChangeCache(object):
         assert type(stream_pos) is int
 
         if stream_pos >= self._earliest_known_stream_pos:
-            return [self._cache[k] for k in self._cache.islice(
-                start=self._cache.bisect_right(stream_pos))]
+            return [
+                self._cache[k]
+                for k in self._cache.islice(start=self._cache.bisect_right(stream_pos))
+            ]
         else:
             return None
 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ class StreamChangeCache(object):
             while len(self._cache) > self._max_size:
                 k, r = self._cache.popitem(0)
                 self._earliest_known_stream_pos = max(
-                    k, self._earliest_known_stream_pos,
+                    k, self._earliest_known_stream_pos
                 )
                 self._entity_to_key.pop(r, None)
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/treecache.py b/synapse/util/caches/treecache.py
index dd4c9e6067..9a72218d85 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/treecache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/treecache.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class TreeCache(object):
     efficiently.
     Keys must be tuples.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         self.size = 0
         self.root = {}
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/ttlcache.py b/synapse/util/caches/ttlcache.py
index 5ba1862506..2af8ca43b1 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/ttlcache.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/ttlcache.py
@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ class TTLCache(object):
 @attr.s(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class _CacheEntry(object):
     """TTLCache entry"""
+
     # expiry_time is the first attribute, so that entries are sorted by expiry.
     expiry_time = attr.ib()
     key = attr.ib()
diff --git a/synapse/util/distributor.py b/synapse/util/distributor.py
index e14c8bdfda..5a79db821c 100644
--- a/synapse/util/distributor.py
+++ b/synapse/util/distributor.py
@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@ class Distributor(object):
         if name in self.signals:
             raise KeyError("%r already has a signal named %s" % (self, name))
 
-        self.signals[name] = Signal(
-            name,
-        )
+        self.signals[name] = Signal(name)
 
         if name in self.pre_registration:
             signal = self.signals[name]
@@ -78,11 +76,7 @@ class Distributor(object):
         if name not in self.signals:
             raise KeyError("%r does not have a signal named %s" % (self, name))
 
-        run_as_background_process(
-            name,
-            self.signals[name].fire,
-            *args, **kwargs
-        )
+        run_as_background_process(name, self.signals[name].fire, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class Signal(object):
@@ -118,22 +112,23 @@ class Signal(object):
             def eb(failure):
                 logger.warning(
                     "%s signal observer %s failed: %r",
-                    self.name, observer, failure,
+                    self.name,
+                    observer,
+                    failure,
                     exc_info=(
                         failure.type,
                         failure.value,
-                        failure.getTracebackObject()))
+                        failure.getTracebackObject(),
+                    ),
+                )
 
             return defer.maybeDeferred(observer, *args, **kwargs).addErrback(eb)
 
-        deferreds = [
-            run_in_background(do, o)
-            for o in self.observers
-        ]
+        deferreds = [run_in_background(do, o) for o in self.observers]
 
-        return make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-            deferreds, consumeErrors=True,
-        ))
+        return make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(deferreds, consumeErrors=True)
+        )
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<Signal name=%r>" % (self.name,)
diff --git a/synapse/util/frozenutils.py b/synapse/util/frozenutils.py
index 014edea971..635b897d6c 100644
--- a/synapse/util/frozenutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/frozenutils.py
@@ -60,11 +60,10 @@ def _handle_frozendict(obj):
         # fishing the protected dict out of the object is a bit nasty,
         # but we don't really want the overhead of copying the dict.
         return obj._dict
-    raise TypeError('Object of type %s is not JSON serializable' %
-                    obj.__class__.__name__)
+    raise TypeError(
+        "Object of type %s is not JSON serializable" % obj.__class__.__name__
+    )
 
 
 # A JSONEncoder which is capable of encoding frozendics without barfing
-frozendict_json_encoder = json.JSONEncoder(
-    default=_handle_frozendict,
-)
+frozendict_json_encoder = json.JSONEncoder(default=_handle_frozendict)
diff --git a/synapse/util/httpresourcetree.py b/synapse/util/httpresourcetree.py
index 2d7ddc1cbe..1a20c596bf 100644
--- a/synapse/util/httpresourcetree.py
+++ b/synapse/util/httpresourcetree.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def create_resource_tree(desired_tree, root_resource):
 
         logger.info("Attaching %s to path %s", res, full_path)
         last_resource = root_resource
-        for path_seg in full_path.split(b'/')[1:-1]:
+        for path_seg in full_path.split(b"/")[1:-1]:
             if path_seg not in last_resource.listNames():
                 # resource doesn't exist, so make a "dummy resource"
                 child_resource = NoResource()
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def create_resource_tree(desired_tree, root_resource):
 
         # ===========================
         # now attach the actual desired resource
-        last_path_seg = full_path.split(b'/')[-1]
+        last_path_seg = full_path.split(b"/")[-1]
 
         # if there is already a resource here, thieve its children and
         # replace it
@@ -70,9 +70,7 @@ def create_resource_tree(desired_tree, root_resource):
             # to be replaced with the desired resource.
             existing_dummy_resource = resource_mappings[res_id]
             for child_name in existing_dummy_resource.listNames():
-                child_res_id = _resource_id(
-                    existing_dummy_resource, child_name
-                )
+                child_res_id = _resource_id(existing_dummy_resource, child_name)
                 child_resource = resource_mappings[child_res_id]
                 # steal the children
                 res.putChild(child_name, child_resource)
diff --git a/synapse/util/jsonobject.py b/synapse/util/jsonobject.py
index d668e5a6b8..6dce03dd3a 100644
--- a/synapse/util/jsonobject.py
+++ b/synapse/util/jsonobject.py
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ class JsonEncodedObject(object):
             dict
         """
         d = {
-            k: _encode(v) for (k, v) in self.__dict__.items()
+            k: _encode(v)
+            for (k, v) in self.__dict__.items()
             if k in self.valid_keys and k not in self.internal_keys
         }
         d.update(self.unrecognized_keys)
@@ -78,7 +79,8 @@ class JsonEncodedObject(object):
 
     def get_internal_dict(self):
         d = {
-            k: _encode(v, internal=True) for (k, v) in self.__dict__.items()
+            k: _encode(v, internal=True)
+            for (k, v) in self.__dict__.items()
             if k in self.valid_keys
         }
         d.update(self.unrecognized_keys)
diff --git a/synapse/util/logcontext.py b/synapse/util/logcontext.py
index fe412355d8..a9885cb507 100644
--- a/synapse/util/logcontext.py
+++ b/synapse/util/logcontext.py
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ try:
 
     def get_thread_resource_usage():
         return resource.getrusage(RUSAGE_THREAD)
+
+
 except Exception:
     # If the system doesn't support resource.getrusage(RUSAGE_THREAD) then we
     # won't track resource usage by returning None.
@@ -64,8 +66,11 @@ class ContextResourceUsage(object):
     """
 
     __slots__ = [
-        "ru_stime", "ru_utime",
-        "db_txn_count", "db_txn_duration_sec", "db_sched_duration_sec",
+        "ru_stime",
+        "ru_utime",
+        "db_txn_count",
+        "db_txn_duration_sec",
+        "db_sched_duration_sec",
         "evt_db_fetch_count",
     ]
 
@@ -91,8 +96,8 @@ class ContextResourceUsage(object):
         return ContextResourceUsage(copy_from=self)
 
     def reset(self):
-        self.ru_stime = 0.
-        self.ru_utime = 0.
+        self.ru_stime = 0.0
+        self.ru_utime = 0.0
         self.db_txn_count = 0
 
         self.db_txn_duration_sec = 0
@@ -100,15 +105,18 @@ class ContextResourceUsage(object):
         self.evt_db_fetch_count = 0
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return ("<ContextResourceUsage ru_stime='%r', ru_utime='%r', "
-                "db_txn_count='%r', db_txn_duration_sec='%r', "
-                "db_sched_duration_sec='%r', evt_db_fetch_count='%r'>") % (
-                    self.ru_stime,
-                    self.ru_utime,
-                    self.db_txn_count,
-                    self.db_txn_duration_sec,
-                    self.db_sched_duration_sec,
-                    self.evt_db_fetch_count,)
+        return (
+            "<ContextResourceUsage ru_stime='%r', ru_utime='%r', "
+            "db_txn_count='%r', db_txn_duration_sec='%r', "
+            "db_sched_duration_sec='%r', evt_db_fetch_count='%r'>"
+        ) % (
+            self.ru_stime,
+            self.ru_utime,
+            self.db_txn_count,
+            self.db_txn_duration_sec,
+            self.db_sched_duration_sec,
+            self.evt_db_fetch_count,
+        )
 
     def __iadd__(self, other):
         """Add another ContextResourceUsage's stats to this one's.
@@ -159,11 +167,15 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
     """
 
     __slots__ = [
-        "previous_context", "name", "parent_context",
+        "previous_context",
+        "name",
+        "parent_context",
         "_resource_usage",
         "usage_start",
-        "main_thread", "alive",
-        "request", "tag",
+        "main_thread",
+        "alive",
+        "request",
+        "tag",
     ]
 
     thread_local = threading.local()
@@ -196,6 +208,7 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
 
         def __nonzero__(self):
             return False
+
         __bool__ = __nonzero__  # python3
 
     sentinel = Sentinel()
@@ -261,7 +274,8 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
         if self.previous_context != old_context:
             logger.warn(
                 "Expected previous context %r, found %r",
-                self.previous_context, old_context
+                self.previous_context,
+                old_context,
             )
         self.alive = True
 
@@ -285,9 +299,8 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
         self.alive = False
 
         # if we have a parent, pass our CPU usage stats on
-        if (
-            self.parent_context is not None
-            and hasattr(self.parent_context, '_resource_usage')
+        if self.parent_context is not None and hasattr(
+            self.parent_context, "_resource_usage"
         ):
             self.parent_context._resource_usage += self._resource_usage
 
@@ -320,9 +333,7 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
 
         # When we stop, let's record the cpu used since we started
         if not self.usage_start:
-            logger.warning(
-                "Called stop on logcontext %s without calling start", self,
-            )
+            logger.warning("Called stop on logcontext %s without calling start", self)
             return
 
         usage_end = get_thread_resource_usage()
@@ -381,6 +392,7 @@ class LoggingContextFilter(logging.Filter):
         **defaults: Default values to avoid formatters complaining about
             missing fields
     """
+
     def __init__(self, **defaults):
         self.defaults = defaults
 
@@ -416,17 +428,12 @@ class PreserveLoggingContext(object):
 
     def __enter__(self):
         """Captures the current logging context"""
-        self.current_context = LoggingContext.set_current_context(
-            self.new_context
-        )
+        self.current_context = LoggingContext.set_current_context(self.new_context)
 
         if self.current_context:
             self.has_parent = self.current_context.previous_context is not None
             if not self.current_context.alive:
-                logger.debug(
-                    "Entering dead context: %s",
-                    self.current_context,
-                )
+                logger.debug("Entering dead context: %s", self.current_context)
 
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
         """Restores the current logging context"""
@@ -444,10 +451,7 @@ class PreserveLoggingContext(object):
 
         if self.current_context is not LoggingContext.sentinel:
             if not self.current_context.alive:
-                logger.debug(
-                    "Restoring dead context: %s",
-                    self.current_context,
-                )
+                logger.debug("Restoring dead context: %s", self.current_context)
 
 
 def nested_logging_context(suffix, parent_context=None):
@@ -474,15 +478,16 @@ def nested_logging_context(suffix, parent_context=None):
     if parent_context is None:
         parent_context = LoggingContext.current_context()
     return LoggingContext(
-        parent_context=parent_context,
-        request=parent_context.request + "-" + suffix,
+        parent_context=parent_context, request=parent_context.request + "-" + suffix
     )
 
 
 def preserve_fn(f):
     """Function decorator which wraps the function with run_in_background"""
+
     def g(*args, **kwargs):
         return run_in_background(f, *args, **kwargs)
+
     return g
 
 
@@ -502,7 +507,7 @@ def run_in_background(f, *args, **kwargs):
     current = LoggingContext.current_context()
     try:
         res = f(*args, **kwargs)
-    except:   # noqa: E722
+    except:  # noqa: E722
         # the assumption here is that the caller doesn't want to be disturbed
         # by synchronous exceptions, so let's turn them into Failures.
         return defer.fail()
@@ -639,6 +644,4 @@ def defer_to_threadpool(reactor, threadpool, f, *args, **kwargs):
         with LoggingContext(parent_context=logcontext):
             return f(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    return make_deferred_yieldable(
-        threads.deferToThreadPool(reactor, threadpool, g)
-    )
+    return make_deferred_yieldable(threads.deferToThreadPool(reactor, threadpool, g))
diff --git a/synapse/util/logformatter.py b/synapse/util/logformatter.py
index a46bc47ce3..fbf570c756 100644
--- a/synapse/util/logformatter.py
+++ b/synapse/util/logformatter.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class LogFormatter(logging.Formatter):
     (Normally only stack frames between the point the exception was raised and
     where it was caught are logged).
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super(LogFormatter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ class LogFormatter(logging.Formatter):
         # check that we actually have an f_back attribute to work around
         # https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/9305
 
-        if tb and hasattr(tb.tb_frame, 'f_back'):
+        if tb and hasattr(tb.tb_frame, "f_back"):
             sio.write("Capture point (most recent call last):\n")
             traceback.print_stack(tb.tb_frame.f_back, None, sio)
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/logutils.py b/synapse/util/logutils.py
index ef31458226..7df0fa6087 100644
--- a/synapse/util/logutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/logutils.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _log_debug_as_f(f, msg, msg_args):
             lineno=lineno,
             msg=msg,
             args=msg_args,
-            exc_info=None
+            exc_info=None,
         )
 
         logger.handle(record)
@@ -70,20 +70,11 @@ def log_function(f):
                     r = r[:50] + "..."
                 return r
 
-            func_args = [
-                "%s=%s" % (k, format(v)) for k, v in bound_args.items()
-            ]
+            func_args = ["%s=%s" % (k, format(v)) for k, v in bound_args.items()]
 
-            msg_args = {
-                "func_name": func_name,
-                "args": ", ".join(func_args)
-            }
+            msg_args = {"func_name": func_name, "args": ", ".join(func_args)}
 
-            _log_debug_as_f(
-                f,
-                "Invoked '%(func_name)s' with args: %(args)s",
-                msg_args
-            )
+            _log_debug_as_f(f, "Invoked '%(func_name)s' with args: %(args)s", msg_args)
 
         return f(*args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -103,19 +94,13 @@ def time_function(f):
         start = time.clock()
 
         try:
-            _log_debug_as_f(
-                f,
-                "[FUNC START] {%s-%d}",
-                (func_name, id),
-            )
+            _log_debug_as_f(f, "[FUNC START] {%s-%d}", (func_name, id))
 
             r = f(*args, **kwargs)
         finally:
             end = time.clock()
             _log_debug_as_f(
-                f,
-                "[FUNC END] {%s-%d} %.3f sec",
-                (func_name, id, end - start,),
+                f, "[FUNC END] {%s-%d} %.3f sec", (func_name, id, end - start)
             )
 
         return r
@@ -137,9 +122,8 @@ def trace_function(f):
         s = inspect.currentframe().f_back
 
         to_print = [
-            "\t%s:%s %s. Args: args=%s, kwargs=%s" % (
-                pathname, linenum, func_name, args, kwargs
-            )
+            "\t%s:%s %s. Args: args=%s, kwargs=%s"
+            % (pathname, linenum, func_name, args, kwargs)
         ]
         while s:
             if True or s.f_globals["__name__"].startswith("synapse"):
@@ -147,9 +131,7 @@ def trace_function(f):
                 args_string = inspect.formatargvalues(*inspect.getargvalues(s))
 
                 to_print.append(
-                    "\t%s:%d %s. Args: %s" % (
-                        filename, lineno, function, args_string
-                    )
+                    "\t%s:%d %s. Args: %s" % (filename, lineno, function, args_string)
                 )
 
             s = s.f_back
@@ -163,7 +145,7 @@ def trace_function(f):
             lineno=lineno,
             msg=msg,
             args=None,
-            exc_info=None
+            exc_info=None,
         )
 
         logger.handle(record)
@@ -182,13 +164,13 @@ def get_previous_frames():
             filename, lineno, function, _, _ = inspect.getframeinfo(s)
             args_string = inspect.formatargvalues(*inspect.getargvalues(s))
 
-            to_return.append("{{  %s:%d %s - Args: %s }}" % (
-                filename, lineno, function, args_string
-            ))
+            to_return.append(
+                "{{  %s:%d %s - Args: %s }}" % (filename, lineno, function, args_string)
+            )
 
         s = s.f_back
 
-    return ", ". join(to_return)
+    return ", ".join(to_return)
 
 
 def get_previous_frame(ignore=[]):
@@ -201,7 +183,10 @@ def get_previous_frame(ignore=[]):
                 args_string = inspect.formatargvalues(*inspect.getargvalues(s))
 
                 return "{{  %s:%d %s - Args: %s }}" % (
-                    filename, lineno, function, args_string
+                    filename,
+                    lineno,
+                    function,
+                    args_string,
                 )
 
         s = s.f_back
diff --git a/synapse/util/manhole.py b/synapse/util/manhole.py
index 628a2962d9..631654f297 100644
--- a/synapse/util/manhole.py
+++ b/synapse/util/manhole.py
@@ -74,27 +74,25 @@ def manhole(username, password, globals):
         twisted.internet.protocol.Factory: A factory to pass to ``listenTCP``
     """
     if not isinstance(password, bytes):
-        password = password.encode('ascii')
+        password = password.encode("ascii")
 
-    checker = checkers.InMemoryUsernamePasswordDatabaseDontUse(
-        **{username: password}
-    )
+    checker = checkers.InMemoryUsernamePasswordDatabaseDontUse(**{username: password})
 
     rlm = manhole_ssh.TerminalRealm()
     rlm.chainedProtocolFactory = lambda: insults.ServerProtocol(
-        SynapseManhole,
-        dict(globals, __name__="__console__")
+        SynapseManhole, dict(globals, __name__="__console__")
     )
 
     factory = manhole_ssh.ConchFactory(portal.Portal(rlm, [checker]))
-    factory.publicKeys[b'ssh-rsa'] = Key.fromString(PUBLIC_KEY)
-    factory.privateKeys[b'ssh-rsa'] = Key.fromString(PRIVATE_KEY)
+    factory.publicKeys[b"ssh-rsa"] = Key.fromString(PUBLIC_KEY)
+    factory.privateKeys[b"ssh-rsa"] = Key.fromString(PRIVATE_KEY)
 
     return factory
 
 
 class SynapseManhole(ColoredManhole):
     """Overrides connectionMade to create our own ManholeInterpreter"""
+
     def connectionMade(self):
         super(SynapseManhole, self).connectionMade()
 
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ class SynapseManholeInterpreter(ManholeInterpreter):
                 value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 sys.last_value = value
         lines = traceback.format_exception_only(type, value)
-        self.write(''.join(lines))
+        self.write("".join(lines))
 
     def showtraceback(self):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
@@ -140,6 +138,6 @@ class SynapseManholeInterpreter(ManholeInterpreter):
         try:
             # We remove the first stack item because it is our own code.
             lines = traceback.format_exception(ei[0], ei[1], last_tb.tb_next)
-            self.write(''.join(lines))
+            self.write("".join(lines))
         finally:
             last_tb = ei = None
diff --git a/synapse/util/metrics.py b/synapse/util/metrics.py
index 4b4ac5f6c7..01284d3cf8 100644
--- a/synapse/util/metrics.py
+++ b/synapse/util/metrics.py
@@ -30,25 +30,31 @@ block_counter = Counter("synapse_util_metrics_block_count", "", ["block_name"])
 block_timer = Counter("synapse_util_metrics_block_time_seconds", "", ["block_name"])
 
 block_ru_utime = Counter(
-    "synapse_util_metrics_block_ru_utime_seconds", "", ["block_name"])
+    "synapse_util_metrics_block_ru_utime_seconds", "", ["block_name"]
+)
 
 block_ru_stime = Counter(
-    "synapse_util_metrics_block_ru_stime_seconds", "", ["block_name"])
+    "synapse_util_metrics_block_ru_stime_seconds", "", ["block_name"]
+)
 
 block_db_txn_count = Counter(
-    "synapse_util_metrics_block_db_txn_count", "", ["block_name"])
+    "synapse_util_metrics_block_db_txn_count", "", ["block_name"]
+)
 
 # seconds spent waiting for db txns, excluding scheduling time, in this block
 block_db_txn_duration = Counter(
-    "synapse_util_metrics_block_db_txn_duration_seconds", "", ["block_name"])
+    "synapse_util_metrics_block_db_txn_duration_seconds", "", ["block_name"]
+)
 
 # seconds spent waiting for a db connection, in this block
 block_db_sched_duration = Counter(
-    "synapse_util_metrics_block_db_sched_duration_seconds", "", ["block_name"])
+    "synapse_util_metrics_block_db_sched_duration_seconds", "", ["block_name"]
+)
 
 # Tracks the number of blocks currently active
 in_flight = InFlightGauge(
-    "synapse_util_metrics_block_in_flight", "",
+    "synapse_util_metrics_block_in_flight",
+    "",
     labels=["block_name"],
     sub_metrics=["real_time_max", "real_time_sum"],
 )
@@ -62,13 +68,18 @@ def measure_func(name):
             with Measure(self.clock, name):
                 r = yield func(self, *args, **kwargs)
             defer.returnValue(r)
+
         return measured_func
+
     return wrapper
 
 
 class Measure(object):
     __slots__ = [
-        "clock", "name", "start_context", "start",
+        "clock",
+        "name",
+        "start_context",
+        "start",
         "created_context",
         "start_usage",
     ]
@@ -108,7 +119,9 @@ class Measure(object):
         if context != self.start_context:
             logger.warn(
                 "Context has unexpectedly changed from '%s' to '%s'. (%r)",
-                self.start_context, context, self.name
+                self.start_context,
+                context,
+                self.name,
             )
             return
 
@@ -126,8 +139,7 @@ class Measure(object):
             block_db_sched_duration.labels(self.name).inc(usage.db_sched_duration_sec)
         except ValueError:
             logger.warn(
-                "Failed to save metrics! OLD: %r, NEW: %r",
-                self.start_usage, current
+                "Failed to save metrics! OLD: %r, NEW: %r", self.start_usage, current
             )
 
         if self.created_context:
diff --git a/synapse/util/module_loader.py b/synapse/util/module_loader.py
index 4288312b8a..522acd5aa8 100644
--- a/synapse/util/module_loader.py
+++ b/synapse/util/module_loader.py
@@ -28,15 +28,13 @@ def load_module(provider):
     """
     # We need to import the module, and then pick the class out of
     # that, so we split based on the last dot.
-    module, clz = provider['module'].rsplit(".", 1)
+    module, clz = provider["module"].rsplit(".", 1)
     module = importlib.import_module(module)
     provider_class = getattr(module, clz)
 
     try:
         provider_config = provider_class.parse_config(provider["config"])
     except Exception as e:
-        raise ConfigError(
-            "Failed to parse config for %r: %r" % (provider['module'], e)
-        )
+        raise ConfigError("Failed to parse config for %r: %r" % (provider["module"], e))
 
     return provider_class, provider_config
diff --git a/synapse/util/msisdn.py b/synapse/util/msisdn.py
index a6c30e5265..c8bcbe297a 100644
--- a/synapse/util/msisdn.py
+++ b/synapse/util/msisdn.py
@@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ def phone_number_to_msisdn(country, number):
         phoneNumber = phonenumbers.parse(number, country)
     except phonenumbers.NumberParseException:
         raise SynapseError(400, "Unable to parse phone number")
-    return phonenumbers.format_number(
-        phoneNumber, phonenumbers.PhoneNumberFormat.E164
-    )[1:]
+    return phonenumbers.format_number(phoneNumber, phonenumbers.PhoneNumberFormat.E164)[
+        1:
+    ]
diff --git a/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py b/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py
index b146d137f4..06defa8199 100644
--- a/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/ratelimitutils.py
@@ -56,11 +56,7 @@ class FederationRateLimiter(object):
             _PerHostRatelimiter
         """
         return self.ratelimiters.setdefault(
-            host,
-            _PerHostRatelimiter(
-                clock=self.clock,
-                config=self._config,
-            )
+            host, _PerHostRatelimiter(clock=self.clock, config=self._config)
         ).ratelimit()
 
 
@@ -112,8 +108,7 @@ class _PerHostRatelimiter(object):
 
         # remove any entries from request_times which aren't within the window
         self.request_times[:] = [
-            r for r in self.request_times
-            if time_now - r < self.window_size
+            r for r in self.request_times if time_now - r < self.window_size
         ]
 
         # reject the request if we already have too many queued up (either
@@ -121,9 +116,7 @@ class _PerHostRatelimiter(object):
         queue_size = len(self.ready_request_queue) + len(self.sleeping_requests)
         if queue_size > self.reject_limit:
             raise LimitExceededError(
-                retry_after_ms=int(
-                    self.window_size / self.sleep_limit
-                ),
+                retry_after_ms=int(self.window_size / self.sleep_limit)
             )
 
         self.request_times.append(time_now)
@@ -143,22 +136,18 @@ class _PerHostRatelimiter(object):
 
         logger.debug(
             "Ratelimit [%s]: len(self.request_times)=%d",
-            id(request_id), len(self.request_times),
+            id(request_id),
+            len(self.request_times),
         )
 
         if len(self.request_times) > self.sleep_limit:
-            logger.debug(
-                "Ratelimiter: sleeping request for %f sec", self.sleep_sec,
-            )
+            logger.debug("Ratelimiter: sleeping request for %f sec", self.sleep_sec)
             ret_defer = run_in_background(self.clock.sleep, self.sleep_sec)
 
             self.sleeping_requests.add(request_id)
 
             def on_wait_finished(_):
-                logger.debug(
-                    "Ratelimit [%s]: Finished sleeping",
-                    id(request_id),
-                )
+                logger.debug("Ratelimit [%s]: Finished sleeping", id(request_id))
                 self.sleeping_requests.discard(request_id)
                 queue_defer = queue_request()
                 return queue_defer
@@ -168,10 +157,7 @@ class _PerHostRatelimiter(object):
             ret_defer = queue_request()
 
         def on_start(r):
-            logger.debug(
-                "Ratelimit [%s]: Processing req",
-                id(request_id),
-            )
+            logger.debug("Ratelimit [%s]: Processing req", id(request_id))
             self.current_processing.add(request_id)
             return r
 
@@ -193,10 +179,7 @@ class _PerHostRatelimiter(object):
         return make_deferred_yieldable(ret_defer)
 
     def _on_exit(self, request_id):
-        logger.debug(
-            "Ratelimit [%s]: Processed req",
-            id(request_id),
-        )
+        logger.debug("Ratelimit [%s]: Processed req", id(request_id))
         self.current_processing.discard(request_id)
         try:
             # start processing the next item on the queue.
diff --git a/synapse/util/stringutils.py b/synapse/util/stringutils.py
index 69dffd8244..982c6d81ca 100644
--- a/synapse/util/stringutils.py
+++ b/synapse/util/stringutils.py
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ import six
 from six import PY2, PY3
 from six.moves import range
 
-_string_with_symbols = (
-    string.digits + string.ascii_letters + ".,;:^&*-_+=#~@"
-)
+_string_with_symbols = string.digits + string.ascii_letters + ".,;:^&*-_+=#~@"
 
 # random_string and random_string_with_symbols are used for a range of things,
 # some cryptographically important, some less so. We use SystemRandom to make sure
@@ -31,13 +29,11 @@ rand = random.SystemRandom()
 
 
 def random_string(length):
-    return ''.join(rand.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(length))
+    return "".join(rand.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(length))
 
 
 def random_string_with_symbols(length):
-    return ''.join(
-        rand.choice(_string_with_symbols) for _ in range(length)
-    )
+    return "".join(rand.choice(_string_with_symbols) for _ in range(length))
 
 
 def is_ascii(s):
@@ -45,7 +41,7 @@ def is_ascii(s):
     if PY3:
         if isinstance(s, bytes):
             try:
-                s.decode('ascii').encode('ascii')
+                s.decode("ascii").encode("ascii")
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 return False
             except UnicodeEncodeError:
@@ -104,12 +100,12 @@ def exception_to_unicode(e):
     # and instead look at what is in the args member.
 
     if len(e.args) == 0:
-        return u""
+        return ""
     elif len(e.args) > 1:
         return six.text_type(repr(e.args))
 
     msg = e.args[0]
     if isinstance(msg, bytes):
-        return msg.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
+        return msg.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
     else:
         return msg
diff --git a/synapse/util/threepids.py b/synapse/util/threepids.py
index 75efa0117b..3ec1dfb0c2 100644
--- a/synapse/util/threepids.py
+++ b/synapse/util/threepids.py
@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@ def check_3pid_allowed(hs, medium, address):
         for constraint in hs.config.allowed_local_3pids:
             logger.debug(
                 "Checking 3PID %s (%s) against %s (%s)",
-                address, medium, constraint['pattern'], constraint['medium'],
+                address,
+                medium,
+                constraint["pattern"],
+                constraint["medium"],
             )
-            if (
-                medium == constraint['medium'] and
-                re.match(constraint['pattern'], address)
+            if medium == constraint["medium"] and re.match(
+                constraint["pattern"], address
             ):
                 return True
     else:
diff --git a/synapse/util/versionstring.py b/synapse/util/versionstring.py
index 3baba3225a..a4d9a462f7 100644
--- a/synapse/util/versionstring.py
+++ b/synapse/util/versionstring.py
@@ -23,44 +23,53 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 def get_version_string(module):
     try:
-        null = open(os.devnull, 'w')
+        null = open(os.devnull, "w")
         cwd = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(module.__file__))
         try:
-            git_branch = subprocess.check_output(
-                ['git', 'rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD'],
-                stderr=null,
-                cwd=cwd,
-            ).strip().decode('ascii')
+            git_branch = (
+                subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"], stderr=null, cwd=cwd
+                )
+                .strip()
+                .decode("ascii")
+            )
             git_branch = "b=" + git_branch
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
             git_branch = ""
 
         try:
-            git_tag = subprocess.check_output(
-                ['git', 'describe', '--exact-match'],
-                stderr=null,
-                cwd=cwd,
-            ).strip().decode('ascii')
+            git_tag = (
+                subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["git", "describe", "--exact-match"], stderr=null, cwd=cwd
+                )
+                .strip()
+                .decode("ascii")
+            )
             git_tag = "t=" + git_tag
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
             git_tag = ""
 
         try:
-            git_commit = subprocess.check_output(
-                ['git', 'rev-parse', '--short', 'HEAD'],
-                stderr=null,
-                cwd=cwd,
-            ).strip().decode('ascii')
+            git_commit = (
+                subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["git", "rev-parse", "--short", "HEAD"], stderr=null, cwd=cwd
+                )
+                .strip()
+                .decode("ascii")
+            )
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
             git_commit = ""
 
         try:
             dirty_string = "-this_is_a_dirty_checkout"
-            is_dirty = subprocess.check_output(
-                ['git', 'describe', '--dirty=' + dirty_string],
-                stderr=null,
-                cwd=cwd,
-            ).strip().decode('ascii').endswith(dirty_string)
+            is_dirty = (
+                subprocess.check_output(
+                    ["git", "describe", "--dirty=" + dirty_string], stderr=null, cwd=cwd
+                )
+                .strip()
+                .decode("ascii")
+                .endswith(dirty_string)
+            )
 
             git_dirty = "dirty" if is_dirty else ""
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
@@ -68,16 +77,10 @@ def get_version_string(module):
 
         if git_branch or git_tag or git_commit or git_dirty:
             git_version = ",".join(
-                s for s in
-                (git_branch, git_tag, git_commit, git_dirty,)
-                if s
+                s for s in (git_branch, git_tag, git_commit, git_dirty) if s
             )
 
-            return (
-                "%s (%s)" % (
-                    module.__version__, git_version,
-                )
-            )
+            return "%s (%s)" % (module.__version__, git_version)
     except Exception as e:
         logger.info("Failed to check for git repository: %s", e)
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py b/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py
index 7a9e45aca9..9bf6a44f75 100644
--- a/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py
+++ b/synapse/util/wheel_timer.py
@@ -69,9 +69,7 @@ class WheelTimer(object):
 
         # Add empty entries between the end of the current list and when we want
         # to insert. This ensures there are no gaps.
-        self.entries.extend(
-            _Entry(key) for key in range(last_key, then_key + 1)
-        )
+        self.entries.extend(_Entry(key) for key in range(last_key, then_key + 1))
 
         self.entries[-1].queue.append(obj)
 
diff --git a/synapse/visibility.py b/synapse/visibility.py
index 16c40cd74c..2a11c83596 100644
--- a/synapse/visibility.py
+++ b/synapse/visibility.py
@@ -29,12 +29,7 @@ from synapse.types import get_domain_from_id
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-VISIBILITY_PRIORITY = (
-    "world_readable",
-    "shared",
-    "invited",
-    "joined",
-)
+VISIBILITY_PRIORITY = ("world_readable", "shared", "invited", "joined")
 
 
 MEMBERSHIP_PRIORITY = (
@@ -47,8 +42,9 @@ MEMBERSHIP_PRIORITY = (
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def filter_events_for_client(store, user_id, events, is_peeking=False,
-                             always_include_ids=frozenset()):
+def filter_events_for_client(
+    store, user_id, events, is_peeking=False, always_include_ids=frozenset()
+):
     """
     Check which events a user is allowed to see
 
@@ -71,23 +67,21 @@ def filter_events_for_client(store, user_id, events, is_peeking=False,
     # to clients.
     events = list(e for e in events if not e.internal_metadata.is_soft_failed())
 
-    types = (
-        (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""),
-        (EventTypes.Member, user_id),
-    )
+    types = ((EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""), (EventTypes.Member, user_id))
     event_id_to_state = yield store.get_state_for_events(
         frozenset(e.event_id for e in events),
         state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(types),
     )
 
     ignore_dict_content = yield store.get_global_account_data_by_type_for_user(
-        "m.ignored_user_list", user_id,
+        "m.ignored_user_list", user_id
     )
 
     # FIXME: This will explode if people upload something incorrect.
     ignore_list = frozenset(
         ignore_dict_content.get("ignored_users", {}).keys()
-        if ignore_dict_content else []
+        if ignore_dict_content
+        else []
     )
 
     erased_senders = yield store.are_users_erased((e.sender for e in events))
@@ -185,9 +179,7 @@ def filter_events_for_client(store, user_id, events, is_peeking=False,
         elif visibility == "invited":
             # user can also see the event if they were *invited* at the time
             # of the event.
-            return (
-                event if membership == Membership.INVITE else None
-            )
+            return event if membership == Membership.INVITE else None
 
         elif visibility == "shared" and is_peeking:
             # if the visibility is shared, users cannot see the event unless
@@ -220,8 +212,9 @@ def filter_events_for_client(store, user_id, events, is_peeking=False,
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def filter_events_for_server(store, server_name, events, redact=True,
-                             check_history_visibility_only=False):
+def filter_events_for_server(
+    store, server_name, events, redact=True, check_history_visibility_only=False
+):
     """Filter a list of events based on whether given server is allowed to
     see them.
 
@@ -242,15 +235,12 @@ def filter_events_for_server(store, server_name, events, redact=True,
 
     def is_sender_erased(event, erased_senders):
         if erased_senders and erased_senders[event.sender]:
-            logger.info(
-                "Sender of %s has been erased, redacting",
-                event.event_id,
-            )
+            logger.info("Sender of %s has been erased, redacting", event.event_id)
             return True
         return False
 
     def check_event_is_visible(event, state):
-        history = state.get((EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ''), None)
+        history = state.get((EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""), None)
         if history:
             visibility = history.content.get("history_visibility", "shared")
             if visibility in ["invited", "joined"]:
@@ -287,8 +277,8 @@ def filter_events_for_server(store, server_name, events, redact=True,
     event_to_state_ids = yield store.get_state_ids_for_events(
         frozenset(e.event_id for e in events),
         state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(
-            types=((EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""),),
-        )
+            types=((EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""),)
+        ),
     )
 
     visibility_ids = set()
@@ -309,9 +299,7 @@ def filter_events_for_server(store, server_name, events, redact=True,
         )
 
     if not check_history_visibility_only:
-        erased_senders = yield store.are_users_erased(
-            (e.sender for e in events),
-        )
+        erased_senders = yield store.are_users_erased((e.sender for e in events))
     else:
         # We don't want to check whether users are erased, which is equivalent
         # to no users having been erased.
@@ -343,11 +331,8 @@ def filter_events_for_server(store, server_name, events, redact=True,
     event_to_state_ids = yield store.get_state_ids_for_events(
         frozenset(e.event_id for e in events),
         state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(
-            types=(
-                (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""),
-                (EventTypes.Member, None),
-            ),
-        )
+            types=((EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""), (EventTypes.Member, None))
+        ),
     )
 
     # We only want to pull out member events that correspond to the
@@ -371,13 +356,15 @@ def filter_events_for_server(store, server_name, events, redact=True,
         idx = state_key.find(":")
         if idx == -1:
             return False
-        return state_key[idx + 1:] == server_name
-
-    event_map = yield store.get_events([
-        e_id
-        for e_id, key in iteritems(event_id_to_state_key)
-        if include(key[0], key[1])
-    ])
+        return state_key[idx + 1 :] == server_name
+
+    event_map = yield store.get_events(
+        [
+            e_id
+            for e_id, key in iteritems(event_id_to_state_key)
+            if include(key[0], key[1])
+        ]
+    )
 
     event_to_state = {
         e_id: {
diff --git a/tests/api/test_auth.py b/tests/api/test_auth.py
index d0d36f96fa..d4e75b5b2e 100644
--- a/tests/api/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/api/test_auth.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         self.assertEquals(
-            requester.user.to_string(), masquerading_user_id.decode('utf8')
+            requester.user.to_string(), masquerading_user_id.decode("utf8")
         )
 
     def test_get_user_by_req_appservice_valid_token_bad_user_id(self):
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # check the token works
         request = Mock(args={})
-        request.args[b"access_token"] = [token.encode('ascii')]
+        request.args[b"access_token"] = [token.encode("ascii")]
         request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         self.assertEqual(UserID.from_string(USER_ID), requester.user)
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # the token should *not* work now
         request = Mock(args={})
-        request.args[b"access_token"] = [guest_tok.encode('ascii')]
+        request.args[b"access_token"] = [guest_tok.encode("ascii")]
         request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
 
         with self.assertRaises(AuthError) as cm:
@@ -321,11 +321,11 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = True
         self.hs.config.max_mau_value = 1
         self.store.get_monthly_active_count = lambda: defer.succeed(2)
-        threepid = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'reserved@server.com'}
-        unknown_threepid = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'unreserved@server.com'}
+        threepid = {"medium": "email", "address": "reserved@server.com"}
+        unknown_threepid = {"medium": "email", "address": "unreserved@server.com"}
         self.hs.config.mau_limits_reserved_threepids = [threepid]
 
-        yield self.store.register(user_id='user1', token="123", password_hash=None)
+        yield self.store.register(user_id="user1", token="123", password_hash=None)
         with self.assertRaises(ResourceLimitError):
             yield self.auth.check_auth_blocking()
 
diff --git a/tests/config/test_server.py b/tests/config/test_server.py
index de64965a60..1ca5ea54ca 100644
--- a/tests/config/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/config/test_server.py
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ from tests import unittest
 
 class ServerConfigTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_is_threepid_reserved(self):
-        user1 = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'user1@example.com'}
-        user2 = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'user2@example.com'}
-        user3 = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'user3@example.com'}
-        user1_msisdn = {'medium': 'msisdn', 'address': '447700000000'}
+        user1 = {"medium": "email", "address": "user1@example.com"}
+        user2 = {"medium": "email", "address": "user2@example.com"}
+        user3 = {"medium": "email", "address": "user3@example.com"}
+        user1_msisdn = {"medium": "msisdn", "address": "447700000000"}
         config = [user1, user2]
 
         self.assertTrue(is_threepid_reserved(config, user1))
diff --git a/tests/config/test_tls.py b/tests/config/test_tls.py
index 40ca428778..0cbbf4e885 100644
--- a/tests/config/test_tls.py
+++ b/tests/config/test_tls.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TLSConfigTests(TestCase):
         """
         config_dir = self.mktemp()
         os.mkdir(config_dir)
-        with open(os.path.join(config_dir, "cert.pem"), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(config_dir, "cert.pem"), "w") as f:
             f.write(
                 """-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIID6DCCAtACAws9CjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCBtzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVFIxDzAN
diff --git a/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py b/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py
index 71aa731439..126e176004 100644
--- a/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py
+++ b/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py
@@ -41,25 +41,25 @@ class EventSigningTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_sign_minimal(self):
         event_dict = {
-            'event_id': "$0:domain",
-            'origin': "domain",
-            'origin_server_ts': 1000000,
-            'signatures': {},
-            'type': "X",
-            'unsigned': {'age_ts': 1000000},
+            "event_id": "$0:domain",
+            "origin": "domain",
+            "origin_server_ts": 1000000,
+            "signatures": {},
+            "type": "X",
+            "unsigned": {"age_ts": 1000000},
         }
 
         add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, HOSTNAME, self.signing_key)
 
         event = FrozenEvent(event_dict)
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'hashes'))
-        self.assertIn('sha256', event.hashes)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "hashes"))
+        self.assertIn("sha256", event.hashes)
         self.assertEquals(
-            event.hashes['sha256'], "6tJjLpXtggfke8UxFhAKg82QVkJzvKOVOOSjUDK4ZSI"
+            event.hashes["sha256"], "6tJjLpXtggfke8UxFhAKg82QVkJzvKOVOOSjUDK4ZSI"
         )
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'signatures'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "signatures"))
         self.assertIn(HOSTNAME, event.signatures)
         self.assertIn(KEY_NAME, event.signatures["domain"])
         self.assertEquals(
@@ -70,28 +70,28 @@ class EventSigningTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_sign_message(self):
         event_dict = {
-            'content': {'body': "Here is the message content"},
-            'event_id': "$0:domain",
-            'origin': "domain",
-            'origin_server_ts': 1000000,
-            'type': "m.room.message",
-            'room_id': "!r:domain",
-            'sender': "@u:domain",
-            'signatures': {},
-            'unsigned': {'age_ts': 1000000},
+            "content": {"body": "Here is the message content"},
+            "event_id": "$0:domain",
+            "origin": "domain",
+            "origin_server_ts": 1000000,
+            "type": "m.room.message",
+            "room_id": "!r:domain",
+            "sender": "@u:domain",
+            "signatures": {},
+            "unsigned": {"age_ts": 1000000},
         }
 
         add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, HOSTNAME, self.signing_key)
 
         event = FrozenEvent(event_dict)
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'hashes'))
-        self.assertIn('sha256', event.hashes)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "hashes"))
+        self.assertIn("sha256", event.hashes)
         self.assertEquals(
-            event.hashes['sha256'], "onLKD1bGljeBWQhWZ1kaP9SorVmRQNdN5aM2JYU2n/g"
+            event.hashes["sha256"], "onLKD1bGljeBWQhWZ1kaP9SorVmRQNdN5aM2JYU2n/g"
         )
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'signatures'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "signatures"))
         self.assertIn(HOSTNAME, event.signatures)
         self.assertIn(KEY_NAME, event.signatures["domain"])
         self.assertEquals(
diff --git a/tests/events/test_utils.py b/tests/events/test_utils.py
index d0cc492deb..9e3d4d0f47 100644
--- a/tests/events/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/events/test_utils.py
@@ -37,88 +37,88 @@ class PruneEventTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_minimal(self):
         self.run_test(
-            {'type': 'A', 'event_id': '$test:domain'},
+            {"type": "A", "event_id": "$test:domain"},
             {
-                'type': 'A',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "A",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
     def test_basic_keys(self):
         self.run_test(
             {
-                'type': 'A',
-                'room_id': '!1:domain',
-                'sender': '@2:domain',
-                'event_id': '$3:domain',
-                'origin': 'domain',
+                "type": "A",
+                "room_id": "!1:domain",
+                "sender": "@2:domain",
+                "event_id": "$3:domain",
+                "origin": "domain",
             },
             {
-                'type': 'A',
-                'room_id': '!1:domain',
-                'sender': '@2:domain',
-                'event_id': '$3:domain',
-                'origin': 'domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "A",
+                "room_id": "!1:domain",
+                "sender": "@2:domain",
+                "event_id": "$3:domain",
+                "origin": "domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
     def test_unsigned_age_ts(self):
         self.run_test(
-            {'type': 'B', 'event_id': '$test:domain', 'unsigned': {'age_ts': 20}},
+            {"type": "B", "event_id": "$test:domain", "unsigned": {"age_ts": 20}},
             {
-                'type': 'B',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {'age_ts': 20},
+                "type": "B",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {"age_ts": 20},
             },
         )
 
         self.run_test(
             {
-                'type': 'B',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'unsigned': {'other_key': 'here'},
+                "type": "B",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "unsigned": {"other_key": "here"},
             },
             {
-                'type': 'B',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "B",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
     def test_content(self):
         self.run_test(
-            {'type': 'C', 'event_id': '$test:domain', 'content': {'things': 'here'}},
+            {"type": "C", "event_id": "$test:domain", "content": {"things": "here"}},
             {
-                'type': 'C',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "C",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
         self.run_test(
             {
-                'type': 'm.room.create',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {'creator': '@2:domain', 'other_field': 'here'},
+                "type": "m.room.create",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {"creator": "@2:domain", "other_field": "here"},
             },
             {
-                'type': 'm.room.create',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {'creator': '@2:domain'},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "m.room.create",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {"creator": "@2:domain"},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/federation/test_complexity.py b/tests/federation/test_complexity.py
index 1e3e5aec66..a5b03005d7 100644
--- a/tests/federation/test_complexity.py
+++ b/tests/federation/test_complexity.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class RoomComplexityTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         login.register_servlets,
     ]
 
-    def default_config(self, name='test'):
+    def default_config(self, name="test"):
         config = super(RoomComplexityTests, self).default_config(name=name)
         config["limit_large_remote_room_joins"] = True
         config["limit_large_remote_room_complexity"] = 0.05
diff --git a/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py b/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py
index 7bb106b5f7..cce8d8c6de 100644
--- a/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py
+++ b/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py
@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ class FederationSenderTestCases(HomeserverTestCase):
         json_cb = mock_send_transaction.call_args[0][1]
         data = json_cb()
         self.assertEqual(
-            data['edus'],
+            data["edus"],
             [
                 {
-                    'edu_type': 'm.receipt',
-                    'content': {
-                        'room_id': {
-                            'm.read': {
-                                'user_id': {
-                                    'event_ids': ['event_id'],
-                                    'data': {'ts': 1234},
+                    "edu_type": "m.receipt",
+                    "content": {
+                        "room_id": {
+                            "m.read": {
+                                "user_id": {
+                                    "event_ids": ["event_id"],
+                                    "data": {"ts": 1234},
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -93,16 +93,16 @@ class FederationSenderTestCases(HomeserverTestCase):
         json_cb = mock_send_transaction.call_args[0][1]
         data = json_cb()
         self.assertEqual(
-            data['edus'],
+            data["edus"],
             [
                 {
-                    'edu_type': 'm.receipt',
-                    'content': {
-                        'room_id': {
-                            'm.read': {
-                                'user_id': {
-                                    'event_ids': ['event_id'],
-                                    'data': {'ts': 1234},
+                    "edu_type": "m.receipt",
+                    "content": {
+                        "room_id": {
+                            "m.read": {
+                                "user_id": {
+                                    "event_ids": ["event_id"],
+                                    "data": {"ts": 1234},
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -128,16 +128,16 @@ class FederationSenderTestCases(HomeserverTestCase):
         json_cb = mock_send_transaction.call_args[0][1]
         data = json_cb()
         self.assertEqual(
-            data['edus'],
+            data["edus"],
             [
                 {
-                    'edu_type': 'm.receipt',
-                    'content': {
-                        'room_id': {
-                            'm.read': {
-                                'user_id': {
-                                    'event_ids': ['other_id'],
-                                    'data': {'ts': 1234},
+                    "edu_type": "m.receipt",
+                    "content": {
+                        "room_id": {
+                            "m.read": {
+                                "user_id": {
+                                    "event_ids": ["other_id"],
+                                    "data": {"ts": 1234},
                                 }
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_auth.py b/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
index 1e39fe0ec2..b204a0700d 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_mau_limits_disabled(self):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = False
         # Ensure does not throw exception
-        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         yield self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token_and_get_user_id(
             self._get_macaroon().serialize()
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         )
 
         with self.assertRaises(ResourceLimitError):
-            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.large_number_of_users)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
         )
         with self.assertRaises(ResourceLimitError):
-            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
         )
-        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
         self.hs.get_datastore().user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.get_clock().time_msec())
         )
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.small_number_of_users)
         )
         # Ensure does not raise exception
-        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.small_number_of_users)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_directory.py b/tests/handlers/test_directory.py
index 917548bb31..91c7a17070 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_directory.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_directory.py
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class TestCreateAliasACL(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
             b"directory/room/%23test%3Atest",
-            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode('ascii'),
+            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode("ascii"),
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(403, channel.code, channel.result)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class TestCreateAliasACL(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
             b"directory/room/%23unofficial_test%3Atest",
-            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode('ascii'),
+            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode("ascii"),
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.result)
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TestRoomListSearchDisabled(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id)
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode('ascii'),), b'{}'
+            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode("ascii"),), b"{}"
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.result)
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class TestRoomListSearchDisabled(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Room list disabled so we shouldn't be allowed to publish rooms
         room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode('ascii'),), b'{}'
+            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode("ascii"),), b"{}"
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(403, channel.code, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py b/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
index 2e72a1dd23..c4503c1611 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -395,37 +395,37 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandlerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, room_keys)
 
         new_room_keys = copy.deepcopy(room_keys)
-        new_room_key = new_room_keys['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']
+        new_room_key = new_room_keys["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]
 
         # test that increasing the message_index doesn't replace the existing session
-        new_room_key['first_message_index'] = 2
-        new_room_key['session_data'] = 'new'
+        new_room_key["first_message_index"] = 2
+        new_room_key["session_data"] = "new"
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, new_room_keys)
 
         res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']['session_data'],
+            res["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]["session_data"],
             "SSBBTSBBIEZJU0gK",
         )
 
         # test that marking the session as verified however /does/ replace it
-        new_room_key['is_verified'] = True
+        new_room_key["is_verified"] = True
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, new_room_keys)
 
         res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']['session_data'], "new"
+            res["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]["session_data"], "new"
         )
 
         # test that a session with a higher forwarded_count doesn't replace one
         # with a lower forwarding count
-        new_room_key['forwarded_count'] = 2
-        new_room_key['session_data'] = 'other'
+        new_room_key["forwarded_count"] = 2
+        new_room_key["session_data"] = "other"
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, new_room_keys)
 
         res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']['session_data'], "new"
+            res["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]["session_data"], "new"
         )
 
         # TODO: check edge cases as well as the common variations here
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_register.py b/tests/handlers/test_register.py
index 5ffba2ca7a..4edce7af43 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_register.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.mock_distributor.declare("registered_user")
         self.mock_captcha_client = Mock()
         self.macaroon_generator = Mock(
-            generate_access_token=Mock(return_value='secret')
+            generate_access_token=Mock(return_value="secret")
         )
         self.hs.get_macaroon_generator = Mock(return_value=self.macaroon_generator)
         self.handler = self.hs.get_registration_handler()
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEquals(result_user_id, user_id)
         self.assertTrue(result_token is not None)
-        self.assertEquals(result_token, 'secret')
+        self.assertEquals(result_token, "secret")
 
     def test_if_user_exists(self):
         store = self.hs.get_datastore()
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = False
         # Ensure does not throw exception
         self.get_success(
-            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'a', "display_name")
+            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "a", "display_name")
         )
 
     def test_get_or_create_user_mau_not_blocked(self):
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value - 1)
         )
         # Ensure does not throw exception
-        self.get_success(self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'c', "User"))
+        self.get_success(self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "c", "User"))
 
     def test_get_or_create_user_mau_blocked(self):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = True
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.lots_of_users)
         )
         self.get_failure(
-            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'b', "display_name"),
+            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "b", "display_name"),
             ResourceLimitError,
         )
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
         )
         self.get_failure(
-            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'b', "display_name"),
+            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "b", "display_name"),
             ResourceLimitError,
         )
 
@@ -144,13 +144,13 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_auto_create_auto_join_rooms(self):
         room_alias_str = "#room:test"
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = [room_alias_str]
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='jeff'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="jeff"))
         rooms = self.get_success(self.store.get_rooms_for_user(res[0]))
         directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
         room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(room_alias_str)
         room_id = self.get_success(directory_handler.get_association(room_alias))
 
-        self.assertTrue(room_id['room_id'] in rooms)
+        self.assertTrue(room_id["room_id"] in rooms)
         self.assertEqual(len(rooms), 1)
 
     def test_auto_create_auto_join_rooms_with_no_rooms(self):
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.config.autocreate_auto_join_rooms = False
         room_alias_str = "#room:test"
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = [room_alias_str]
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='jeff'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="jeff"))
         rooms = self.get_success(self.store.get_rooms_for_user(res[0]))
         self.assertEqual(len(rooms), 0)
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = [room_alias_str]
 
         self.store.is_support_user = Mock(return_value=True)
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='support'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="support"))
         rooms = self.get_success(self.store.get_rooms_for_user(res[0]))
         self.assertEqual(len(rooms), 0)
         directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # When:-
         #   * the user is registered and post consent actions are called
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='jeff'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="jeff"))
         self.get_success(self.handler.post_consent_actions(res[0]))
 
         # Then:-
@@ -221,17 +221,14 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_register_support_user(self):
         res = self.get_success(
-            self.handler.register(localpart='user', user_type=UserTypes.SUPPORT)
+            self.handler.register(localpart="user", user_type=UserTypes.SUPPORT)
         )
         self.assertTrue(self.store.is_support_user(res[0]))
 
     def test_register_not_support_user(self):
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='user'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="user"))
         self.assertFalse(self.store.is_support_user(res[0]))
 
     def test_invalid_user_id_length(self):
         invalid_user_id = "x" * 256
-        self.get_failure(
-            self.handler.register(localpart=invalid_user_id),
-            SynapseError
-        )
+        self.get_failure(self.handler.register(localpart=invalid_user_id), SynapseError)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_stats.py b/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
index 2710c991cf..a8b858eb4f 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
@@ -265,10 +265,7 @@ class StatsRoomTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         while not self.get_success(self.store.has_completed_background_updates()):
             self.get_success(self.store.do_next_background_update(100), by=0.1)
 
-        events = {
-            "a1": None,
-            "a2": {"membership": Membership.JOIN},
-        }
+        events = {"a1": None, "a2": {"membership": Membership.JOIN}}
 
         def get_event(event_id, allow_none=True):
             if events.get(event_id):
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_typing.py b/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
index cb8b4d2913..5d5e324df2 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _expect_edu_transaction(edu_type, content, origin="test"):
 
 
 def _make_edu_transaction_json(edu_type, content):
-    return json.dumps(_expect_edu_transaction(edu_type, content)).encode('utf8')
+    return json.dumps(_expect_edu_transaction(edu_type, content)).encode("utf8")
 
 
 class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 1)
         events = self.event_source.get_new_events(room_ids=[ROOM_ID], from_key=0)
@@ -209,12 +209,12 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                     "typing": True,
                 },
             ),
-            federation_auth_origin=b'farm',
+            federation_auth_origin=b"farm",
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 1)
         events = self.event_source.get_new_events(room_ids=[ROOM_ID], from_key=0)
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         put_json = self.hs.get_http_client().put_json
         put_json.assert_called_once_with(
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
         self.on_new_event.reset_mock()
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 1)
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.reactor.pump([16])
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 2, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 2, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 2)
         events = self.event_source.get_new_events(room_ids=[ROOM_ID], from_key=1)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 3, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 3, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
         self.on_new_event.reset_mock()
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 3)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py b/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py
index 9021e647fe..b135486c48 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py
@@ -60,15 +60,15 @@ class UserDirectoryTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         profile = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_in_directory(support_user_id))
         self.assertTrue(profile is None)
-        display_name = 'display_name'
+        display_name = "display_name"
 
-        profile_info = ProfileInfo(avatar_url='avatar_url', display_name=display_name)
-        regular_user_id = '@regular:test'
+        profile_info = ProfileInfo(avatar_url="avatar_url", display_name=display_name)
+        regular_user_id = "@regular:test"
         self.get_success(
             self.handler.handle_local_profile_change(regular_user_id, profile_info)
         )
         profile = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_in_directory(regular_user_id))
-        self.assertTrue(profile['display_name'] == display_name)
+        self.assertTrue(profile["display_name"] == display_name)
 
     def test_handle_user_deactivated_support_user(self):
         s_user_id = "@support:test"
diff --git a/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py b/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py
index ecce473b01..b1094c1448 100644
--- a/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py
+++ b/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py
@@ -53,13 +53,15 @@ def get_connection_factory():
     # this needs to happen once, but not until we are ready to run the first test
     global test_server_connection_factory
     if test_server_connection_factory is None:
-        test_server_connection_factory = TestServerTLSConnectionFactory(sanlist=[
-            b'DNS:testserv',
-            b'DNS:target-server',
-            b'DNS:xn--bcher-kva.com',
-            b'IP:1.2.3.4',
-            b'IP:::1',
-        ])
+        test_server_connection_factory = TestServerTLSConnectionFactory(
+            sanlist=[
+                b"DNS:testserv",
+                b"DNS:target-server",
+                b"DNS:xn--bcher-kva.com",
+                b"IP:1.2.3.4",
+                b"IP:::1",
+            ]
+        )
     return test_server_connection_factory
 
 
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         Sends a simple GET request via the agent, and checks its logcontext management
         """
         with LoggingContext("one") as context:
-            fetch_d = self.agent.request(b'GET', uri)
+            fetch_d = self.agent.request(b"GET", uri)
 
             # Nothing happened yet
             self.assertNoResult(fetch_d)
@@ -177,9 +179,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         """Check that an incoming request looks like a valid .well-known request, and
         send back the response.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/.well-known/matrix/server')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/.well-known/matrix/server")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
         # send back a response
         for k, v in headers.items():
             request.setHeader(k, v)
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -210,20 +212,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv:8448']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv:8448"]
         )
         content = request.content.read()
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"")
 
         # Deferred is still without a result
         self.assertNoResult(test_d)
 
         # send the headers
-        request.responseHeaders.setRawHeaders(b'Content-Type', [b'application/json'])
-        request.write('')
+        request.responseHeaders.setRawHeaders(b"Content-Type", [b"application/json"])
+        request.write("")
 
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
 
@@ -233,7 +235,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
 
         # Send the body
-        request.write('{ "a": 1 }'.encode('ascii'))
+        request.write('{ "a": 1 }'.encode("ascii"))
         request.finish()
 
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -266,9 +268,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'1.2.3.4'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"1.2.3.4"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '::1')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "::1")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -301,9 +303,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'[::1]'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"[::1]"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -328,7 +330,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '::1')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "::1")
         self.assertEqual(port, 80)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -336,9 +338,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'[::1]:80'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"[::1]:80"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -364,7 +366,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         # fonx the connection
@@ -382,11 +384,11 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # we should fall back to a direct connection
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv1')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv1")
 
         # there should be no requests
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 0)
@@ -413,7 +415,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.5')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.5")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -447,7 +449,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         # fonx the connection
@@ -465,17 +467,17 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # we should fall back to a direct connection
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -499,7 +501,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self._handle_well_known_connection(
@@ -516,20 +518,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # now we should get a connection to the target server
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1::f')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1::f")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'target-server'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"target-server"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'target-server']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"target-server"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -561,7 +563,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         redirect_server = self._make_connection(
@@ -571,7 +573,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # send a 302 redirect
         self.assertEqual(len(redirect_server.requests), 1)
         request = redirect_server.requests[0]
-        request.redirect(b'https://testserv/even_better_known')
+        request.redirect(b"https://testserv/even_better_known")
         request.finish()
 
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
@@ -580,7 +582,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         well_known_server = self._make_connection(
@@ -589,8 +591,8 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(well_known_server.requests), 1, "No request after 302")
         request = well_known_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/even_better_known')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/even_better_known")
         request.write(b'{ "m.server": "target-server" }')
         request.finish()
 
@@ -604,20 +606,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # now we should get a connection to the target server
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1::f')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1::f")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'target-server'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"target-server"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'target-server']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"target-server"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -652,11 +654,11 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self._handle_well_known_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv", content=b'NOT JSON'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv", content=b"NOT JSON"
         )
 
         # now there should be a SRV lookup
@@ -667,17 +669,17 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # we should fall back to a direct connection
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -712,12 +714,10 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
-        http_proto = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv",
-        )
+        http_proto = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         # there should be no requests
         self.assertEqual(len(http_proto.requests), 0)
@@ -750,17 +750,17 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8443)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self.mock_resolver.resolve_service.side_effect = lambda _: [
@@ -804,20 +804,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # now we should get a connection to the target of the SRV record
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '5.6.7.8')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "5.6.7.8")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8443)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'target-server'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"target-server"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'target-server']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"target-server"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         # fonx the connection
@@ -865,20 +865,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'xn--bcher-kva.com'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"xn--bcher-kva.com"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'xn--bcher-kva.com']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"xn--bcher-kva.com"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -907,20 +907,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8443)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'xn--bcher-kva.com'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"xn--bcher-kva.com"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'xn--bcher-kva.com']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"xn--bcher-kva.com"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -941,42 +941,42 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
     def test_well_known_cache(self):
         self.reactor.lookups["testserv"] = "1.2.3.4"
 
-        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b'testserv')
+        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b"testserv")
 
         # there should be an attempt to connect on port 443 for the .well-known
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop(0)
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         well_known_server = self._handle_well_known_connection(
             client_factory,
             expected_sni=b"testserv",
-            response_headers={b'Cache-Control': b'max-age=10'},
+            response_headers={b"Cache-Control": b"max-age=10"},
             content=b'{ "m.server": "target-server" }',
         )
 
         r = self.successResultOf(fetch_d)
-        self.assertEqual(r, b'target-server')
+        self.assertEqual(r, b"target-server")
 
         # close the tcp connection
         well_known_server.loseConnection()
 
         # repeat the request: it should hit the cache
-        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b'testserv')
+        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b"testserv")
         r = self.successResultOf(fetch_d)
-        self.assertEqual(r, b'target-server')
+        self.assertEqual(r, b"target-server")
 
         # expire the cache
         self.reactor.pump((10.0,))
 
         # now it should connect again
-        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b'testserv')
+        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop(0)
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self._handle_well_known_connection(
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         r = self.successResultOf(fetch_d)
-        self.assertEqual(r, b'other-server')
+        self.assertEqual(r, b"other-server")
 
 
 class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
@@ -994,27 +994,27 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
         # uppercase
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'foo, Max-Age = 100, bar']})
+                Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"foo, Max-Age = 100, bar"]})
             ),
             100,
         )
 
         # missing value
         self.assertIsNone(
-            _cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'max-age=, bar']}))
+            _cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"max-age=, bar"]}))
         )
 
         # hackernews: bogus due to semicolon
         self.assertIsNone(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'private; max-age=0']})
+                Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"private; max-age=0"]})
             )
         )
 
         # github
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate']})
+                Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"]})
             ),
             0,
         )
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
         # google
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'cache-control': [b'private, max-age=0']})
+                Headers({b"cache-control": [b"private, max-age=0"]})
             ),
             0,
         )
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
     def test_expires(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Expires': [b'Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT']}),
+                Headers({b"Expires": [b"Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT"]}),
                 time_now=lambda: 1548833700,
             ),
             33,
@@ -1041,8 +1041,8 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
             _cache_period_from_headers(
                 Headers(
                     {
-                        b'cache-control': [b'max-age=10'],
-                        b'Expires': [b'Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT'],
+                        b"cache-control": [b"max-age=10"],
+                        b"Expires": [b"Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT"],
                     }
                 ),
                 time_now=lambda: 1548833700,
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
         )
 
         # invalid expires means immediate expiry
-        self.assertEqual(_cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b'Expires': [b'0']})), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(_cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b"Expires": [b"0"]})), 0)
 
 
 def _check_logcontext(context):
diff --git a/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py b/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py
index 034c0db8d2..cf6c6e95b5 100644
--- a/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py
+++ b/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class SrvResolverTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_from_cache(self):
         clock = MockClock()
 
-        dns_client_mock = Mock(spec_set=['lookupService'])
+        dns_client_mock = Mock(spec_set=["lookupService"])
         dns_client_mock.lookupService = Mock(spec_set=[])
 
         service_name = b"test_service.example.com"
diff --git a/tests/http/test_endpoint.py b/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
index 3b0155ed03..b2e9533b07 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ from tests import unittest
 class ServerNameTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parse_server_name(self):
         test_data = {
-            'localhost': ('localhost', None),
-            'my-example.com:1234': ('my-example.com', 1234),
-            '1.2.3.4': ('1.2.3.4', None),
-            '[0abc:1def::1234]': ('[0abc:1def::1234]', None),
-            '1.2.3.4:1': ('1.2.3.4', 1),
-            '[0abc:1def::1234]:8080': ('[0abc:1def::1234]', 8080),
+            "localhost": ("localhost", None),
+            "my-example.com:1234": ("my-example.com", 1234),
+            "1.2.3.4": ("1.2.3.4", None),
+            "[0abc:1def::1234]": ("[0abc:1def::1234]", None),
+            "1.2.3.4:1": ("1.2.3.4", 1),
+            "[0abc:1def::1234]:8080": ("[0abc:1def::1234]", 8080),
         }
 
         for i, o in test_data.items():
diff --git a/tests/http/test_fedclient.py b/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
index ee767f3a5a..c4c0d9b968 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8008)
 
         # complete the connection and wire it up to a fake transport
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertNoResult(test_d)
 
         # Send it the HTTP response
-        res_json = '{ "a": 1 }'.encode('ascii')
+        res_json = '{ "a": 1 }'.encode("ascii")
         protocol.dataReceived(
             b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
             b"Server: Fake\r\n"
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8008)
         e = Exception("go away")
         factory.clientConnectionFailed(None, e)
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make sure treq is trying to connect
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(clients[0][1], 8008)
 
         # Deferred is still without a result
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make sure treq is trying to connect
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(clients[0][1], 8008)
 
         conn = Mock()
@@ -215,10 +215,9 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         """Ensure that Synapse does not try to connect to blacklisted IPs"""
 
         # Set up the ip_range blacklist
-        self.hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist = IPSet([
-            "127.0.0.0/8",
-            "fe80::/64",
-        ])
+        self.hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist = IPSet(
+            ["127.0.0.0/8", "fe80::/64"]
+        )
         self.reactor.lookups["internal"] = "127.0.0.1"
         self.reactor.lookups["internalv6"] = "fe80:0:0:0:0:8a2e:370:7337"
         self.reactor.lookups["fine"] = "10.20.30.40"
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
             b"Content-Type: application/json\r\n"
             b"Content-Length: 2\r\n"
             b"\r\n"
-            b'{}'
+            b"{}"
         )
 
         # We should get a successful response
diff --git a/tests/push/test_email.py b/tests/push/test_email.py
index 72760a0733..358b593cd4 100644
--- a/tests/push/test_email.py
+++ b/tests/push/test_email.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         config["email"] = {
             "enable_notifs": True,
             "template_dir": os.path.abspath(
-                pkg_resources.resource_filename('synapse', 'res/templates')
+                pkg_resources.resource_filename("synapse", "res/templates")
             ),
             "expiry_template_html": "notice_expiry.html",
             "expiry_template_text": "notice_expiry.txt",
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Create a simple room with two users
         room = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.access_token)
         self.helper.invite(
-            room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=self.others[0].id,
+            room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=self.others[0].id
         )
         self.helper.join(room=room, user=self.others[0].id, tok=self.others[0].token)
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
 
         for other in self.others:
             self.helper.invite(
-                room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=other.id,
+                room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=other.id
             )
             self.helper.join(room=room, user=other.id, tok=other.token)
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py b/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py
index e5fc2fcd15..5877bb2133 100644
--- a/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py
+++ b/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from tests import unittest
 
 
 class VersionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-    url = '/_synapse/admin/v1/server_version'
+    url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/server_version"
 
     def create_test_json_resource(self):
         resource = JsonResource(self.hs)
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class VersionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual(
-            {'server_version', 'python_version'}, set(channel.json_body.keys())
+            {"server_version", "python_version"}, set(channel.json_body.keys())
         )
 
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver()
 
-        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = u"shared"
+        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = "shared"
 
         self.hs.get_media_repository = Mock()
         self.hs.get_deactivate_account_handler = Mock()
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = None
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, b'{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, b"{}")
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual(
-            'Shared secret registration is not enabled', channel.json_body["error"]
+            "Shared secret registration is not enabled", channel.json_body["error"]
         )
 
     def test_get_nonce(self):
@@ -118,20 +118,20 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.reactor.advance(59)
 
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('username must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("username must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # 61 seconds
         self.reactor.advance(2)
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('unrecognised nonce', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("unrecognised nonce", channel.json_body["error"])
 
     def test_register_incorrect_nonce(self):
         """
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(403, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
         want_mac.update(
-            nonce.encode('ascii') + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin\x00support"
+            nonce.encode("ascii") + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin\x00support"
         )
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
-        want_mac.update(nonce.encode('ascii') + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin")
+        want_mac.update(nonce.encode("ascii") + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin")
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
         body = json.dumps(
@@ -212,18 +212,18 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual("@bob:test", channel.json_body["user_id"])
 
         # Now, try and reuse it
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('unrecognised nonce', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("unrecognised nonce", channel.json_body["error"])
 
     def test_missing_parts(self):
         """
@@ -243,11 +243,11 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('nonce must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("nonce must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         #
         # Username checks
@@ -255,35 +255,35 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce()})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('username must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("username must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must be a string
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": 1234})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid username", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
-        body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": u"abcd\u0000"})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "abcd\u0000"})
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid username", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a" * 1000})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid username", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         #
         # Password checks
@@ -291,37 +291,35 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a"})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('password must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("password must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must be a string
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": 1234})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid password", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
-        body = json.dumps(
-            {"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": u"abcd\u0000"}
-        )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": "abcd\u0000"})
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid password", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Super long
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": "A" * 1000})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid password", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         #
         # user_type check
@@ -336,11 +334,11 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "user_type": "invalid",
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid user type', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid user type", channel.json_body["error"])
 
 
 class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -396,7 +394,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "admin/shutdown_room/" + room_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             json.dumps({"new_room_user_id": self.admin_user}),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
         )
@@ -421,7 +419,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "rooms/%s/state/m.room.history_visibility" % (room_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             json.dumps({"history_visibility": "world_readable"}),
             access_token=self.other_user_token,
         )
@@ -432,7 +430,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "admin/shutdown_room/" + room_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             json.dumps({"new_room_user_id": self.admin_user}),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
         )
@@ -449,7 +447,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "rooms/%s/initialSync" % (room_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
+            "GET", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -458,7 +456,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "events?timeout=0&room_id=" + room_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
+            "GET", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -486,7 +484,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Create a new group
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/create_group".encode('ascii'),
+            "/create_group".encode("ascii"),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
             content={"localpart": "test"},
         )
@@ -502,14 +500,14 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "/groups/%s/admin/users/invite/%s" % (group_id, self.other_user)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok, content={}
+            "PUT", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok, content={}
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
 
         url = "/groups/%s/self/accept_invite" % (group_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.other_user_token, content={}
+            "PUT", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.other_user_token, content={}
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
@@ -522,7 +520,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "/admin/delete_group/" + group_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
             content={"localpart": "test"},
         )
@@ -544,7 +542,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "/groups/%s/profile" % (group_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
+            "GET", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
         )
 
         self.render(request)
@@ -556,7 +554,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """Returns the list of groups the user is in (given their access token)
         """
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", "/joined_groups".encode('ascii'), access_token=access_token
+            "GET", "/joined_groups".encode("ascii"), access_token=access_token
         )
 
         self.render(request)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py b/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
index efc5a99db3..6803b372ac 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make some temporary templates...
         temp_consent_path = self.mktemp()
         os.mkdir(temp_consent_path)
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, 'en'))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en"))
 
         config["user_consent"] = {
             "version": "1",
             "template_dir": os.path.abspath(temp_consent_path),
         }
 
-        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/1.html"), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/1.html"), "w") as f:
             f.write("{{version}},{{has_consented}}")
 
-        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/success.html"), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/success.html"), "w") as f:
             f.write("yay!")
 
         hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
         # Get the version from the body, and whether we've consented
-        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode('ascii').split(",")
+        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode("ascii").split(",")
         self.assertEqual(consented, "False")
 
         # POST to the consent page, saying we've agreed
@@ -111,6 +111,6 @@ class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Get the version from the body, and check that it's the version we
         # agreed to, and that we've consented to it.
-        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode('ascii').split(",")
+        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode("ascii").split(",")
         self.assertEqual(consented, "True")
         self.assertEqual(version, "1")
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py b/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py
index 68949307d9..c973521907 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class IdentityTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             "address": "test@example.com",
         }
         request_data = json.dumps(params)
-        request_url = ("/rooms/%s/invite" % (room_id)).encode('ascii')
+        request_url = ("/rooms/%s/invite" % (room_id)).encode("ascii")
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             b"POST", request_url, request_data, access_token=tok
         )
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py
index 72c7ed93cb..dff9b2f10c 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_set_displayname(self):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner, ),
+            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner,),
             content=json.dumps({"displayname": "test"}),
             access_token=self.owner_tok,
         )
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """Attempts to set a stupid displayname should get a 400"""
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner, ),
+            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner,),
             content=json.dumps({"displayname": "test" * 100}),
             access_token=self.owner_tok,
         )
@@ -209,8 +209,7 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def get_displayname(self):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET",
-            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner, ),
+            "GET", "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner,)
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py
index 5f75ad7579..2e3a765bf3 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class RoomPermissionsTestCase(RoomBase):
         # send a message in one of the rooms
         self.created_rmid_msg_path = (
             "rooms/%s/send/m.room.message/a1" % (self.created_rmid)
-        ).encode('ascii')
+        ).encode("ascii")
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT", self.created_rmid_msg_path, b'{"msgtype":"m.text","body":"test msg"}'
         )
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class RoomPermissionsTestCase(RoomBase):
         # set topic for public room
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            ("rooms/%s/state/m.room.topic" % self.created_public_rmid).encode('ascii'),
+            ("rooms/%s/state/m.room.topic" % self.created_public_rmid).encode("ascii"),
             b'{"topic":"Public Room Topic"}',
         )
         self.render(request)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class RoomPermissionsTestCase(RoomBase):
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", topic_path)
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assert_dict(json.loads(topic_content.decode('utf8')), channel.json_body)
+        self.assert_dict(json.loads(topic_content.decode("utf8")), channel.json_body)
 
         # set/get topic in created PRIVATE room and left, expect 403
         self.helper.leave(room=self.created_rmid, user=self.user_id)
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ class RoomTopicTestCase(RoomBase):
 
     def test_invalid_puts(self):
         # missing keys or invalid json
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, '{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, "{}")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -515,11 +515,11 @@ class RoomTopicTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, 'text only')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, "text only")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, '')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, "")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
     def test_invalid_puts(self):
         path = "/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s" % (self.room_id, self.user_id)
         # missing keys or invalid json
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, '{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, "{}")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -590,11 +590,11 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, 'text only')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, "text only")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, '')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, "")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
             Membership.JOIN,
             Membership.LEAVE,
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode('ascii'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode("ascii"))
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
 
         # valid join message (NOOP since we made the room)
         content = '{"membership":"%s"}' % Membership.JOIN
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode('ascii'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode("ascii"))
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ class RoomMessagesTestCase(RoomBase):
     def test_invalid_puts(self):
         path = "/rooms/%s/send/m.room.message/mid1" % (urlparse.quote(self.room_id))
         # missing keys or invalid json
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b'{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b"{}")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -696,11 +696,11 @@ class RoomMessagesTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b'text only')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b"text only")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b'')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b"")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ class RoomMessageListTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
         self.assertTrue("start" in channel.json_body)
-        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body['start'])
+        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body["start"])
         self.assertTrue("chunk" in channel.json_body)
         self.assertTrue("end" in channel.json_body)
 
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ class RoomMessageListTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
         self.assertTrue("start" in channel.json_body)
-        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body['start'])
+        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body["start"])
         self.assertTrue("chunk" in channel.json_body)
         self.assertTrue("end" in channel.json_body)
 
@@ -961,9 +961,7 @@ class PerRoomProfilesForbiddenTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Set a profile for the test user
         self.displayname = "test user"
-        data = {
-            "displayname": self.displayname,
-        }
+        data = {"displayname": self.displayname}
         request_data = json.dumps(data)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
@@ -977,16 +975,12 @@ class PerRoomProfilesForbiddenTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.tok)
 
     def test_per_room_profile_forbidden(self):
-        data = {
-            "membership": "join",
-            "displayname": "other test user"
-        }
+        data = {"membership": "join", "displayname": "other test user"}
         request_data = json.dumps(data)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            "/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s" % (
-                self.room_id, self.user_id,
-            ),
+            "/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s"
+            % (self.room_id, self.user_id),
             request_data,
             access_token=self.tok,
         )
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
index f7133fc12e..9915367144 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "POST", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "POST", path, json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
         data = {"membership": membership}
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(data).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(data).encode("utf8")
         )
 
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(body).encode("utf8")
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
index a60a4a3b87..920de41de4 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
@@ -135,9 +135,7 @@ class PasswordResetTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEquals(len(self.email_attempts), 1)
 
         # Attempt to reset password without clicking the link
-        self._reset_password(
-            new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401,
-        )
+        self._reset_password(new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401)
 
         # Assert we can log in with the old password
         self.login("kermit", old_password)
@@ -172,9 +170,7 @@ class PasswordResetTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         session_id = "weasle"
 
         # Attempt to reset password without even requesting an email
-        self._reset_password(
-            new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401,
-        )
+        self._reset_password(new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401)
 
         # Assert we can log in with the old password
         self.login("kermit", old_password)
@@ -258,19 +254,18 @@ class DeactivateTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         user_id = self.register_user("kermit", "test")
         tok = self.login("kermit", "test")
 
-        request_data = json.dumps({
-            "auth": {
-                "type": "m.login.password",
-                "user": user_id,
-                "password": "test",
-            },
-            "erase": False,
-        })
+        request_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "auth": {
+                    "type": "m.login.password",
+                    "user": user_id,
+                    "password": "test",
+                },
+                "erase": False,
+            }
+        )
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST",
-            "account/deactivate",
-            request_data,
-            access_token=tok,
+            "POST", "account/deactivate", request_data, access_token=tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(request.code, 200)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py
index bce5b0cf4c..b9e01c9418 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ class CapabilitiesTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url, access_token=access_token)
         self.render(request)
-        capabilities = channel.json_body['capabilities']
+        capabilities = channel.json_body["capabilities"]
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        for room_version in capabilities['m.room_versions']['available'].keys():
+        for room_version in capabilities["m.room_versions"]["available"].keys():
             self.assertTrue(room_version in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS, "" + room_version)
 
         self.assertEqual(
             self.config.default_room_version.identifier,
-            capabilities['m.room_versions']['default'],
+            capabilities["m.room_versions"]["default"],
         )
 
     def test_get_change_password_capabilities(self):
@@ -66,16 +66,16 @@ class CapabilitiesTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url, access_token=access_token)
         self.render(request)
-        capabilities = channel.json_body['capabilities']
+        capabilities = channel.json_body["capabilities"]
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
         # Test case where password is handled outside of Synapse
-        self.assertTrue(capabilities['m.change_password']['enabled'])
+        self.assertTrue(capabilities["m.change_password"]["enabled"])
         self.get_success(self.store.user_set_password_hash(user, None))
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url, access_token=access_token)
         self.render(request)
-        capabilities = channel.json_body['capabilities']
+        capabilities = channel.json_body["capabilities"]
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        self.assertFalse(capabilities['m.change_password']['enabled'])
+        self.assertFalse(capabilities["m.change_password"]["enabled"])
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
index b35b215446..89a3f95c0a 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class AccountValidityRenewalByEmailTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         config["email"] = {
             "enable_notifs": True,
             "template_dir": os.path.abspath(
-                pkg_resources.resource_filename('synapse', 'res/templates')
+                pkg_resources.resource_filename("synapse", "res/templates")
             ),
             "expiry_template_html": "notice_expiry.html",
             "expiry_template_text": "notice_expiry.txt",
@@ -400,19 +400,18 @@ class AccountValidityRenewalByEmailTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         (user_id, tok) = self.create_user()
 
-        request_data = json.dumps({
-            "auth": {
-                "type": "m.login.password",
-                "user": user_id,
-                "password": "monkey",
-            },
-            "erase": False,
-        })
+        request_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "auth": {
+                    "type": "m.login.password",
+                    "user": user_id,
+                    "password": "monkey",
+                },
+                "erase": False,
+            }
+        )
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST",
-            "account/deactivate",
-            request_data,
-            access_token=tok,
+            "POST", "account/deactivate", request_data, access_token=tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(request.code, 200)
@@ -476,20 +475,16 @@ class AccountValidityRenewalByEmailTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 class AccountValidityBackgroundJobTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
-    servlets = [
-        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
-    ]
+    servlets = [synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource]
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
         self.validity_period = 10
-        self.max_delta = self.validity_period * 10. / 100.
+        self.max_delta = self.validity_period * 10.0 / 100.0
 
         config = self.default_config()
 
         config["enable_registration"] = True
-        config["account_validity"] = {
-            "enabled": False,
-        }
+        config["account_validity"] = {"enabled": False}
 
         self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
         self.hs.config.account_validity.period = self.validity_period
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py
index 43b3049daa..3deeed3a70 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         creates the right shape of event.
         """
 
-        channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, "m.reaction", key=u"👍")
+        channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, "m.reaction", key="👍")
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
 
         event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "content": {
                     "m.relates_to": {
                         "event_id": self.parent_id,
-                        "key": u"👍",
+                        "key": "👍",
                         "rel_type": RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
                     }
                 },
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             access_tokens.append(token)
 
         idx = 0
-        sent_groups = {u"👍": 10, u"a": 7, u"b": 5, u"c": 3, u"d": 2, u"e": 1}
+        sent_groups = {"👍": 10, "a": 7, "b": 5, "c": 3, "d": 2, "e": 1}
         for key in itertools.chain.from_iterable(
             itertools.repeat(key, num) for key, num in sent_groups.items()
         ):
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             channel = self._send_relation(
                 RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
                 "m.reaction",
-                key=u"👍",
+                key="👍",
                 access_token=access_tokens[idx],
             )
             self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         prev_token = None
         found_event_ids = []
-        encoded_key = six.moves.urllib.parse.quote_plus(u"👍".encode("utf-8"))
+        encoded_key = six.moves.urllib.parse.quote_plus("👍".encode("utf-8"))
         for _ in range(20):
             from_token = ""
             if prev_token:
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py
index 00688a7325..ebd7869208 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py
@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ from tests import unittest
 class GetFileNameFromHeadersTests(unittest.TestCase):
     # input -> expected result
     TEST_CASES = {
-        b"inline; filename=abc.txt": u"abc.txt",
-        b'inline; filename="azerty"': u"azerty",
-        b'inline; filename="aze%20rty"': u"aze%20rty",
-        b'inline; filename="aze\"rty"': u'aze"rty',
-        b'inline; filename="azer;ty"': u"azer;ty",
-        b"inline; filename*=utf-8''foo%C2%A3bar": u"foo£bar",
+        b"inline; filename=abc.txt": "abc.txt",
+        b'inline; filename="azerty"': "azerty",
+        b'inline; filename="aze%20rty"': "aze%20rty",
+        b'inline; filename="aze"rty"': 'aze"rty',
+        b'inline; filename="azer;ty"': "azer;ty",
+        b"inline; filename*=utf-8''foo%C2%A3bar": "foo£bar",
     }
 
     def tests(self):
         for hdr, expected in self.TEST_CASES.items():
-            res = get_filename_from_headers({b'Content-Disposition': [hdr]})
+            res = get_filename_from_headers({b"Content-Disposition": [hdr]})
             self.assertEqual(
                 res,
                 expected,
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
index 1069a44145..e2d418b1df 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class MediaRepoTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
 
         self.media_repo = hs.get_media_repository_resource()
-        self.download_resource = self.media_repo.children[b'download']
+        self.download_resource = self.media_repo.children[b"download"]
 
         # smol png
         self.end_content = unhexlify(
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class MediaRepoTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         headers = {
             b"Content-Length": [b"%d" % (len(self.end_content))],
-            b"Content-Type": [b'image/png'],
+            b"Content-Type": [b"image/png"],
         }
         if content_disposition:
             headers[b"Content-Disposition"] = [content_disposition]
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class MediaRepoTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         correctly decode it as the UTF-8 string, and use filename* in the
         response.
         """
-        filename = parse.quote(u"\u2603".encode('utf8')).encode('ascii')
+        filename = parse.quote("\u2603".encode("utf8")).encode("ascii")
         channel = self._req(b"inline; filename*=utf-8''" + filename + b".png")
 
         headers = channel.headers
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
index 1ab0f7293a..8fe5961866 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     hijack_auth = True
     user_id = "@test:user"
     end_content = (
-        b'<html><head>'
+        b"<html><head>"
         b'<meta property="og:title" content="~matrix~" />'
         b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
-        b'</head></html>'
+        b"</head></html>"
     )
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
 
         self.media_repo = hs.get_media_repository_resource()
-        self.preview_url = self.media_repo.children[b'preview_url']
+        self.preview_url = self.media_repo.children[b"preview_url"]
 
         self.lookups = {}
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 hostName,
                 portNumber=0,
                 addressTypes=None,
-                transportSemantics='TCP',
+                transportSemantics="TCP",
             ):
 
                 resolution = HostResolution(hostName)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                     raise DNSLookupError("OH NO")
 
                 for i in self.lookups[hostName]:
-                    resolutionReceiver.addressResolved(i[0]('TCP', i[1], portNumber))
+                    resolutionReceiver.addressResolved(i[0]("TCP", i[1], portNumber))
                 resolutionReceiver.resolutionComplete()
                 return resolutionReceiver
 
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.lookups["matrix.org"] = [(IPv4Address, "8.8.8.8")]
 
         end_content = (
-            b'<html><head>'
+            b"<html><head>"
             b'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"/>'
             b'<meta property="og:title" content="\xe4\xea\xe0" />'
             b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
-            b'</head></html>'
+            b"</head></html>"
         )
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         client.dataReceived(
             (
                 b"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\n"
-                b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=\"utf8\"\r\n\r\n"
+                b'Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf8"\r\n\r\n'
             )
             % (len(end_content),)
             + end_content
@@ -212,16 +212,16 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.pump()
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], u"\u0434\u043a\u0430")
+        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], "\u0434\u043a\u0430")
 
     def test_non_ascii_preview_content_type(self):
         self.lookups["matrix.org"] = [(IPv4Address, "8.8.8.8")]
 
         end_content = (
-            b'<html><head>'
+            b"<html><head>"
             b'<meta property="og:title" content="\xe4\xea\xe0" />'
             b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
-            b'</head></html>'
+            b"</head></html>"
         )
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         client.dataReceived(
             (
                 b"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\n"
-                b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=\"windows-1251\"\r\n\r\n"
+                b'Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1251"\r\n\r\n'
             )
             % (len(end_content),)
             + end_content
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.pump()
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], u"\u0434\u043a\u0430")
+        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], "\u0434\u043a\u0430")
 
     def test_ipaddr(self):
         """
@@ -293,8 +293,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry",
             },
         )
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 403)
@@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry",
             },
         )
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         non-blacklisted one, it will be rejected.
         """
         # Hardcode the URL resolving to the IP we want.
-        self.lookups[u"example.com"] = [
+        self.lookups["example.com"] = [
             (IPv4Address, "1.1.1.2"),
             (IPv4Address, "8.8.8.8"),
         ]
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
diff --git a/tests/server.py b/tests/server.py
index c15a47f2a4..e573c4e4c5 100644
--- a/tests/server.py
+++ b/tests/server.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class FakeChannel(object):
     def json_body(self):
         if not self.result:
             raise Exception("No result yet.")
-        return json.loads(self.result["body"].decode('utf8'))
+        return json.loads(self.result["body"].decode("utf8"))
 
     @property
     def code(self):
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ def make_request(
         Tuple[synapse.http.site.SynapseRequest, channel]
     """
     if not isinstance(method, bytes):
-        method = method.encode('ascii')
+        method = method.encode("ascii")
 
     if not isinstance(path, bytes):
-        path = path.encode('ascii')
+        path = path.encode("ascii")
 
     # Decorate it to be the full path, if we're using shorthand
     if shorthand and not path.startswith(b"/_matrix"):
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ def make_request(
         path = b"/" + path
 
     if isinstance(content, text_type):
-        content = content.encode('utf8')
+        content = content.encode("utf8")
 
     site = FakeSite()
     channel = FakeChannel(reactor)
@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ def make_request(
     req = request(site, channel)
     req.process = lambda: b""
     req.content = BytesIO(content)
-    req.postpath = list(map(unquote, path[1:].split(b'/')))
+    req.postpath = list(map(unquote, path[1:].split(b"/")))
 
     if access_token:
         req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(
-            b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token.encode('ascii')
+            b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token.encode("ascii")
         )
 
     if federation_auth_origin is not None:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class ThreadedMemoryReactorClock(MemoryReactorClock):
         self.nameResolver = SimpleResolverComplexifier(FakeResolver())
         super(ThreadedMemoryReactorClock, self).__init__()
 
-    def listenUDP(self, port, protocol, interface='', maxPacketSize=8196):
+    def listenUDP(self, port, protocol, interface="", maxPacketSize=8196):
         p = udp.Port(port, protocol, interface, maxPacketSize, self)
         p.startListening()
         self._udp.append(p)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class FakeTransport(object):
 
     disconnecting = False
     disconnected = False
-    buffer = attr.ib(default=b'')
+    buffer = attr.ib(default=b"")
     producer = attr.ib(default=None)
     autoflush = attr.ib(default=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
index 739ee59ce4..984feb623f 100644
--- a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
+++ b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TestResourceLimitsServerNotices(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         Test when user has blocked notice, but notice ought to be there (NOOP)
         """
         self._rlsn._auth.check_auth_blocking = Mock(
-            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, 'foo')
+            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, "foo")
         )
 
         mock_event = Mock(
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class TestResourceLimitsServerNotices(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
 
         self._rlsn._auth.check_auth_blocking = Mock(
-            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, 'foo')
+            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, "foo")
         )
         self.get_success(self._rlsn.maybe_send_server_notice_to_user(self.user_id))
 
diff --git a/tests/state/test_v2.py b/tests/state/test_v2.py
index 9c5311d916..8d3845c870 100644
--- a/tests/state/test_v2.py
+++ b/tests/state/test_v2.py
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
         ]
@@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50, CHARLIE: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
                 id="PC",
                 sender=CHARLIE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50, CHARLIE: 0}},
             ),
         ]
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA1",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -266,14 +266,14 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA2",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 0}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA1",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -336,14 +336,14 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA2",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 0}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_appservice.py b/tests/storage/test_appservice.py
index 25a6c89ef5..622b16a071 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_appservice.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_appservice.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             namespaces={},
         )
         # use the token as the filename
-        with open(as_token, 'w') as outfile:
+        with open(as_token, "w") as outfile:
             outfile.write(yaml.dump(as_yaml))
             self.as_yaml_files.append(as_token)
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTransactionStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             namespaces={},
         )
         # use the token as the filename
-        with open(as_token, 'w') as outfile:
+        with open(as_token, "w") as outfile:
             outfile.write(yaml.dump(as_yaml))
             self.as_yaml_files.append(as_token)
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py b/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py
index b62eae7abc..59c6f8c227 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class ClientIpStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             result,
             [
                 {
-                    'access_token': 'access_token',
-                    'ip': 'ip',
-                    'user_agent': 'user_agent',
-                    'device_id': None,
-                    'last_seen': 12345678000,
+                    "access_token": "access_token",
+                    "ip": "ip",
+                    "user_agent": "user_agent",
+                    "device_id": None,
+                    "last_seen": 12345678000,
                 }
             ],
         )
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@ class ClientIpStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             result,
             [
                 {
-                    'access_token': 'access_token',
-                    'ip': 'ip',
-                    'user_agent': 'user_agent',
-                    'device_id': None,
-                    'last_seen': 12345878000,
+                    "access_token": "access_token",
+                    "ip": "ip",
+                    "user_agent": "user_agent",
+                    "device_id": None,
+                    "last_seen": 12345878000,
                 }
             ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_devices.py b/tests/storage/test_devices.py
index 6396ccddb5..3cc18f9f1c 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_devices.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_devices.py
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ class DeviceStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         # Add two device updates with a single stream_id
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids, ["somehost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids, ["somehost"]
         )
 
         # Get all device updates ever meant for this remote
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "somehost", -1, limit=100,
+            "somehost", -1, limit=100
         )
 
         # Check original device_ids are contained within these updates
@@ -95,19 +95,19 @@ class DeviceStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         # first add one device
         device_ids1 = ["device_id0"]
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids1, ["someotherhost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids1, ["someotherhost"]
         )
 
         # then add 101
         device_ids2 = ["device_id" + str(i + 1) for i in range(101)]
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids2, ["someotherhost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids2, ["someotherhost"]
         )
 
         # then one more
         device_ids3 = ["newdevice"]
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids3, ["someotherhost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids3, ["someotherhost"]
         )
 
         #
@@ -116,20 +116,20 @@ class DeviceStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         # first we should get a single update
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "someotherhost", -1, limit=100,
+            "someotherhost", -1, limit=100
         )
         self._check_devices_in_updates(device_ids1, device_updates)
 
         # Then we should get an empty list back as the 101 devices broke the limit
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100,
+            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(device_updates), 0)
 
         # The 101 devices should've been cleared, so we should now just get one device
         # update
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100,
+            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100
         )
         self._check_devices_in_updates(device_ids3, device_updates)
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py b/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
index cd2bcd4ca3..c8ece15284 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ class EndToEndKeyStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         yield self.store.store_device("user2", "device1", None)
         yield self.store.store_device("user2", "device2", None)
 
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device1", now, 'json11')
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device2", now, 'json12')
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device1", now, 'json21')
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device2", now, 'json22')
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device1", now, "json11")
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device2", now, "json12")
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device1", now, "json21")
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device2", now, "json22")
 
         res = yield self.store.get_e2e_device_keys(
             (("user1", "device1"), ("user2", "device2"))
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
index 0d4e74d637..86c7ac350d 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_prev_events_for_room(self):
-        room_id = '@ROOM:local'
+        room_id = "@ROOM:local"
 
         # add a bunch of events and hashes to act as forward extremities
         def insert_event(txn, i):
-            event_id = '$event_%i:local' % i
+            event_id = "$event_%i:local" % i
 
             txn.execute(
                 (
@@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
             txn.execute(
                 (
-                    'INSERT INTO event_forward_extremities (room_id, event_id) '
-                    'VALUES (?, ?)'
+                    "INSERT INTO event_forward_extremities (room_id, event_id) "
+                    "VALUES (?, ?)"
                 ),
                 (room_id, event_id),
             )
 
             txn.execute(
                 (
-                    'INSERT INTO event_reference_hashes '
-                    '(event_id, algorithm, hash) '
+                    "INSERT INTO event_reference_hashes "
+                    "(event_id, algorithm, hash) "
                     "VALUES (?, 'sha256', ?)"
                 ),
-                (event_id, b'ffff'),
+                (event_id, b"ffff"),
             )
 
         for i in range(0, 11):
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py b/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py
index 19f9ccf5e0..d44359ff93 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py
@@ -61,22 +61,24 @@ class ExtremStatisticsTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        expected = set([
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="1.0"} 0.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="2.0"} 2.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="3.0"} 2.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="5.0"} 2.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="7.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="10.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="15.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="20.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="50.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="100.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="200.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="500.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="+Inf"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_count 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_sum 10.0',
-        ])
+        expected = set(
+            [
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="1.0"} 0.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="2.0"} 2.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="3.0"} 2.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="5.0"} 2.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="7.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="10.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="15.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="20.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="50.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="100.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="200.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="500.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="+Inf"} 3.0',
+                b"synapse_forward_extremities_count 3.0",
+                b"synapse_forward_extremities_sum 10.0",
+            ]
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(items, expected)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
index f458c03054..0ce0b991f9 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         user3_email = "user3@matrix.org"
 
         threepids = [
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user1_email},
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user2_email},
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user3_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user1_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user2_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user3_email},
         ]
         # -1 because user3 is a support user and does not count
         user_num = len(threepids) - 1
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(None)
         )
-        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users('user_id')
+        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users("user_id")
         self.pump()
         self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user.assert_called_once()
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.get_clock().time_msec())
         )
-        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users('user_id')
+        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users("user_id")
         self.pump()
         self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user.assert_not_called()
 
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEquals(self.get_success(count), 0)
         # Test reserved users but no registered users
 
-        user1 = '@user1:example.com'
-        user2 = '@user2:example.com'
-        user1_email = 'user1@example.com'
-        user2_email = 'user2@example.com'
+        user1 = "@user1:example.com"
+        user2 = "@user2:example.com"
+        user1_email = "user1@example.com"
+        user2_email = "user2@example.com"
         threepids = [
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user1_email},
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user2_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user1_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user2_email},
         ]
         self.hs.config.mau_limits_reserved_threepids = threepids
         self.store.runInteraction(
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_redaction.py b/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
index 4823d44dec..732a778fab 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 "sender": user.to_string(),
                 "state_key": user.to_string(),
                 "room_id": room.to_string(),
-                "content": {"body": body, "msgtype": u"message"},
+                "content": {"body": body, "msgtype": "message"},
             },
         )
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_redact(self):
         yield self.inject_room_member(self.room1, self.u_alice, Membership.JOIN)
 
-        msg_event = yield self.inject_message(self.room1, self.u_alice, u"t")
+        msg_event = yield self.inject_message(self.room1, self.u_alice, "t")
 
         # Check event has not been redacted:
         event = yield self.store.get_event(msg_event.event_id)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_registration.py b/tests/storage/test_registration.py
index c0e0155bb4..625b651e91 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_registration.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_registration.py
@@ -128,4 +128,4 @@ class TokenGenerator:
 
     def generate(self, user_id):
         self._last_issued_token += 1
-        return u"%s-%d" % (user_id, self._last_issued_token)
+        return "%s-%d" % (user_id, self._last_issued_token)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_room.py b/tests/storage/test_room.py
index a1ea23b068..1bee45706f 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_room.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_room.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class RoomEventsStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def STALE_test_room_name(self):
-        name = u"A-Room-Name"
+        name = "A-Room-Name"
 
         yield self.inject_room_event(
             etype=EventTypes.Name, name=name, content={"name": name}, depth=1
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class RoomEventsStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def STALE_test_room_topic(self):
-        topic = u"A place for things"
+        topic = "A place for things"
 
         yield self.inject_room_event(
             etype=EventTypes.Topic, topic=topic, content={"topic": topic}, depth=1
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_state.py b/tests/storage/test_state.py
index b6169436de..212a7ae765 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_state.py
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_state_groups_ids(self):
         e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, "", {}
         )
         e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, "", {"name": "test room"}
         )
 
         state_group_map = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         state_map = list(state_group_map.values())[0]
         self.assertDictEqual(
             state_map,
-            {(EventTypes.Create, ''): e1.event_id, (EventTypes.Name, ''): e2.event_id},
+            {(EventTypes.Create, ""): e1.event_id, (EventTypes.Name, ""): e2.event_id},
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_state_groups(self):
         e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, "", {}
         )
         e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, "", {"name": "test room"}
         )
 
         state_group_map = yield self.store.get_state_groups(self.room, [e2.event_id])
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         # this defaults to a linear DAG as each new injection defaults to whatever
         # forward extremities are currently in the DB for this room.
         e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, "", {}
         )
         e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, "", {"name": "test room"}
         )
         e3 = yield self.inject_state_event(
             self.room,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         # check we can filter to the m.room.name event (with a '' state key)
         state = yield self.store.get_state_for_event(
-            e5.event_id, StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Name, '')])
+            e5.event_id, StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Name, "")])
         )
 
         self.assertStateMapEqual({(e2.type, e2.state_key): e2}, state)
diff --git a/tests/test_preview.py b/tests/test_preview.py
index 84ef5e5ba4..7f67ee9e1f 100644
--- a/tests/test_preview.py
+++ b/tests/test_preview.py
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ from . import unittest
 class PreviewTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_long_summarize(self):
         example_paras = [
-            u"""Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:
+            """Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:
             Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in
             Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is
             the city of Tromsø. Outside of Norway, Tromso and Tromsö are
             alternative spellings of the city.Tromsø is considered the northernmost
             city in the world with a population above 50,000. The most populous town
             north of it is Alta, Norway, with a population of 14,272 (2013).""",
-            u"""Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of
+            """Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of
             (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000
             most of the year. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the
             third largest north of the Arctic Circle (following Murmansk and Norilsk).
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class PreviewTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             Sandnessund Bridge. Tromsø Airport connects the city to many destinations
             in Europe. The city is warmer than most other places located on the same
             latitude, due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream.""",
-            u"""The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden
+            """The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden
             houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic
             Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark
             in Tromsø. The city is a cultural centre for its region, with several
@@ -58,87 +58,87 @@ class PreviewTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is"
-            u" the city of Tromsø. Outside of Norway, Tromso and Tromsö are"
-            u" alternative spellings of the city.Tromsø is considered the northernmost"
-            u" city in the world with a population above 50,000. The most populous town"
-            u" north of it is Alta, Norway, with a population of 14,272 (2013).",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is"
+            " the city of Tromsø. Outside of Norway, Tromso and Tromsö are"
+            " alternative spellings of the city.Tromsø is considered the northernmost"
+            " city in the world with a population above 50,000. The most populous town"
+            " north of it is Alta, Norway, with a population of 14,272 (2013).",
         )
 
         desc = summarize_paragraphs(example_paras[1:], min_size=200, max_size=500)
 
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the"
-            u" third largest north of the Arctic Circle (following Murmansk and Norilsk)."
-            u" Most of Tromsø, including the city centre, is located on the island of"
-            u" Tromsøya, 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. In 2012,"
-            u" Tromsøya had a population of 36,088. Substantial parts of the urban…",
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the"
+            " third largest north of the Arctic Circle (following Murmansk and Norilsk)."
+            " Most of Tromsø, including the city centre, is located on the island of"
+            " Tromsøya, 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. In 2012,"
+            " Tromsøya had a population of 36,088. Substantial parts of the urban…",
         )
 
     def test_short_summarize(self):
         example_paras = [
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.",
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year.",
-            u"The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
-            u" houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
-            u" Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
-            u" in Tromsø.",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.",
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year.",
+            "The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
+            " houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
+            " Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
+            " in Tromsø.",
         ]
 
         desc = summarize_paragraphs(example_paras, min_size=200, max_size=500)
 
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.\n"
-            u"\n"
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year.",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.\n"
+            "\n"
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year.",
         )
 
     def test_small_then_large_summarize(self):
         example_paras = [
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.",
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year."
-            u" The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
-            u" houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
-            u" Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
-            u" in Tromsø.",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.",
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year."
+            " The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
+            " houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
+            " Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
+            " in Tromsø.",
         ]
 
         desc = summarize_paragraphs(example_paras, min_size=200, max_size=500)
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.\n"
-            u"\n"
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year. The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number"
-            u" of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from"
-            u" 1789. The Arctic Cathedral, a modern church from…",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.\n"
+            "\n"
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year. The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number"
+            " of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from"
+            " 1789. The Arctic Cathedral, a modern church from…",
         )
 
 
 class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_simple(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Foo", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Foo", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_comment(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Foo", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Foo", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_comment2(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEquals(
             og,
             {
-                u"og:title": u"Foo",
-                u"og:description": u"Some text.\n\nSome more text.\n\nText\n\nMore text",
+                "og:title": "Foo",
+                "og:description": "Some text.\n\nSome more text.\n\nText\n\nMore text",
             },
         )
 
     def test_script(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Foo", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Foo", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_missing_title(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <body>
         Some text.
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": None, u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": None, "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_h1_as_title(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <meta property="og:description" content="Some text."/>
         <body>
@@ -230,10 +230,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Title", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Title", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_missing_title_and_broken_h1(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <body>
         <h1><a href="foo"/></h1>
@@ -244,4 +244,4 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": None, u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": None, "og:description": "Some text."})
diff --git a/tests/test_server.py b/tests/test_server.py
index 08fb3fe02f..da29ae92ce 100644
--- a/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_server.py
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         )
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(request.args, {b'a': [u"\N{SNOWMAN}".encode('utf8')]})
-        self.assertEqual(got_kwargs, {u"room_id": u"\N{SNOWMAN}"})
+        self.assertEqual(request.args, {b"a": ["\N{SNOWMAN}".encode("utf8")]})
+        self.assertEqual(got_kwargs, {"room_id": "\N{SNOWMAN}"})
 
     def test_callback_direct_exception(self):
         """
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'500')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"500")
 
     def test_callback_indirect_exception(self):
         """
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'500')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"500")
 
     def test_callback_synapseerror(self):
         """
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'403')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"403")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["error"], "Forbidden!!one!")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], "M_FORBIDDEN")
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foobar")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'400')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"400")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["error"], "Unrecognized request")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], "M_UNRECOGNIZED")
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class SiteTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make a resource and a Site, the resource will hang and allow us to
         # time out the request while it's 'processing'
         base_resource = Resource()
-        base_resource.putChild(b'', HangingResource())
+        base_resource.putChild(b"", HangingResource())
         site = SynapseSite("test", "site_tag", {}, base_resource, "1.0")
 
         server = site.buildProtocol(None)
diff --git a/tests/test_state.py b/tests/test_state.py
index 6491a7105a..6d33566f47 100644
--- a/tests/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/test_state.py
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def _add_depths(self, nodes, edges):
         def _get_depth(ev):
             node = nodes[ev]
-            if 'depth' not in node:
+            if "depth" not in node:
                 prevs = edges[ev]
                 depth = max(_get_depth(prev) for prev in prevs) + 1
-                node['depth'] = depth
-            return node['depth']
+                node["depth"] = depth
+            return node["depth"]
 
         for n in nodes:
             _get_depth(n)
diff --git a/tests/test_types.py b/tests/test_types.py
index d83c36559f..9ab5f829b0 100644
--- a/tests/test_types.py
+++ b/tests/test_types.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class MapUsernameTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def testNonAscii(self):
         # this should work with either a unicode or a bytes
-        self.assertEqual(map_username_to_mxid_localpart(u'têst'), "t=c3=aast")
+        self.assertEqual(map_username_to_mxid_localpart("têst"), "t=c3=aast")
         self.assertEqual(
-            map_username_to_mxid_localpart(u'têst'.encode('utf-8')), "t=c3=aast"
+            map_username_to_mxid_localpart("têst".encode("utf-8")), "t=c3=aast"
         )
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py b/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py
index fde0baee8e..813f984199 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ToTwistedHandler(logging.Handler):
 
     def emit(self, record):
         log_entry = self.format(record)
-        log_level = record.levelname.lower().replace('warning', 'warn')
+        log_level = record.levelname.lower().replace("warning", "warn")
         self.tx_log.emit(
             twisted.logger.LogLevel.levelWithName(log_level),
             log_entry.replace("{", r"(").replace("}", r")"),
diff --git a/tests/test_visibility.py b/tests/test_visibility.py
index 6a180ddc32..118c3bd238 100644
--- a/tests/test_visibility.py
+++ b/tests/test_visibility.py
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class FilterEventsForServerTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         pr.disable()
         with open("filter_events_for_server.profile", "w+") as f:
-            ps = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=f).sort_stats('cumulative')
+            ps = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=f).sort_stats("cumulative")
             ps.print_stats()
 
         # the result should be 5 redacted events, and 5 unredacted events.
diff --git a/tests/unittest.py b/tests/unittest.py
index b6dc7932ce..d64702b0c2 100644
--- a/tests/unittest.py
+++ b/tests/unittest.py
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             Tuple[synapse.http.site.SynapseRequest, channel]
         """
         if isinstance(content, dict):
-            content = json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            content = json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
 
         return make_request(
             self.reactor,
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         Returns:
             The MXID of the new user (unicode).
         """
-        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = u"shared"
+        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = "shared"
 
         # Create the user
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register")
@@ -397,13 +397,13 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
-        nonce_str = b"\x00".join([username.encode('utf8'), password.encode('utf8')])
+        nonce_str = b"\x00".join([username.encode("utf8"), password.encode("utf8")])
         if admin:
             nonce_str += b"\x00admin"
         else:
             nonce_str += b"\x00notadmin"
 
-        want_mac.update(nonce.encode('ascii') + b"\x00" + nonce_str)
+        want_mac.update(nonce.encode("ascii") + b"\x00" + nonce_str)
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
         body = json.dumps(
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             }
         )
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register", body.encode('utf8')
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register", body.encode("utf8")
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             body["device_id"] = device_id
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode("utf8")
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.result)
@@ -481,9 +481,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         if soft_failed:
             event.internal_metadata.soft_failed = True
 
-        self.get_success(
-            event_creator.send_nonmember_event(requester, event, context)
-        )
+        self.get_success(event_creator.send_nonmember_event(requester, event, context))
 
         return event.event_id
 
@@ -508,7 +506,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         body = {"type": "m.login.password", "user": username, "password": password}
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode("utf8")
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 403, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
index 463a737efa..6f8f52537c 100644
--- a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
+++ b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
@@ -88,24 +88,24 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         obj = Cls()
 
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'fish'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'chips'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # the two values should now be cached
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -121,25 +121,25 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 return self.mock(arg1, arg2)
 
         obj = Cls()
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'fish'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'chips'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(2, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # the two values should now be cached; we should be able to vary
         # the second argument and still get the cached result.
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 5)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_cache_logcontexts(self):
@@ -248,30 +248,30 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         obj = Cls()
 
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'fish'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with same params shouldn't call the mock again
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'chips'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(2, 3, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # the two values should now be cached
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
 
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         with logcontext.LoggingContext() as c1:
             c1.request = "c1"
             obj = Cls()
-            obj.mock.return_value = {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'}
+            obj.mock.return_value = {10: "fish", 20: "chips"}
             d1 = obj.list_fn([10, 20], 2)
             self.assertEqual(
                 logcontext.LoggingContext.current_context(),
@@ -306,26 +306,26 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             r = yield d1
             self.assertEqual(logcontext.LoggingContext.current_context(), c1)
             obj.mock.assert_called_once_with([10, 20], 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'})
+            self.assertEqual(r, {10: "fish", 20: "chips"})
             obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
             # a call with different params should call the mock again
-            obj.mock.return_value = {30: 'peas'}
+            obj.mock.return_value = {30: "peas"}
             r = yield obj.list_fn([20, 30], 2)
             obj.mock.assert_called_once_with([30], 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, {20: 'chips', 30: 'peas'})
+            self.assertEqual(r, {20: "chips", 30: "peas"})
             obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
             # all the values should now be cached
             r = yield obj.fn(10, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+            self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
             r = yield obj.fn(20, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+            self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
             r = yield obj.fn(30, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, 'peas')
+            self.assertEqual(r, "peas")
             r = yield obj.list_fn([10, 20, 30], 2)
             obj.mock.assert_not_called()
-            self.assertEqual(r, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips', 30: 'peas'})
+            self.assertEqual(r, {10: "fish", 20: "chips", 30: "peas"})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_invalidate(self):
@@ -350,16 +350,16 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         invalidate1 = mock.Mock()
 
         # cache miss
-        obj.mock.return_value = {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'}
+        obj.mock.return_value = {10: "fish", 20: "chips"}
         r1 = yield obj.list_fn([10, 20], 2, on_invalidate=invalidate0)
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with([10, 20], 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r1, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'})
+        self.assertEqual(r1, {10: "fish", 20: "chips"})
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # cache hit
         r2 = yield obj.list_fn([10, 20], 2, on_invalidate=invalidate1)
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
-        self.assertEqual(r2, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'})
+        self.assertEqual(r2, {10: "fish", 20: "chips"})
 
         invalidate0.assert_not_called()
         invalidate1.assert_not_called()
diff --git a/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py b/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py
index 03b3c15db6..c94cbb662b 100644
--- a/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py
+++ b/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py
@@ -27,57 +27,57 @@ class CacheTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_get(self):
         """simple set/get tests"""
-        self.cache.set('one', '1', 10)
-        self.cache.set('two', '2', 20)
-        self.cache.set('three', '3', 30)
+        self.cache.set("one", "1", 10)
+        self.cache.set("two", "2", 20)
+        self.cache.set("three", "3", 30)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(self.cache), 3)
 
-        self.assertTrue('one' in self.cache)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get('one'), '1')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['one'], '1')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry('one'), ('1', 110))
+        self.assertTrue("one" in self.cache)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get("one"), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["one"], "1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry("one"), ("1", 110))
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 3)
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.misses, 0)
 
-        self.cache.set('two', '2.5', 20)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['two'], '2.5')
+        self.cache.set("two", "2.5", 20)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["two"], "2.5")
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 4)
 
         # non-existent-item tests
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get('four', '4'), '4')
-        self.assertIs(self.cache.get('four', None), None)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get("four", "4"), "4")
+        self.assertIs(self.cache.get("four", None), None)
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.cache['four']
+            self.cache["four"]
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.cache.get('four')
+            self.cache.get("four")
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.cache.get_with_expiry('four')
+            self.cache.get_with_expiry("four")
 
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 4)
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.misses, 5)
 
     def test_expiry(self):
-        self.cache.set('one', '1', 10)
-        self.cache.set('two', '2', 20)
-        self.cache.set('three', '3', 30)
+        self.cache.set("one", "1", 10)
+        self.cache.set("two", "2", 20)
+        self.cache.set("three", "3", 30)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(self.cache), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['one'], '1')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['two'], '2')
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["one"], "1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["two"], "2")
 
         # enough for the first entry to expire, but not the rest
         self.mock_timer.side_effect = lambda: 110.0
 
         self.assertEqual(len(self.cache), 2)
-        self.assertFalse('one' in self.cache)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['two'], '2')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['three'], '3')
+        self.assertFalse("one" in self.cache)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["two"], "2")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["three"], "3")
 
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry('two'), ('2', 120))
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry("two"), ("2", 120))
 
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 5)
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.misses, 0)
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index f8c7ad2604..bd2c7c954c 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ def setup_test_homeserver(
     # Need to let the HS build an auth handler and then mess with it
     # because AuthHandler's constructor requires the HS, so we can't make one
     # beforehand and pass it in to the HS's constructor (chicken / egg)
-    hs.get_auth_handler().hash = lambda p: hashlib.md5(p.encode('utf8')).hexdigest()
+    hs.get_auth_handler().hash = lambda p: hashlib.md5(p.encode("utf8")).hexdigest()
     hs.get_auth_handler().validate_hash = (
-        lambda p, h: hashlib.md5(p.encode('utf8')).hexdigest() == h
+        lambda p, h: hashlib.md5(p.encode("utf8")).hexdigest() == h
     )
 
     fed = kargs.get("resource_for_federation", None)
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class MockHttpResource(HttpServer):
     def trigger_get(self, path):
         return self.trigger(b"GET", path, None)
 
-    @patch('twisted.web.http.Request')
+    @patch("twisted.web.http.Request")
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def trigger(
         self, http_method, path, content, mock_request, federation_auth_origin=None
@@ -431,12 +431,12 @@ class MockHttpResource(HttpServer):
         # annoyingly we return a twisted http request which has chained calls
         # to get at the http content, hence mock it here.
         mock_content = Mock()
-        config = {'read.return_value': content}
+        config = {"read.return_value": content}
         mock_content.configure_mock(**config)
         mock_request.content = mock_content
 
-        mock_request.method = http_method.encode('ascii')
-        mock_request.uri = path.encode('ascii')
+        mock_request.method = http_method.encode("ascii")
+        mock_request.uri = path.encode("ascii")
 
         mock_request.getClientIP.return_value = "-"
 
@@ -452,14 +452,14 @@ class MockHttpResource(HttpServer):
 
         # add in query params to the right place
         try:
-            mock_request.args = urlparse.parse_qs(path.split('?')[1])
-            mock_request.path = path.split('?')[0]
+            mock_request.args = urlparse.parse_qs(path.split("?")[1])
+            mock_request.path = path.split("?")[0]
             path = mock_request.path
         except Exception:
             pass
 
         if isinstance(path, bytes):
-            path = path.decode('utf8')
+            path = path.decode("utf8")
 
         for (method, pattern, func) in self.callbacks:
             if http_method != method:
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 0c4d562766..09b4b8fc3c 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tox]
-envlist = packaging, py35, py36, py37, pep8, check_isort
+envlist = packaging, py35, py36, py37, check_codestyle, check_isort
 
 [base]
 deps =
@@ -112,12 +112,15 @@ deps =
 commands =
     check-manifest
 
-[testenv:pep8]
+[testenv:check_codestyle]
 skip_install = True
 basepython = python3.6
 deps =
     flake8
-commands = /bin/sh -c "flake8 synapse tests scripts scripts-dev scripts/hash_password scripts/register_new_matrix_user scripts/synapse_port_db synctl {env:PEP8SUFFIX:}"
+    black
+commands =
+    python -m black --check --diff .
+    /bin/sh -c "flake8 synapse tests scripts scripts-dev scripts/hash_password scripts/register_new_matrix_user scripts/synapse_port_db synctl {env:PEP8SUFFIX:}"
 
 [testenv:check_isort]
 skip_install = True
-- 
cgit 1.4.1