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+                        <h1 id="synapse-database-schema-files"><a class="header" href="#synapse-database-schema-files">Synapse database schema files</a></h1>
+<p>Synapse's database schema is stored in the <code>synapse.storage.schema</code> module.</p>
+<h2 id="logical-databases"><a class="header" href="#logical-databases">Logical databases</a></h2>
+<p>Synapse supports splitting its datastore across multiple physical databases (which can
+be useful for large installations), and the schema files are therefore split according
+to the logical database they apply to.</p>
+<p>At the time of writing, the following &quot;logical&quot; databases are supported:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>state</code> - used to store Matrix room state (more specifically, <code>state_groups</code>,
+their relationships and contents).</li>
+<li><code>main</code> - stores everything else.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Additionally, the <code>common</code> directory contains schema files for tables which must be
+present on <em>all</em> physical databases.</p>
+<h2 id="synapse-schema-versions"><a class="header" href="#synapse-schema-versions">Synapse schema versions</a></h2>
+<p>Synapse manages its database schema via &quot;schema versions&quot;. These are mainly used to
+help avoid confusion if the Synapse codebase is rolled back after the database is
+updated. They work as follows:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The Synapse codebase defines a constant <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>
+which represents the expectations made about the database by that version. For
+example, as of Synapse v1.36, this is <code>59</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The database stores a &quot;compatibility version&quot; in
+<code>schema_compat_version.compat_version</code> which defines the <code>SCHEMA_VERSION</code> of the
+oldest version of Synapse which will work with the database. On startup, if
+<code>compat_version</code> is found to be newer than <code>SCHEMA_VERSION</code>, Synapse will refuse to
+start.</p>
+<p>Synapse automatically updates this field from
+<code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Whenever a backwards-incompatible change is made to the database format (normally
+via a <code>delta</code> file), <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code> is also updated
+so that administrators can not accidentally roll back to a too-old version of Synapse.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Generally, the goal is to maintain compatibility with at least one or two previous
+releases of Synapse, so any substantial change tends to require multiple releases and a
+bit of forward-planning to get right.</p>
+<p>As a worked example: we want to remove the <code>room_stats_historical</code> table. Here is how it
+might pan out.</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>Replace any code that <em>reads</em> from <code>room_stats_historical</code> with alternative
+implementations, but keep writing to it in case of rollback to an earlier version.
+Also, increase <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>.  In this
+instance, there is no existing code which reads from <code>room_stats_historical</code>, so
+our starting point is:</p>
+<p>v1.36.0: <code>SCHEMA_VERSION=59</code>, <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION=59</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Next (say in Synapse v1.37.0): remove the code that <em>writes</em> to
+<code>room_stats_historical</code>, but don’t yet remove the table in case of rollback to
+v1.36.0. Again, we increase <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>, but
+because we have not broken compatibility with v1.36, we do not yet update
+<code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code>. We now have:</p>
+<p>v1.37.0: <code>SCHEMA_VERSION=60</code>, <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION=59</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Later (say in Synapse v1.38.0): we can remove the table altogether. This will
+break compatibility with v1.36.0, so we must update <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code> accordingly.
+There is no need to update <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>, since there is no
+change to the Synapse codebase here. So we end up with:</p>
+<p>v1.38.0: <code>SCHEMA_VERSION=60</code>, <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION=60</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>If in doubt about whether to update <code>SCHEMA_VERSION</code> or not, it is generally best to
+lean towards doing so.</p>
+<h2 id="full-schema-dumps"><a class="header" href="#full-schema-dumps">Full schema dumps</a></h2>
+<p>In the <code>full_schemas</code> directories, only the most recently-numbered snapshot is used
+(<code>54</code> at the time of writing). Older snapshots (eg, <code>16</code>) are present for historical
+reference only.</p>
+<h3 id="building-full-schema-dumps"><a class="header" href="#building-full-schema-dumps">Building full schema dumps</a></h3>
+<p>If you want to recreate these schemas, they need to be made from a database that
+has had all background updates run.</p>
+<p>To do so, use <code>scripts-dev/make_full_schema.sh</code>. This will produce new
+<code>full.sql.postgres</code> and <code>full.sql.sqlite</code> files.</p>
+<p>Ensure postgres is installed, then run:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh">./scripts-dev/make_full_schema.sh -p postgres_username -o output_dir/
+</code></pre>
+<p>NB at the time of writing, this script predates the split into separate <code>state</code>/<code>main</code>
+databases so will require updates to handle that correctly.</p>
+<h2 id="delta-files"><a class="header" href="#delta-files">Delta files</a></h2>
+<p>Delta files define the steps required to upgrade the database from an earlier version.
+They can be written as either a file containing a series of SQL statements, or a Python
+module.</p>
+<p>Synapse remembers which delta files it has applied to a database (they are stored in the
+<code>applied_schema_deltas</code> table) and will not re-apply them (even if a given file is
+subsequently updated).</p>
+<p>Delta files should be placed in a directory named <code>synapse/storage/schema/&lt;database&gt;/delta/&lt;version&gt;/</code>.
+They are applied in alphanumeric order, so  by convention the first two characters
+of the filename should be an integer such as <code>01</code>, to put the file in the right order.</p>
+<h3 id="sql-delta-files"><a class="header" href="#sql-delta-files">SQL delta files</a></h3>
+<p>These should be named <code>*.sql</code>, or —  for changes which should only be applied for a
+given database engine — <code>*.sql.posgres</code> or <code>*.sql.sqlite</code>. For example, a delta which
+adds a new column to the <code>foo</code> table might be called <code>01add_bar_to_foo.sql</code>.</p>
+<p>Note that our SQL parser is a bit simple - it understands comments (<code>--</code> and <code>/*...*/</code>),
+but complex statements which require a <code>;</code> in the middle of them (such as <code>CREATE TRIGGER</code>) are beyond it and you'll have to use a Python delta file.</p>
+<h3 id="python-delta-files"><a class="header" href="#python-delta-files">Python delta files</a></h3>
+<p>For more flexibility, a delta file can take the form of a python module. These should
+be named <code>*.py</code>. Note that database-engine-specific modules are not supported here –
+instead you can write <code>if isinstance(database_engine, PostgresEngine)</code> or similar.</p>
+<p>A Python delta module should define either or both of the following functions:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-python">import synapse.config.homeserver
+import synapse.storage.engines
+import synapse.storage.types
+
+
+def run_create(
+    cur: synapse.storage.types.Cursor,
+    database_engine: synapse.storage.engines.BaseDatabaseEngine,
+) -&gt; None:
+    &quot;&quot;&quot;Called whenever an existing or new database is to be upgraded&quot;&quot;&quot;
+    ...
+
+def run_upgrade(
+    cur: synapse.storage.types.Cursor,
+    database_engine: synapse.storage.engines.BaseDatabaseEngine,
+    config: synapse.config.homeserver.HomeServerConfig,
+) -&gt; None:
+    &quot;&quot;&quot;Called whenever an existing database is to be upgraded.&quot;&quot;&quot;
+    ...
+</code></pre>
+<h2 id="boolean-columns"><a class="header" href="#boolean-columns">Boolean columns</a></h2>
+<p>Boolean columns require special treatment, since SQLite treats booleans the
+same as integers.</p>
+<p>There are three separate aspects to this:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Any new boolean column must be added to the <code>BOOLEAN_COLUMNS</code> list in
+<code>synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py</code>. This tells the port script to cast
+the integer value from SQLite to a boolean before writing the value to the
+postgres database.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Before SQLite 3.23, <code>TRUE</code> and <code>FALSE</code> were not recognised as constants by
+SQLite, and the <code>IS [NOT] TRUE</code>/<code>IS [NOT] FALSE</code> operators were not
+supported. This makes it necessary to avoid using <code>TRUE</code> and <code>FALSE</code>
+constants in SQL commands.</p>
+<p>For example, to insert a <code>TRUE</code> value into the database, write:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-python">txn.execute(&quot;INSERT INTO tbl(col) VALUES (?)&quot;, (True, ))
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Default values for new boolean columns present a particular
+difficulty. Generally it is best to create separate schema files for
+Postgres and SQLite. For example:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sql"># in 00delta.sql.postgres:
+ALTER TABLE tbl ADD COLUMN col BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;
+</code></pre>
+<pre><code class="language-sql"># in 00delta.sql.sqlite:
+ALTER TABLE tbl ADD COLUMN col BOOLEAN DEFAULT 0;
+</code></pre>
+<p>Note that there is a particularly insidious failure mode here: the Postgres
+flavour will be accepted by SQLite 3.22, but will give a column whose
+default value is the <strong>string</strong> <code>&quot;FALSE&quot;</code> - which, when cast back to a boolean
+in Python, evaluates to <code>True</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
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