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diff --git a/v1.102/development/database_schema.html b/v1.102/development/database_schema.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f2f776ebee --- /dev/null +++ b/v1.102/development/database_schema.html @@ -0,0 +1,536 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML> +<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light"> + <head> + <!-- Book generated using mdBook --> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title>Database Schemas - Synapse</title> + <!-- Custom HTML head --> + <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> + <meta name="description" content=""> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> + + <link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg"> + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print"> + <!-- Fonts --> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css"> + <!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets --> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../tomorrow-night.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../ayu-highlight.css"> + + <!-- Custom theme stylesheets --> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../docs/website_files/table-of-contents.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../docs/website_files/remove-nav-buttons.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../docs/website_files/indent-section-headers.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../docs/website_files/version-picker.css"> + </head> + <body> + <!-- Provide site root to javascript --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var path_to_root = "../"; + var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? 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</script> + + <!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var html = document.querySelector('html'); + var sidebar = 'hidden'; + if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) { + try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { } + sidebar = sidebar || 'visible'; + } + html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible'); + html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar); + </script> + + <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> + <div class="sidebar-scrollbox"> + <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Introduction</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../welcome_and_overview.html">Welcome and Overview</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Setup</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../setup/installation.html">Installation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../postgres.html">Using Postgres</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../reverse_proxy.html">Configuring a Reverse Proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../setup/forward_proxy.html">Configuring a Forward/Outbound Proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../turn-howto.html">Configuring a Turn Server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../setup/turn/coturn.html">coturn TURN server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../setup/turn/eturnal.html">eturnal TURN server</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../delegate.html">Delegation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Upgrading</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../upgrade.html">Upgrading between Synapse Versions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Usage</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../federate.html">Federation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded 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expanded "><a href="../openid.html">OpenID Connect</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/configuration/user_authentication/single_sign_on/saml.html">SAML</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/configuration/user_authentication/single_sign_on/cas.html">CAS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../sso_mapping_providers.html">SSO Mapping Providers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../password_auth_providers.html">Password Auth Providers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../jwt.html">JSON Web Tokens</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/configuration/user_authentication/refresh_tokens.html">Refresh Tokens</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../CAPTCHA_SETUP.html">Registration Captcha</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../application_services.html">Application Services</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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href="../modules/account_validity_callbacks.html">Account validity callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../modules/password_auth_provider_callbacks.html">Password auth provider callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../modules/background_update_controller_callbacks.html">Background update controller callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../modules/account_data_callbacks.html">Account data callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../modules/add_extra_fields_to_client_events_unsigned.html">Add extra fields to client events unsigned section callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../modules/porting_legacy_module.html">Porting a legacy module to the new interface</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../workers.html">Workers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../synctl_workers.html">Using synctl with Workers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../systemd-with-workers/index.html">Systemd</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/index.html">Administration</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/admin_api/index.html">Admin API</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../admin_api/account_validity.html">Account Validity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/admin_api/background_updates.html">Background Updates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../admin_api/event_reports.html">Event Reports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../admin_api/experimental_features.html">Experimental Features</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../admin_api/media_admin_api.html">Media</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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href="../usage/administration/admin_api/federation.html">Federation</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../manhole.html">Manhole</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../metrics-howto.html">Monitoring</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/monitoring/reporting_homeserver_usage_statistics.html">Reporting Homeserver Usage Statistics</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/monthly_active_users.html">Monthly Active Users</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/understanding_synapse_through_grafana_graphs.html">Understanding Synapse Through Grafana Graphs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/useful_sql_for_admins.html">Useful SQL for Admins</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/database_maintenance_tools.html">Database Maintenance Tools</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/state_groups.html">State Groups</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/request_log.html">Request log format</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../usage/administration/admin_faq.html">Admin FAQ</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Scripts</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Development</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/contributing_guide.html">Contributing Guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../code_style.html">Code Style</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/reviews.html">Reviewing Code</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/releases.html">Release Cycle</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/git.html">Git Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded 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"><a href="../development/synapse_architecture/streams.html">Streams</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tcp_replication.html">TCP Replication</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/synapse_architecture/faster_joins.html">Faster remote joins</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/internal_documentation/index.html">Internal Documentation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Single Sign-On</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/saml.html">SAML</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/cas.html">CAS</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/room-dag-concepts.html">Room DAG concepts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>State Resolution</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../auth_chain_difference_algorithm.html">The Auth Chain Difference Algorithm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../media_repository.html">Media Repository</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../room_and_user_statistics.html">Room and User Statistics</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Scripts</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Other</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../deprecation_policy.html">Dependency Deprecation Policy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../other/running_synapse_on_single_board_computers.html">Running Synapse on a Single-Board Computer</a></li></ol> + </div> + <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div> + </nav> + + <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper"> + + <div class="page"> + <div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div> + <div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered"> + <div 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(Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar"> + <i class="fa fa-search"></i> + </button> + <div class="version-picker"> + <div class="dropdown"> + <div class="select"> + <span></span> + <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i> + </div> + <input type="hidden" name="version"> + <ul class="dropdown-menu"> + <!-- Versions will be added dynamically in version-picker.js --> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <h1 class="menu-title">Synapse</h1> + + <div class="right-buttons"> + <a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book"> + <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i> + </a> + <a href="https://github.com/element-hq/synapse" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository"> + <i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i> + </a> + <a href="https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/edit/develop/docs/development/database_schema.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit"> + <i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i> + </a> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden"> + <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer"> + <input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header"> + </form> + <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden"> + <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div> + <ul id="searchresults"> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible'); + document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible'); + Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) { + link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1); + }); + </script> + + <div id="content" class="content"> + <main> + <!-- Page table of contents --> + <div class="sidetoc"> + <nav class="pagetoc"></nav> + </div> + + <h1 id="synapse-database-schema-files"><a class="header" href="#synapse-database-schema-files">Synapse database schema files</a></h1> +<p>Synapse's database schema is stored in the <code>synapse.storage.schema</code> module.</p> +<h2 id="logical-databases"><a class="header" href="#logical-databases">Logical databases</a></h2> +<p>Synapse supports splitting its datastore across multiple physical databases (which can +be useful for large installations), and the schema files are therefore split according +to the logical database they apply to.</p> +<p>At the time of writing, the following "logical" databases are supported:</p> +<ul> +<li><code>state</code> - used to store Matrix room state (more specifically, <code>state_groups</code>, +their relationships and contents).</li> +<li><code>main</code> - stores everything else.</li> +</ul> +<p>Additionally, the <code>common</code> directory contains schema files for tables which must be +present on <em>all</em> physical databases.</p> +<h2 id="synapse-schema-versions"><a class="header" href="#synapse-schema-versions">Synapse schema versions</a></h2> +<p>Synapse manages its database schema via "schema versions". These are mainly used to +help avoid confusion if the Synapse codebase is rolled back after the database is +updated. They work as follows:</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p>The Synapse codebase defines a constant <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code> +which represents the expectations made about the database by that version. For +example, as of Synapse v1.36, this is <code>59</code>.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>The database stores a "compatibility version" in +<code>schema_compat_version.compat_version</code> which defines the <code>SCHEMA_VERSION</code> of the +oldest version of Synapse which will work with the database. On startup, if +<code>compat_version</code> is found to be newer than <code>SCHEMA_VERSION</code>, Synapse will refuse to +start.</p> +<p>Synapse automatically updates this field from +<code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code>.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>Whenever a backwards-incompatible change is made to the database format (normally +via a <code>delta</code> file), <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code> is also updated +so that administrators can not accidentally roll back to a too-old version of Synapse.</p> +</li> +</ul> +<p>Generally, the goal is to maintain compatibility with at least one or two previous +releases of Synapse, so any substantial change tends to require multiple releases and a +bit of forward-planning to get right.</p> +<p>As a worked example: we want to remove the <code>room_stats_historical</code> table. Here is how it +might pan out.</p> +<ol> +<li> +<p>Replace any code that <em>reads</em> from <code>room_stats_historical</code> with alternative +implementations, but keep writing to it in case of rollback to an earlier version. +Also, increase <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>. In this +instance, there is no existing code which reads from <code>room_stats_historical</code>, so +our starting point is:</p> +<p>v1.36.0: <code>SCHEMA_VERSION=59</code>, <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION=59</code></p> +</li> +<li> +<p>Next (say in Synapse v1.37.0): remove the code that <em>writes</em> to +<code>room_stats_historical</code>, but don’t yet remove the table in case of rollback to +v1.36.0. Again, we increase <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>, but +because we have not broken compatibility with v1.36, we do not yet update +<code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code>. We now have:</p> +<p>v1.37.0: <code>SCHEMA_VERSION=60</code>, <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION=59</code>.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>Later (say in Synapse v1.38.0): we can remove the table altogether. This will +break compatibility with v1.36.0, so we must update <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code> accordingly. +There is no need to update <code>synapse.storage.schema.SCHEMA_VERSION</code>, since there is no +change to the Synapse codebase here. So we end up with:</p> +<p>v1.38.0: <code>SCHEMA_VERSION=60</code>, <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION=60</code>.</p> +</li> +</ol> +<p>If in doubt about whether to update <code>SCHEMA_VERSION</code> or not, it is generally best to +lean towards doing so.</p> +<h2 id="full-schema-dumps"><a class="header" href="#full-schema-dumps">Full schema dumps</a></h2> +<p>In the <code>full_schemas</code> directories, only the most recently-numbered snapshot is used +(<code>54</code> at the time of writing). Older snapshots (eg, <code>16</code>) are present for historical +reference only.</p> +<h3 id="building-full-schema-dumps"><a class="header" href="#building-full-schema-dumps">Building full schema dumps</a></h3> +<p>If you want to recreate these schemas, they need to be made from a database that +has had all background updates run.</p> +<p>To do so, use <code>scripts-dev/make_full_schema.sh</code>. This will produce new +<code>full.sql.postgres</code> and <code>full.sql.sqlite</code> files.</p> +<p>Ensure postgres is installed, then run:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">./scripts-dev/make_full_schema.sh -p postgres_username -o output_dir/ +</code></pre> +<p>NB at the time of writing, this script predates the split into separate <code>state</code>/<code>main</code> +databases so will require updates to handle that correctly.</p> +<h2 id="delta-files"><a class="header" href="#delta-files">Delta files</a></h2> +<p>Delta files define the steps required to upgrade the database from an earlier version. +They can be written as either a file containing a series of SQL statements, or a Python +module.</p> +<p>Synapse remembers which delta files it has applied to a database (they are stored in the +<code>applied_schema_deltas</code> table) and will not re-apply them (even if a given file is +subsequently updated).</p> +<p>Delta files should be placed in a directory named <code>synapse/storage/schema/<database>/delta/<version>/</code>. +They are applied in alphanumeric order, so by convention the first two characters +of the filename should be an integer such as <code>01</code>, to put the file in the right order.</p> +<h3 id="sql-delta-files"><a class="header" href="#sql-delta-files">SQL delta files</a></h3> +<p>These should be named <code>*.sql</code>, or — for changes which should only be applied for a +given database engine — <code>*.sql.posgres</code> or <code>*.sql.sqlite</code>. For example, a delta which +adds a new column to the <code>foo</code> table might be called <code>01add_bar_to_foo.sql</code>.</p> +<p>Note that our SQL parser is a bit simple - it understands comments (<code>--</code> and <code>/*...*/</code>), +but complex statements which require a <code>;</code> in the middle of them (such as <code>CREATE TRIGGER</code>) are beyond it and you'll have to use a Python delta file.</p> +<h3 id="python-delta-files"><a class="header" href="#python-delta-files">Python delta files</a></h3> +<p>For more flexibility, a delta file can take the form of a python module. These should +be named <code>*.py</code>. Note that database-engine-specific modules are not supported here – +instead you can write <code>if isinstance(database_engine, PostgresEngine)</code> or similar.</p> +<p>A Python delta module should define either or both of the following functions:</p> +<pre><code class="language-python">import synapse.config.homeserver +import synapse.storage.engines +import synapse.storage.types + + +def run_create( + cur: synapse.storage.types.Cursor, + database_engine: synapse.storage.engines.BaseDatabaseEngine, +) -> None: + """Called whenever an existing or new database is to be upgraded""" + ... + +def run_upgrade( + cur: synapse.storage.types.Cursor, + database_engine: synapse.storage.engines.BaseDatabaseEngine, + config: synapse.config.homeserver.HomeServerConfig, +) -> None: + """Called whenever an existing database is to be upgraded.""" + ... +</code></pre> +<h2 id="background-updates"><a class="header" href="#background-updates">Background updates</a></h2> +<p>It is sometimes appropriate to perform database migrations as part of a background +process (instead of blocking Synapse until the migration is done). In particular, +this is useful for migrating data when adding new columns or tables.</p> +<p>Pending background updates stored in the <code>background_updates</code> table and are denoted +by a unique name, the current status (stored in JSON), and some dependency information:</p> +<ul> +<li>Whether the update requires a previous update to be complete.</li> +<li>A rough ordering for which to complete updates.</li> +</ul> +<p>A new background updates needs to be added to the <code>background_updates</code> table:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sql">INSERT INTO background_updates (ordering, update_name, depends_on, progress_json) VALUES + (7706, 'my_background_update', 'a_previous_background_update' '{}'); +</code></pre> +<p>And then needs an associated handler in the appropriate datastore:</p> +<pre><code class="language-python">self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler( + "my_background_update", + update_handler=self._my_background_update, +) +</code></pre> +<p>There are a few types of updates that can be performed, see the <code>BackgroundUpdater</code>:</p> +<ul> +<li><code>register_background_update_handler</code>: A generic handler for custom SQL</li> +<li><code>register_background_index_update</code>: Create an index in the background</li> +<li><code>register_background_validate_constraint</code>: Validate a constraint in the background +(PostgreSQL-only)</li> +<li><code>register_background_validate_constraint_and_delete_rows</code>: Similar to +<code>register_background_validate_constraint</code>, but deletes rows which don't fit +the constraint.</li> +</ul> +<p>For <code>register_background_update_handler</code>, the generic handler must track progress +and then finalize the background update:</p> +<pre><code class="language-python">async def _my_background_update(self, progress: JsonDict, batch_size: int) -> int: + def _do_something(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int: + ... + self.db_pool.updates._background_update_progress_txn( + txn, "my_background_update", {"last_processed": last_processed} + ) + return last_processed - prev_last_processed + + num_processed = await self.db_pool.runInteraction("_do_something", _do_something) + await self.db_pool.updates._end_background_update("my_background_update") + + return num_processed +</code></pre> +<p>Synapse will attempt to rate-limit how often background updates are run via the +given batch-size and the returned number of processed entries (and how long the +function took to run). See +<a href="../modules/background_update_controller_callbacks.html">background update controller callbacks</a>.</p> +<h2 id="boolean-columns"><a class="header" href="#boolean-columns">Boolean columns</a></h2> +<p>Boolean columns require special treatment, since SQLite treats booleans the +same as integers.</p> +<p>Any new boolean column must be added to the <code>BOOLEAN_COLUMNS</code> list in +<code>synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py</code>. This tells the port script to cast +the integer value from SQLite to a boolean before writing the value to the +postgres database.</p> +<h2 id="event_id-global-uniqueness"><a class="header" href="#event_id-global-uniqueness"><code>event_id</code> global uniqueness</a></h2> +<p><code>event_id</code>'s can be considered globally unique although there has been a lot of +debate on this topic in places like +<a href="https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/issues/2779">MSC2779</a> and +<a href="https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2848">MSC2848</a> which +has no resolution yet (as of 2022-09-01). There are several places in Synapse +and even in the Matrix APIs like <a href="https://spec.matrix.org/v1.1/server-server-api/#get_matrixfederationv1eventeventid"><code>GET /_matrix/federation/v1/event/{eventId}</code></a> +where we assume that event IDs are globally unique.</p> +<p>When scoping <code>event_id</code> in a database schema, it is often nice to accompany it +with <code>room_id</code> (<code>PRIMARY KEY (room_id, event_id)</code> and a <code>FOREIGN KEY(room_id) REFERENCES rooms(room_id)</code>) which makes flexible lookups easy. For example it +makes it very easy to find and clean up everything in a room when it needs to be +purged (no need to use sub-<code>select</code> query or join from the <code>events</code> table).</p> +<p>A note on collisions: In room versions <code>1</code> and <code>2</code> it's possible to end up with +two events with the same <code>event_id</code> (in the same or different rooms). After room +version <code>3</code>, that can only happen with a hash collision, which we basically hope +will never happen (SHA256 has a massive big key space).</p> +<h2 id="worked-examples-of-gradual-migrations"><a class="header" href="#worked-examples-of-gradual-migrations">Worked examples of gradual migrations</a></h2> +<p>Some migrations need to be performed gradually. A prime example of this is anything +which would need to do a large table scan — including adding columns, indices or +<code>NOT NULL</code> constraints to non-empty tables — such a migration should be done as a +background update where possible, at least on Postgres. +We can afford to be more relaxed about SQLite databases since they are usually +used on smaller deployments and SQLite does not support the same concurrent +DDL operations as Postgres.</p> +<p>We also typically insist on having at least one Synapse version's worth of +backwards compatibility, so that administrators can roll back Synapse if an upgrade +did not go smoothly.</p> +<p>This sometimes results in having to plan a migration across multiple versions +of Synapse.</p> +<p>This section includes an example and may include more in the future.</p> +<h3 id="transforming-a-column-into-another-one-with-not-null-constraints"><a class="header" href="#transforming-a-column-into-another-one-with-not-null-constraints">Transforming a column into another one, with <code>NOT NULL</code> constraints</a></h3> +<p>This example illustrates how you would introduce a new column, write data into it +based on data from an old column and then drop the old column.</p> +<p>We are aiming for semantic equivalence to:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE mytable ADD COLUMN new_column INTEGER; +UPDATE mytable SET new_column = old_column * 100; +ALTER TABLE mytable ALTER COLUMN new_column ADD CONSTRAINT NOT NULL; +ALTER TABLE mytable DROP COLUMN old_column; +</code></pre> +<h4 id="synapse-version-n"><a class="header" href="#synapse-version-n">Synapse version <code>N</code></a></h4> +<pre><code class="language-python">SCHEMA_VERSION = S +SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = ... # unimportant at this stage +</code></pre> +<p><strong>Invariants:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li><code>old_column</code> is read by Synapse and written to by Synapse.</li> +</ol> +<h4 id="synapse-version-n--1"><a class="header" href="#synapse-version-n--1">Synapse version <code>N + 1</code></a></h4> +<pre><code class="language-python">SCHEMA_VERSION = S + 1 +SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = ... # unimportant at this stage +</code></pre> +<p><strong>Changes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li> +<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE mytable ADD COLUMN new_column INTEGER; +</code></pre> +</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Invariants:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li><code>old_column</code> is read by Synapse and written to by Synapse.</li> +<li><code>new_column</code> is written to by Synapse.</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li><code>new_column</code> can't have a <code>NOT NULL NOT VALID</code> constraint yet, because the previous Synapse version did not write to the new column (since we haven't bumped the <code>SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION</code> yet, we still need to be compatible with the previous version).</li> +</ol> +<h4 id="synapse-version-n--2"><a class="header" href="#synapse-version-n--2">Synapse version <code>N + 2</code></a></h4> +<pre><code class="language-python">SCHEMA_VERSION = S + 2 +SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = S + 1 # this signals that we can't roll back to a time before new_column existed +</code></pre> +<p><strong>Changes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li>On Postgres, add a <code>NOT VALID</code> constraint to ensure new rows are compliant. <em>SQLite does not have such a construct, but it would be unnecessary anyway since there is no way to concurrently perform this migration on SQLite.</em> +<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE mytable ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK new_column_not_null (new_column IS NOT NULL) NOT VALID; +</code></pre> +</li> +<li>Start a background update to perform migration: it should gradually run e.g. +<pre><code class="language-sql">UPDATE mytable SET new_column = old_column * 100 WHERE 0 < mytable_id AND mytable_id <= 5; +</code></pre> +This background update is technically pointless on SQLite, but you must schedule it anyway so that the <code>portdb</code> script to migrate to Postgres still works.</li> +<li>Upon completion of the background update, you should run <code>VALIDATE CONSTRAINT</code> on Postgres to turn the <code>NOT VALID</code> constraint into a valid one. +<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE mytable VALIDATE CONSTRAINT new_column_not_null; +</code></pre> +This will take some time but does <strong>NOT</strong> hold an exclusive lock over the table.</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Invariants:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li><code>old_column</code> is read by Synapse and written to by Synapse.</li> +<li><code>new_column</code> is written to by Synapse and new rows always have a non-<code>NULL</code> value in this field.</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li>If you wish, you can convert the <code>CHECK (new_column IS NOT NULL)</code> to a <code>NOT NULL</code> constraint free of charge in Postgres by adding the <code>NOT NULL</code> constraint and then dropping the <code>CHECK</code> constraint, because Postgres can statically verify that the <code>NOT NULL</code> constraint is implied by the <code>CHECK</code> constraint without performing a table scan.</li> +<li>It might be tempting to make version <code>N + 2</code> redundant by moving the background update to <code>N + 1</code> and delaying adding the <code>NOT NULL</code> constraint to <code>N + 3</code>, but that would mean the constraint would always be validated in the foreground in <code>N + 3</code>. Whereas if the <code>N + 2</code> step is kept, the migration in <code>N + 3</code> would be fast in the happy case.</li> +</ol> +<h4 id="synapse-version-n--3"><a class="header" href="#synapse-version-n--3">Synapse version <code>N + 3</code></a></h4> +<pre><code class="language-python">SCHEMA_VERSION = S + 3 +SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = S + 1 # we can't roll back to a time before new_column existed +</code></pre> +<p><strong>Changes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li>(Postgres) Update the table to populate values of <code>new_column</code> in case the background update had not completed. Additionally, <code>VALIDATE CONSTRAINT</code> to make the check fully valid. +<pre><code class="language-sql">-- you ideally want an index on `new_column` or e.g. `(new_column) WHERE new_column IS NULL` first, or perhaps you can find a way to skip this if the `NOT NULL` constraint has already been validated. +UPDATE mytable SET new_column = old_column * 100 WHERE new_column IS NULL; + +-- this is a no-op if it already ran as part of the background update +ALTER TABLE mytable VALIDATE CONSTRAINT new_column_not_null; +</code></pre> +</li> +<li>(SQLite) Recreate the table by precisely following <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html#otheralter">the 12-step procedure for SQLite table schema changes</a>. +During this table rewrite, you should recreate <code>new_column</code> as <code>NOT NULL</code> and populate any outstanding <code>NULL</code> values at the same time. +Unfortunately, you can't drop <code>old_column</code> yet because it must be present for compatibility with the Postgres schema, as needed by <code>portdb</code>. +(Otherwise you could do this all in one go with SQLite!)</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Invariants:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li><code>old_column</code> is written to by Synapse (but no longer read by Synapse!).</li> +<li><code>new_column</code> is read by Synapse and written to by Synapse. Moreover, all rows have a non-<code>NULL</code> value in this field, as guaranteed by a schema constraint.</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li>We can't drop <code>old_column</code> yet, or even stop writing to it, because that would break a rollback to the previous version of Synapse.</li> +<li>Application code can now rely on <code>new_column</code> being populated. The remaining steps are only motivated by the wish to clean-up old columns.</li> +</ol> +<h4 id="synapse-version-n--4"><a class="header" href="#synapse-version-n--4">Synapse version <code>N + 4</code></a></h4> +<pre><code class="language-python">SCHEMA_VERSION = S + 4 +SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = S + 3 # we can't roll back to a time before new_column was entirely non-NULL +</code></pre> +<p><strong>Invariants:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li><code>old_column</code> exists but is not written to or read from by Synapse.</li> +<li><code>new_column</code> is read by Synapse and written to by Synapse. Moreover, all rows have a non-<code>NULL</code> value in this field, as guaranteed by a schema constraint.</li> +</ol> +<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li>We can't drop <code>old_column</code> yet because that would break a rollback to the previous version of Synapse. <br /> +<strong>TODO:</strong> It may be possible to relax this and drop the column straight away as long as the previous version of Synapse detected a rollback occurred and stopped attempting to write to the column. This could possibly be done by checking whether the database's schema compatibility version was <code>S + 3</code>.</li> +</ol> +<h4 id="synapse-version-n--5"><a class="header" href="#synapse-version-n--5">Synapse version <code>N + 5</code></a></h4> +<pre><code class="language-python">SCHEMA_VERSION = S + 5 +SCHEMA_COMPAT_VERSION = S + 4 # we can't roll back to a time before old_column was no longer being touched +</code></pre> +<p><strong>Changes:</strong></p> +<ol> +<li> +<pre><code class="language-sql">ALTER TABLE mytable DROP COLUMN old_column; +</code></pre> +</li> +</ol> + + </main> + + <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> + <!-- Mobile navigation buttons --> + <a rel="prev" href="../opentracing.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> + <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> + </a> + <a rel="next" href="../development/experimental_features.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> + <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> + </a> + <div style="clear: both"></div> + </nav> + </div> + </div> + + <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> + <a rel="prev" href="../opentracing.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> + <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> + </a> + <a rel="next" href="../development/experimental_features.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> + <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> + </a> + </nav> + + </div> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + window.playground_copyable = true; + </script> + <script src="../elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> + <script src="../mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> + <script src="../searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> + <script src="../clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> + <script src="../highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> + <script src="../book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> + + <!-- Custom JS scripts --> + <script type="text/javascript" src="../docs/website_files/table-of-contents.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="../docs/website_files/version-picker.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="../docs/website_files/version.js"></script> + </body> +</html> |