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-rw-r--r--tests/api/test_auth.py12
-rw-r--r--tests/config/test_server.py8
-rw-r--r--tests/config/test_tls.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py46
-rw-r--r--tests/events/test_utils.py94
-rw-r--r--tests/federation/test_complexity.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py48
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_auth.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_directory.py8
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py18
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_register.py31
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_stats.py5
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_typing.py16
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py8
-rw-r--r--tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py216
-rw-r--r--tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/http/test_endpoint.py12
-rw-r--r--tests/http/test_fedclient.py19
-rw-r--r--tests/push/test_email.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py100
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/test_consent.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/test_identity.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py7
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py46
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py8
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py31
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py14
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py35
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py14
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py56
-rw-r--r--tests/server.py16
-rw-r--r--tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/state/test_v2.py20
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_appservice.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_client_ips.py20
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_devices.py16
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py8
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_event_federation.py14
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py36
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py22
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_redaction.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_registration.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_room.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_state.py16
-rw-r--r--tests/test_preview.py136
-rw-r--r--tests/test_server.py14
-rw-r--r--tests/test_state.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/test_types.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/test_visibility.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/unittest.py18
-rw-r--r--tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py60
-rw-r--r--tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py46
-rw-r--r--tests/utils.py18
56 files changed, 684 insertions, 710 deletions
diff --git a/tests/api/test_auth.py b/tests/api/test_auth.py
index d0d36f96fa..d4e75b5b2e 100644
--- a/tests/api/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/api/test_auth.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         self.assertEquals(
-            requester.user.to_string(), masquerading_user_id.decode('utf8')
+            requester.user.to_string(), masquerading_user_id.decode("utf8")
         )
 
     def test_get_user_by_req_appservice_valid_token_bad_user_id(self):
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # check the token works
         request = Mock(args={})
-        request.args[b"access_token"] = [token.encode('ascii')]
+        request.args[b"access_token"] = [token.encode("ascii")]
         request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         self.assertEqual(UserID.from_string(USER_ID), requester.user)
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # the token should *not* work now
         request = Mock(args={})
-        request.args[b"access_token"] = [guest_tok.encode('ascii')]
+        request.args[b"access_token"] = [guest_tok.encode("ascii")]
         request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders = mock_getRawHeaders()
 
         with self.assertRaises(AuthError) as cm:
@@ -321,11 +321,11 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = True
         self.hs.config.max_mau_value = 1
         self.store.get_monthly_active_count = lambda: defer.succeed(2)
-        threepid = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'reserved@server.com'}
-        unknown_threepid = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'unreserved@server.com'}
+        threepid = {"medium": "email", "address": "reserved@server.com"}
+        unknown_threepid = {"medium": "email", "address": "unreserved@server.com"}
         self.hs.config.mau_limits_reserved_threepids = [threepid]
 
-        yield self.store.register(user_id='user1', token="123", password_hash=None)
+        yield self.store.register(user_id="user1", token="123", password_hash=None)
         with self.assertRaises(ResourceLimitError):
             yield self.auth.check_auth_blocking()
 
diff --git a/tests/config/test_server.py b/tests/config/test_server.py
index de64965a60..1ca5ea54ca 100644
--- a/tests/config/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/config/test_server.py
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ from tests import unittest
 
 class ServerConfigTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_is_threepid_reserved(self):
-        user1 = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'user1@example.com'}
-        user2 = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'user2@example.com'}
-        user3 = {'medium': 'email', 'address': 'user3@example.com'}
-        user1_msisdn = {'medium': 'msisdn', 'address': '447700000000'}
+        user1 = {"medium": "email", "address": "user1@example.com"}
+        user2 = {"medium": "email", "address": "user2@example.com"}
+        user3 = {"medium": "email", "address": "user3@example.com"}
+        user1_msisdn = {"medium": "msisdn", "address": "447700000000"}
         config = [user1, user2]
 
         self.assertTrue(is_threepid_reserved(config, user1))
diff --git a/tests/config/test_tls.py b/tests/config/test_tls.py
index 40ca428778..0cbbf4e885 100644
--- a/tests/config/test_tls.py
+++ b/tests/config/test_tls.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TLSConfigTests(TestCase):
         """
         config_dir = self.mktemp()
         os.mkdir(config_dir)
-        with open(os.path.join(config_dir, "cert.pem"), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(config_dir, "cert.pem"), "w") as f:
             f.write(
                 """-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIID6DCCAtACAws9CjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCBtzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVFIxDzAN
diff --git a/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py b/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py
index 71aa731439..126e176004 100644
--- a/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py
+++ b/tests/crypto/test_event_signing.py
@@ -41,25 +41,25 @@ class EventSigningTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_sign_minimal(self):
         event_dict = {
-            'event_id': "$0:domain",
-            'origin': "domain",
-            'origin_server_ts': 1000000,
-            'signatures': {},
-            'type': "X",
-            'unsigned': {'age_ts': 1000000},
+            "event_id": "$0:domain",
+            "origin": "domain",
+            "origin_server_ts": 1000000,
+            "signatures": {},
+            "type": "X",
+            "unsigned": {"age_ts": 1000000},
         }
 
         add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, HOSTNAME, self.signing_key)
 
         event = FrozenEvent(event_dict)
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'hashes'))
-        self.assertIn('sha256', event.hashes)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "hashes"))
+        self.assertIn("sha256", event.hashes)
         self.assertEquals(
-            event.hashes['sha256'], "6tJjLpXtggfke8UxFhAKg82QVkJzvKOVOOSjUDK4ZSI"
+            event.hashes["sha256"], "6tJjLpXtggfke8UxFhAKg82QVkJzvKOVOOSjUDK4ZSI"
         )
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'signatures'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "signatures"))
         self.assertIn(HOSTNAME, event.signatures)
         self.assertIn(KEY_NAME, event.signatures["domain"])
         self.assertEquals(
@@ -70,28 +70,28 @@ class EventSigningTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_sign_message(self):
         event_dict = {
-            'content': {'body': "Here is the message content"},
-            'event_id': "$0:domain",
-            'origin': "domain",
-            'origin_server_ts': 1000000,
-            'type': "m.room.message",
-            'room_id': "!r:domain",
-            'sender': "@u:domain",
-            'signatures': {},
-            'unsigned': {'age_ts': 1000000},
+            "content": {"body": "Here is the message content"},
+            "event_id": "$0:domain",
+            "origin": "domain",
+            "origin_server_ts": 1000000,
+            "type": "m.room.message",
+            "room_id": "!r:domain",
+            "sender": "@u:domain",
+            "signatures": {},
+            "unsigned": {"age_ts": 1000000},
         }
 
         add_hashes_and_signatures(event_dict, HOSTNAME, self.signing_key)
 
         event = FrozenEvent(event_dict)
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'hashes'))
-        self.assertIn('sha256', event.hashes)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "hashes"))
+        self.assertIn("sha256", event.hashes)
         self.assertEquals(
-            event.hashes['sha256'], "onLKD1bGljeBWQhWZ1kaP9SorVmRQNdN5aM2JYU2n/g"
+            event.hashes["sha256"], "onLKD1bGljeBWQhWZ1kaP9SorVmRQNdN5aM2JYU2n/g"
         )
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, 'signatures'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(event, "signatures"))
         self.assertIn(HOSTNAME, event.signatures)
         self.assertIn(KEY_NAME, event.signatures["domain"])
         self.assertEquals(
diff --git a/tests/events/test_utils.py b/tests/events/test_utils.py
index d0cc492deb..9e3d4d0f47 100644
--- a/tests/events/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/events/test_utils.py
@@ -37,88 +37,88 @@ class PruneEventTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_minimal(self):
         self.run_test(
-            {'type': 'A', 'event_id': '$test:domain'},
+            {"type": "A", "event_id": "$test:domain"},
             {
-                'type': 'A',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "A",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
     def test_basic_keys(self):
         self.run_test(
             {
-                'type': 'A',
-                'room_id': '!1:domain',
-                'sender': '@2:domain',
-                'event_id': '$3:domain',
-                'origin': 'domain',
+                "type": "A",
+                "room_id": "!1:domain",
+                "sender": "@2:domain",
+                "event_id": "$3:domain",
+                "origin": "domain",
             },
             {
-                'type': 'A',
-                'room_id': '!1:domain',
-                'sender': '@2:domain',
-                'event_id': '$3:domain',
-                'origin': 'domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "A",
+                "room_id": "!1:domain",
+                "sender": "@2:domain",
+                "event_id": "$3:domain",
+                "origin": "domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
     def test_unsigned_age_ts(self):
         self.run_test(
-            {'type': 'B', 'event_id': '$test:domain', 'unsigned': {'age_ts': 20}},
+            {"type": "B", "event_id": "$test:domain", "unsigned": {"age_ts": 20}},
             {
-                'type': 'B',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {'age_ts': 20},
+                "type": "B",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {"age_ts": 20},
             },
         )
 
         self.run_test(
             {
-                'type': 'B',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'unsigned': {'other_key': 'here'},
+                "type": "B",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "unsigned": {"other_key": "here"},
             },
             {
-                'type': 'B',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "B",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
     def test_content(self):
         self.run_test(
-            {'type': 'C', 'event_id': '$test:domain', 'content': {'things': 'here'}},
+            {"type": "C", "event_id": "$test:domain", "content": {"things": "here"}},
             {
-                'type': 'C',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "C",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
         self.run_test(
             {
-                'type': 'm.room.create',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {'creator': '@2:domain', 'other_field': 'here'},
+                "type": "m.room.create",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {"creator": "@2:domain", "other_field": "here"},
             },
             {
-                'type': 'm.room.create',
-                'event_id': '$test:domain',
-                'content': {'creator': '@2:domain'},
-                'signatures': {},
-                'unsigned': {},
+                "type": "m.room.create",
+                "event_id": "$test:domain",
+                "content": {"creator": "@2:domain"},
+                "signatures": {},
+                "unsigned": {},
             },
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/federation/test_complexity.py b/tests/federation/test_complexity.py
index 1e3e5aec66..a5b03005d7 100644
--- a/tests/federation/test_complexity.py
+++ b/tests/federation/test_complexity.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class RoomComplexityTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         login.register_servlets,
     ]
 
-    def default_config(self, name='test'):
+    def default_config(self, name="test"):
         config = super(RoomComplexityTests, self).default_config(name=name)
         config["limit_large_remote_room_joins"] = True
         config["limit_large_remote_room_complexity"] = 0.05
diff --git a/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py b/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py
index 7bb106b5f7..cce8d8c6de 100644
--- a/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py
+++ b/tests/federation/test_federation_sender.py
@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ class FederationSenderTestCases(HomeserverTestCase):
         json_cb = mock_send_transaction.call_args[0][1]
         data = json_cb()
         self.assertEqual(
-            data['edus'],
+            data["edus"],
             [
                 {
-                    'edu_type': 'm.receipt',
-                    'content': {
-                        'room_id': {
-                            'm.read': {
-                                'user_id': {
-                                    'event_ids': ['event_id'],
-                                    'data': {'ts': 1234},
+                    "edu_type": "m.receipt",
+                    "content": {
+                        "room_id": {
+                            "m.read": {
+                                "user_id": {
+                                    "event_ids": ["event_id"],
+                                    "data": {"ts": 1234},
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -93,16 +93,16 @@ class FederationSenderTestCases(HomeserverTestCase):
         json_cb = mock_send_transaction.call_args[0][1]
         data = json_cb()
         self.assertEqual(
-            data['edus'],
+            data["edus"],
             [
                 {
-                    'edu_type': 'm.receipt',
-                    'content': {
-                        'room_id': {
-                            'm.read': {
-                                'user_id': {
-                                    'event_ids': ['event_id'],
-                                    'data': {'ts': 1234},
+                    "edu_type": "m.receipt",
+                    "content": {
+                        "room_id": {
+                            "m.read": {
+                                "user_id": {
+                                    "event_ids": ["event_id"],
+                                    "data": {"ts": 1234},
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -128,16 +128,16 @@ class FederationSenderTestCases(HomeserverTestCase):
         json_cb = mock_send_transaction.call_args[0][1]
         data = json_cb()
         self.assertEqual(
-            data['edus'],
+            data["edus"],
             [
                 {
-                    'edu_type': 'm.receipt',
-                    'content': {
-                        'room_id': {
-                            'm.read': {
-                                'user_id': {
-                                    'event_ids': ['other_id'],
-                                    'data': {'ts': 1234},
+                    "edu_type": "m.receipt",
+                    "content": {
+                        "room_id": {
+                            "m.read": {
+                                "user_id": {
+                                    "event_ids": ["other_id"],
+                                    "data": {"ts": 1234},
                                 }
                             }
                         }
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_auth.py b/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
index 1e39fe0ec2..b204a0700d 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_auth.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_mau_limits_disabled(self):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = False
         # Ensure does not throw exception
-        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         yield self.auth_handler.validate_short_term_login_token_and_get_user_id(
             self._get_macaroon().serialize()
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         )
 
         with self.assertRaises(ResourceLimitError):
-            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.large_number_of_users)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
         )
         with self.assertRaises(ResourceLimitError):
-            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+            yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
         )
-        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
         self.hs.get_datastore().user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.get_clock().time_msec())
         )
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class AuthTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.small_number_of_users)
         )
         # Ensure does not raise exception
-        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id('user_a')
+        yield self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id("user_a")
 
         self.hs.get_datastore().get_monthly_active_count = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.small_number_of_users)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_directory.py b/tests/handlers/test_directory.py
index 917548bb31..91c7a17070 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_directory.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_directory.py
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class TestCreateAliasACL(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
             b"directory/room/%23test%3Atest",
-            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode('ascii'),
+            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode("ascii"),
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(403, channel.code, channel.result)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class TestCreateAliasACL(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
             b"directory/room/%23unofficial_test%3Atest",
-            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode('ascii'),
+            ('{"room_id":"%s"}' % (room_id,)).encode("ascii"),
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.result)
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TestRoomListSearchDisabled(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id)
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode('ascii'),), b'{}'
+            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode("ascii"),), b"{}"
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.result)
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class TestRoomListSearchDisabled(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Room list disabled so we shouldn't be allowed to publish rooms
         room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode('ascii'),), b'{}'
+            "PUT", b"directory/list/room/%s" % (room_id.encode("ascii"),), b"{}"
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(403, channel.code, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py b/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
index 2e72a1dd23..c4503c1611 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -395,37 +395,37 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandlerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, room_keys)
 
         new_room_keys = copy.deepcopy(room_keys)
-        new_room_key = new_room_keys['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']
+        new_room_key = new_room_keys["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]
 
         # test that increasing the message_index doesn't replace the existing session
-        new_room_key['first_message_index'] = 2
-        new_room_key['session_data'] = 'new'
+        new_room_key["first_message_index"] = 2
+        new_room_key["session_data"] = "new"
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, new_room_keys)
 
         res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']['session_data'],
+            res["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]["session_data"],
             "SSBBTSBBIEZJU0gK",
         )
 
         # test that marking the session as verified however /does/ replace it
-        new_room_key['is_verified'] = True
+        new_room_key["is_verified"] = True
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, new_room_keys)
 
         res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']['session_data'], "new"
+            res["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]["session_data"], "new"
         )
 
         # test that a session with a higher forwarded_count doesn't replace one
         # with a lower forwarding count
-        new_room_key['forwarded_count'] = 2
-        new_room_key['session_data'] = 'other'
+        new_room_key["forwarded_count"] = 2
+        new_room_key["session_data"] = "other"
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, new_room_keys)
 
         res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res['rooms']['!abc:matrix.org']['sessions']['c0ff33']['session_data'], "new"
+            res["rooms"]["!abc:matrix.org"]["sessions"]["c0ff33"]["session_data"], "new"
         )
 
         # TODO: check edge cases as well as the common variations here
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_register.py b/tests/handlers/test_register.py
index 5ffba2ca7a..4edce7af43 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_register.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.mock_distributor.declare("registered_user")
         self.mock_captcha_client = Mock()
         self.macaroon_generator = Mock(
-            generate_access_token=Mock(return_value='secret')
+            generate_access_token=Mock(return_value="secret")
         )
         self.hs.get_macaroon_generator = Mock(return_value=self.macaroon_generator)
         self.handler = self.hs.get_registration_handler()
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEquals(result_user_id, user_id)
         self.assertTrue(result_token is not None)
-        self.assertEquals(result_token, 'secret')
+        self.assertEquals(result_token, "secret")
 
     def test_if_user_exists(self):
         store = self.hs.get_datastore()
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = False
         # Ensure does not throw exception
         self.get_success(
-            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'a', "display_name")
+            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "a", "display_name")
         )
 
     def test_get_or_create_user_mau_not_blocked(self):
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value - 1)
         )
         # Ensure does not throw exception
-        self.get_success(self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'c', "User"))
+        self.get_success(self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "c", "User"))
 
     def test_get_or_create_user_mau_blocked(self):
         self.hs.config.limit_usage_by_mau = True
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.lots_of_users)
         )
         self.get_failure(
-            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'b', "display_name"),
+            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "b", "display_name"),
             ResourceLimitError,
         )
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.config.max_mau_value)
         )
         self.get_failure(
-            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, 'b', "display_name"),
+            self.handler.get_or_create_user(self.requester, "b", "display_name"),
             ResourceLimitError,
         )
 
@@ -144,13 +144,13 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_auto_create_auto_join_rooms(self):
         room_alias_str = "#room:test"
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = [room_alias_str]
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='jeff'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="jeff"))
         rooms = self.get_success(self.store.get_rooms_for_user(res[0]))
         directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
         room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(room_alias_str)
         room_id = self.get_success(directory_handler.get_association(room_alias))
 
-        self.assertTrue(room_id['room_id'] in rooms)
+        self.assertTrue(room_id["room_id"] in rooms)
         self.assertEqual(len(rooms), 1)
 
     def test_auto_create_auto_join_rooms_with_no_rooms(self):
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.config.autocreate_auto_join_rooms = False
         room_alias_str = "#room:test"
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = [room_alias_str]
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='jeff'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="jeff"))
         rooms = self.get_success(self.store.get_rooms_for_user(res[0]))
         self.assertEqual(len(rooms), 0)
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = [room_alias_str]
 
         self.store.is_support_user = Mock(return_value=True)
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='support'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="support"))
         rooms = self.get_success(self.store.get_rooms_for_user(res[0]))
         self.assertEqual(len(rooms), 0)
         directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # When:-
         #   * the user is registered and post consent actions are called
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='jeff'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="jeff"))
         self.get_success(self.handler.post_consent_actions(res[0]))
 
         # Then:-
@@ -221,17 +221,14 @@ class RegistrationTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def test_register_support_user(self):
         res = self.get_success(
-            self.handler.register(localpart='user', user_type=UserTypes.SUPPORT)
+            self.handler.register(localpart="user", user_type=UserTypes.SUPPORT)
         )
         self.assertTrue(self.store.is_support_user(res[0]))
 
     def test_register_not_support_user(self):
-        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart='user'))
+        res = self.get_success(self.handler.register(localpart="user"))
         self.assertFalse(self.store.is_support_user(res[0]))
 
     def test_invalid_user_id_length(self):
         invalid_user_id = "x" * 256
-        self.get_failure(
-            self.handler.register(localpart=invalid_user_id),
-            SynapseError
-        )
+        self.get_failure(self.handler.register(localpart=invalid_user_id), SynapseError)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_stats.py b/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
index 2710c991cf..a8b858eb4f 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
@@ -265,10 +265,7 @@ class StatsRoomTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         while not self.get_success(self.store.has_completed_background_updates()):
             self.get_success(self.store.do_next_background_update(100), by=0.1)
 
-        events = {
-            "a1": None,
-            "a2": {"membership": Membership.JOIN},
-        }
+        events = {"a1": None, "a2": {"membership": Membership.JOIN}}
 
         def get_event(event_id, allow_none=True):
             if events.get(event_id):
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_typing.py b/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
index cb8b4d2913..5d5e324df2 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _expect_edu_transaction(edu_type, content, origin="test"):
 
 
 def _make_edu_transaction_json(edu_type, content):
-    return json.dumps(_expect_edu_transaction(edu_type, content)).encode('utf8')
+    return json.dumps(_expect_edu_transaction(edu_type, content)).encode("utf8")
 
 
 class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 1)
         events = self.event_source.get_new_events(room_ids=[ROOM_ID], from_key=0)
@@ -209,12 +209,12 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                     "typing": True,
                 },
             ),
-            federation_auth_origin=b'farm',
+            federation_auth_origin=b"farm",
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 1)
         events = self.event_source.get_new_events(room_ids=[ROOM_ID], from_key=0)
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         put_json = self.hs.get_http_client().put_json
         put_json.assert_called_once_with(
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 1, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
         self.on_new_event.reset_mock()
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 1)
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.reactor.pump([16])
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 2, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 2, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 2)
         events = self.event_source.get_new_events(room_ids=[ROOM_ID], from_key=1)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call('typing_key', 3, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
+        self.on_new_event.assert_has_calls([call("typing_key", 3, rooms=[ROOM_ID])])
         self.on_new_event.reset_mock()
 
         self.assertEquals(self.event_source.get_current_key(), 3)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py b/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py
index 9021e647fe..b135486c48 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_user_directory.py
@@ -60,15 +60,15 @@ class UserDirectoryTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
         profile = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_in_directory(support_user_id))
         self.assertTrue(profile is None)
-        display_name = 'display_name'
+        display_name = "display_name"
 
-        profile_info = ProfileInfo(avatar_url='avatar_url', display_name=display_name)
-        regular_user_id = '@regular:test'
+        profile_info = ProfileInfo(avatar_url="avatar_url", display_name=display_name)
+        regular_user_id = "@regular:test"
         self.get_success(
             self.handler.handle_local_profile_change(regular_user_id, profile_info)
         )
         profile = self.get_success(self.store.get_user_in_directory(regular_user_id))
-        self.assertTrue(profile['display_name'] == display_name)
+        self.assertTrue(profile["display_name"] == display_name)
 
     def test_handle_user_deactivated_support_user(self):
         s_user_id = "@support:test"
diff --git a/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py b/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py
index ecce473b01..b1094c1448 100644
--- a/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py
+++ b/tests/http/federation/test_matrix_federation_agent.py
@@ -53,13 +53,15 @@ def get_connection_factory():
     # this needs to happen once, but not until we are ready to run the first test
     global test_server_connection_factory
     if test_server_connection_factory is None:
-        test_server_connection_factory = TestServerTLSConnectionFactory(sanlist=[
-            b'DNS:testserv',
-            b'DNS:target-server',
-            b'DNS:xn--bcher-kva.com',
-            b'IP:1.2.3.4',
-            b'IP:::1',
-        ])
+        test_server_connection_factory = TestServerTLSConnectionFactory(
+            sanlist=[
+                b"DNS:testserv",
+                b"DNS:target-server",
+                b"DNS:xn--bcher-kva.com",
+                b"IP:1.2.3.4",
+                b"IP:::1",
+            ]
+        )
     return test_server_connection_factory
 
 
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         Sends a simple GET request via the agent, and checks its logcontext management
         """
         with LoggingContext("one") as context:
-            fetch_d = self.agent.request(b'GET', uri)
+            fetch_d = self.agent.request(b"GET", uri)
 
             # Nothing happened yet
             self.assertNoResult(fetch_d)
@@ -177,9 +179,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         """Check that an incoming request looks like a valid .well-known request, and
         send back the response.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/.well-known/matrix/server')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/.well-known/matrix/server")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
         # send back a response
         for k, v in headers.items():
             request.setHeader(k, v)
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -210,20 +212,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv:8448']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv:8448"]
         )
         content = request.content.read()
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"")
 
         # Deferred is still without a result
         self.assertNoResult(test_d)
 
         # send the headers
-        request.responseHeaders.setRawHeaders(b'Content-Type', [b'application/json'])
-        request.write('')
+        request.responseHeaders.setRawHeaders(b"Content-Type", [b"application/json"])
+        request.write("")
 
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
 
@@ -233,7 +235,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
 
         # Send the body
-        request.write('{ "a": 1 }'.encode('ascii'))
+        request.write('{ "a": 1 }'.encode("ascii"))
         request.finish()
 
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -266,9 +268,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'1.2.3.4'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"1.2.3.4"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '::1')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "::1")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -301,9 +303,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'[::1]'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"[::1]"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -328,7 +330,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '::1')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "::1")
         self.assertEqual(port, 80)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -336,9 +338,9 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'[::1]:80'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"[::1]:80"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -364,7 +366,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         # fonx the connection
@@ -382,11 +384,11 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # we should fall back to a direct connection
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv1')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv1")
 
         # there should be no requests
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 0)
@@ -413,7 +415,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.5')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.5")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
@@ -447,7 +449,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         # fonx the connection
@@ -465,17 +467,17 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # we should fall back to a direct connection
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -499,7 +501,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self._handle_well_known_connection(
@@ -516,20 +518,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # now we should get a connection to the target server
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1::f')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1::f")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'target-server'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"target-server"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'target-server']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"target-server"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -561,7 +563,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         redirect_server = self._make_connection(
@@ -571,7 +573,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # send a 302 redirect
         self.assertEqual(len(redirect_server.requests), 1)
         request = redirect_server.requests[0]
-        request.redirect(b'https://testserv/even_better_known')
+        request.redirect(b"https://testserv/even_better_known")
         request.finish()
 
         self.reactor.pump((0.1,))
@@ -580,7 +582,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         well_known_server = self._make_connection(
@@ -589,8 +591,8 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(well_known_server.requests), 1, "No request after 302")
         request = well_known_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/even_better_known')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/even_better_known")
         request.write(b'{ "m.server": "target-server" }')
         request.finish()
 
@@ -604,20 +606,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # now we should get a connection to the target server
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1::f')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1::f")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'target-server'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"target-server"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'target-server']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"target-server"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -652,11 +654,11 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self._handle_well_known_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv", content=b'NOT JSON'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv", content=b"NOT JSON"
         )
 
         # now there should be a SRV lookup
@@ -667,17 +669,17 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # we should fall back to a direct connection
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -712,12 +714,10 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
-        http_proto = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv",
-        )
+        http_proto = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         # there should be no requests
         self.assertEqual(len(http_proto.requests), 0)
@@ -750,17 +750,17 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8443)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
-        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b'testserv')
+        http_server = self._make_connection(client_factory, expected_sni=b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
-        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'testserv'])
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"testserv"])
 
         # finish the request
         request.finish()
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self.mock_resolver.resolve_service.side_effect = lambda _: [
@@ -804,20 +804,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         # now we should get a connection to the target of the SRV record
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '5.6.7.8')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "5.6.7.8")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8443)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'target-server'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"target-server"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'target-server']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"target-server"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         # fonx the connection
@@ -865,20 +865,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 2)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[1]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8448)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'xn--bcher-kva.com'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"xn--bcher-kva.com"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'xn--bcher-kva.com']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"xn--bcher-kva.com"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -907,20 +907,20 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8443)
 
         # make a test server, and wire up the client
         http_server = self._make_connection(
-            client_factory, expected_sni=b'xn--bcher-kva.com'
+            client_factory, expected_sni=b"xn--bcher-kva.com"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(http_server.requests), 1)
         request = http_server.requests[0]
-        self.assertEqual(request.method, b'GET')
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, b'/foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(request.method, b"GET")
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, b"/foo/bar")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b'host'), [b'xn--bcher-kva.com']
+            request.requestHeaders.getRawHeaders(b"host"), [b"xn--bcher-kva.com"]
         )
 
         # finish the request
@@ -941,42 +941,42 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
     def test_well_known_cache(self):
         self.reactor.lookups["testserv"] = "1.2.3.4"
 
-        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b'testserv')
+        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b"testserv")
 
         # there should be an attempt to connect on port 443 for the .well-known
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop(0)
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         well_known_server = self._handle_well_known_connection(
             client_factory,
             expected_sni=b"testserv",
-            response_headers={b'Cache-Control': b'max-age=10'},
+            response_headers={b"Cache-Control": b"max-age=10"},
             content=b'{ "m.server": "target-server" }',
         )
 
         r = self.successResultOf(fetch_d)
-        self.assertEqual(r, b'target-server')
+        self.assertEqual(r, b"target-server")
 
         # close the tcp connection
         well_known_server.loseConnection()
 
         # repeat the request: it should hit the cache
-        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b'testserv')
+        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b"testserv")
         r = self.successResultOf(fetch_d)
-        self.assertEqual(r, b'target-server')
+        self.assertEqual(r, b"target-server")
 
         # expire the cache
         self.reactor.pump((10.0,))
 
         # now it should connect again
-        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b'testserv')
+        fetch_d = self.do_get_well_known(b"testserv")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, client_factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients.pop(0)
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 443)
 
         self._handle_well_known_connection(
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ class MatrixFederationAgentTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         r = self.successResultOf(fetch_d)
-        self.assertEqual(r, b'other-server')
+        self.assertEqual(r, b"other-server")
 
 
 class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
@@ -994,27 +994,27 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
         # uppercase
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'foo, Max-Age = 100, bar']})
+                Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"foo, Max-Age = 100, bar"]})
             ),
             100,
         )
 
         # missing value
         self.assertIsNone(
-            _cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'max-age=, bar']}))
+            _cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"max-age=, bar"]}))
         )
 
         # hackernews: bogus due to semicolon
         self.assertIsNone(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'private; max-age=0']})
+                Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"private; max-age=0"]})
             )
         )
 
         # github
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Cache-Control': [b'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate']})
+                Headers({b"Cache-Control": [b"max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"]})
             ),
             0,
         )
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
         # google
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'cache-control': [b'private, max-age=0']})
+                Headers({b"cache-control": [b"private, max-age=0"]})
             ),
             0,
         )
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
     def test_expires(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             _cache_period_from_headers(
-                Headers({b'Expires': [b'Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT']}),
+                Headers({b"Expires": [b"Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT"]}),
                 time_now=lambda: 1548833700,
             ),
             33,
@@ -1041,8 +1041,8 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
             _cache_period_from_headers(
                 Headers(
                     {
-                        b'cache-control': [b'max-age=10'],
-                        b'Expires': [b'Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT'],
+                        b"cache-control": [b"max-age=10"],
+                        b"Expires": [b"Wed, 30 Jan 2019 07:35:33 GMT"],
                     }
                 ),
                 time_now=lambda: 1548833700,
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ class TestCachePeriodFromHeaders(TestCase):
         )
 
         # invalid expires means immediate expiry
-        self.assertEqual(_cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b'Expires': [b'0']})), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(_cache_period_from_headers(Headers({b"Expires": [b"0"]})), 0)
 
 
 def _check_logcontext(context):
diff --git a/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py b/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py
index 034c0db8d2..cf6c6e95b5 100644
--- a/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py
+++ b/tests/http/federation/test_srv_resolver.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class SrvResolverTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_from_cache(self):
         clock = MockClock()
 
-        dns_client_mock = Mock(spec_set=['lookupService'])
+        dns_client_mock = Mock(spec_set=["lookupService"])
         dns_client_mock.lookupService = Mock(spec_set=[])
 
         service_name = b"test_service.example.com"
diff --git a/tests/http/test_endpoint.py b/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
index 3b0155ed03..b2e9533b07 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_endpoint.py
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ from tests import unittest
 class ServerNameTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parse_server_name(self):
         test_data = {
-            'localhost': ('localhost', None),
-            'my-example.com:1234': ('my-example.com', 1234),
-            '1.2.3.4': ('1.2.3.4', None),
-            '[0abc:1def::1234]': ('[0abc:1def::1234]', None),
-            '1.2.3.4:1': ('1.2.3.4', 1),
-            '[0abc:1def::1234]:8080': ('[0abc:1def::1234]', 8080),
+            "localhost": ("localhost", None),
+            "my-example.com:1234": ("my-example.com", 1234),
+            "1.2.3.4": ("1.2.3.4", None),
+            "[0abc:1def::1234]": ("[0abc:1def::1234]", None),
+            "1.2.3.4:1": ("1.2.3.4", 1),
+            "[0abc:1def::1234]:8080": ("[0abc:1def::1234]", 8080),
         }
 
         for i, o in test_data.items():
diff --git a/tests/http/test_fedclient.py b/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
index ee767f3a5a..c4c0d9b968 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8008)
 
         # complete the connection and wire it up to a fake transport
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertNoResult(test_d)
 
         # Send it the HTTP response
-        res_json = '{ "a": 1 }'.encode('ascii')
+        res_json = '{ "a": 1 }'.encode("ascii")
         protocol.dataReceived(
             b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
             b"Server: Fake\r\n"
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
         (host, port, factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
-        self.assertEqual(host, '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(port, 8008)
         e = Exception("go away")
         factory.clientConnectionFailed(None, e)
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make sure treq is trying to connect
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(clients[0][1], 8008)
 
         # Deferred is still without a result
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make sure treq is trying to connect
         clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
         self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], '1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], "1.2.3.4")
         self.assertEqual(clients[0][1], 8008)
 
         conn = Mock()
@@ -215,10 +215,9 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         """Ensure that Synapse does not try to connect to blacklisted IPs"""
 
         # Set up the ip_range blacklist
-        self.hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist = IPSet([
-            "127.0.0.0/8",
-            "fe80::/64",
-        ])
+        self.hs.config.federation_ip_range_blacklist = IPSet(
+            ["127.0.0.0/8", "fe80::/64"]
+        )
         self.reactor.lookups["internal"] = "127.0.0.1"
         self.reactor.lookups["internalv6"] = "fe80:0:0:0:0:8a2e:370:7337"
         self.reactor.lookups["fine"] = "10.20.30.40"
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
             b"Content-Type: application/json\r\n"
             b"Content-Length: 2\r\n"
             b"\r\n"
-            b'{}'
+            b"{}"
         )
 
         # We should get a successful response
diff --git a/tests/push/test_email.py b/tests/push/test_email.py
index 72760a0733..358b593cd4 100644
--- a/tests/push/test_email.py
+++ b/tests/push/test_email.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         config["email"] = {
             "enable_notifs": True,
             "template_dir": os.path.abspath(
-                pkg_resources.resource_filename('synapse', 'res/templates')
+                pkg_resources.resource_filename("synapse", "res/templates")
             ),
             "expiry_template_html": "notice_expiry.html",
             "expiry_template_text": "notice_expiry.txt",
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         # Create a simple room with two users
         room = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.access_token)
         self.helper.invite(
-            room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=self.others[0].id,
+            room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=self.others[0].id
         )
         self.helper.join(room=room, user=self.others[0].id, tok=self.others[0].token)
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
 
         for other in self.others:
             self.helper.invite(
-                room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=other.id,
+                room=room, src=self.user_id, tok=self.access_token, targ=other.id
             )
             self.helper.join(room=room, user=other.id, tok=other.token)
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py b/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py
index e5fc2fcd15..5877bb2133 100644
--- a/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py
+++ b/tests/rest/admin/test_admin.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from tests import unittest
 
 
 class VersionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
-    url = '/_synapse/admin/v1/server_version'
+    url = "/_synapse/admin/v1/server_version"
 
     def create_test_json_resource(self):
         resource = JsonResource(self.hs)
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class VersionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual(
-            {'server_version', 'python_version'}, set(channel.json_body.keys())
+            {"server_version", "python_version"}, set(channel.json_body.keys())
         )
 
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver()
 
-        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = u"shared"
+        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = "shared"
 
         self.hs.get_media_repository = Mock()
         self.hs.get_deactivate_account_handler = Mock()
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
         self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = None
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, b'{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, b"{}")
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual(
-            'Shared secret registration is not enabled', channel.json_body["error"]
+            "Shared secret registration is not enabled", channel.json_body["error"]
         )
 
     def test_get_nonce(self):
@@ -118,20 +118,20 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.reactor.advance(59)
 
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('username must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("username must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # 61 seconds
         self.reactor.advance(2)
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('unrecognised nonce', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("unrecognised nonce", channel.json_body["error"])
 
     def test_register_incorrect_nonce(self):
         """
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(403, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
         want_mac.update(
-            nonce.encode('ascii') + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin\x00support"
+            nonce.encode("ascii") + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin\x00support"
         )
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
-        want_mac.update(nonce.encode('ascii') + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin")
+        want_mac.update(nonce.encode("ascii") + b"\x00bob\x00abc123\x00admin")
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
         body = json.dumps(
@@ -212,18 +212,18 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual("@bob:test", channel.json_body["user_id"])
 
         # Now, try and reuse it
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('unrecognised nonce', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("unrecognised nonce", channel.json_body["error"])
 
     def test_missing_parts(self):
         """
@@ -243,11 +243,11 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('nonce must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("nonce must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         #
         # Username checks
@@ -255,35 +255,35 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce()})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('username must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("username must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must be a string
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": 1234})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid username", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
-        body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": u"abcd\u0000"})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "abcd\u0000"})
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid username", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a" * 1000})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid username", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         #
         # Password checks
@@ -291,37 +291,35 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a"})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('password must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("password must be specified", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must be a string
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": 1234})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid password", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
-        body = json.dumps(
-            {"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": u"abcd\u0000"}
-        )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": "abcd\u0000"})
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid password", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Super long
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": "A" * 1000})
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid password", channel.json_body["error"])
 
         #
         # user_type check
@@ -336,11 +334,11 @@ class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "user_type": "invalid",
             }
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode("utf8"))
         self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assertEqual('Invalid user type', channel.json_body["error"])
+        self.assertEqual("Invalid user type", channel.json_body["error"])
 
 
 class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -396,7 +394,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "admin/shutdown_room/" + room_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             json.dumps({"new_room_user_id": self.admin_user}),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
         )
@@ -421,7 +419,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "rooms/%s/state/m.room.history_visibility" % (room_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             json.dumps({"history_visibility": "world_readable"}),
             access_token=self.other_user_token,
         )
@@ -432,7 +430,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "admin/shutdown_room/" + room_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             json.dumps({"new_room_user_id": self.admin_user}),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
         )
@@ -449,7 +447,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "rooms/%s/initialSync" % (room_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
+            "GET", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -458,7 +456,7 @@ class ShutdownRoomTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "events?timeout=0&room_id=" + room_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
+            "GET", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -486,7 +484,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Create a new group
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/create_group".encode('ascii'),
+            "/create_group".encode("ascii"),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
             content={"localpart": "test"},
         )
@@ -502,14 +500,14 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "/groups/%s/admin/users/invite/%s" % (group_id, self.other_user)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok, content={}
+            "PUT", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok, content={}
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
 
         url = "/groups/%s/self/accept_invite" % (group_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "PUT", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.other_user_token, content={}
+            "PUT", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.other_user_token, content={}
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
@@ -522,7 +520,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         url = "/admin/delete_group/" + group_id
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            url.encode('ascii'),
+            url.encode("ascii"),
             access_token=self.admin_user_tok,
             content={"localpart": "test"},
         )
@@ -544,7 +542,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         url = "/groups/%s/profile" % (group_id,)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", url.encode('ascii'), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
+            "GET", url.encode("ascii"), access_token=self.admin_user_tok
         )
 
         self.render(request)
@@ -556,7 +554,7 @@ class DeleteGroupTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """Returns the list of groups the user is in (given their access token)
         """
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET", "/joined_groups".encode('ascii'), access_token=access_token
+            "GET", "/joined_groups".encode("ascii"), access_token=access_token
         )
 
         self.render(request)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py b/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
index efc5a99db3..6803b372ac 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make some temporary templates...
         temp_consent_path = self.mktemp()
         os.mkdir(temp_consent_path)
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, 'en'))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en"))
 
         config["user_consent"] = {
             "version": "1",
             "template_dir": os.path.abspath(temp_consent_path),
         }
 
-        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/1.html"), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/1.html"), "w") as f:
             f.write("{{version}},{{has_consented}}")
 
-        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/success.html"), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/success.html"), "w") as f:
             f.write("yay!")
 
         hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
         # Get the version from the body, and whether we've consented
-        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode('ascii').split(",")
+        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode("ascii").split(",")
         self.assertEqual(consented, "False")
 
         # POST to the consent page, saying we've agreed
@@ -111,6 +111,6 @@ class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Get the version from the body, and check that it's the version we
         # agreed to, and that we've consented to it.
-        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode('ascii').split(",")
+        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode("ascii").split(",")
         self.assertEqual(consented, "True")
         self.assertEqual(version, "1")
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py b/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py
index 68949307d9..c973521907 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_identity.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class IdentityTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             "address": "test@example.com",
         }
         request_data = json.dumps(params)
-        request_url = ("/rooms/%s/invite" % (room_id)).encode('ascii')
+        request_url = ("/rooms/%s/invite" % (room_id)).encode("ascii")
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             b"POST", request_url, request_data, access_token=tok
         )
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py
index 72c7ed93cb..dff9b2f10c 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_profile.py
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def test_set_displayname(self):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner, ),
+            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner,),
             content=json.dumps({"displayname": "test"}),
             access_token=self.owner_tok,
         )
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """Attempts to set a stupid displayname should get a 400"""
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner, ),
+            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner,),
             content=json.dumps({"displayname": "test" * 100}),
             access_token=self.owner_tok,
         )
@@ -209,8 +209,7 @@ class ProfileTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def get_displayname(self):
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "GET",
-            "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner, ),
+            "GET", "/profile/%s/displayname" % (self.owner,)
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py
index 5f75ad7579..2e3a765bf3 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_rooms.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class RoomPermissionsTestCase(RoomBase):
         # send a message in one of the rooms
         self.created_rmid_msg_path = (
             "rooms/%s/send/m.room.message/a1" % (self.created_rmid)
-        ).encode('ascii')
+        ).encode("ascii")
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT", self.created_rmid_msg_path, b'{"msgtype":"m.text","body":"test msg"}'
         )
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class RoomPermissionsTestCase(RoomBase):
         # set topic for public room
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            ("rooms/%s/state/m.room.topic" % self.created_public_rmid).encode('ascii'),
+            ("rooms/%s/state/m.room.topic" % self.created_public_rmid).encode("ascii"),
             b'{"topic":"Public Room Topic"}',
         )
         self.render(request)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class RoomPermissionsTestCase(RoomBase):
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", topic_path)
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
-        self.assert_dict(json.loads(topic_content.decode('utf8')), channel.json_body)
+        self.assert_dict(json.loads(topic_content.decode("utf8")), channel.json_body)
 
         # set/get topic in created PRIVATE room and left, expect 403
         self.helper.leave(room=self.created_rmid, user=self.user_id)
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ class RoomTopicTestCase(RoomBase):
 
     def test_invalid_puts(self):
         # missing keys or invalid json
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, '{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, "{}")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -515,11 +515,11 @@ class RoomTopicTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, 'text only')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, "text only")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, '')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", self.path, "")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
     def test_invalid_puts(self):
         path = "/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s" % (self.room_id, self.user_id)
         # missing keys or invalid json
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, '{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, "{}")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -590,11 +590,11 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, 'text only')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, "text only")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, '')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, "")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
             Membership.JOIN,
             Membership.LEAVE,
         )
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode('ascii'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode("ascii"))
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class RoomMemberStateTestCase(RoomBase):
 
         # valid join message (NOOP since we made the room)
         content = '{"membership":"%s"}' % Membership.JOIN
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode('ascii'))
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, content.encode("ascii"))
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ class RoomMessagesTestCase(RoomBase):
     def test_invalid_puts(self):
         path = "/rooms/%s/send/m.room.message/mid1" % (urlparse.quote(self.room_id))
         # missing keys or invalid json
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b'{}')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b"{}")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -696,11 +696,11 @@ class RoomMessagesTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b'text only')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b"text only")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
-        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b'')
+        request, channel = self.make_request("PUT", path, b"")
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(400, channel.code, msg=channel.result["body"])
 
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ class RoomMessageListTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
         self.assertTrue("start" in channel.json_body)
-        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body['start'])
+        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body["start"])
         self.assertTrue("chunk" in channel.json_body)
         self.assertTrue("end" in channel.json_body)
 
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ class RoomMessageListTestCase(RoomBase):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
         self.assertTrue("start" in channel.json_body)
-        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body['start'])
+        self.assertEquals(token, channel.json_body["start"])
         self.assertTrue("chunk" in channel.json_body)
         self.assertTrue("end" in channel.json_body)
 
@@ -961,9 +961,7 @@ class PerRoomProfilesForbiddenTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         # Set a profile for the test user
         self.displayname = "test user"
-        data = {
-            "displayname": self.displayname,
-        }
+        data = {"displayname": self.displayname}
         request_data = json.dumps(data)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
@@ -977,16 +975,12 @@ class PerRoomProfilesForbiddenTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(self.user_id, tok=self.tok)
 
     def test_per_room_profile_forbidden(self):
-        data = {
-            "membership": "join",
-            "displayname": "other test user"
-        }
+        data = {"membership": "join", "displayname": "other test user"}
         request_data = json.dumps(data)
         request, channel = self.make_request(
             "PUT",
-            "/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s" % (
-                self.room_id, self.user_id,
-            ),
+            "/_matrix/client/r0/rooms/%s/state/m.room.member/%s"
+            % (self.room_id, self.user_id),
             request_data,
             access_token=self.tok,
         )
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
index f7133fc12e..9915367144 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "POST", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "POST", path, json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
         data = {"membership": membership}
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(data).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(data).encode("utf8")
         )
 
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class RestHelper(object):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(body).encode("utf8")
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
index a60a4a3b87..920de41de4 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
@@ -135,9 +135,7 @@ class PasswordResetTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEquals(len(self.email_attempts), 1)
 
         # Attempt to reset password without clicking the link
-        self._reset_password(
-            new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401,
-        )
+        self._reset_password(new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401)
 
         # Assert we can log in with the old password
         self.login("kermit", old_password)
@@ -172,9 +170,7 @@ class PasswordResetTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         session_id = "weasle"
 
         # Attempt to reset password without even requesting an email
-        self._reset_password(
-            new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401,
-        )
+        self._reset_password(new_password, session_id, client_secret, expected_code=401)
 
         # Assert we can log in with the old password
         self.login("kermit", old_password)
@@ -258,19 +254,18 @@ class DeactivateTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         user_id = self.register_user("kermit", "test")
         tok = self.login("kermit", "test")
 
-        request_data = json.dumps({
-            "auth": {
-                "type": "m.login.password",
-                "user": user_id,
-                "password": "test",
-            },
-            "erase": False,
-        })
+        request_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "auth": {
+                    "type": "m.login.password",
+                    "user": user_id,
+                    "password": "test",
+                },
+                "erase": False,
+            }
+        )
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST",
-            "account/deactivate",
-            request_data,
-            access_token=tok,
+            "POST", "account/deactivate", request_data, access_token=tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(request.code, 200)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py
index bce5b0cf4c..b9e01c9418 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_capabilities.py
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ class CapabilitiesTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url, access_token=access_token)
         self.render(request)
-        capabilities = channel.json_body['capabilities']
+        capabilities = channel.json_body["capabilities"]
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        for room_version in capabilities['m.room_versions']['available'].keys():
+        for room_version in capabilities["m.room_versions"]["available"].keys():
             self.assertTrue(room_version in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS, "" + room_version)
 
         self.assertEqual(
             self.config.default_room_version.identifier,
-            capabilities['m.room_versions']['default'],
+            capabilities["m.room_versions"]["default"],
         )
 
     def test_get_change_password_capabilities(self):
@@ -66,16 +66,16 @@ class CapabilitiesTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url, access_token=access_token)
         self.render(request)
-        capabilities = channel.json_body['capabilities']
+        capabilities = channel.json_body["capabilities"]
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
         # Test case where password is handled outside of Synapse
-        self.assertTrue(capabilities['m.change_password']['enabled'])
+        self.assertTrue(capabilities["m.change_password"]["enabled"])
         self.get_success(self.store.user_set_password_hash(user, None))
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url, access_token=access_token)
         self.render(request)
-        capabilities = channel.json_body['capabilities']
+        capabilities = channel.json_body["capabilities"]
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        self.assertFalse(capabilities['m.change_password']['enabled'])
+        self.assertFalse(capabilities["m.change_password"]["enabled"])
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
index b35b215446..89a3f95c0a 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class AccountValidityRenewalByEmailTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         config["email"] = {
             "enable_notifs": True,
             "template_dir": os.path.abspath(
-                pkg_resources.resource_filename('synapse', 'res/templates')
+                pkg_resources.resource_filename("synapse", "res/templates")
             ),
             "expiry_template_html": "notice_expiry.html",
             "expiry_template_text": "notice_expiry.txt",
@@ -400,19 +400,18 @@ class AccountValidityRenewalByEmailTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         (user_id, tok) = self.create_user()
 
-        request_data = json.dumps({
-            "auth": {
-                "type": "m.login.password",
-                "user": user_id,
-                "password": "monkey",
-            },
-            "erase": False,
-        })
+        request_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "auth": {
+                    "type": "m.login.password",
+                    "user": user_id,
+                    "password": "monkey",
+                },
+                "erase": False,
+            }
+        )
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST",
-            "account/deactivate",
-            request_data,
-            access_token=tok,
+            "POST", "account/deactivate", request_data, access_token=tok
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(request.code, 200)
@@ -476,20 +475,16 @@ class AccountValidityRenewalByEmailTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
 class AccountValidityBackgroundJobTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
-    servlets = [
-        synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource,
-    ]
+    servlets = [synapse.rest.admin.register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource]
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
         self.validity_period = 10
-        self.max_delta = self.validity_period * 10. / 100.
+        self.max_delta = self.validity_period * 10.0 / 100.0
 
         config = self.default_config()
 
         config["enable_registration"] = True
-        config["account_validity"] = {
-            "enabled": False,
-        }
+        config["account_validity"] = {"enabled": False}
 
         self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
         self.hs.config.account_validity.period = self.validity_period
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py
index 43b3049daa..3deeed3a70 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_relations.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         creates the right shape of event.
         """
 
-        channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, "m.reaction", key=u"👍")
+        channel = self._send_relation(RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, "m.reaction", key="👍")
         self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
 
         event_id = channel.json_body["event_id"]
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 "content": {
                     "m.relates_to": {
                         "event_id": self.parent_id,
-                        "key": u"👍",
+                        "key": "👍",
                         "rel_type": RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
                     }
                 },
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             access_tokens.append(token)
 
         idx = 0
-        sent_groups = {u"👍": 10, u"a": 7, u"b": 5, u"c": 3, u"d": 2, u"e": 1}
+        sent_groups = {"👍": 10, "a": 7, "b": 5, "c": 3, "d": 2, "e": 1}
         for key in itertools.chain.from_iterable(
             itertools.repeat(key, num) for key, num in sent_groups.items()
         ):
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             channel = self._send_relation(
                 RelationTypes.ANNOTATION,
                 "m.reaction",
-                key=u"👍",
+                key="👍",
                 access_token=access_tokens[idx],
             )
             self.assertEquals(200, channel.code, channel.json_body)
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class RelationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         prev_token = None
         found_event_ids = []
-        encoded_key = six.moves.urllib.parse.quote_plus(u"👍".encode("utf-8"))
+        encoded_key = six.moves.urllib.parse.quote_plus("👍".encode("utf-8"))
         for _ in range(20):
             from_token = ""
             if prev_token:
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py
index 00688a7325..ebd7869208 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_base.py
@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ from tests import unittest
 class GetFileNameFromHeadersTests(unittest.TestCase):
     # input -> expected result
     TEST_CASES = {
-        b"inline; filename=abc.txt": u"abc.txt",
-        b'inline; filename="azerty"': u"azerty",
-        b'inline; filename="aze%20rty"': u"aze%20rty",
-        b'inline; filename="aze\"rty"': u'aze"rty',
-        b'inline; filename="azer;ty"': u"azer;ty",
-        b"inline; filename*=utf-8''foo%C2%A3bar": u"foo£bar",
+        b"inline; filename=abc.txt": "abc.txt",
+        b'inline; filename="azerty"': "azerty",
+        b'inline; filename="aze%20rty"': "aze%20rty",
+        b'inline; filename="aze"rty"': 'aze"rty',
+        b'inline; filename="azer;ty"': "azer;ty",
+        b"inline; filename*=utf-8''foo%C2%A3bar": "foo£bar",
     }
 
     def tests(self):
         for hdr, expected in self.TEST_CASES.items():
-            res = get_filename_from_headers({b'Content-Disposition': [hdr]})
+            res = get_filename_from_headers({b"Content-Disposition": [hdr]})
             self.assertEqual(
                 res,
                 expected,
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
index 1069a44145..e2d418b1df 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_media_storage.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class MediaRepoTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
 
         self.media_repo = hs.get_media_repository_resource()
-        self.download_resource = self.media_repo.children[b'download']
+        self.download_resource = self.media_repo.children[b"download"]
 
         # smol png
         self.end_content = unhexlify(
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class MediaRepoTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         headers = {
             b"Content-Length": [b"%d" % (len(self.end_content))],
-            b"Content-Type": [b'image/png'],
+            b"Content-Type": [b"image/png"],
         }
         if content_disposition:
             headers[b"Content-Disposition"] = [content_disposition]
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class MediaRepoTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         correctly decode it as the UTF-8 string, and use filename* in the
         response.
         """
-        filename = parse.quote(u"\u2603".encode('utf8')).encode('ascii')
+        filename = parse.quote("\u2603".encode("utf8")).encode("ascii")
         channel = self._req(b"inline; filename*=utf-8''" + filename + b".png")
 
         headers = channel.headers
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
index 1ab0f7293a..8fe5961866 100644
--- a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     hijack_auth = True
     user_id = "@test:user"
     end_content = (
-        b'<html><head>'
+        b"<html><head>"
         b'<meta property="og:title" content="~matrix~" />'
         b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
-        b'</head></html>'
+        b"</head></html>"
     )
 
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
 
         self.media_repo = hs.get_media_repository_resource()
-        self.preview_url = self.media_repo.children[b'preview_url']
+        self.preview_url = self.media_repo.children[b"preview_url"]
 
         self.lookups = {}
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 hostName,
                 portNumber=0,
                 addressTypes=None,
-                transportSemantics='TCP',
+                transportSemantics="TCP",
             ):
 
                 resolution = HostResolution(hostName)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                     raise DNSLookupError("OH NO")
 
                 for i in self.lookups[hostName]:
-                    resolutionReceiver.addressResolved(i[0]('TCP', i[1], portNumber))
+                    resolutionReceiver.addressResolved(i[0]("TCP", i[1], portNumber))
                 resolutionReceiver.resolutionComplete()
                 return resolutionReceiver
 
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.lookups["matrix.org"] = [(IPv4Address, "8.8.8.8")]
 
         end_content = (
-            b'<html><head>'
+            b"<html><head>"
             b'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"/>'
             b'<meta property="og:title" content="\xe4\xea\xe0" />'
             b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
-            b'</head></html>'
+            b"</head></html>"
         )
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         client.dataReceived(
             (
                 b"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\n"
-                b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=\"utf8\"\r\n\r\n"
+                b'Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf8"\r\n\r\n'
             )
             % (len(end_content),)
             + end_content
@@ -212,16 +212,16 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.pump()
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], u"\u0434\u043a\u0430")
+        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], "\u0434\u043a\u0430")
 
     def test_non_ascii_preview_content_type(self):
         self.lookups["matrix.org"] = [(IPv4Address, "8.8.8.8")]
 
         end_content = (
-            b'<html><head>'
+            b"<html><head>"
             b'<meta property="og:title" content="\xe4\xea\xe0" />'
             b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
-            b'</head></html>'
+            b"</head></html>"
         )
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         client.dataReceived(
             (
                 b"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\n"
-                b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=\"windows-1251\"\r\n\r\n"
+                b'Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1251"\r\n\r\n'
             )
             % (len(end_content),)
             + end_content
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
         self.pump()
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], u"\u0434\u043a\u0430")
+        self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["og:title"], "\u0434\u043a\u0430")
 
     def test_ipaddr(self):
         """
@@ -293,8 +293,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry",
             },
         )
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 403)
@@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "IP address blocked by IP blacklist entry",
             },
         )
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         non-blacklisted one, it will be rejected.
         """
         # Hardcode the URL resolving to the IP we want.
-        self.lookups[u"example.com"] = [
+        self.lookups["example.com"] = [
             (IPv4Address, "1.1.1.2"),
             (IPv4Address, "8.8.8.8"),
         ]
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
 
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             channel.json_body,
             {
-                'errcode': 'M_UNKNOWN',
-                'error': 'DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation',
+                "errcode": "M_UNKNOWN",
+                "error": "DNS resolution failure during URL preview generation",
             },
         )
diff --git a/tests/server.py b/tests/server.py
index c15a47f2a4..e573c4e4c5 100644
--- a/tests/server.py
+++ b/tests/server.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class FakeChannel(object):
     def json_body(self):
         if not self.result:
             raise Exception("No result yet.")
-        return json.loads(self.result["body"].decode('utf8'))
+        return json.loads(self.result["body"].decode("utf8"))
 
     @property
     def code(self):
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ def make_request(
         Tuple[synapse.http.site.SynapseRequest, channel]
     """
     if not isinstance(method, bytes):
-        method = method.encode('ascii')
+        method = method.encode("ascii")
 
     if not isinstance(path, bytes):
-        path = path.encode('ascii')
+        path = path.encode("ascii")
 
     # Decorate it to be the full path, if we're using shorthand
     if shorthand and not path.startswith(b"/_matrix"):
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ def make_request(
         path = b"/" + path
 
     if isinstance(content, text_type):
-        content = content.encode('utf8')
+        content = content.encode("utf8")
 
     site = FakeSite()
     channel = FakeChannel(reactor)
@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ def make_request(
     req = request(site, channel)
     req.process = lambda: b""
     req.content = BytesIO(content)
-    req.postpath = list(map(unquote, path[1:].split(b'/')))
+    req.postpath = list(map(unquote, path[1:].split(b"/")))
 
     if access_token:
         req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(
-            b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token.encode('ascii')
+            b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token.encode("ascii")
         )
 
     if federation_auth_origin is not None:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class ThreadedMemoryReactorClock(MemoryReactorClock):
         self.nameResolver = SimpleResolverComplexifier(FakeResolver())
         super(ThreadedMemoryReactorClock, self).__init__()
 
-    def listenUDP(self, port, protocol, interface='', maxPacketSize=8196):
+    def listenUDP(self, port, protocol, interface="", maxPacketSize=8196):
         p = udp.Port(port, protocol, interface, maxPacketSize, self)
         p.startListening()
         self._udp.append(p)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class FakeTransport(object):
 
     disconnecting = False
     disconnected = False
-    buffer = attr.ib(default=b'')
+    buffer = attr.ib(default=b"")
     producer = attr.ib(default=None)
     autoflush = attr.ib(default=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
index 739ee59ce4..984feb623f 100644
--- a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
+++ b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TestResourceLimitsServerNotices(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         Test when user has blocked notice, but notice ought to be there (NOOP)
         """
         self._rlsn._auth.check_auth_blocking = Mock(
-            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, 'foo')
+            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, "foo")
         )
 
         mock_event = Mock(
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class TestResourceLimitsServerNotices(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
 
         self._rlsn._auth.check_auth_blocking = Mock(
-            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, 'foo')
+            side_effect=ResourceLimitError(403, "foo")
         )
         self.get_success(self._rlsn.maybe_send_server_notice_to_user(self.user_id))
 
diff --git a/tests/state/test_v2.py b/tests/state/test_v2.py
index 9c5311d916..8d3845c870 100644
--- a/tests/state/test_v2.py
+++ b/tests/state/test_v2.py
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
         ]
@@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50, CHARLIE: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
                 id="PC",
                 sender=CHARLIE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50, CHARLIE: 0}},
             ),
         ]
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA1",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -266,14 +266,14 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA2",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 0}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA1",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
@@ -336,14 +336,14 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 id="PA2",
                 sender=ALICE,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 0}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
                 id="PB",
                 sender=BOB,
                 type=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
-                state_key='',
+                state_key="",
                 content={"users": {ALICE: 100, BOB: 50}},
             ),
             FakeEvent(
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_appservice.py b/tests/storage/test_appservice.py
index 25a6c89ef5..622b16a071 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_appservice.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_appservice.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             namespaces={},
         )
         # use the token as the filename
-        with open(as_token, 'w') as outfile:
+        with open(as_token, "w") as outfile:
             outfile.write(yaml.dump(as_yaml))
             self.as_yaml_files.append(as_token)
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class ApplicationServiceTransactionStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             namespaces={},
         )
         # use the token as the filename
-        with open(as_token, 'w') as outfile:
+        with open(as_token, "w") as outfile:
             outfile.write(yaml.dump(as_yaml))
             self.as_yaml_files.append(as_token)
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py b/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py
index b62eae7abc..59c6f8c227 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_client_ips.py
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class ClientIpStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             result,
             [
                 {
-                    'access_token': 'access_token',
-                    'ip': 'ip',
-                    'user_agent': 'user_agent',
-                    'device_id': None,
-                    'last_seen': 12345678000,
+                    "access_token": "access_token",
+                    "ip": "ip",
+                    "user_agent": "user_agent",
+                    "device_id": None,
+                    "last_seen": 12345678000,
                 }
             ],
         )
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@ class ClientIpStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             result,
             [
                 {
-                    'access_token': 'access_token',
-                    'ip': 'ip',
-                    'user_agent': 'user_agent',
-                    'device_id': None,
-                    'last_seen': 12345878000,
+                    "access_token": "access_token",
+                    "ip": "ip",
+                    "user_agent": "user_agent",
+                    "device_id": None,
+                    "last_seen": 12345878000,
                 }
             ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_devices.py b/tests/storage/test_devices.py
index 6396ccddb5..3cc18f9f1c 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_devices.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_devices.py
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ class DeviceStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         # Add two device updates with a single stream_id
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids, ["somehost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids, ["somehost"]
         )
 
         # Get all device updates ever meant for this remote
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "somehost", -1, limit=100,
+            "somehost", -1, limit=100
         )
 
         # Check original device_ids are contained within these updates
@@ -95,19 +95,19 @@ class DeviceStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         # first add one device
         device_ids1 = ["device_id0"]
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids1, ["someotherhost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids1, ["someotherhost"]
         )
 
         # then add 101
         device_ids2 = ["device_id" + str(i + 1) for i in range(101)]
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids2, ["someotherhost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids2, ["someotherhost"]
         )
 
         # then one more
         device_ids3 = ["newdevice"]
         yield self.store.add_device_change_to_streams(
-            "user_id", device_ids3, ["someotherhost"],
+            "user_id", device_ids3, ["someotherhost"]
         )
 
         #
@@ -116,20 +116,20 @@ class DeviceStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         # first we should get a single update
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "someotherhost", -1, limit=100,
+            "someotherhost", -1, limit=100
         )
         self._check_devices_in_updates(device_ids1, device_updates)
 
         # Then we should get an empty list back as the 101 devices broke the limit
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100,
+            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(device_updates), 0)
 
         # The 101 devices should've been cleared, so we should now just get one device
         # update
         now_stream_id, device_updates = yield self.store.get_devices_by_remote(
-            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100,
+            "someotherhost", now_stream_id, limit=100
         )
         self._check_devices_in_updates(device_ids3, device_updates)
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py b/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
index cd2bcd4ca3..c8ece15284 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ class EndToEndKeyStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         yield self.store.store_device("user2", "device1", None)
         yield self.store.store_device("user2", "device2", None)
 
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device1", now, 'json11')
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device2", now, 'json12')
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device1", now, 'json21')
-        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device2", now, 'json22')
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device1", now, "json11")
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user1", "device2", now, "json12")
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device1", now, "json21")
+        yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user2", "device2", now, "json22")
 
         res = yield self.store.get_e2e_device_keys(
             (("user1", "device1"), ("user2", "device2"))
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
index 0d4e74d637..86c7ac350d 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_prev_events_for_room(self):
-        room_id = '@ROOM:local'
+        room_id = "@ROOM:local"
 
         # add a bunch of events and hashes to act as forward extremities
         def insert_event(txn, i):
-            event_id = '$event_%i:local' % i
+            event_id = "$event_%i:local" % i
 
             txn.execute(
                 (
@@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
             txn.execute(
                 (
-                    'INSERT INTO event_forward_extremities (room_id, event_id) '
-                    'VALUES (?, ?)'
+                    "INSERT INTO event_forward_extremities (room_id, event_id) "
+                    "VALUES (?, ?)"
                 ),
                 (room_id, event_id),
             )
 
             txn.execute(
                 (
-                    'INSERT INTO event_reference_hashes '
-                    '(event_id, algorithm, hash) '
+                    "INSERT INTO event_reference_hashes "
+                    "(event_id, algorithm, hash) "
                     "VALUES (?, 'sha256', ?)"
                 ),
-                (event_id, b'ffff'),
+                (event_id, b"ffff"),
             )
 
         for i in range(0, 11):
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py b/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py
index 19f9ccf5e0..d44359ff93 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_metrics.py
@@ -61,22 +61,24 @@ class ExtremStatisticsTestCase(HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        expected = set([
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="1.0"} 0.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="2.0"} 2.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="3.0"} 2.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="5.0"} 2.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="7.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="10.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="15.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="20.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="50.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="100.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="200.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="500.0"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="+Inf"} 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_count 3.0',
-            b'synapse_forward_extremities_sum 10.0',
-        ])
+        expected = set(
+            [
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="1.0"} 0.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="2.0"} 2.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="3.0"} 2.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="5.0"} 2.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="7.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="10.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="15.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="20.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="50.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="100.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="200.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="500.0"} 3.0',
+                b'synapse_forward_extremities_bucket{le="+Inf"} 3.0',
+                b"synapse_forward_extremities_count 3.0",
+                b"synapse_forward_extremities_sum 10.0",
+            ]
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(items, expected)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
index f458c03054..0ce0b991f9 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         user3_email = "user3@matrix.org"
 
         threepids = [
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user1_email},
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user2_email},
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user3_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user1_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user2_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user3_email},
         ]
         # -1 because user3 is a support user and does not count
         user_num = len(threepids) - 1
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(None)
         )
-        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users('user_id')
+        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users("user_id")
         self.pump()
         self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user.assert_called_once()
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.store.user_last_seen_monthly_active = Mock(
             return_value=defer.succeed(self.hs.get_clock().time_msec())
         )
-        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users('user_id')
+        self.store.populate_monthly_active_users("user_id")
         self.pump()
         self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user.assert_not_called()
 
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertEquals(self.get_success(count), 0)
         # Test reserved users but no registered users
 
-        user1 = '@user1:example.com'
-        user2 = '@user2:example.com'
-        user1_email = 'user1@example.com'
-        user2_email = 'user2@example.com'
+        user1 = "@user1:example.com"
+        user2 = "@user2:example.com"
+        user1_email = "user1@example.com"
+        user2_email = "user2@example.com"
         threepids = [
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user1_email},
-            {'medium': 'email', 'address': user2_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user1_email},
+            {"medium": "email", "address": user2_email},
         ]
         self.hs.config.mau_limits_reserved_threepids = threepids
         self.store.runInteraction(
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_redaction.py b/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
index 4823d44dec..732a778fab 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 "sender": user.to_string(),
                 "state_key": user.to_string(),
                 "room_id": room.to_string(),
-                "content": {"body": body, "msgtype": u"message"},
+                "content": {"body": body, "msgtype": "message"},
             },
         )
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_redact(self):
         yield self.inject_room_member(self.room1, self.u_alice, Membership.JOIN)
 
-        msg_event = yield self.inject_message(self.room1, self.u_alice, u"t")
+        msg_event = yield self.inject_message(self.room1, self.u_alice, "t")
 
         # Check event has not been redacted:
         event = yield self.store.get_event(msg_event.event_id)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_registration.py b/tests/storage/test_registration.py
index c0e0155bb4..625b651e91 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_registration.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_registration.py
@@ -128,4 +128,4 @@ class TokenGenerator:
 
     def generate(self, user_id):
         self._last_issued_token += 1
-        return u"%s-%d" % (user_id, self._last_issued_token)
+        return "%s-%d" % (user_id, self._last_issued_token)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_room.py b/tests/storage/test_room.py
index a1ea23b068..1bee45706f 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_room.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_room.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class RoomEventsStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def STALE_test_room_name(self):
-        name = u"A-Room-Name"
+        name = "A-Room-Name"
 
         yield self.inject_room_event(
             etype=EventTypes.Name, name=name, content={"name": name}, depth=1
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class RoomEventsStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def STALE_test_room_topic(self):
-        topic = u"A place for things"
+        topic = "A place for things"
 
         yield self.inject_room_event(
             etype=EventTypes.Topic, topic=topic, content={"topic": topic}, depth=1
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_state.py b/tests/storage/test_state.py
index b6169436de..212a7ae765 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_state.py
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_state_groups_ids(self):
         e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, "", {}
         )
         e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, "", {"name": "test room"}
         )
 
         state_group_map = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         state_map = list(state_group_map.values())[0]
         self.assertDictEqual(
             state_map,
-            {(EventTypes.Create, ''): e1.event_id, (EventTypes.Name, ''): e2.event_id},
+            {(EventTypes.Create, ""): e1.event_id, (EventTypes.Name, ""): e2.event_id},
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_state_groups(self):
         e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, "", {}
         )
         e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, "", {"name": "test room"}
         )
 
         state_group_map = yield self.store.get_state_groups(self.room, [e2.event_id])
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         # this defaults to a linear DAG as each new injection defaults to whatever
         # forward extremities are currently in the DB for this room.
         e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, "", {}
         )
         e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
-            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, "", {"name": "test room"}
         )
         e3 = yield self.inject_state_event(
             self.room,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         # check we can filter to the m.room.name event (with a '' state key)
         state = yield self.store.get_state_for_event(
-            e5.event_id, StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Name, '')])
+            e5.event_id, StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Name, "")])
         )
 
         self.assertStateMapEqual({(e2.type, e2.state_key): e2}, state)
diff --git a/tests/test_preview.py b/tests/test_preview.py
index 84ef5e5ba4..7f67ee9e1f 100644
--- a/tests/test_preview.py
+++ b/tests/test_preview.py
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ from . import unittest
 class PreviewTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_long_summarize(self):
         example_paras = [
-            u"""Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:
+            """Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:
             Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in
             Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is
             the city of Tromsø. Outside of Norway, Tromso and Tromsö are
             alternative spellings of the city.Tromsø is considered the northernmost
             city in the world with a population above 50,000. The most populous town
             north of it is Alta, Norway, with a population of 14,272 (2013).""",
-            u"""Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of
+            """Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of
             (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000
             most of the year. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the
             third largest north of the Arctic Circle (following Murmansk and Norilsk).
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class PreviewTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             Sandnessund Bridge. Tromsø Airport connects the city to many destinations
             in Europe. The city is warmer than most other places located on the same
             latitude, due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream.""",
-            u"""The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden
+            """The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden
             houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic
             Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark
             in Tromsø. The city is a cultural centre for its region, with several
@@ -58,87 +58,87 @@ class PreviewTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is"
-            u" the city of Tromsø. Outside of Norway, Tromso and Tromsö are"
-            u" alternative spellings of the city.Tromsø is considered the northernmost"
-            u" city in the world with a population above 50,000. The most populous town"
-            u" north of it is Alta, Norway, with a population of 14,272 (2013).",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is"
+            " the city of Tromsø. Outside of Norway, Tromso and Tromsö are"
+            " alternative spellings of the city.Tromsø is considered the northernmost"
+            " city in the world with a population above 50,000. The most populous town"
+            " north of it is Alta, Norway, with a population of 14,272 (2013).",
         )
 
         desc = summarize_paragraphs(example_paras[1:], min_size=200, max_size=500)
 
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the"
-            u" third largest north of the Arctic Circle (following Murmansk and Norilsk)."
-            u" Most of Tromsø, including the city centre, is located on the island of"
-            u" Tromsøya, 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. In 2012,"
-            u" Tromsøya had a population of 36,088. Substantial parts of the urban…",
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the"
+            " third largest north of the Arctic Circle (following Murmansk and Norilsk)."
+            " Most of Tromsø, including the city centre, is located on the island of"
+            " Tromsøya, 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. In 2012,"
+            " Tromsøya had a population of 36,088. Substantial parts of the urban…",
         )
 
     def test_short_summarize(self):
         example_paras = [
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.",
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year.",
-            u"The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
-            u" houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
-            u" Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
-            u" in Tromsø.",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.",
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year.",
+            "The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
+            " houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
+            " Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
+            " in Tromsø.",
         ]
 
         desc = summarize_paragraphs(example_paras, min_size=200, max_size=500)
 
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.\n"
-            u"\n"
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year.",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.\n"
+            "\n"
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year.",
         )
 
     def test_small_then_large_summarize(self):
         example_paras = [
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.",
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year."
-            u" The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
-            u" houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
-            u" Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
-            u" in Tromsø.",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.",
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year."
+            " The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden"
+            " houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The Arctic"
+            " Cathedral, a modern church from 1965, is probably the most famous landmark"
+            " in Tromsø.",
         ]
 
         desc = summarize_paragraphs(example_paras, min_size=200, max_size=500)
         self.assertEquals(
             desc,
-            u"Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
-            u" Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
-            u" Troms county, Norway.\n"
-            u"\n"
-            u"Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
-            u" (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
-            u" most of the year. The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number"
-            u" of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from"
-            u" 1789. The Arctic Cathedral, a modern church from…",
+            "Tromsø (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrʊmsœ] ( listen); Northern Sami:"
+            " Romsa; Finnish: Tromssa[2] Kven: Tromssa) is a city and municipality in"
+            " Troms county, Norway.\n"
+            "\n"
+            "Tromsø lies in Northern Norway. The municipality has a population of"
+            " (2015) 72,066, but with an annual influx of students it has over 75,000"
+            " most of the year. The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number"
+            " of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from"
+            " 1789. The Arctic Cathedral, a modern church from…",
         )
 
 
 class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_simple(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Foo", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Foo", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_comment(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Foo", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Foo", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_comment2(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEquals(
             og,
             {
-                u"og:title": u"Foo",
-                u"og:description": u"Some text.\n\nSome more text.\n\nText\n\nMore text",
+                "og:title": "Foo",
+                "og:description": "Some text.\n\nSome more text.\n\nText\n\nMore text",
             },
         )
 
     def test_script(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <head><title>Foo</title></head>
         <body>
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Foo", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Foo", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_missing_title(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <body>
         Some text.
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": None, u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": None, "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_h1_as_title(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <meta property="og:description" content="Some text."/>
         <body>
@@ -230,10 +230,10 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": u"Title", u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": "Title", "og:description": "Some text."})
 
     def test_missing_title_and_broken_h1(self):
-        html = u"""
+        html = """
         <html>
         <body>
         <h1><a href="foo"/></h1>
@@ -244,4 +244,4 @@ class PreviewUrlTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         og = decode_and_calc_og(html, "http://example.com/test.html")
 
-        self.assertEquals(og, {u"og:title": None, u"og:description": u"Some text."})
+        self.assertEquals(og, {"og:title": None, "og:description": "Some text."})
diff --git a/tests/test_server.py b/tests/test_server.py
index 08fb3fe02f..da29ae92ce 100644
--- a/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_server.py
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         )
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(request.args, {b'a': [u"\N{SNOWMAN}".encode('utf8')]})
-        self.assertEqual(got_kwargs, {u"room_id": u"\N{SNOWMAN}"})
+        self.assertEqual(request.args, {b"a": ["\N{SNOWMAN}".encode("utf8")]})
+        self.assertEqual(got_kwargs, {"room_id": "\N{SNOWMAN}"})
 
     def test_callback_direct_exception(self):
         """
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'500')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"500")
 
     def test_callback_indirect_exception(self):
         """
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'500')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"500")
 
     def test_callback_synapseerror(self):
         """
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'403')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"403")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["error"], "Forbidden!!one!")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], "M_FORBIDDEN")
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class JsonResourceTests(unittest.TestCase):
         request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foobar")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
-        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'400')
+        self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"400")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["error"], "Unrecognized request")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body["errcode"], "M_UNRECOGNIZED")
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class SiteTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # Make a resource and a Site, the resource will hang and allow us to
         # time out the request while it's 'processing'
         base_resource = Resource()
-        base_resource.putChild(b'', HangingResource())
+        base_resource.putChild(b"", HangingResource())
         site = SynapseSite("test", "site_tag", {}, base_resource, "1.0")
 
         server = site.buildProtocol(None)
diff --git a/tests/test_state.py b/tests/test_state.py
index 6491a7105a..6d33566f47 100644
--- a/tests/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/test_state.py
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ class StateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def _add_depths(self, nodes, edges):
         def _get_depth(ev):
             node = nodes[ev]
-            if 'depth' not in node:
+            if "depth" not in node:
                 prevs = edges[ev]
                 depth = max(_get_depth(prev) for prev in prevs) + 1
-                node['depth'] = depth
-            return node['depth']
+                node["depth"] = depth
+            return node["depth"]
 
         for n in nodes:
             _get_depth(n)
diff --git a/tests/test_types.py b/tests/test_types.py
index d83c36559f..9ab5f829b0 100644
--- a/tests/test_types.py
+++ b/tests/test_types.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class MapUsernameTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def testNonAscii(self):
         # this should work with either a unicode or a bytes
-        self.assertEqual(map_username_to_mxid_localpart(u'têst'), "t=c3=aast")
+        self.assertEqual(map_username_to_mxid_localpart("têst"), "t=c3=aast")
         self.assertEqual(
-            map_username_to_mxid_localpart(u'têst'.encode('utf-8')), "t=c3=aast"
+            map_username_to_mxid_localpart("têst".encode("utf-8")), "t=c3=aast"
         )
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py b/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py
index fde0baee8e..813f984199 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/logging_setup.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ToTwistedHandler(logging.Handler):
 
     def emit(self, record):
         log_entry = self.format(record)
-        log_level = record.levelname.lower().replace('warning', 'warn')
+        log_level = record.levelname.lower().replace("warning", "warn")
         self.tx_log.emit(
             twisted.logger.LogLevel.levelWithName(log_level),
             log_entry.replace("{", r"(").replace("}", r")"),
diff --git a/tests/test_visibility.py b/tests/test_visibility.py
index 6a180ddc32..118c3bd238 100644
--- a/tests/test_visibility.py
+++ b/tests/test_visibility.py
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class FilterEventsForServerTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
 
         pr.disable()
         with open("filter_events_for_server.profile", "w+") as f:
-            ps = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=f).sort_stats('cumulative')
+            ps = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=f).sort_stats("cumulative")
             ps.print_stats()
 
         # the result should be 5 redacted events, and 5 unredacted events.
diff --git a/tests/unittest.py b/tests/unittest.py
index b6dc7932ce..d64702b0c2 100644
--- a/tests/unittest.py
+++ b/tests/unittest.py
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             Tuple[synapse.http.site.SynapseRequest, channel]
         """
         if isinstance(content, dict):
-            content = json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            content = json.dumps(content).encode("utf8")
 
         return make_request(
             self.reactor,
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         Returns:
             The MXID of the new user (unicode).
         """
-        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = u"shared"
+        self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = "shared"
 
         # Create the user
         request, channel = self.make_request("GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register")
@@ -397,13 +397,13 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
-        nonce_str = b"\x00".join([username.encode('utf8'), password.encode('utf8')])
+        nonce_str = b"\x00".join([username.encode("utf8"), password.encode("utf8")])
         if admin:
             nonce_str += b"\x00admin"
         else:
             nonce_str += b"\x00notadmin"
 
-        want_mac.update(nonce.encode('ascii') + b"\x00" + nonce_str)
+        want_mac.update(nonce.encode("ascii") + b"\x00" + nonce_str)
         want_mac = want_mac.hexdigest()
 
         body = json.dumps(
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             }
         )
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register", body.encode('utf8')
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register", body.encode("utf8")
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
             body["device_id"] = device_id
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode("utf8")
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200, channel.result)
@@ -481,9 +481,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         if soft_failed:
             event.internal_metadata.soft_failed = True
 
-        self.get_success(
-            event_creator.send_nonmember_event(requester, event, context)
-        )
+        self.get_success(event_creator.send_nonmember_event(requester, event, context))
 
         return event.event_id
 
@@ -508,7 +506,7 @@ class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
         body = {"type": "m.login.password", "user": username, "password": password}
 
         request, channel = self.make_request(
-            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode('utf8')
+            "POST", "/_matrix/client/r0/login", json.dumps(body).encode("utf8")
         )
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 403, channel.result)
diff --git a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
index 463a737efa..6f8f52537c 100644
--- a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
+++ b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
@@ -88,24 +88,24 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         obj = Cls()
 
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'fish'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'chips'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # the two values should now be cached
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -121,25 +121,25 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 return self.mock(arg1, arg2)
 
         obj = Cls()
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'fish'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'chips'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(2, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # the two values should now be cached; we should be able to vary
         # the second argument and still get the cached result.
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 5)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_cache_logcontexts(self):
@@ -248,30 +248,30 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         obj = Cls()
 
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'fish'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "fish"
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with same params shouldn't call the mock again
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
-        obj.mock.return_value = 'chips'
+        obj.mock.return_value = "chips"
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(2, 3, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # the two values should now be cached
         r = yield obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
         r = yield obj.fn(2, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+        self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
 
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         with logcontext.LoggingContext() as c1:
             c1.request = "c1"
             obj = Cls()
-            obj.mock.return_value = {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'}
+            obj.mock.return_value = {10: "fish", 20: "chips"}
             d1 = obj.list_fn([10, 20], 2)
             self.assertEqual(
                 logcontext.LoggingContext.current_context(),
@@ -306,26 +306,26 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             r = yield d1
             self.assertEqual(logcontext.LoggingContext.current_context(), c1)
             obj.mock.assert_called_once_with([10, 20], 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'})
+            self.assertEqual(r, {10: "fish", 20: "chips"})
             obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
             # a call with different params should call the mock again
-            obj.mock.return_value = {30: 'peas'}
+            obj.mock.return_value = {30: "peas"}
             r = yield obj.list_fn([20, 30], 2)
             obj.mock.assert_called_once_with([30], 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, {20: 'chips', 30: 'peas'})
+            self.assertEqual(r, {20: "chips", 30: "peas"})
             obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
             # all the values should now be cached
             r = yield obj.fn(10, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, 'fish')
+            self.assertEqual(r, "fish")
             r = yield obj.fn(20, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, 'chips')
+            self.assertEqual(r, "chips")
             r = yield obj.fn(30, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(r, 'peas')
+            self.assertEqual(r, "peas")
             r = yield obj.list_fn([10, 20, 30], 2)
             obj.mock.assert_not_called()
-            self.assertEqual(r, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips', 30: 'peas'})
+            self.assertEqual(r, {10: "fish", 20: "chips", 30: "peas"})
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_invalidate(self):
@@ -350,16 +350,16 @@ class CachedListDescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         invalidate1 = mock.Mock()
 
         # cache miss
-        obj.mock.return_value = {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'}
+        obj.mock.return_value = {10: "fish", 20: "chips"}
         r1 = yield obj.list_fn([10, 20], 2, on_invalidate=invalidate0)
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with([10, 20], 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r1, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'})
+        self.assertEqual(r1, {10: "fish", 20: "chips"})
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # cache hit
         r2 = yield obj.list_fn([10, 20], 2, on_invalidate=invalidate1)
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
-        self.assertEqual(r2, {10: 'fish', 20: 'chips'})
+        self.assertEqual(r2, {10: "fish", 20: "chips"})
 
         invalidate0.assert_not_called()
         invalidate1.assert_not_called()
diff --git a/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py b/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py
index 03b3c15db6..c94cbb662b 100644
--- a/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py
+++ b/tests/util/caches/test_ttlcache.py
@@ -27,57 +27,57 @@ class CacheTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_get(self):
         """simple set/get tests"""
-        self.cache.set('one', '1', 10)
-        self.cache.set('two', '2', 20)
-        self.cache.set('three', '3', 30)
+        self.cache.set("one", "1", 10)
+        self.cache.set("two", "2", 20)
+        self.cache.set("three", "3", 30)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(self.cache), 3)
 
-        self.assertTrue('one' in self.cache)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get('one'), '1')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['one'], '1')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry('one'), ('1', 110))
+        self.assertTrue("one" in self.cache)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get("one"), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["one"], "1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry("one"), ("1", 110))
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 3)
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.misses, 0)
 
-        self.cache.set('two', '2.5', 20)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['two'], '2.5')
+        self.cache.set("two", "2.5", 20)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["two"], "2.5")
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 4)
 
         # non-existent-item tests
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get('four', '4'), '4')
-        self.assertIs(self.cache.get('four', None), None)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get("four", "4"), "4")
+        self.assertIs(self.cache.get("four", None), None)
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.cache['four']
+            self.cache["four"]
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.cache.get('four')
+            self.cache.get("four")
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.cache.get_with_expiry('four')
+            self.cache.get_with_expiry("four")
 
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 4)
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.misses, 5)
 
     def test_expiry(self):
-        self.cache.set('one', '1', 10)
-        self.cache.set('two', '2', 20)
-        self.cache.set('three', '3', 30)
+        self.cache.set("one", "1", 10)
+        self.cache.set("two", "2", 20)
+        self.cache.set("three", "3", 30)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(self.cache), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['one'], '1')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['two'], '2')
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["one"], "1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["two"], "2")
 
         # enough for the first entry to expire, but not the rest
         self.mock_timer.side_effect = lambda: 110.0
 
         self.assertEqual(len(self.cache), 2)
-        self.assertFalse('one' in self.cache)
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['two'], '2')
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache['three'], '3')
+        self.assertFalse("one" in self.cache)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["two"], "2")
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache["three"], "3")
 
-        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry('two'), ('2', 120))
+        self.assertEqual(self.cache.get_with_expiry("two"), ("2", 120))
 
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.hits, 5)
         self.assertEqual(self.cache._metrics.misses, 0)
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index f8c7ad2604..bd2c7c954c 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ def setup_test_homeserver(
     # Need to let the HS build an auth handler and then mess with it
     # because AuthHandler's constructor requires the HS, so we can't make one
     # beforehand and pass it in to the HS's constructor (chicken / egg)
-    hs.get_auth_handler().hash = lambda p: hashlib.md5(p.encode('utf8')).hexdigest()
+    hs.get_auth_handler().hash = lambda p: hashlib.md5(p.encode("utf8")).hexdigest()
     hs.get_auth_handler().validate_hash = (
-        lambda p, h: hashlib.md5(p.encode('utf8')).hexdigest() == h
+        lambda p, h: hashlib.md5(p.encode("utf8")).hexdigest() == h
     )
 
     fed = kargs.get("resource_for_federation", None)
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class MockHttpResource(HttpServer):
     def trigger_get(self, path):
         return self.trigger(b"GET", path, None)
 
-    @patch('twisted.web.http.Request')
+    @patch("twisted.web.http.Request")
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def trigger(
         self, http_method, path, content, mock_request, federation_auth_origin=None
@@ -431,12 +431,12 @@ class MockHttpResource(HttpServer):
         # annoyingly we return a twisted http request which has chained calls
         # to get at the http content, hence mock it here.
         mock_content = Mock()
-        config = {'read.return_value': content}
+        config = {"read.return_value": content}
         mock_content.configure_mock(**config)
         mock_request.content = mock_content
 
-        mock_request.method = http_method.encode('ascii')
-        mock_request.uri = path.encode('ascii')
+        mock_request.method = http_method.encode("ascii")
+        mock_request.uri = path.encode("ascii")
 
         mock_request.getClientIP.return_value = "-"
 
@@ -452,14 +452,14 @@ class MockHttpResource(HttpServer):
 
         # add in query params to the right place
         try:
-            mock_request.args = urlparse.parse_qs(path.split('?')[1])
-            mock_request.path = path.split('?')[0]
+            mock_request.args = urlparse.parse_qs(path.split("?")[1])
+            mock_request.path = path.split("?")[0]
             path = mock_request.path
         except Exception:
             pass
 
         if isinstance(path, bytes):
-            path = path.decode('utf8')
+            path = path.decode("utf8")
 
         for (method, pattern, func) in self.callbacks:
             if http_method != method: