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-rw-r--r--synapse/__init__.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/api/constants.py9
-rw-r--r--synapse/api/urls.py1
-rwxr-xr-xsynapse/app/homeserver.py7
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/synchrotron.py14
-rw-r--r--synapse/config/consent_config.py18
-rw-r--r--synapse/config/logger.py1
-rw-r--r--synapse/crypto/keyclient.py8
-rw-r--r--synapse/crypto/keyring.py110
-rw-r--r--synapse/event_auth.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/events/__init__.py18
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_server.py29
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/transport/server.py9
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/units.py3
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/auth.py21
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/directory.py34
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py22
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/federation.py185
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/message.py3
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/register.py9
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/room.py401
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/typing.py14
-rw-r--r--synapse/http/server.py8
-rw-r--r--synapse/http/servlet.py9
-rw-r--r--synapse/push/emailpusher.py5
-rw-r--r--synapse/push/httppusher.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/push/mailer.py10
-rw-r--r--synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/python_dependencies.py1
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/tcp/client.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/__init__.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py81
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py13
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py21
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py89
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py39
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py14
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py92
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py68
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py22
-rw-r--r--synapse/server.py5
-rw-r--r--synapse/server.pyi6
-rw-r--r--synapse/state/__init__.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/state/v2.py20
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/devices.py100
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py19
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py5
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/event_federation.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/events.py165
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/prepare_database.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/room.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql9
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql19
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql36
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql53
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/state.py7
59 files changed, 1262 insertions, 610 deletions
diff --git a/synapse/__init__.py b/synapse/__init__.py
index 89ea9a9775..5a28fe2b82 100644
--- a/synapse/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/__init__.py
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
-__version__ = "0.33.8"
+__version__ = "0.33.9"
diff --git a/synapse/api/constants.py b/synapse/api/constants.py
index c2630c4c64..f20e0fcf0b 100644
--- a/synapse/api/constants.py
+++ b/synapse/api/constants.py
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ class LoginType(object):
     EMAIL_IDENTITY = u"m.login.email.identity"
     MSISDN = u"m.login.msisdn"
     RECAPTCHA = u"m.login.recaptcha"
+    TERMS = u"m.login.terms"
     DUMMY = u"m.login.dummy"
 
     # Only for C/S API v1
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ class LoginType(object):
 class EventTypes(object):
     Member = "m.room.member"
     Create = "m.room.create"
+    Tombstone = "m.room.tombstone"
     JoinRules = "m.room.join_rules"
     PowerLevels = "m.room.power_levels"
     Aliases = "m.room.aliases"
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ class ThirdPartyEntityKind(object):
 class RoomVersions(object):
     V1 = "1"
     VDH_TEST = "vdh-test-version"
+    STATE_V2_TEST = "state-v2-test"
 
 
 # the version we will give rooms which are created on this server
@@ -108,7 +111,11 @@ DEFAULT_ROOM_VERSION = RoomVersions.V1
 
 # vdh-test-version is a placeholder to get room versioning support working and tested
 # until we have a working v2.
-KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS = {RoomVersions.V1, RoomVersions.VDH_TEST}
+KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS = {
+    RoomVersions.V1,
+    RoomVersions.VDH_TEST,
+    RoomVersions.STATE_V2_TEST,
+}
 
 ServerNoticeMsgType = "m.server_notice"
 ServerNoticeLimitReached = "m.server_notice.usage_limit_reached"
diff --git a/synapse/api/urls.py b/synapse/api/urls.py
index 6d9f1ca0ef..f78695b657 100644
--- a/synapse/api/urls.py
+++ b/synapse/api/urls.py
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ FEDERATION_PREFIX = "/_matrix/federation/v1"
 STATIC_PREFIX = "/_matrix/static"
 WEB_CLIENT_PREFIX = "/_matrix/client"
 CONTENT_REPO_PREFIX = "/_matrix/content"
-SERVER_KEY_PREFIX = "/_matrix/key/v1"
 SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX = "/_matrix/key/v2"
 MEDIA_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/r0"
 LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/v1"
diff --git a/synapse/app/homeserver.py b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
index 593e1e75db..415374a2ce 100755
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ from synapse.api.urls import (
     FEDERATION_PREFIX,
     LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX,
     MEDIA_PREFIX,
-    SERVER_KEY_PREFIX,
     SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX,
     STATIC_PREFIX,
     WEB_CLIENT_PREFIX,
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ from synapse.python_dependencies import CONDITIONAL_REQUIREMENTS, check_requirem
 from synapse.replication.http import REPLICATION_PREFIX, ReplicationRestResource
 from synapse.replication.tcp.resource import ReplicationStreamProtocolFactory
 from synapse.rest import ClientRestResource
-from synapse.rest.key.v1.server_key_resource import LocalKey
 from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyApiV2Resource
 from synapse.rest.media.v0.content_repository import ContentRepoResource
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -236,10 +234,7 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                 )
 
         if name in ["keys", "federation"]:
-            resources.update({
-                SERVER_KEY_PREFIX: LocalKey(self),
-                SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX: KeyApiV2Resource(self),
-            })
+            resources[SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX] = KeyApiV2Resource(self)
 
         if name == "webclient":
             resources[WEB_CLIENT_PREFIX] = build_resource_for_web_client(self)
diff --git a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
index 3926c7f263..0354e82bf8 100644
--- a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
+++ b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
@@ -226,7 +226,15 @@ class SynchrotronPresence(object):
 class SynchrotronTyping(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self._latest_room_serial = 0
+        self._reset()
+
+    def _reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset the typing handler's data caches.
+        """
+        # map room IDs to serial numbers
         self._room_serials = {}
+        # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
         self._room_typing = {}
 
     def stream_positions(self):
@@ -236,6 +244,12 @@ class SynchrotronTyping(object):
         return {"typing": self._latest_room_serial}
 
     def process_replication_rows(self, token, rows):
+        if self._latest_room_serial > token:
+            # The master has gone backwards. To prevent inconsistent data, just
+            # clear everything.
+            self._reset()
+
+        # Set the latest serial token to whatever the server gave us.
         self._latest_room_serial = token
 
         for row in rows:
diff --git a/synapse/config/consent_config.py b/synapse/config/consent_config.py
index e22c731aad..f193a090ae 100644
--- a/synapse/config/consent_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/consent_config.py
@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = """\
 # until the user consents to the privacy policy. The value of the setting is
 # used as the text of the error.
 #
+# 'require_at_registration', if enabled, will add a step to the registration
+# process, similar to how captcha works. Users will be required to accept the
+# policy before their account is created.
+#
+# 'policy_name' is the display name of the policy users will see when registering
+# for an account. Has no effect unless `require_at_registration` is enabled.
+# Defaults to "Privacy Policy".
+#
 # user_consent:
 #   template_dir: res/templates/privacy
 #   version: 1.0
@@ -54,6 +62,8 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = """\
 #   block_events_error: >-
 #     To continue using this homeserver you must review and agree to the
 #     terms and conditions at %(consent_uri)s
+#   require_at_registration: False
+#   policy_name: Privacy Policy
 #
 """
 
@@ -67,6 +77,8 @@ class ConsentConfig(Config):
         self.user_consent_server_notice_content = None
         self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = False
         self.block_events_without_consent_error = None
+        self.user_consent_at_registration = False
+        self.user_consent_policy_name = "Privacy Policy"
 
     def read_config(self, config):
         consent_config = config.get("user_consent")
@@ -83,6 +95,12 @@ class ConsentConfig(Config):
         self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = bool(consent_config.get(
             "send_server_notice_to_guests", False,
         ))
+        self.user_consent_at_registration = bool(consent_config.get(
+            "require_at_registration", False,
+        ))
+        self.user_consent_policy_name = consent_config.get(
+            "policy_name", "Privacy Policy",
+        )
 
     def default_config(self, **kwargs):
         return DEFAULT_CONFIG
diff --git a/synapse/config/logger.py b/synapse/config/logger.py
index e9a936118d..7081868963 100644
--- a/synapse/config/logger.py
+++ b/synapse/config/logger.py
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ handlers:
         maxBytes: 104857600
         backupCount: 10
         filters: [context]
+        encoding: utf8
     console:
         class: logging.StreamHandler
         formatter: precise
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py b/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py
index 080c81f14b..d40e4b8591 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 import logging
 
+from six.moves import urllib
+
 from canonicaljson import json
 
 from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
@@ -28,15 +30,15 @@ from synapse.util import logcontext
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-KEY_API_V1 = b"/_matrix/key/v1/"
+KEY_API_V2 = "/_matrix/key/v2/server/%s"
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def fetch_server_key(server_name, tls_client_options_factory, path=KEY_API_V1):
+def fetch_server_key(server_name, tls_client_options_factory, key_id):
     """Fetch the keys for a remote server."""
 
     factory = SynapseKeyClientFactory()
-    factory.path = path
+    factory.path = KEY_API_V2 % (urllib.parse.quote(key_id), )
     factory.host = server_name
     endpoint = matrix_federation_endpoint(
         reactor, server_name, tls_client_options_factory, timeout=30
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
index d89f94c219..515ebbc148 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-# Copyright 2017 New Vector Ltd.
+# Copyright 2017, 2018 New Vector Ltd.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import hashlib
 import logging
 from collections import namedtuple
 
-from six.moves import urllib
-
 from signedjson.key import (
     decode_verify_key_bytes,
     encode_verify_key_base64,
@@ -395,32 +393,13 @@ class Keyring(object):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_keys_from_server(self, server_name_and_key_ids):
-        @defer.inlineCallbacks
-        def get_key(server_name, key_ids):
-            keys = None
-            try:
-                keys = yield self.get_server_verify_key_v2_direct(
-                    server_name, key_ids
-                )
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.info(
-                    "Unable to get key %r for %r directly: %s %s",
-                    key_ids, server_name,
-                    type(e).__name__, str(e),
-                )
-
-            if not keys:
-                keys = yield self.get_server_verify_key_v1_direct(
-                    server_name, key_ids
-                )
-
-                keys = {server_name: keys}
-
-            defer.returnValue(keys)
-
         results = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
             [
-                run_in_background(get_key, server_name, key_ids)
+                run_in_background(
+                    self.get_server_verify_key_v2_direct,
+                    server_name,
+                    key_ids,
+                )
                 for server_name, key_ids in server_name_and_key_ids
             ],
             consumeErrors=True,
@@ -525,10 +504,7 @@ class Keyring(object):
                 continue
 
             (response, tls_certificate) = yield fetch_server_key(
-                server_name, self.hs.tls_client_options_factory,
-                path=("/_matrix/key/v2/server/%s" % (
-                    urllib.parse.quote(requested_key_id),
-                )).encode("ascii"),
+                server_name, self.hs.tls_client_options_factory, requested_key_id
             )
 
             if (u"signatures" not in response
@@ -657,78 +633,6 @@ class Keyring(object):
 
         defer.returnValue(results)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_server_verify_key_v1_direct(self, server_name, key_ids):
-        """Finds a verification key for the server with one of the key ids.
-        Args:
-            server_name (str): The name of the server to fetch a key for.
-            keys_ids (list of str): The key_ids to check for.
-        """
-
-        # Try to fetch the key from the remote server.
-
-        (response, tls_certificate) = yield fetch_server_key(
-            server_name, self.hs.tls_client_options_factory
-        )
-
-        # Check the response.
-
-        x509_certificate_bytes = crypto.dump_certificate(
-            crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, tls_certificate
-        )
-
-        if ("signatures" not in response
-                or server_name not in response["signatures"]):
-            raise KeyLookupError("Key response not signed by remote server")
-
-        if "tls_certificate" not in response:
-            raise KeyLookupError("Key response missing TLS certificate")
-
-        tls_certificate_b64 = response["tls_certificate"]
-
-        if encode_base64(x509_certificate_bytes) != tls_certificate_b64:
-            raise KeyLookupError("TLS certificate doesn't match")
-
-        # Cache the result in the datastore.
-
-        time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
-
-        verify_keys = {}
-        for key_id, key_base64 in response["verify_keys"].items():
-            if is_signing_algorithm_supported(key_id):
-                key_bytes = decode_base64(key_base64)
-                verify_key = decode_verify_key_bytes(key_id, key_bytes)
-                verify_key.time_added = time_now_ms
-                verify_keys[key_id] = verify_key
-
-        for key_id in response["signatures"][server_name]:
-            if key_id not in response["verify_keys"]:
-                raise KeyLookupError(
-                    "Key response must include verification keys for all"
-                    " signatures"
-                )
-            if key_id in verify_keys:
-                verify_signed_json(
-                    response,
-                    server_name,
-                    verify_keys[key_id]
-                )
-
-        yield self.store.store_server_certificate(
-            server_name,
-            server_name,
-            time_now_ms,
-            tls_certificate,
-        )
-
-        yield self.store_keys(
-            server_name=server_name,
-            from_server=server_name,
-            verify_keys=verify_keys,
-        )
-
-        defer.returnValue(verify_keys)
-
     def store_keys(self, server_name, from_server, verify_keys):
         """Store a collection of verify keys for a given server
         Args:
diff --git a/synapse/event_auth.py b/synapse/event_auth.py
index d4d4474847..c81d8e6729 100644
--- a/synapse/event_auth.py
+++ b/synapse/event_auth.py
@@ -200,11 +200,11 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
     membership = event.content["membership"]
 
     # Check if this is the room creator joining:
-    if len(event.prev_events) == 1 and Membership.JOIN == membership:
+    if len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1 and Membership.JOIN == membership:
         # Get room creation event:
         key = (EventTypes.Create, "", )
         create = auth_events.get(key)
-        if create and event.prev_events[0][0] == create.event_id:
+        if create and event.prev_event_ids()[0] == create.event_id:
             if create.content["creator"] == event.state_key:
                 return
 
diff --git a/synapse/events/__init__.py b/synapse/events/__init__.py
index 12f1eb0a3e..84c75495d5 100644
--- a/synapse/events/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/events/__init__.py
@@ -159,6 +159,24 @@ class EventBase(object):
     def keys(self):
         return six.iterkeys(self._event_dict)
 
+    def prev_event_ids(self):
+        """Returns the list of prev event IDs. The order matches the order
+        specified in the event, though there is no meaning to it.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[str]: The list of event IDs of this event's prev_events
+        """
+        return [e for e, _ in self.prev_events]
+
+    def auth_event_ids(self):
+        """Returns the list of auth event IDs. The order matches the order
+        specified in the event, though there is no meaning to it.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[str]: The list of event IDs of this event's auth_events
+        """
+        return [e for e, _ in self.auth_events]
+
 
 class FrozenEvent(EventBase):
     def __init__(self, event_dict, internal_metadata_dict={}, rejected_reason=None):
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
index 0f9302a6a8..98722ae543 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -162,8 +162,30 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 p["age_ts"] = request_time - int(p["age"])
                 del p["age"]
 
+            # We try and pull out an event ID so that if later checks fail we
+            # can log something sensible. We don't mandate an event ID here in
+            # case future event formats get rid of the key.
+            possible_event_id = p.get("event_id", "<Unknown>")
+
+            # Now we get the room ID so that we can check that we know the
+            # version of the room.
+            room_id = p.get("room_id")
+            if not room_id:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Ignoring PDU as does not have a room_id. Event ID: %s",
+                    possible_event_id,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                # In future we will actually use the room version to parse the
+                # PDU into an event.
+                yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+            except NotFoundError:
+                logger.info("Ignoring PDU for unknown room_id: %s", room_id)
+                continue
+
             event = event_from_pdu_json(p)
-            room_id = event.room_id
             pdus_by_room.setdefault(room_id, []).append(event)
 
         pdu_results = {}
@@ -324,11 +346,6 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             defer.returnValue((404, ""))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_pull_request(self, origin, versions):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Pull transactions not implemented")
-
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_query_request(self, query_type, args):
         received_queries_counter.labels(query_type).inc()
         resp = yield self.registry.on_query(query_type, args)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py b/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py
index 3fdd63be95..099ace28c1 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py
@@ -183,9 +183,7 @@ class TransactionQueue(object):
                         # banned then it won't receive the event because it won't
                         # be in the room after the ban.
                         destinations = yield self.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(
-                            event.room_id, latest_event_ids=[
-                                prev_id for prev_id, _ in event.prev_events
-                            ],
+                            event.room_id, latest_event_ids=event.prev_event_ids(),
                         )
                     except Exception:
                         logger.exception(
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/server.py b/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
index 7288d49074..3553f418f1 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
@@ -362,14 +362,6 @@ class FederationSendServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
         defer.returnValue((code, response))
 
 
-class FederationPullServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
-    PATH = "/pull/"
-
-    # This is for when someone asks us for everything since version X
-    def on_GET(self, origin, content, query):
-        return self.handler.on_pull_request(query["origin"][0], query["v"])
-
-
 class FederationEventServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     PATH = "/event/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)/"
 
@@ -1261,7 +1253,6 @@ class FederationGroupsSettingJoinPolicyServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
 
 FEDERATION_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
     FederationSendServlet,
-    FederationPullServlet,
     FederationEventServlet,
     FederationStateServlet,
     FederationStateIdsServlet,
diff --git a/synapse/federation/units.py b/synapse/federation/units.py
index c5ab14314e..025a79c022 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/units.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/units.py
@@ -117,9 +117,6 @@ class Transaction(JsonEncodedObject):
                 "Require 'transaction_id' to construct a Transaction"
             )
 
-        for p in pdus:
-            p.transaction_id = kwargs["transaction_id"]
-
         kwargs["pdus"] = [p.get_pdu_json() for p in pdus]
 
         return Transaction(**kwargs)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/auth.py b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
index 329e3c7d71..a958c45271 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
             LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY: self._check_email_identity,
             LoginType.MSISDN: self._check_msisdn,
             LoginType.DUMMY: self._check_dummy_auth,
+            LoginType.TERMS: self._check_terms_auth,
         }
         self.bcrypt_rounds = hs.config.bcrypt_rounds
 
@@ -431,6 +432,9 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
     def _check_dummy_auth(self, authdict, _):
         return defer.succeed(True)
 
+    def _check_terms_auth(self, authdict, _):
+        return defer.succeed(True)
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _check_threepid(self, medium, authdict):
         if 'threepid_creds' not in authdict:
@@ -462,6 +466,22 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
     def _get_params_recaptcha(self):
         return {"public_key": self.hs.config.recaptcha_public_key}
 
+    def _get_params_terms(self):
+        return {
+            "policies": {
+                "privacy_policy": {
+                    "version": self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                    "en": {
+                        "name": self.hs.config.user_consent_policy_name,
+                        "url": "%s/_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                            self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
+                            self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                        ),
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        }
+
     def _auth_dict_for_flows(self, flows, session):
         public_flows = []
         for f in flows:
@@ -469,6 +489,7 @@ class AuthHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         get_params = {
             LoginType.RECAPTCHA: self._get_params_recaptcha,
+            LoginType.TERMS: self._get_params_terms,
         }
 
         params = {}
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/directory.py b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
index 7d67bf803a..0699731c13 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
@@ -138,9 +138,30 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def delete_association(self, requester, room_alias):
-        # association deletion for human users
+    def delete_association(self, requester, room_alias, send_event=True):
+        """Remove an alias from the directory
 
+        (this is only meant for human users; AS users should call
+        delete_appservice_association)
+
+        Args:
+            requester (Requester):
+            room_alias (RoomAlias):
+            send_event (bool): Whether to send an updated m.room.aliases event.
+                Note that, if we delete the canonical alias, we will always attempt
+                to send an m.room.canonical_alias event
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[unicode]: room id that the alias used to point to
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundError: if the alias doesn't exist
+
+            AuthError: if the user doesn't have perms to delete the alias (ie, the user
+                is neither the creator of the alias, nor a server admin.
+
+            SynapseError: if the alias belongs to an AS
+        """
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         try:
@@ -168,10 +189,11 @@ class DirectoryHandler(BaseHandler):
         room_id = yield self._delete_association(room_alias)
 
         try:
-            yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                requester,
-                room_id
-            )
+            if send_event:
+                yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(
+                    requester,
+                    room_id
+                )
 
             yield self._update_canonical_alias(
                 requester,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
index 5edb3cfe04..42b040375f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from six import iteritems
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
-from synapse.api.errors import RoomKeysVersionError, StoreError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import NotFoundError, RoomKeysVersionError, StoreError
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
             room_id(string): room ID to get keys for, for None to get keys for all rooms
             session_id(string): session ID to get keys for, for None to get keys for all
                 sessions
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundError: if the backup version does not exist
         Returns:
             A deferred list of dicts giving the session_data and message metadata for
             these room keys.
@@ -63,13 +65,19 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
         # we deliberately take the lock to get keys so that changing the version
         # works atomically
         with (yield self._upload_linearizer.queue(user_id)):
+            # make sure the backup version exists
+            try:
+                yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(user_id, version)
+            except StoreError as e:
+                if e.code == 404:
+                    raise NotFoundError("Unknown backup version")
+                else:
+                    raise
+
             results = yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys(
                 user_id, version, room_id, session_id
             )
 
-            if results['rooms'] == {}:
-                raise SynapseError(404, "No room_keys found")
-
             defer.returnValue(results)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -120,7 +128,7 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
         }
 
         Raises:
-            SynapseError: with code 404 if there are no versions defined
+            NotFoundError: if there are no versions defined
             RoomKeysVersionError: if the uploaded version is not the current version
         """
 
@@ -134,7 +142,7 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
                 version_info = yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(user_id)
             except StoreError as e:
                 if e.code == 404:
-                    raise SynapseError(404, "Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
+                    raise NotFoundError("Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
                 else:
                     raise
 
@@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler(object):
                     raise RoomKeysVersionError(current_version=version_info['version'])
                 except StoreError as e:
                     if e.code == 404:
-                        raise SynapseError(404, "Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
+                        raise NotFoundError("Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
                     else:
                         raise
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index cd5b9bbb19..a3bb864bb2 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -202,27 +202,22 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             self.room_queues[room_id].append((pdu, origin))
             return
 
-        # If we're no longer in the room just ditch the event entirely. This
-        # is probably an old server that has come back and thinks we're still
-        # in the room (or we've been rejoined to the room by a state reset).
+        # If we're not in the room just ditch the event entirely. This is
+        # probably an old server that has come back and thinks we're still in
+        # the room (or we've been rejoined to the room by a state reset).
         #
-        # If we were never in the room then maybe our database got vaped and
-        # we should check if we *are* in fact in the room. If we are then we
-        # can magically rejoin the room.
+        # Note that if we were never in the room then we would have already
+        # dropped the event, since we wouldn't know the room version.
         is_in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
             room_id,
             self.server_name
         )
         if not is_in_room:
-            was_in_room = yield self.store.was_host_joined(
-                pdu.room_id, self.server_name,
+            logger.info(
+                "[%s %s] Ignoring PDU from %s as we're not in the room",
+                room_id, event_id, origin,
             )
-            if was_in_room:
-                logger.info(
-                    "[%s %s] Ignoring PDU from %s as we've left the room",
-                    room_id, event_id, origin,
-                )
-                defer.returnValue(None)
+            defer.returnValue(None)
 
         state = None
         auth_chain = []
@@ -239,7 +234,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 room_id, event_id, min_depth,
             )
 
-            prevs = {e_id for e_id, _ in pdu.prev_events}
+            prevs = set(pdu.prev_event_ids())
             seen = yield self.store.have_seen_events(prevs)
 
             if min_depth and pdu.depth < min_depth:
@@ -557,86 +552,54 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             room_id, event_id, event,
         )
 
-        # FIXME (erikj): Awful hack to make the case where we are not currently
-        # in the room work
-        # If state and auth_chain are None, then we don't need to do this check
-        # as we already know we have enough state in the DB to handle this
-        # event.
-        if state and auth_chain and not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
-            is_in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
-                room_id,
-                self.server_name
-            )
-        else:
-            is_in_room = True
-
-        if not is_in_room:
-            logger.info(
-                "[%s %s] Got event for room we're not in",
-                room_id, event_id,
-            )
-
-            try:
-                yield self._persist_auth_tree(
-                    origin, auth_chain, state, event
-                )
-            except AuthError as e:
-                raise FederationError(
-                    "ERROR",
-                    e.code,
-                    e.msg,
-                    affected=event_id,
-                )
-
-        else:
-            event_ids = set()
-            if state:
-                event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in state}
-            if auth_chain:
-                event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in auth_chain}
+        event_ids = set()
+        if state:
+            event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in state}
+        if auth_chain:
+            event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in auth_chain}
 
-            seen_ids = yield self.store.have_seen_events(event_ids)
+        seen_ids = yield self.store.have_seen_events(event_ids)
 
-            if state and auth_chain is not None:
-                # If we have any state or auth_chain given to us by the replication
-                # layer, then we should handle them (if we haven't before.)
+        if state and auth_chain is not None:
+            # If we have any state or auth_chain given to us by the replication
+            # layer, then we should handle them (if we haven't before.)
 
-                event_infos = []
+            event_infos = []
 
-                for e in itertools.chain(auth_chain, state):
-                    if e.event_id in seen_ids:
-                        continue
-                    e.internal_metadata.outlier = True
-                    auth_ids = [e_id for e_id, _ in e.auth_events]
-                    auth = {
-                        (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_chain
-                        if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
-                    }
-                    event_infos.append({
-                        "event": e,
-                        "auth_events": auth,
-                    })
-                    seen_ids.add(e.event_id)
+            for e in itertools.chain(auth_chain, state):
+                if e.event_id in seen_ids:
+                    continue
+                e.internal_metadata.outlier = True
+                auth_ids = e.auth_event_ids()
+                auth = {
+                    (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_chain
+                    if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
+                }
+                event_infos.append({
+                    "event": e,
+                    "auth_events": auth,
+                })
+                seen_ids.add(e.event_id)
 
-                logger.info(
-                    "[%s %s] persisting newly-received auth/state events %s",
-                    room_id, event_id, [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos]
-                )
-                yield self._handle_new_events(origin, event_infos)
+            logger.info(
+                "[%s %s] persisting newly-received auth/state events %s",
+                room_id, event_id, [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos]
+            )
+            yield self._handle_new_events(origin, event_infos)
 
-            try:
-                context = yield self._handle_new_event(
-                    origin,
-                    event,
-                    state=state,
-                )
-            except AuthError as e:
-                raise FederationError(
-                    "ERROR",
-                    e.code,
-                    e.msg,
-                    affected=event.event_id,
-                )
+        try:
+            context = yield self._handle_new_event(
+                origin,
+                event,
+                state=state,
+            )
+        except AuthError as e:
+            raise FederationError(
+                "ERROR",
+                e.code,
+                e.msg,
+                affected=event.event_id,
+            )
 
         room = yield self.store.get_room(room_id)
 
@@ -726,7 +689,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         edges = [
             ev.event_id
             for ev in events
-            if set(e_id for e_id, _ in ev.prev_events) - event_ids
+            if set(ev.prev_event_ids()) - event_ids
         ]
 
         logger.info(
@@ -753,7 +716,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         required_auth = set(
             a_id
             for event in events + list(state_events.values()) + list(auth_events.values())
-            for a_id, _ in event.auth_events
+            for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
         )
         auth_events.update({
             e_id: event_map[e_id] for e_id in required_auth if e_id in event_map
@@ -769,7 +732,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             auth_events.update(ret_events)
 
             required_auth.update(
-                a_id for event in ret_events.values() for a_id, _ in event.auth_events
+                a_id for event in ret_events.values() for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
             )
             missing_auth = required_auth - set(auth_events)
 
@@ -796,7 +759,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 required_auth.update(
                     a_id
                     for event in results if event
-                    for a_id, _ in event.auth_events
+                    for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
                 )
                 missing_auth = required_auth - set(auth_events)
 
@@ -816,7 +779,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "auth_events": {
                     (auth_events[a_id].type, auth_events[a_id].state_key):
                     auth_events[a_id]
-                    for a_id, _ in a.auth_events
+                    for a_id in a.auth_event_ids()
                     if a_id in auth_events
                 }
             })
@@ -828,7 +791,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "auth_events": {
                     (auth_events[a_id].type, auth_events[a_id].state_key):
                     auth_events[a_id]
-                    for a_id, _ in event_map[e_id].auth_events
+                    for a_id in event_map[e_id].auth_event_ids()
                     if a_id in auth_events
                 }
             })
@@ -1041,17 +1004,17 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         Raises:
             SynapseError if the event does not pass muster
         """
-        if len(ev.prev_events) > 20:
+        if len(ev.prev_event_ids()) > 20:
             logger.warn("Rejecting event %s which has %i prev_events",
-                        ev.event_id, len(ev.prev_events))
+                        ev.event_id, len(ev.prev_event_ids()))
             raise SynapseError(
                 http_client.BAD_REQUEST,
                 "Too many prev_events",
             )
 
-        if len(ev.auth_events) > 10:
+        if len(ev.auth_event_ids()) > 10:
             logger.warn("Rejecting event %s which has %i auth_events",
-                        ev.event_id, len(ev.auth_events))
+                        ev.event_id, len(ev.auth_event_ids()))
             raise SynapseError(
                 http_client.BAD_REQUEST,
                 "Too many auth_events",
@@ -1076,7 +1039,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
     def on_event_auth(self, event_id):
         event = yield self.store.get_event(event_id)
         auth = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [auth_id for auth_id, _ in event.auth_events],
+            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()],
             include_given=True
         )
         defer.returnValue([e for e in auth])
@@ -1698,7 +1661,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         missing_auth_events = set()
         for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state, [event]):
-            for e_id, _ in e.auth_events:
+            for e_id in e.auth_event_ids():
                 if e_id not in event_map:
                     missing_auth_events.add(e_id)
 
@@ -1717,7 +1680,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state, [event]):
             auth_for_e = {
                 (event_map[e_id].type, event_map[e_id].state_key): event_map[e_id]
-                for e_id, _ in e.auth_events
+                for e_id in e.auth_event_ids()
                 if e_id in event_map
             }
             if create_event:
@@ -1785,10 +1748,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # This is a hack to fix some old rooms where the initial join event
         # didn't reference the create event in its auth events.
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and not event.auth_events:
-            if len(event.prev_events) == 1 and event.depth < 5:
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and not event.auth_event_ids():
+            if len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1 and event.depth < 5:
                 c = yield self.store.get_event(
-                    event.prev_events[0][0],
+                    event.prev_event_ids()[0],
                     allow_none=True,
                 )
                 if c and c.type == EventTypes.Create:
@@ -1835,7 +1798,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         # Now get the current auth_chain for the event.
         local_auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [auth_id for auth_id, _ in event.auth_events],
+            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()],
             include_given=True
         )
 
@@ -1891,7 +1854,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         """
         # Check if we have all the auth events.
         current_state = set(e.event_id for e in auth_events.values())
-        event_auth_events = set(e_id for e_id, _ in event.auth_events)
+        event_auth_events = set(event.auth_event_ids())
 
         if event.is_state():
             event_key = (event.type, event.state_key)
@@ -1935,7 +1898,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         continue
 
                     try:
-                        auth_ids = [e_id for e_id, _ in e.auth_events]
+                        auth_ids = e.auth_event_ids()
                         auth = {
                             (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in remote_auth_chain
                             if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
@@ -1956,7 +1919,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         pass
 
                 have_events = yield self.store.get_seen_events_with_rejections(
-                    [e_id for e_id, _ in event.auth_events]
+                    event.auth_event_ids()
                 )
                 seen_events = set(have_events.keys())
             except Exception:
@@ -2058,7 +2021,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                             continue
 
                         try:
-                            auth_ids = [e_id for e_id, _ in ev.auth_events]
+                            auth_ids = ev.auth_event_ids()
                             auth = {
                                 (e.type, e.state_key): e
                                 for e in result["auth_chain"]
@@ -2250,7 +2213,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         missing_remote_ids = [e.event_id for e in missing_remotes]
         base_remote_rejected = list(missing_remotes)
         for e in missing_remotes:
-            for e_id, _ in e.auth_events:
+            for e_id in e.auth_event_ids():
                 if e_id in missing_remote_ids:
                     try:
                         base_remote_rejected.remove(e)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/message.py b/synapse/handlers/message.py
index 969e588e73..a7cd779b02 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -427,6 +427,9 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
 
         if event.is_state():
             prev_state = yield self.deduplicate_state_event(event, context)
+            logger.info(
+                "Not bothering to persist duplicate state event %s", event.event_id,
+            )
             if prev_state is not None:
                 defer.returnValue(prev_state)
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/register.py b/synapse/handlers/register.py
index e9d7b25a36..d2beb275cf 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/register.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/register.py
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
         self.profile_handler = hs.get_profile_handler()
         self.user_directory_handler = hs.get_user_directory_handler()
-        self.room_creation_handler = self.hs.get_room_creation_handler()
         self.captcha_client = CaptchaServerHttpClient(hs)
 
         self._next_generated_user_id = None
@@ -241,7 +240,10 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     else:
                         # create room expects the localpart of the room alias
                         room_alias_localpart = room_alias.localpart
-                        yield self.room_creation_handler.create_room(
+
+                        # getting the RoomCreationHandler during init gives a dependency
+                        # loop
+                        yield self.hs.get_room_creation_handler().create_room(
                             fake_requester,
                             config={
                                 "preset": "public_chat",
@@ -254,9 +256,6 @@ class RegistrationHandler(BaseHandler):
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error("Failed to join new user to %r: %r", r, e)
 
-        # We used to generate default identicons here, but nowadays
-        # we want clients to generate their own as part of their branding
-        # rather than there being consistent matrix-wide ones, so we don't.
         defer.returnValue((user_id, token))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room.py b/synapse/handlers/room.py
index 3ba92bdb4c..3928faa6e7 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import math
 import string
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
-from six import string_types
+from six import iteritems, string_types
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@ from synapse.api.constants import (
     JoinRules,
     RoomCreationPreset,
 )
-from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, Codes, StoreError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, Codes, NotFoundError, StoreError, SynapseError
 from synapse.storage.state import StateFilter
 from synapse.types import RoomAlias, RoomID, RoomStreamToken, StreamToken, UserID
 from synapse.util import stringutils
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
 from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_client
 
 from ._base import BaseHandler
@@ -73,6 +74,334 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         self.spam_checker = hs.get_spam_checker()
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
+        self.room_member_handler = hs.get_room_member_handler()
+
+        # linearizer to stop two upgrades happening at once
+        self._upgrade_linearizer = Linearizer("room_upgrade_linearizer")
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def upgrade_room(self, requester, old_room_id, new_version):
+        """Replace a room with a new room with a different version
+
+        Args:
+            requester (synapse.types.Requester): the user requesting the upgrade
+            old_room_id (unicode): the id of the room to be replaced
+            new_version (unicode): the new room version to use
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[unicode]: the new room id
+        """
+        yield self.ratelimit(requester)
+
+        user_id = requester.user.to_string()
+
+        with (yield self._upgrade_linearizer.queue(old_room_id)):
+            # start by allocating a new room id
+            r = yield self.store.get_room(old_room_id)
+            if r is None:
+                raise NotFoundError("Unknown room id %s" % (old_room_id,))
+            new_room_id = yield self._generate_room_id(
+                creator_id=user_id, is_public=r["is_public"],
+            )
+
+            logger.info("Creating new room %s to replace %s", new_room_id, old_room_id)
+
+            # we create and auth the tombstone event before properly creating the new
+            # room, to check our user has perms in the old room.
+            tombstone_event, tombstone_context = (
+                yield self.event_creation_handler.create_event(
+                    requester, {
+                        "type": EventTypes.Tombstone,
+                        "state_key": "",
+                        "room_id": old_room_id,
+                        "sender": user_id,
+                        "content": {
+                            "body": "This room has been replaced",
+                            "replacement_room": new_room_id,
+                        }
+                    },
+                    token_id=requester.access_token_id,
+                )
+            )
+            yield self.auth.check_from_context(tombstone_event, tombstone_context)
+
+            yield self.clone_exiting_room(
+                requester,
+                old_room_id=old_room_id,
+                new_room_id=new_room_id,
+                new_room_version=new_version,
+                tombstone_event_id=tombstone_event.event_id,
+            )
+
+            # now send the tombstone
+            yield self.event_creation_handler.send_nonmember_event(
+                requester, tombstone_event, tombstone_context,
+            )
+
+            old_room_state = yield tombstone_context.get_current_state_ids(self.store)
+
+            # update any aliases
+            yield self._move_aliases_to_new_room(
+                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+            )
+
+            # and finally, shut down the PLs in the old room, and update them in the new
+            # room.
+            yield self._update_upgraded_room_pls(
+                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+            )
+
+            defer.returnValue(new_room_id)
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _update_upgraded_room_pls(
+            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+    ):
+        """Send updated power levels in both rooms after an upgrade
+
+        Args:
+            requester (synapse.types.Requester): the user requesting the upgrade
+            old_room_id (unicode): the id of the room to be replaced
+            new_room_id (unicode): the id of the replacement room
+            old_room_state (dict[tuple[str, str], str]): the state map for the old room
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred
+        """
+        old_room_pl_event_id = old_room_state.get((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""))
+
+        if old_room_pl_event_id is None:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Not supported: upgrading a room with no PL event. Not setting PLs "
+                "in old room.",
+            )
+            return
+
+        old_room_pl_state = yield self.store.get_event(old_room_pl_event_id)
+
+        # we try to stop regular users from speaking by setting the PL required
+        # to send regular events and invites to 'Moderator' level. That's normally
+        # 50, but if the default PL in a room is 50 or more, then we set the
+        # required PL above that.
+
+        pl_content = dict(old_room_pl_state.content)
+        users_default = int(pl_content.get("users_default", 0))
+        restricted_level = max(users_default + 1, 50)
+
+        updated = False
+        for v in ("invite", "events_default"):
+            current = int(pl_content.get(v, 0))
+            if current < restricted_level:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Setting level for %s in %s to %i (was %i)",
+                    v, old_room_id, restricted_level, current,
+                )
+                pl_content[v] = restricted_level
+                updated = True
+            else:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Not setting level for %s (already %i)",
+                    v, current,
+                )
+
+        if updated:
+            try:
+                yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+                    requester, {
+                        "type": EventTypes.PowerLevels,
+                        "state_key": '',
+                        "room_id": old_room_id,
+                        "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                        "content": pl_content,
+                    }, ratelimit=False,
+                )
+            except AuthError as e:
+                logger.warning("Unable to update PLs in old room: %s", e)
+
+        logger.info("Setting correct PLs in new room")
+        yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+            requester, {
+                "type": EventTypes.PowerLevels,
+                "state_key": '',
+                "room_id": new_room_id,
+                "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                "content": old_room_pl_state.content,
+            }, ratelimit=False,
+        )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def clone_exiting_room(
+            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, new_room_version,
+            tombstone_event_id,
+    ):
+        """Populate a new room based on an old room
+
+        Args:
+            requester (synapse.types.Requester): the user requesting the upgrade
+            old_room_id (unicode): the id of the room to be replaced
+            new_room_id (unicode): the id to give the new room (should already have been
+                created with _gemerate_room_id())
+            new_room_version (unicode): the new room version to use
+            tombstone_event_id (unicode|str): the ID of the tombstone event in the old
+                room.
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[None]
+        """
+        user_id = requester.user.to_string()
+
+        if not self.spam_checker.user_may_create_room(user_id):
+            raise SynapseError(403, "You are not permitted to create rooms")
+
+        creation_content = {
+            "room_version": new_room_version,
+            "predecessor": {
+                "room_id": old_room_id,
+                "event_id": tombstone_event_id,
+            }
+        }
+
+        initial_state = dict()
+
+        types_to_copy = (
+            (EventTypes.JoinRules, ""),
+            (EventTypes.Name, ""),
+            (EventTypes.Topic, ""),
+            (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""),
+            (EventTypes.GuestAccess, ""),
+            (EventTypes.RoomAvatar, ""),
+        )
+
+        old_room_state_ids = yield self.store.get_filtered_current_state_ids(
+            old_room_id, StateFilter.from_types(types_to_copy),
+        )
+        # map from event_id to BaseEvent
+        old_room_state_events = yield self.store.get_events(old_room_state_ids.values())
+
+        for k, old_event_id in iteritems(old_room_state_ids):
+            old_event = old_room_state_events.get(old_event_id)
+            if old_event:
+                initial_state[k] = old_event.content
+
+        yield self._send_events_for_new_room(
+            requester,
+            new_room_id,
+
+            # we expect to override all the presets with initial_state, so this is
+            # somewhat arbitrary.
+            preset_config=RoomCreationPreset.PRIVATE_CHAT,
+
+            invite_list=[],
+            initial_state=initial_state,
+            creation_content=creation_content,
+        )
+
+        # XXX invites/joins
+        # XXX 3pid invites
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _move_aliases_to_new_room(
+            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+    ):
+        directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
+
+        aliases = yield self.store.get_aliases_for_room(old_room_id)
+
+        # check to see if we have a canonical alias.
+        canonical_alias = None
+        canonical_alias_event_id = old_room_state.get((EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ""))
+        if canonical_alias_event_id:
+            canonical_alias_event = yield self.store.get_event(canonical_alias_event_id)
+            if canonical_alias_event:
+                canonical_alias = canonical_alias_event.content.get("alias", "")
+
+        # first we try to remove the aliases from the old room (we suppress sending
+        # the room_aliases event until the end).
+        #
+        # Note that we'll only be able to remove aliases that (a) aren't owned by an AS,
+        # and (b) unless the user is a server admin, which the user created.
+        #
+        # This is probably correct - given we don't allow such aliases to be deleted
+        # normally, it would be odd to allow it in the case of doing a room upgrade -
+        # but it makes the upgrade less effective, and you have to wonder why a room
+        # admin can't remove aliases that point to that room anyway.
+        # (cf https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/2360)
+        #
+        removed_aliases = []
+        for alias_str in aliases:
+            alias = RoomAlias.from_string(alias_str)
+            try:
+                yield directory_handler.delete_association(
+                    requester, alias, send_event=False,
+                )
+                removed_aliases.append(alias_str)
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Unable to remove alias %s from old room: %s",
+                    alias, e,
+                )
+
+        # if we didn't find any aliases, or couldn't remove anyway, we can skip the rest
+        # of this.
+        if not removed_aliases:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            # this can fail if, for some reason, our user doesn't have perms to send
+            # m.room.aliases events in the old room (note that we've already checked that
+            # they have perms to send a tombstone event, so that's not terribly likely).
+            #
+            # If that happens, it's regrettable, but we should carry on: it's the same
+            # as when you remove an alias from the directory normally - it just means that
+            # the aliases event gets out of sync with the directory
+            # (cf https://github.com/vector-im/riot-web/issues/2369)
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
+                requester, old_room_id,
+            )
+        except AuthError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Failed to send updated alias event on old room: %s", e,
+            )
+
+        # we can now add any aliases we successfully removed to the new room.
+        for alias in removed_aliases:
+            try:
+                yield directory_handler.create_association(
+                    requester, RoomAlias.from_string(alias),
+                    new_room_id, servers=(self.hs.hostname, ),
+                    send_event=False,
+                )
+                logger.info("Moved alias %s to new room", alias)
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                # I'm not really expecting this to happen, but it could if the spam
+                # checking module decides it shouldn't, or similar.
+                logger.error(
+                    "Error adding alias %s to new room: %s",
+                    alias, e,
+                )
+
+        try:
+            if canonical_alias and (canonical_alias in removed_aliases):
+                yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+                    requester,
+                    {
+                        "type": EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
+                        "state_key": "",
+                        "room_id": new_room_id,
+                        "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                        "content": {"alias": canonical_alias, },
+                    },
+                    ratelimit=False
+                )
+
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
+                requester, new_room_id,
+            )
+        except SynapseError as e:
+            # again I'm not really expecting this to fail, but if it does, I'd rather
+            # we returned the new room to the client at this point.
+            logger.error(
+                "Unable to send updated alias events in new room: %s", e,
+            )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True,
@@ -165,28 +494,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         visibility = config.get("visibility", None)
         is_public = visibility == "public"
 
-        # autogen room IDs and try to create it. We may clash, so just
-        # try a few times till one goes through, giving up eventually.
-        attempts = 0
-        room_id = None
-        while attempts < 5:
-            try:
-                random_string = stringutils.random_string(18)
-                gen_room_id = RoomID(
-                    random_string,
-                    self.hs.hostname,
-                )
-                yield self.store.store_room(
-                    room_id=gen_room_id.to_string(),
-                    room_creator_user_id=user_id,
-                    is_public=is_public
-                )
-                room_id = gen_room_id.to_string()
-                break
-            except StoreError:
-                attempts += 1
-        if not room_id:
-            raise StoreError(500, "Couldn't generate a room ID.")
+        room_id = yield self._generate_room_id(creator_id=user_id, is_public=is_public)
 
         if room_alias:
             directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
@@ -216,18 +524,15 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         # override any attempt to set room versions via the creation_content
         creation_content["room_version"] = room_version
 
-        room_member_handler = self.hs.get_room_member_handler()
-
         yield self._send_events_for_new_room(
             requester,
             room_id,
-            room_member_handler,
             preset_config=preset_config,
             invite_list=invite_list,
             initial_state=initial_state,
             creation_content=creation_content,
             room_alias=room_alias,
-            power_level_content_override=config.get("power_level_content_override", {}),
+            power_level_content_override=config.get("power_level_content_override"),
             creator_join_profile=creator_join_profile,
         )
 
@@ -263,7 +568,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             if is_direct:
                 content["is_direct"] = is_direct
 
-            yield room_member_handler.update_membership(
+            yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
                 requester,
                 UserID.from_string(invitee),
                 room_id,
@@ -301,14 +606,13 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             self,
             creator,  # A Requester object.
             room_id,
-            room_member_handler,
             preset_config,
             invite_list,
             initial_state,
             creation_content,
-            room_alias,
-            power_level_content_override,
-            creator_join_profile,
+            room_alias=None,
+            power_level_content_override=None,
+            creator_join_profile=None,
     ):
         def create(etype, content, **kwargs):
             e = {
@@ -324,6 +628,7 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def send(etype, content, **kwargs):
             event = create(etype, content, **kwargs)
+            logger.info("Sending %s in new room", etype)
             yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
                 creator,
                 event,
@@ -346,7 +651,8 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
             content=creation_content,
         )
 
-        yield room_member_handler.update_membership(
+        logger.info("Sending %s in new room", EventTypes.Member)
+        yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             creator,
             creator.user,
             room_id,
@@ -388,7 +694,8 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 for invitee in invite_list:
                     power_level_content["users"][invitee] = 100
 
-            power_level_content.update(power_level_content_override)
+            if power_level_content_override:
+                power_level_content.update(power_level_content_override)
 
             yield send(
                 etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
@@ -427,6 +734,30 @@ class RoomCreationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 content=content,
             )
 
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _generate_room_id(self, creator_id, is_public):
+        # autogen room IDs and try to create it. We may clash, so just
+        # try a few times till one goes through, giving up eventually.
+        attempts = 0
+        while attempts < 5:
+            try:
+                random_string = stringutils.random_string(18)
+                gen_room_id = RoomID(
+                    random_string,
+                    self.hs.hostname,
+                ).to_string()
+                if isinstance(gen_room_id, bytes):
+                    gen_room_id = gen_room_id.decode('utf-8')
+                yield self.store.store_room(
+                    room_id=gen_room_id,
+                    room_creator_user_id=creator_id,
+                    is_public=is_public,
+                )
+                defer.returnValue(gen_room_id)
+            except StoreError:
+                attempts += 1
+        raise StoreError(500, "Couldn't generate a room ID.")
+
 
 class RoomContextHandler(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/typing.py b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
index c610933dd4..a61bbf9392 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/typing.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
@@ -63,11 +63,8 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
         self._member_typing_until = {}  # clock time we expect to stop
         self._member_last_federation_poke = {}
 
-        # map room IDs to serial numbers
-        self._room_serials = {}
         self._latest_room_serial = 0
-        # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
-        self._room_typing = {}
+        self._reset()
 
         # caches which room_ids changed at which serials
         self._typing_stream_change_cache = StreamChangeCache(
@@ -79,6 +76,15 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
             5000,
         )
 
+    def _reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset the typing handler's data caches.
+        """
+        # map room IDs to serial numbers
+        self._room_serials = {}
+        # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
+        self._room_typing = {}
+
     def _handle_timeouts(self):
         logger.info("Checking for typing timeouts")
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/server.py b/synapse/http/server.py
index b4b25cab19..6a427d96a6 100644
--- a/synapse/http/server.py
+++ b/synapse/http/server.py
@@ -468,13 +468,13 @@ def set_cors_headers(request):
     Args:
         request (twisted.web.http.Request): The http request to add CORs to.
     """
-    request.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+    request.setHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Origin", b"*")
     request.setHeader(
-        "Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"
+        b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods", b"GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"
     )
     request.setHeader(
-        "Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
-        "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization"
+        b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
+        b"Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization"
     )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/servlet.py b/synapse/http/servlet.py
index a1e4b88e6d..528125e737 100644
--- a/synapse/http/servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/http/servlet.py
@@ -121,16 +121,15 @@ def parse_string(request, name, default=None, required=False,
 
     Args:
         request: the twisted HTTP request.
-        name (bytes/unicode): the name of the query parameter.
-        default (bytes/unicode|None): value to use if the parameter is absent,
+        name (bytes|unicode): the name of the query parameter.
+        default (bytes|unicode|None): value to use if the parameter is absent,
             defaults to None. Must be bytes if encoding is None.
         required (bool): whether to raise a 400 SynapseError if the
             parameter is absent, defaults to False.
-        allowed_values (list[bytes/unicode]): List of allowed values for the
+        allowed_values (list[bytes|unicode]): List of allowed values for the
             string, or None if any value is allowed, defaults to None. Must be
             the same type as name, if given.
-        encoding: The encoding to decode the name to, and decode the string
-            content with.
+        encoding (str|None): The encoding to decode the string content with.
 
     Returns:
         bytes/unicode|None: A string value or the default. Unicode if encoding
diff --git a/synapse/push/emailpusher.py b/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
index f369124258..50e1007d84 100644
--- a/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
@@ -85,7 +85,10 @@ class EmailPusher(object):
             self.timed_call = None
 
     def on_new_notifications(self, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering):
-        self.max_stream_ordering = max(max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering)
+        if self.max_stream_ordering:
+            self.max_stream_ordering = max(max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering)
+        else:
+            self.max_stream_ordering = max_stream_ordering
         self._start_processing()
 
     def on_new_receipts(self, min_stream_id, max_stream_id):
diff --git a/synapse/push/httppusher.py b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
index 6bd703632d..87fa7f006a 100644
--- a/synapse/push/httppusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ class HttpPusher(object):
                 ]
             }
         }
-        if event.type == 'm.room.member':
+        if event.type == 'm.room.member' and event.is_state():
             d['notification']['membership'] = event.content['membership']
             d['notification']['user_is_target'] = event.state_key == self.user_id
-        if self.hs.config.push_include_content and 'content' in event:
+        if self.hs.config.push_include_content and event.content:
             d['notification']['content'] = event.content
 
         # We no longer send aliases separately, instead, we send the human
diff --git a/synapse/push/mailer.py b/synapse/push/mailer.py
index 16fb5e8471..ebcb93bfc7 100644
--- a/synapse/push/mailer.py
+++ b/synapse/push/mailer.py
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import bleach
 import jinja2
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
-from twisted.mail.smtp import sendmail
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
@@ -85,6 +84,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
         self.notif_template_html = notif_template_html
         self.notif_template_text = notif_template_text
 
+        self.sendmail = self.hs.get_sendmail()
         self.store = self.hs.get_datastore()
         self.macaroon_gen = self.hs.get_macaroon_generator()
         self.state_handler = self.hs.get_state_handler()
@@ -191,11 +191,11 @@ class Mailer(object):
         multipart_msg.attach(html_part)
 
         logger.info("Sending email push notification to %s" % email_address)
-        # logger.debug(html_text)
 
-        yield sendmail(
+        yield self.sendmail(
             self.hs.config.email_smtp_host,
-            raw_from, raw_to, multipart_msg.as_string(),
+            raw_from, raw_to, multipart_msg.as_string().encode('utf8'),
+            reactor=self.hs.get_reactor(),
             port=self.hs.config.email_smtp_port,
             requireAuthentication=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user is not None,
             username=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user,
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ class Mailer(object):
                           notif_events, user_id, reason):
         if len(notifs_by_room) == 1:
             # Only one room has new stuff
-            room_id = notifs_by_room.keys()[0]
+            room_id = list(notifs_by_room.keys())[0]
 
             # If the room has some kind of name, use it, but we don't
             # want the generated-from-names one here otherwise we'll
diff --git a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
index 2bd321d530..cf6c8b875e 100644
--- a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(object):
 
         # XXX: optimisation: cache our pattern regexps
         if condition['key'] == 'content.body':
-            body = self._event["content"].get("body", None)
+            body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
             if not body:
                 return False
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class PushRuleEvaluatorForEvent(object):
         if not display_name:
             return False
 
-        body = self._event["content"].get("body", None)
+        body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
         if not body:
             return False
 
diff --git a/synapse/python_dependencies.py b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
index 943876456b..ca62ee7637 100644
--- a/synapse/python_dependencies.py
+++ b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ REQUIREMENTS = {
     "daemonize>=2.3.1": ["daemonize"],
     "bcrypt>=3.1.0": ["bcrypt>=3.1.0"],
     "pillow>=3.1.2": ["PIL"],
-    "pydenticon>=0.2": ["pydenticon"],
     "sortedcontainers>=1.4.4": ["sortedcontainers"],
     "psutil>=2.0.0": ["psutil>=2.0.0"],
     "pysaml2>=3.0.0": ["saml2"],
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
index cbe9645817..586dddb40b 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ReplicationClientHandler(object):
 
         Can be overriden in subclasses to handle more.
         """
-        logger.info("Received rdata %s -> %s", stream_name, token)
+        logger.debug("Received rdata %s -> %s", stream_name, token)
         return self.store.process_replication_rows(stream_name, token, rows)
 
     def on_position(self, stream_name, token):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
index 5dc7b3fffc..0b3fe6cbf5 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ tcp_inbound_commands = LaterGauge(
     "",
     ["command", "name"],
     lambda: {
-        (k[0], p.name,): count
+        (k, p.name,): count
         for p in connected_connections
         for k, count in iteritems(p.inbound_commands_counter)
     },
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ tcp_outbound_commands = LaterGauge(
     "",
     ["command", "name"],
     lambda: {
-        (k[0], p.name,): count
+        (k, p.name,): count
         for p in connected_connections
         for k, count in iteritems(p.outbound_commands_counter)
     },
diff --git a/synapse/rest/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
index 4856822a5d..5f35c2d1be 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha import (
     register,
     report_event,
     room_keys,
+    room_upgrade_rest_servlet,
     sendtodevice,
     sync,
     tags,
@@ -116,3 +117,4 @@ class ClientRestResource(JsonResource):
         sendtodevice.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
         user_directory.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
         groups.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
+        room_upgrade_rest_servlet.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
index 693b303881..a8d8ed6590 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
@@ -68,6 +68,29 @@ function captchaDone() {
 </html>
 """
 
+TERMS_TEMPLATE = """
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Authentication</title>
+<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1,
+    user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0'>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/_matrix/static/client/register/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>
+<form id="registrationForm" method="post" action="%(myurl)s">
+    <div>
+        <p>
+            Please click the button below if you agree to the
+            <a href="%(terms_url)s">privacy policy of this homeserver.</a>
+        </p>
+        <input type="hidden" name="session" value="%(session)s" />
+        <input type="submit" value="Agree" />
+    </div>
+</form>
+</body>
+</html>
+"""
+
 SUCCESS_TEMPLATE = """
 <html>
 <head>
@@ -133,13 +156,34 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
             request.write(html_bytes)
             finish_request(request)
             defer.returnValue(None)
+        elif stagetype == LoginType.TERMS:
+            session = request.args['session'][0]
+
+            html = TERMS_TEMPLATE % {
+                'session': session,
+                'terms_url': "%s/_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                    self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
+                    self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                ),
+                'myurl': "%s/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
+                    CLIENT_V2_ALPHA_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS
+                ),
+            }
+            html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
+            request.setResponseCode(200)
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(html_bytes),))
+
+            request.write(html_bytes)
+            finish_request(request)
+            defer.returnValue(None)
         else:
             raise SynapseError(404, "Unknown auth stage type")
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request, stagetype):
         yield
-        if stagetype == "m.login.recaptcha":
+        if stagetype == LoginType.RECAPTCHA:
             if ('g-recaptcha-response' not in request.args or
                     len(request.args['g-recaptcha-response'])) == 0:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "No captcha response supplied")
@@ -179,6 +223,41 @@ class AuthRestServlet(RestServlet):
             finish_request(request)
 
             defer.returnValue(None)
+        elif stagetype == LoginType.TERMS:
+            if ('session' not in request.args or
+                    len(request.args['session'])) == 0:
+                raise SynapseError(400, "No session supplied")
+
+            session = request.args['session'][0]
+            authdict = {'session': session}
+
+            success = yield self.auth_handler.add_oob_auth(
+                LoginType.TERMS,
+                authdict,
+                self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
+            )
+
+            if success:
+                html = SUCCESS_TEMPLATE
+            else:
+                html = TERMS_TEMPLATE % {
+                    'session': session,
+                    'terms_url': "%s/_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                        self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
+                        self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                    ),
+                    'myurl': "%s/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
+                        CLIENT_V2_ALPHA_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS
+                    ),
+                }
+            html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
+            request.setResponseCode(200)
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(html_bytes),))
+
+            request.write(html_bytes)
+            finish_request(request)
+            defer.returnValue(None)
         else:
             raise SynapseError(404, "Unknown auth stage type")
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
index 192f52e462..0515715f7c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
@@ -359,6 +359,13 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
                     [LoginType.MSISDN, LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY]
                 ])
 
+        # Append m.login.terms to all flows if we're requiring consent
+        if self.hs.config.user_consent_at_registration:
+            new_flows = []
+            for flow in flows:
+                flow.append(LoginType.TERMS)
+            flows.extend(new_flows)
+
         auth_result, params, session_id = yield self.auth_handler.check_auth(
             flows, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
         )
@@ -445,6 +452,12 @@ class RegisterRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 params.get("bind_msisdn")
             )
 
+        if auth_result and LoginType.TERMS in auth_result:
+            logger.info("%s has consented to the privacy policy" % registered_user_id)
+            yield self.store.user_set_consent_version(
+                registered_user_id, self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+            )
+
         defer.returnValue((200, return_dict))
 
     def on_OPTIONS(self, _):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
index 45b5817d8b..ab3f1bd21a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import logging
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
-from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, NotFoundError, SynapseError
 from synapse.http.servlet import (
     RestServlet,
     parse_json_object_from_request,
@@ -208,10 +208,25 @@ class RoomKeysServlet(RestServlet):
             user_id, version, room_id, session_id
         )
 
+        # Convert room_keys to the right format to return.
         if session_id:
-            room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]['sessions'][session_id]
+            # If the client requests a specific session, but that session was
+            # not backed up, then return an M_NOT_FOUND.
+            if room_keys['rooms'] == {}:
+                raise NotFoundError("No room_keys found")
+            else:
+                room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]['sessions'][session_id]
         elif room_id:
-            room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]
+            # If the client requests all sessions from a room, but no sessions
+            # are found, then return an empty result rather than an error, so
+            # that clients don't have to handle an error condition, and an
+            # empty result is valid.  (Similarly if the client requests all
+            # sessions from the backup, but in that case, room_keys is already
+            # in the right format, so we don't need to do anything about it.)
+            if room_keys['rooms'] == {}:
+                room_keys = {'sessions': {}}
+            else:
+                room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]
 
         defer.returnValue((200, room_keys))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6356101fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+
+from twisted.internet import defer
+
+from synapse.api.constants import KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
+from synapse.http.servlet import (
+    RestServlet,
+    assert_params_in_dict,
+    parse_json_object_from_request,
+)
+
+from ._base import client_v2_patterns
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class RoomUpgradeRestServlet(RestServlet):
+    """Handler for room uprade requests.
+
+    Handles requests of the form:
+
+        POST /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/$roomid/upgrade HTTP/1.1
+        Content-Type: application/json
+
+        {
+            "new_version": "2",
+        }
+
+    Creates a new room and shuts down the old one. Returns the ID of the new room.
+
+    Args:
+        hs (synapse.server.HomeServer):
+    """
+    PATTERNS = client_v2_patterns(
+        # /rooms/$roomid/upgrade
+        "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/upgrade$",
+        v2_alpha=False,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, hs):
+        super(RoomUpgradeRestServlet, self).__init__()
+        self._hs = hs
+        self._room_creation_handler = hs.get_room_creation_handler()
+        self._auth = hs.get_auth()
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def on_POST(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = yield self._auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+
+        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+        assert_params_in_dict(content, ("new_version", ))
+        new_version = content["new_version"]
+
+        if new_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400,
+                "Your homeserver does not support this room version",
+                Codes.UNSUPPORTED_ROOM_VERSION,
+            )
+
+        new_room_id = yield self._room_creation_handler.upgrade_room(
+            requester, room_id, new_version
+        )
+
+        ret = {
+            "replacement_room": new_room_id,
+        }
+
+        defer.returnValue((200, ret))
+
+
+def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
+    RoomUpgradeRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py b/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
index 7362e1858d..ad525b22e1 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
@@ -137,27 +137,36 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
             request (twisted.web.http.Request):
         """
 
-        version = parse_string(request, "v",
-                               default=self._default_consent_version)
-        username = parse_string(request, "u", required=True)
-        userhmac = parse_string(request, "h", required=True, encoding=None)
+        version = parse_string(request, "v", default=self._default_consent_version)
+        username = parse_string(request, "u", required=False, default="")
+        userhmac = None
+        has_consented = False
+        public_version = username == ""
+        if not public_version:
+            userhmac_bytes = parse_string(request, "h", required=True, encoding=None)
 
-        self._check_hash(username, userhmac)
+            self._check_hash(username, userhmac_bytes)
 
-        if username.startswith('@'):
-            qualified_user_id = username
-        else:
-            qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
+            if username.startswith('@'):
+                qualified_user_id = username
+            else:
+                qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
 
-        u = yield self.store.get_user_by_id(qualified_user_id)
-        if u is None:
-            raise NotFoundError("Unknown user")
+            u = yield self.store.get_user_by_id(qualified_user_id)
+            if u is None:
+                raise NotFoundError("Unknown user")
+
+            has_consented = u["consent_version"] == version
+            userhmac = userhmac_bytes.decode("ascii")
 
         try:
             self._render_template(
                 request, "%s.html" % (version,),
-                user=username, userhmac=userhmac, version=version,
-                has_consented=(u["consent_version"] == version),
+                user=username,
+                userhmac=userhmac,
+                version=version,
+                has_consented=has_consented,
+                public_version=public_version,
             )
         except TemplateNotFound:
             raise NotFoundError("Unknown policy version")
@@ -223,7 +232,7 @@ class ConsentResource(Resource):
             key=self._hmac_secret,
             msg=userid.encode('utf-8'),
             digestmod=sha256,
-        ).hexdigest()
+        ).hexdigest().encode('ascii')
 
         if not compare_digest(want_mac, userhmac):
             raise SynapseError(http_client.FORBIDDEN, "HMAC incorrect")
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fe0ac3f8e9..0000000000
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 38eb2ee23f..0000000000
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-
-import logging
-
-from canonicaljson import encode_canonical_json
-from signedjson.sign import sign_json
-from unpaddedbase64 import encode_base64
-
-from OpenSSL import crypto
-from twisted.web.resource import Resource
-
-from synapse.http.server import respond_with_json_bytes
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class LocalKey(Resource):
-    """HTTP resource containing encoding the TLS X.509 certificate and NACL
-    signature verification keys for this server::
-
-        GET /key HTTP/1.1
-
-        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-        Content-Type: application/json
-        {
-            "server_name": "this.server.example.com"
-            "verify_keys": {
-                "algorithm:version": # base64 encoded NACL verification key.
-            },
-            "tls_certificate": # base64 ASN.1 DER encoded X.509 tls cert.
-            "signatures": {
-                "this.server.example.com": {
-                   "algorithm:version": # NACL signature for this server.
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, hs):
-        self.response_body = encode_canonical_json(
-            self.response_json_object(hs.config)
-        )
-        Resource.__init__(self)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def response_json_object(server_config):
-        verify_keys = {}
-        for key in server_config.signing_key:
-            verify_key_bytes = key.verify_key.encode()
-            key_id = "%s:%s" % (key.alg, key.version)
-            verify_keys[key_id] = encode_base64(verify_key_bytes)
-
-        x509_certificate_bytes = crypto.dump_certificate(
-            crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1,
-            server_config.tls_certificate
-        )
-        json_object = {
-            u"server_name": server_config.server_name,
-            u"verify_keys": verify_keys,
-            u"tls_certificate": encode_base64(x509_certificate_bytes)
-        }
-        for key in server_config.signing_key:
-            json_object = sign_json(
-                json_object,
-                server_config.server_name,
-                key,
-            )
-
-        return json_object
-
-    def render_GET(self, request):
-        return respond_with_json_bytes(
-            request, 200, self.response_body,
-        )
-
-    def getChild(self, name, request):
-        if name == b'':
-            return self
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bdbd8d50dd..0000000000
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from pydenticon import Generator
-
-from twisted.web.resource import Resource
-
-from synapse.http.servlet import parse_integer
-
-FOREGROUND = [
-    "rgb(45,79,255)",
-    "rgb(254,180,44)",
-    "rgb(226,121,234)",
-    "rgb(30,179,253)",
-    "rgb(232,77,65)",
-    "rgb(49,203,115)",
-    "rgb(141,69,170)"
-]
-
-BACKGROUND = "rgb(224,224,224)"
-SIZE = 5
-
-
-class IdenticonResource(Resource):
-    isLeaf = True
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        Resource.__init__(self)
-        self.generator = Generator(
-            SIZE, SIZE, foreground=FOREGROUND, background=BACKGROUND,
-        )
-
-    def generate_identicon(self, name, width, height):
-        v_padding = width % SIZE
-        h_padding = height % SIZE
-        top_padding = v_padding // 2
-        left_padding = h_padding // 2
-        bottom_padding = v_padding - top_padding
-        right_padding = h_padding - left_padding
-        width -= v_padding
-        height -= h_padding
-        padding = (top_padding, bottom_padding, left_padding, right_padding)
-        identicon = self.generator.generate(
-            name, width, height, padding=padding
-        )
-        return identicon
-
-    def render_GET(self, request):
-        name = "/".join(request.postpath)
-        width = parse_integer(request, "width", default=96)
-        height = parse_integer(request, "height", default=96)
-        identicon_bytes = self.generate_identicon(name, width, height)
-        request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"image/png")
-        request.setHeader(
-            b"Cache-Control", b"public,max-age=86400,s-maxage=86400"
-        )
-        return identicon_bytes
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
index 08b1867fab..d6c5f07af0 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ from ._base import FileInfo, respond_404, respond_with_responder
 from .config_resource import MediaConfigResource
 from .download_resource import DownloadResource
 from .filepath import MediaFilePaths
-from .identicon_resource import IdenticonResource
 from .media_storage import MediaStorage
 from .preview_url_resource import PreviewUrlResource
 from .storage_provider import StorageProviderWrapper
@@ -769,7 +768,6 @@ class MediaRepositoryResource(Resource):
         self.putChild(b"thumbnail", ThumbnailResource(
             hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage,
         ))
-        self.putChild(b"identicon", IdenticonResource())
         if hs.config.url_preview_enabled:
             self.putChild(b"preview_url", PreviewUrlResource(
                 hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage,
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
index 1a7bfd6b56..91d1dafe64 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+
 import cgi
 import datetime
 import errno
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 import traceback
 
+import six
 from six import string_types
 from six.moves import urllib_parse as urlparse
 
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
         # XXX: if get_user_by_req fails, what should we do in an async render?
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         url = parse_string(request, "url")
-        if "ts" in request.args:
+        if b"ts" in request.args:
             ts = parse_integer(request, "ts")
         else:
             ts = self.clock.time_msec()
@@ -180,7 +182,12 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
             cache_result["expires_ts"] > ts and
             cache_result["response_code"] / 100 == 2
         ):
-            defer.returnValue(cache_result["og"])
+            # It may be stored as text in the database, not as bytes (such as
+            # PostgreSQL). If so, encode it back before handing it on.
+            og = cache_result["og"]
+            if isinstance(og, six.text_type):
+                og = og.encode('utf8')
+            defer.returnValue(og)
             return
 
         media_info = yield self._download_url(url, user)
@@ -213,14 +220,17 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(Resource):
         elif _is_html(media_info['media_type']):
             # TODO: somehow stop a big HTML tree from exploding synapse's RAM
 
-            file = open(media_info['filename'])
-            body = file.read()
-            file.close()
+            with open(media_info['filename'], 'rb') as file:
+                body = file.read()
 
             # clobber the encoding from the content-type, or default to utf-8
             # XXX: this overrides any <meta/> or XML charset headers in the body
             # which may pose problems, but so far seems to work okay.
-            match = re.match(r'.*; *charset=(.*?)(;|$)', media_info['media_type'], re.I)
+            match = re.match(
+                r'.*; *charset="?(.*?)"?(;|$)',
+                media_info['media_type'],
+                re.I
+            )
             encoding = match.group(1) if match else "utf-8"
 
             og = decode_and_calc_og(body, media_info['uri'], encoding)
diff --git a/synapse/server.py b/synapse/server.py
index cf6b872cbd..9985687b95 100644
--- a/synapse/server.py
+++ b/synapse/server.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import abc
 import logging
 
 from twisted.enterprise import adbapi
+from twisted.mail.smtp import sendmail
 from twisted.web.client import BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS
 
 from synapse.api.auth import Auth
@@ -174,6 +175,7 @@ class HomeServer(object):
         'message_handler',
         'pagination_handler',
         'room_context_handler',
+        'sendmail',
     ]
 
     # This is overridden in derived application classes
@@ -269,6 +271,9 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     def build_room_creation_handler(self):
         return RoomCreationHandler(self)
 
+    def build_sendmail(self):
+        return sendmail
+
     def build_state_handler(self):
         return StateHandler(self)
 
diff --git a/synapse/server.pyi b/synapse/server.pyi
index ce28486233..06cd083a74 100644
--- a/synapse/server.pyi
+++ b/synapse/server.pyi
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import synapse.handlers.auth
 import synapse.handlers.deactivate_account
 import synapse.handlers.device
 import synapse.handlers.e2e_keys
+import synapse.handlers.room
+import synapse.handlers.room_member
+import synapse.handlers.message
 import synapse.handlers.set_password
 import synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository
 import synapse.server_notices.server_notices_manager
@@ -50,6 +53,9 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     def get_room_creation_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.room.RoomCreationHandler:
         pass
 
+    def get_room_member_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.room_member.RoomMemberHandler:
+        pass
+
     def get_event_creation_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.message.EventCreationHandler:
         pass
 
diff --git a/synapse/state/__init__.py b/synapse/state/__init__.py
index 9b40b18d5b..70048b0c09 100644
--- a/synapse/state/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/state/__init__.py
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class StateHandler(object):
         logger.debug("calling resolve_state_groups from compute_event_context")
 
         entry = yield self.resolve_state_groups_for_events(
-            event.room_id, [e for e, _ in event.prev_events],
+            event.room_id, event.prev_event_ids(),
         )
 
         prev_state_ids = entry.state
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_sto
         return v1.resolve_events_with_store(
             state_sets, event_map, state_res_store.get_events,
         )
-    elif room_version == RoomVersions.VDH_TEST:
+    elif room_version in (RoomVersions.VDH_TEST, RoomVersions.STATE_V2_TEST):
         return v2.resolve_events_with_store(
             state_sets, event_map, state_res_store,
         )
diff --git a/synapse/state/v2.py b/synapse/state/v2.py
index 5d06f7e928..3573bb0028 100644
--- a/synapse/state/v2.py
+++ b/synapse/state/v2.py
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(state_sets, event_map, state_res_store):
 
     logger.debug("Computing conflicted state")
 
+    # We use event_map as a cache, so if its None we need to initialize it
+    if event_map is None:
+        event_map = {}
+
     # First split up the un/conflicted state
     unconflicted_state, conflicted_state = _seperate(state_sets)
 
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ def _get_power_level_for_sender(event_id, event_map, state_res_store):
     event = yield _get_event(event_id, event_map, state_res_store)
 
     pl = None
-    for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+    for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
         aev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
         if (aev.type, aev.state_key) == (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""):
             pl = aev
@@ -163,7 +167,7 @@ def _get_power_level_for_sender(event_id, event_map, state_res_store):
 
     if pl is None:
         # Couldn't find power level. Check if they're the creator of the room
-        for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+        for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
             aev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
             if (aev.type, aev.state_key) == (EventTypes.Create, ""):
                 if aev.content.get("creator") == event.sender:
@@ -295,7 +299,7 @@ def _add_event_and_auth_chain_to_graph(graph, event_id, event_map,
         graph.setdefault(eid, set())
 
         event = yield _get_event(eid, event_map, state_res_store)
-        for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+        for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
             if aid in auth_diff:
                 if aid not in graph:
                     state.append(aid)
@@ -365,7 +369,7 @@ def _iterative_auth_checks(event_ids, base_state, event_map, state_res_store):
         event = event_map[event_id]
 
         auth_events = {}
-        for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+        for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
             ev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
 
             if ev.rejected_reason is None:
@@ -413,9 +417,9 @@ def _mainline_sort(event_ids, resolved_power_event_id, event_map,
     while pl:
         mainline.append(pl)
         pl_ev = yield _get_event(pl, event_map, state_res_store)
-        auth_events = pl_ev.auth_events
+        auth_events = pl_ev.auth_event_ids()
         pl = None
-        for aid, _ in auth_events:
+        for aid in auth_events:
             ev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
             if (ev.type, ev.state_key) == (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""):
                 pl = aid
@@ -460,10 +464,10 @@ def _get_mainline_depth_for_event(event, mainline_map, event_map, state_res_stor
         if depth is not None:
             defer.returnValue(depth)
 
-        auth_events = event.auth_events
+        auth_events = event.auth_event_ids()
         event = None
 
-        for aid, _ in auth_events:
+        for aid in auth_events:
             aev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
             if (aev.type, aev.state_key) == (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""):
                 event = aev
diff --git a/synapse/storage/devices.py b/synapse/storage/devices.py
index d10ff9e4b9..ecdab34e7d 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/devices.py
@@ -22,14 +22,19 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
 
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
+from synapse.storage.background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedInlineCallbacks, cachedList
 
-from ._base import Cache, SQLBaseStore, db_to_json
+from ._base import Cache, db_to_json
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES = (
+    "drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes"
+)
 
-class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
+
+class DeviceStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(DeviceStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
@@ -52,6 +57,30 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
             columns=["user_id", "device_id"],
         )
 
+        # create a unique index on device_lists_remote_cache
+        self.register_background_index_update(
+            "device_lists_remote_cache_unique_idx",
+            index_name="device_lists_remote_cache_unique_id",
+            table="device_lists_remote_cache",
+            columns=["user_id", "device_id"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+
+        # And one on device_lists_remote_extremeties
+        self.register_background_index_update(
+            "device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx",
+            index_name="device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx",
+            table="device_lists_remote_extremeties",
+            columns=["user_id"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+
+        # once they complete, we can remove the old non-unique indexes.
+        self.register_background_update_handler(
+            DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES,
+            self._drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes,
+        )
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def store_device(self, user_id, device_id,
                      initial_device_display_name):
@@ -239,7 +268,19 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
     def update_remote_device_list_cache_entry(self, user_id, device_id, content,
                                               stream_id):
-        """Updates a single user's device in the cache.
+        """Updates a single device in the cache of a remote user's devicelist.
+
+        Note: assumes that we are the only thread that can be updating this user's
+        device list.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id (str): User to update device list for
+            device_id (str): ID of decivice being updated
+            content (dict): new data on this device
+            stream_id (int): the version of the device list
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[None]
         """
         return self.runInteraction(
             "update_remote_device_list_cache_entry",
@@ -272,7 +313,11 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 },
                 values={
                     "content": json.dumps(content),
-                }
+                },
+
+                # we don't need to lock, because we assume we are the only thread
+                # updating this user's devices.
+                lock=False,
             )
 
         txn.call_after(self._get_cached_user_device.invalidate, (user_id, device_id,))
@@ -289,11 +334,26 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
             },
             values={
                 "stream_id": stream_id,
-            }
+            },
+
+            # again, we can assume we are the only thread updating this user's
+            # extremity.
+            lock=False,
         )
 
     def update_remote_device_list_cache(self, user_id, devices, stream_id):
-        """Replace the cache of the remote user's devices.
+        """Replace the entire cache of the remote user's devices.
+
+        Note: assumes that we are the only thread that can be updating this user's
+        device list.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id (str): User to update device list for
+            devices (list[dict]): list of device objects supplied over federation
+            stream_id (int): the version of the device list
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[None]
         """
         return self.runInteraction(
             "update_remote_device_list_cache",
@@ -338,7 +398,11 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
             },
             values={
                 "stream_id": stream_id,
-            }
+            },
+
+            # we don't need to lock, because we can assume we are the only thread
+            # updating this user's extremity.
+            lock=False,
         )
 
     def get_devices_by_remote(self, destination, from_stream_id):
@@ -589,10 +653,14 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
         combined list of changes to devices, and which destinations need to be
         poked. `destination` may be None if no destinations need to be poked.
         """
+        # We do a group by here as there can be a large number of duplicate
+        # entries, since we throw away device IDs.
         sql = """
-            SELECT stream_id, user_id, destination FROM device_lists_stream
+            SELECT MAX(stream_id) AS stream_id, user_id, destination
+            FROM device_lists_stream
             LEFT JOIN device_lists_outbound_pokes USING (stream_id, user_id, device_id)
             WHERE ? < stream_id AND stream_id <= ?
+            GROUP BY user_id, destination
         """
         return self._execute(
             "get_all_device_list_changes_for_remotes", None,
@@ -718,3 +786,19 @@ class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
             "_prune_old_outbound_device_pokes",
             _prune_txn,
         )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes(self, progress, batch_size):
+        def f(conn):
+            txn = conn.cursor()
+            txn.execute(
+                "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS device_lists_remote_cache_id"
+            )
+            txn.execute(
+                "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS device_lists_remote_extremeties_id"
+            )
+            txn.close()
+
+        yield self.runWithConnection(f)
+        yield self._end_background_update(DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES)
+        defer.returnValue(1)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
index f25ded2295..16b7f005aa 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -118,6 +118,11 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
             these room keys.
         """
 
+        try:
+            version = int(version)
+        except ValueError:
+            defer.returnValue({'rooms': {}})
+
         keyvalues = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "version": version,
@@ -212,14 +217,23 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
         Raises:
             StoreError: with code 404 if there are no e2e_room_keys_versions present
         Returns:
-            A deferred dict giving the info metadata for this backup version
+            A deferred dict giving the info metadata for this backup version, with
+            fields including:
+                version(str)
+                algorithm(str)
+                auth_data(object): opaque dict supplied by the client
         """
 
         def _get_e2e_room_keys_version_info_txn(txn):
             if version is None:
                 this_version = self._get_current_version(txn, user_id)
             else:
-                this_version = version
+                try:
+                    this_version = int(version)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # Our versions are all ints so if we can't convert it to an integer,
+                    # it isn't there.
+                    raise StoreError(404, "No row found")
 
             result = self._simple_select_one_txn(
                 txn,
@@ -236,6 +250,7 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 ),
             )
             result["auth_data"] = json.loads(result["auth_data"])
+            result["version"] = str(result["version"])
             return result
 
         return self.runInteraction(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py b/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py
index 1f1721e820..2a0f6cfca9 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ class EndToEndKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
                 allow_none=True,
             )
 
-            new_key_json = encode_canonical_json(device_keys)
+            # In py3 we need old_key_json to match new_key_json type. The DB
+            # returns unicode while encode_canonical_json returns bytes.
+            new_key_json = encode_canonical_json(device_keys).decode("utf-8")
+
             if old_key_json == new_key_json:
                 return False
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/event_federation.py b/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
index 3faca2a042..d3b9dea1d6 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ class EventFederationStore(EventFederationWorkerStore):
                     "is_state": False,
                 }
                 for ev in events
-                for e_id, _ in ev.prev_events
+                for e_id in ev.prev_event_ids()
             ],
         )
 
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ class EventFederationStore(EventFederationWorkerStore):
 
         txn.executemany(query, [
             (e_id, ev.room_id, e_id, ev.room_id, e_id, ev.room_id, False)
-            for ev in events for e_id, _ in ev.prev_events
+            for ev in events for e_id in ev.prev_event_ids()
             if not ev.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
         ])
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/events.py b/synapse/storage/events.py
index 8881b009df..2047110b1d 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/events.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/events.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ from synapse.state import StateResolutionStore
 from synapse.storage.background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.storage.event_federation import EventFederationStore
 from synapse.storage.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.state import StateGroupWorkerStore
 from synapse.types import RoomStreamToken, get_domain_from_id
 from synapse.util import batch_iter
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import ObservableDeferred
@@ -205,7 +206,8 @@ def _retry_on_integrity_error(func):
 
 # inherits from EventFederationStore so that we can call _update_backward_extremities
 # and _handle_mult_prev_events (though arguably those could both be moved in here)
-class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore):
+class EventsStore(StateGroupWorkerStore, EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore,
+                  BackgroundUpdateStore):
     EVENT_ORIGIN_SERVER_TS_NAME = "event_origin_server_ts"
     EVENT_FIELDS_SENDER_URL_UPDATE_NAME = "event_fields_sender_url"
 
@@ -414,7 +416,7 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
                             )
                             if len_1:
                                 all_single_prev_not_state = all(
-                                    len(event.prev_events) == 1
+                                    len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1
                                     and not event.is_state()
                                     for event, ctx in ev_ctx_rm
                                 )
@@ -438,7 +440,7 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
                                 # guess this by looking at the prev_events and checking
                                 # if they match the current forward extremities.
                                 for ev, _ in ev_ctx_rm:
-                                    prev_event_ids = set(e for e, _ in ev.prev_events)
+                                    prev_event_ids = set(ev.prev_event_ids())
                                     if latest_event_ids == prev_event_ids:
                                         state_delta_reuse_delta_counter.inc()
                                         break
@@ -549,7 +551,7 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
         result.difference_update(
             e_id
             for event in new_events
-            for e_id, _ in event.prev_events
+            for e_id in event.prev_event_ids()
         )
 
         # Finally, remove any events which are prev_events of any existing events.
@@ -867,7 +869,7 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
                     "auth_id": auth_id,
                 }
                 for event, _ in events_and_contexts
-                for auth_id, _ in event.auth_events
+                for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()
                 if event.is_state()
             ],
         )
@@ -2034,55 +2036,37 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
 
         logger.info("[purge] finding redundant state groups")
 
-        # Get all state groups that are only referenced by events that are
-        # to be deleted.
-        # This works by first getting state groups that we may want to delete,
-        # joining against event_to_state_groups to get events that use that
-        # state group, then left joining against events_to_purge again. Any
-        # state group where the left join produce *no nulls* are referenced
-        # only by events that are going to be purged.
+        # Get all state groups that are referenced by events that are to be
+        # deleted. We then go and check if they are referenced by other events
+        # or state groups, and if not we delete them.
         txn.execute("""
-            SELECT state_group FROM
-            (
-                SELECT DISTINCT state_group FROM events_to_purge
-                INNER JOIN event_to_state_groups USING (event_id)
-            ) AS sp
-            INNER JOIN event_to_state_groups USING (state_group)
-            LEFT JOIN events_to_purge AS ep USING (event_id)
-            GROUP BY state_group
-            HAVING SUM(CASE WHEN ep.event_id IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) = 0
+            SELECT DISTINCT state_group FROM events_to_purge
+            INNER JOIN event_to_state_groups USING (event_id)
         """)
 
-        state_rows = txn.fetchall()
-        logger.info("[purge] found %i redundant state groups", len(state_rows))
-
-        # make a set of the redundant state groups, so that we can look them up
-        # efficiently
-        state_groups_to_delete = set([sg for sg, in state_rows])
-
-        # Now we get all the state groups that rely on these state groups
-        logger.info("[purge] finding state groups which depend on redundant"
-                    " state groups")
-        remaining_state_groups = []
-        for i in range(0, len(state_rows), 100):
-            chunk = [sg for sg, in state_rows[i:i + 100]]
-            # look for state groups whose prev_state_group is one we are about
-            # to delete
-            rows = self._simple_select_many_txn(
-                txn,
-                table="state_group_edges",
-                column="prev_state_group",
-                iterable=chunk,
-                retcols=["state_group"],
-                keyvalues={},
-            )
-            remaining_state_groups.extend(
-                row["state_group"] for row in rows
+        referenced_state_groups = set(sg for sg, in txn)
+        logger.info(
+            "[purge] found %i referenced state groups",
+            len(referenced_state_groups),
+        )
 
-                # exclude state groups we are about to delete: no point in
-                # updating them
-                if row["state_group"] not in state_groups_to_delete
+        logger.info("[purge] finding state groups that can be deleted")
+
+        state_groups_to_delete, remaining_state_groups = (
+            self._find_unreferenced_groups_during_purge(
+                txn, referenced_state_groups,
             )
+        )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "[purge] found %i state groups to delete",
+            len(state_groups_to_delete),
+        )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "[purge] de-delta-ing %i remaining state groups",
+            len(remaining_state_groups),
+        )
 
         # Now we turn the state groups that reference to-be-deleted state
         # groups to non delta versions.
@@ -2127,11 +2111,11 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
         logger.info("[purge] removing redundant state groups")
         txn.executemany(
             "DELETE FROM state_groups_state WHERE state_group = ?",
-            state_rows
+            ((sg,) for sg in state_groups_to_delete),
         )
         txn.executemany(
             "DELETE FROM state_groups WHERE id = ?",
-            state_rows
+            ((sg,) for sg in state_groups_to_delete),
         )
 
         logger.info("[purge] removing events from event_to_state_groups")
@@ -2227,6 +2211,85 @@ class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore
 
         logger.info("[purge] done")
 
+    def _find_unreferenced_groups_during_purge(self, txn, state_groups):
+        """Used when purging history to figure out which state groups can be
+        deleted and which need to be de-delta'ed (due to one of its prev groups
+        being scheduled for deletion).
+
+        Args:
+            txn
+            state_groups (set[int]): Set of state groups referenced by events
+                that are going to be deleted.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[set[int], set[int]]: The set of state groups that can be
+            deleted and the set of state groups that need to be de-delta'ed
+        """
+        # Graph of state group -> previous group
+        graph = {}
+
+        # Set of events that we have found to be referenced by events
+        referenced_groups = set()
+
+        # Set of state groups we've already seen
+        state_groups_seen = set(state_groups)
+
+        # Set of state groups to handle next.
+        next_to_search = set(state_groups)
+        while next_to_search:
+            # We bound size of groups we're looking up at once, to stop the
+            # SQL query getting too big
+            if len(next_to_search) < 100:
+                current_search = next_to_search
+                next_to_search = set()
+            else:
+                current_search = set(itertools.islice(next_to_search, 100))
+                next_to_search -= current_search
+
+            # Check if state groups are referenced
+            sql = """
+                SELECT DISTINCT state_group FROM event_to_state_groups
+                LEFT JOIN events_to_purge AS ep USING (event_id)
+                WHERE state_group IN (%s) AND ep.event_id IS NULL
+            """ % (",".join("?" for _ in current_search),)
+            txn.execute(sql, list(current_search))
+
+            referenced = set(sg for sg, in txn)
+            referenced_groups |= referenced
+
+            # We don't continue iterating up the state group graphs for state
+            # groups that are referenced.
+            current_search -= referenced
+
+            rows = self._simple_select_many_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="state_group_edges",
+                column="prev_state_group",
+                iterable=current_search,
+                keyvalues={},
+                retcols=("prev_state_group", "state_group",),
+            )
+
+            prevs = set(row["state_group"] for row in rows)
+            # We don't bother re-handling groups we've already seen
+            prevs -= state_groups_seen
+            next_to_search |= prevs
+            state_groups_seen |= prevs
+
+            for row in rows:
+                # Note: Each state group can have at most one prev group
+                graph[row["state_group"]] = row["prev_state_group"]
+
+        to_delete = state_groups_seen - referenced_groups
+
+        to_dedelta = set()
+        for sg in referenced_groups:
+            prev_sg = graph.get(sg)
+            if prev_sg and prev_sg in to_delete:
+                to_dedelta.add(sg)
+
+        return to_delete, to_dedelta
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def is_event_after(self, event_id1, event_id2):
         """Returns True if event_id1 is after event_id2 in the stream
diff --git a/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py b/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
index b364719312..bd740e1e45 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 # Remember to update this number every time a change is made to database
 # schema files, so the users will be informed on server restarts.
-SCHEMA_VERSION = 51
+SCHEMA_VERSION = 52
 
 dir_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/room.py b/synapse/storage/room.py
index 61013b8919..41c65e112a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/room.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/room.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         Args:
             room_id (str): The ID of the room to retrieve.
         Returns:
-            A namedtuple containing the room information, or an empty list.
+            A dict containing the room information, or None if the room is unknown.
         """
         return self._simple_select_one(
             table="rooms",
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql
index 54841b3843..dd6dcb65f1 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@ CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_cache (
     content TEXT NOT NULL
 );
 
-CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_cache_id ON device_lists_remote_cache(user_id, device_id);
-
-
 -- The last update we got for a user. Empty if we're not receiving updates for
 -- that user.
 CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_extremeties (
@@ -30,7 +27,11 @@ CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_extremeties (
     stream_id TEXT NOT NULL
 );
 
-CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_extremeties_id ON device_lists_remote_extremeties(user_id, stream_id);
+-- we used to create non-unique indexes on these tables, but as of update 52 we create
+-- unique indexes concurrently:
+--
+-- CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_cache_id ON device_lists_remote_cache(user_id, device_id);
+-- CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_extremeties_id ON device_lists_remote_extremeties(user_id, stream_id);
 
 
 -- Stream of device lists updates. Includes both local and remotes
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91e03d13e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- This is needed to efficiently check for unreferenced state groups during
+-- purge. Added events_to_state_group(state_group) index
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json)
+    VALUES ('event_to_state_groups_sg_index', '{}');
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfa49e6f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- register a background update which will create a unique index on
+-- device_lists_remote_cache
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json)
+    VALUES ('device_lists_remote_cache_unique_idx', '{}');
+
+-- and one on device_lists_remote_extremeties
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json, depends_on)
+    VALUES (
+        'device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx', '{}',
+
+        -- doesn't really depend on this, but we need to make sure both happen
+        -- before we drop the old indexes.
+        'device_lists_remote_cache_unique_idx'
+    );
+
+-- once they complete, we can drop the old indexes.
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json, depends_on)
+    VALUES (
+        'drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes', '{}',
+        'device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx'
+    );
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db687cccae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/* Change version column to an integer so we can do MAX() sensibly
+ */
+CREATE TABLE e2e_room_keys_versions_new (
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    version BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    algorithm TEXT NOT NULL,
+    auth_data TEXT NOT NULL,
+    deleted SMALLINT DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO e2e_room_keys_versions_new
+    SELECT user_id, CAST(version as BIGINT), algorithm, auth_data, deleted FROM e2e_room_keys_versions;
+
+DROP TABLE e2e_room_keys_versions;
+ALTER TABLE e2e_room_keys_versions_new RENAME TO e2e_room_keys_versions;
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX e2e_room_keys_versions_idx ON e2e_room_keys_versions(user_id, version);
+
+/* Change e2e_rooms_keys to match
+ */
+CREATE TABLE e2e_room_keys_new (
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    room_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    session_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    version BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    first_message_index INT,
+    forwarded_count INT,
+    is_verified BOOLEAN,
+    session_data TEXT NOT NULL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO e2e_room_keys_new
+    SELECT user_id, room_id, session_id, CAST(version as BIGINT), first_message_index, forwarded_count, is_verified, session_data FROM e2e_room_keys;
+
+DROP TABLE e2e_room_keys;
+ALTER TABLE e2e_room_keys_new RENAME TO e2e_room_keys;
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX e2e_room_keys_idx ON e2e_room_keys(user_id, room_id, session_id);
diff --git a/synapse/storage/state.py b/synapse/storage/state.py
index ef65929bb2..d737bd6778 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/state.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/state.py
@@ -1257,6 +1257,7 @@ class StateStore(StateGroupWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore):
     STATE_GROUP_DEDUPLICATION_UPDATE_NAME = "state_group_state_deduplication"
     STATE_GROUP_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "state_group_state_type_index"
     CURRENT_STATE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "current_state_members_idx"
+    EVENT_STATE_GROUP_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "event_to_state_groups_sg_index"
 
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(StateStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
@@ -1275,6 +1276,12 @@ class StateStore(StateGroupWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore):
             columns=["state_key"],
             where_clause="type='m.room.member'",
         )
+        self.register_background_index_update(
+            self.EVENT_STATE_GROUP_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME,
+            index_name="event_to_state_groups_sg_index",
+            table="event_to_state_groups",
+            columns=["state_group"],
+        )
 
     def _store_event_state_mappings_txn(self, txn, events_and_contexts):
         state_groups = {}