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-rw-r--r--synapse/events/utils.py126
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_base.py25
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/device.py10
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/events.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py16
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/message.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/pagination.py8
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/room.py18
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/room_summary.py6
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/search.py10
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/sync.py38
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/admin/federation.py26
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/admin/media.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py16
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/events.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/notifications.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/relations.py136
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/room.py28
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/sync.py39
-rw-r--r--synapse/server.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py8
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py128
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/databases/main/session.py1
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/databases/main/transactions.py11
-rw-r--r--synapse/types.py19
25 files changed, 341 insertions, 340 deletions
diff --git a/synapse/events/utils.py b/synapse/events/utils.py
index 2038e72924..de0e0c1731 100644
--- a/synapse/events/utils.py
+++ b/synapse/events/utils.py
@@ -14,17 +14,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 import collections.abc
 import re
-from typing import (
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Any,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Iterable,
-    List,
-    Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
-)
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
 
 from frozendict import frozendict
 
@@ -32,14 +22,10 @@ from synapse.api.constants import EventContentFields, EventTypes, RelationTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersion
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
-from synapse.util.async_helpers import yieldable_gather_results
 from synapse.util.frozenutils import unfreeze
 
 from . import EventBase
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from synapse.server import HomeServer
-
 # Split strings on "." but not "\." This uses a negative lookbehind assertion for '\'
 # (?<!stuff) matches if the current position in the string is not preceded
 # by a match for 'stuff'.
@@ -385,17 +371,12 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
     clients.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
-        self.store = hs.get_datastore()
-        self._msc1849_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc1849_enabled
-        self._msc3440_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3440_enabled
-
-    async def serialize_event(
+    def serialize_event(
         self,
         event: Union[JsonDict, EventBase],
         time_now: int,
         *,
-        bundle_aggregations: bool = False,
+        bundle_aggregations: Optional[Dict[str, JsonDict]] = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> JsonDict:
         """Serializes a single event.
@@ -418,66 +399,41 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
         serialized_event = serialize_event(event, time_now, **kwargs)
 
         # Check if there are any bundled aggregations to include with the event.
-        #
-        # Do not bundle aggregations if any of the following at true:
-        #
-        # * Support is disabled via the configuration or the caller.
-        # * The event is a state event.
-        # * The event has been redacted.
-        if (
-            self._msc1849_enabled
-            and bundle_aggregations
-            and not event.is_state()
-            and not event.internal_metadata.is_redacted()
-        ):
-            await self._injected_bundled_aggregations(event, time_now, serialized_event)
+        if bundle_aggregations:
+            event_aggregations = bundle_aggregations.get(event.event_id)
+            if event_aggregations:
+                self._injected_bundled_aggregations(
+                    event,
+                    time_now,
+                    bundle_aggregations[event.event_id],
+                    serialized_event,
+                )
 
         return serialized_event
 
-    async def _injected_bundled_aggregations(
-        self, event: EventBase, time_now: int, serialized_event: JsonDict
+    def _injected_bundled_aggregations(
+        self,
+        event: EventBase,
+        time_now: int,
+        aggregations: JsonDict,
+        serialized_event: JsonDict,
     ) -> None:
         """Potentially injects bundled aggregations into the unsigned portion of the serialized event.
 
         Args:
             event: The event being serialized.
             time_now: The current time in milliseconds
+            aggregations: The bundled aggregation to serialize.
             serialized_event: The serialized event which may be modified.
 
         """
-        # Do not bundle aggregations for an event which represents an edit or an
-        # annotation. It does not make sense for them to have related events.
-        relates_to = event.content.get("m.relates_to")
-        if isinstance(relates_to, (dict, frozendict)):
-            relation_type = relates_to.get("rel_type")
-            if relation_type in (RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, RelationTypes.REPLACE):
-                return
-
-        event_id = event.event_id
-        room_id = event.room_id
-
-        # The bundled aggregations to include.
-        aggregations = {}
-
-        annotations = await self.store.get_aggregation_groups_for_event(
-            event_id, room_id
-        )
-        if annotations.chunk:
-            aggregations[RelationTypes.ANNOTATION] = annotations.to_dict()
+        # Make a copy in-case the object is cached.
+        aggregations = aggregations.copy()
 
-        references = await self.store.get_relations_for_event(
-            event_id, room_id, RelationTypes.REFERENCE, direction="f"
-        )
-        if references.chunk:
-            aggregations[RelationTypes.REFERENCE] = references.to_dict()
-
-        edit = None
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Message:
-            edit = await self.store.get_applicable_edit(event_id, room_id)
-
-        if edit:
+        if RelationTypes.REPLACE in aggregations:
             # If there is an edit replace the content, preserving existing
             # relations.
+            edit = aggregations[RelationTypes.REPLACE]
 
             # Ensure we take copies of the edit content, otherwise we risk modifying
             # the original event.
@@ -502,27 +458,19 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
             }
 
         # If this event is the start of a thread, include a summary of the replies.
-        if self._msc3440_enabled:
-            (
-                thread_count,
-                latest_thread_event,
-            ) = await self.store.get_thread_summary(event_id, room_id)
-            if latest_thread_event:
-                aggregations[RelationTypes.THREAD] = {
-                    # Don't bundle aggregations as this could recurse forever.
-                    "latest_event": await self.serialize_event(
-                        latest_thread_event, time_now, bundle_aggregations=False
-                    ),
-                    "count": thread_count,
-                }
-
-        # If any bundled aggregations were found, include them.
-        if aggregations:
-            serialized_event["unsigned"].setdefault("m.relations", {}).update(
-                aggregations
+        if RelationTypes.THREAD in aggregations:
+            # Serialize the latest thread event.
+            latest_thread_event = aggregations[RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"]
+
+            # Don't bundle aggregations as this could recurse forever.
+            aggregations[RelationTypes.THREAD]["latest_event"] = self.serialize_event(
+                latest_thread_event, time_now, bundle_aggregations=None
             )
 
-    async def serialize_events(
+        # Include the bundled aggregations in the event.
+        serialized_event["unsigned"].setdefault("m.relations", {}).update(aggregations)
+
+    def serialize_events(
         self, events: Iterable[Union[JsonDict, EventBase]], time_now: int, **kwargs: Any
     ) -> List[JsonDict]:
         """Serializes multiple events.
@@ -535,9 +483,9 @@ class EventClientSerializer:
         Returns:
             The list of serialized events
         """
-        return await yieldable_gather_results(
-            self.serialize_event, events, time_now=time_now, **kwargs
-        )
+        return [
+            self.serialize_event(event, time_now=time_now, **kwargs) for event in events
+        ]
 
 
 def copy_power_levels_contents(
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
index addc0bf000..896168c05c 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
@@ -230,6 +230,10 @@ def event_from_pdu_json(pdu_json: JsonDict, room_version: RoomVersion) -> EventB
     # origin, etc etc)
     assert_params_in_dict(pdu_json, ("type", "depth"))
 
+    # Strip any unauthorized values from "unsigned" if they exist
+    if "unsigned" in pdu_json:
+        _strip_unsigned_values(pdu_json)
+
     depth = pdu_json["depth"]
     if not isinstance(depth, int):
         raise SynapseError(400, "Depth %r not an intger" % (depth,), Codes.BAD_JSON)
@@ -245,3 +249,24 @@ def event_from_pdu_json(pdu_json: JsonDict, room_version: RoomVersion) -> EventB
 
     event = make_event_from_dict(pdu_json, room_version)
     return event
+
+
+def _strip_unsigned_values(pdu_dict: JsonDict) -> None:
+    """
+    Strip any unsigned values unless specifically allowed, as defined by the whitelist.
+
+    pdu: the json dict to strip values from. Note that the dict is mutated by this
+    function
+    """
+    unsigned = pdu_dict["unsigned"]
+
+    if not isinstance(unsigned, dict):
+        pdu_dict["unsigned"] = {}
+
+    if pdu_dict["type"] == "m.room.member":
+        whitelist = ["knock_room_state", "invite_room_state", "age"]
+    else:
+        whitelist = ["age"]
+
+    filtered_unsigned = {k: v for k, v in unsigned.items() if k in whitelist}
+    pdu_dict["unsigned"] = filtered_unsigned
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/device.py b/synapse/handlers/device.py
index 7665425232..b184a48cb1 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/device.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/device.py
@@ -948,8 +948,16 @@ class DeviceListUpdater:
             devices = []
             ignore_devices = True
         else:
+            prev_stream_id = await self.store.get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote(
+                user_id
+            )
             cached_devices = await self.store.get_cached_devices_for_user(user_id)
-            if cached_devices == {d["device_id"]: d for d in devices}:
+
+            # To ensure that a user with no devices is cached, we skip the resync only
+            # if we have a stream_id from previously writing a cache entry.
+            if prev_stream_id is not None and cached_devices == {
+                d["device_id"]: d for d in devices
+            }:
                 logging.info(
                     "Skipping device list resync for %s, as our cache matches already",
                     user_id,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/events.py b/synapse/handlers/events.py
index 1b996c420d..a3add8a586 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/events.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/events.py
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class EventStreamHandler:
 
             events.extend(to_add)
 
-            chunks = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            chunks = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                 events,
                 time_now,
                 as_client_event=as_client_event,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
index 601bab67f9..346a06ff49 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
                 d["inviter"] = event.sender
 
                 invite_event = await self.store.get_event(event.event_id)
-                d["invite"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+                d["invite"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
                     invite_event,
                     time_now,
                     as_client_event=as_client_event,
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
 
                 d["messages"] = {
                     "chunk": (
-                        await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                        self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                             messages,
                             time_now=time_now,
                             as_client_event=as_client_event,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
                     "end": await end_token.to_string(self.store),
                 }
 
-                d["state"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                d["state"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                     current_state.values(),
                     time_now=time_now,
                     as_client_event=as_client_event,
@@ -376,16 +376,14 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
             "messages": {
                 "chunk": (
                     # Don't bundle aggregations as this is a deprecated API.
-                    await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(messages, time_now)
+                    self._event_serializer.serialize_events(messages, time_now)
                 ),
                 "start": await start_token.to_string(self.store),
                 "end": await end_token.to_string(self.store),
             },
             "state": (
                 # Don't bundle aggregations as this is a deprecated API.
-                await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-                    room_state.values(), time_now
-                )
+                self._event_serializer.serialize_events(room_state.values(), time_now)
             ),
             "presence": [],
             "receipts": [],
@@ -404,7 +402,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
         # TODO: These concurrently
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         # Don't bundle aggregations as this is a deprecated API.
-        state = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        state = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             current_state.values(), time_now
         )
 
@@ -480,7 +478,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
             "messages": {
                 "chunk": (
                     # Don't bundle aggregations as this is a deprecated API.
-                    await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(messages, time_now)
+                    self._event_serializer.serialize_events(messages, time_now)
                 ),
                 "start": await start_token.to_string(self.store),
                 "end": await end_token.to_string(self.store),
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/message.py b/synapse/handlers/message.py
index 5e3d3886eb..b37250aa38 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class MessageHandler:
                 room_state = room_state_events[membership_event_id]
 
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        events = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(room_state.values(), now)
+        events = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(room_state.values(), now)
         return events
 
     async def get_joined_members(self, requester: Requester, room_id: str) -> dict:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
index 7469cc55a2..472688f045 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
@@ -537,14 +537,16 @@ class PaginationHandler:
                 state_dict = await self.store.get_events(list(state_ids.values()))
                 state = state_dict.values()
 
+        aggregations = await self.store.get_bundled_aggregations(events)
+
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
 
         chunk = {
             "chunk": (
-                await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                     events,
                     time_now,
-                    bundle_aggregations=True,
+                    bundle_aggregations=aggregations,
                     as_client_event=as_client_event,
                 )
             ),
@@ -553,7 +555,7 @@ class PaginationHandler:
         }
 
         if state:
-            chunk["state"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            chunk["state"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                 state, time_now, as_client_event=as_client_event
             )
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room.py b/synapse/handlers/room.py
index b9c1cbffa5..3d47163f25 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room.py
@@ -393,7 +393,9 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         if not await self.spam_checker.user_may_create_room(user_id):
-            raise SynapseError(403, "You are not permitted to create rooms")
+            raise SynapseError(
+                403, "You are not permitted to create rooms", Codes.FORBIDDEN
+            )
 
         creation_content: JsonDict = {
             "room_version": new_room_version.identifier,
@@ -685,7 +687,9 @@ class RoomCreationHandler:
                 invite_3pid_list,
             )
         ):
-            raise SynapseError(403, "You are not permitted to create rooms")
+            raise SynapseError(
+                403, "You are not permitted to create rooms", Codes.FORBIDDEN
+            )
 
         if ratelimit:
             await self.request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(requester)
@@ -1177,6 +1181,16 @@ class RoomContextHandler:
         # `filtered` rather than the event we retrieved from the datastore.
         results["event"] = filtered[0]
 
+        # Fetch the aggregations.
+        aggregations = await self.store.get_bundled_aggregations([results["event"]])
+        aggregations.update(
+            await self.store.get_bundled_aggregations(results["events_before"])
+        )
+        aggregations.update(
+            await self.store.get_bundled_aggregations(results["events_after"])
+        )
+        results["aggregations"] = aggregations
+
         if results["events_after"]:
             last_event_id = results["events_after"][-1].event_id
         else:
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_summary.py b/synapse/handlers/room_summary.py
index b2cfe537df..9ef88feb8a 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_summary.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_summary.py
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class RoomSummaryHandler:
                         # Before returning to the client, remove the allowed_room_ids
                         # and allowed_spaces keys.
                         room.pop("allowed_room_ids", None)
-                        room.pop("allowed_spaces", None)
+                        room.pop("allowed_spaces", None)  # historical
 
                         rooms_result.append(room)
                         events.extend(room_entry.children_state_events)
@@ -988,12 +988,14 @@ class RoomSummaryHandler:
             "canonical_alias": stats["canonical_alias"],
             "num_joined_members": stats["joined_members"],
             "avatar_url": stats["avatar"],
+            # plural join_rules is a documentation error but kept for historical
+            # purposes. Should match /publicRooms.
             "join_rules": stats["join_rules"],
+            "join_rule": stats["join_rules"],
             "world_readable": (
                 stats["history_visibility"] == HistoryVisibility.WORLD_READABLE
             ),
             "guest_can_join": stats["guest_access"] == "can_join",
-            "creation_ts": create_event.origin_server_ts,
             "room_type": create_event.content.get(EventContentFields.ROOM_TYPE),
         }
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/search.py b/synapse/handlers/search.py
index ab7eaab2fb..0b153a6822 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/search.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/search.py
@@ -420,10 +420,10 @@ class SearchHandler:
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
 
         for context in contexts.values():
-            context["events_before"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            context["events_before"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                 context["events_before"], time_now
             )
-            context["events_after"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            context["events_after"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                 context["events_after"], time_now
             )
 
@@ -441,9 +441,7 @@ class SearchHandler:
             results.append(
                 {
                     "rank": rank_map[e.event_id],
-                    "result": (
-                        await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(e, time_now)
-                    ),
+                    "result": self._event_serializer.serialize_event(e, time_now),
                     "context": contexts.get(e.event_id, {}),
                 }
             )
@@ -457,7 +455,7 @@ class SearchHandler:
         if state_results:
             s = {}
             for room_id, state_events in state_results.items():
-                s[room_id] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+                s[room_id] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                     state_events, time_now
                 )
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/sync.py b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
index 7baf3f199c..4b3f1ea059 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
@@ -60,10 +60,6 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-# Debug logger for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4422
-issue4422_logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.handler.sync.4422_debug")
-
-
 # Counts the number of times we returned a non-empty sync. `type` is one of
 # "initial_sync", "full_state_sync" or "incremental_sync", `lazy_loaded` is
 # "true" or "false" depending on if the request asked for lazy loaded members or
@@ -1161,13 +1157,8 @@ class SyncHandler:
 
         num_events = 0
 
-        # debug for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4422
+        # debug for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/9424
         for joined_room in sync_result_builder.joined:
-            room_id = joined_room.room_id
-            if room_id in newly_joined_rooms:
-                issue4422_logger.debug(
-                    "Sync result for newly joined room %s: %r", room_id, joined_room
-                )
             num_events += len(joined_room.timeline.events)
 
         log_kv(
@@ -1740,18 +1731,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
                         old_mem_ev_id, allow_none=True
                     )
 
-                # debug for #4422
-                if has_join:
-                    prev_membership = None
-                    if old_mem_ev:
-                        prev_membership = old_mem_ev.membership
-                    issue4422_logger.debug(
-                        "Previous membership for room %s with join: %s (event %s)",
-                        room_id,
-                        prev_membership,
-                        old_mem_ev_id,
-                    )
-
                 if not old_mem_ev or old_mem_ev.membership != Membership.JOIN:
                     newly_joined_rooms.append(room_id)
 
@@ -1893,13 +1872,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
                     upto_token=since_token,
                 )
 
-            if newly_joined:
-                # debugging for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4422
-                issue4422_logger.debug(
-                    "RoomSyncResultBuilder events for newly joined room %s: %r",
-                    room_id,
-                    entry.events,
-                )
             room_entries.append(entry)
 
         return _RoomChanges(
@@ -2077,14 +2049,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
             # `_load_filtered_recents` can't find any events the user should see
             # (e.g. due to having ignored the sender of the last 50 events).
 
-            if newly_joined:
-                # debug for https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4422
-                issue4422_logger.debug(
-                    "Timeline events after filtering in newly-joined room %s: %r",
-                    room_id,
-                    batch,
-                )
-
             # When we join the room (or the client requests full_state), we should
             # send down any existing tags. Usually the user won't have tags in a
             # newly joined room, unless either a) they've joined before or b) the
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/federation.py b/synapse/rest/admin/federation.py
index 50d88c9109..8cd3fa189e 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/federation.py
@@ -111,25 +111,37 @@ class DestinationsRestServlet(RestServlet):
     ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
         await assert_requester_is_admin(self._auth, request)
 
+        if not await self._store.is_destination_known(destination):
+            raise NotFoundError("Unknown destination")
+
         destination_retry_timings = await self._store.get_destination_retry_timings(
             destination
         )
 
-        if not destination_retry_timings:
-            raise NotFoundError("Unknown destination")
-
         last_successful_stream_ordering = (
             await self._store.get_destination_last_successful_stream_ordering(
                 destination
             )
         )
 
-        response = {
+        response: JsonDict = {
             "destination": destination,
-            "failure_ts": destination_retry_timings.failure_ts,
-            "retry_last_ts": destination_retry_timings.retry_last_ts,
-            "retry_interval": destination_retry_timings.retry_interval,
             "last_successful_stream_ordering": last_successful_stream_ordering,
         }
 
+        if destination_retry_timings:
+            response = {
+                **response,
+                "failure_ts": destination_retry_timings.failure_ts,
+                "retry_last_ts": destination_retry_timings.retry_last_ts,
+                "retry_interval": destination_retry_timings.retry_interval,
+            }
+        else:
+            response = {
+                **response,
+                "failure_ts": None,
+                "retry_last_ts": 0,
+                "retry_interval": 0,
+            }
+
         return HTTPStatus.OK, response
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/media.py b/synapse/rest/admin/media.py
index 7236e4027f..299f5c9eb0 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/media.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/media.py
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class UserMediaRestServlet(RestServlet):
         )
 
         deleted_media, total = await self.media_repository.delete_local_media_ids(
-            ([row["media_id"] for row in media])
+            [row["media_id"] for row in media]
         )
 
         return HTTPStatus.OK, {"deleted_media": deleted_media, "total": total}
diff --git a/synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py b/synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py
index 6030373ebc..2e714ac87b 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ class RoomStateRestServlet(RestServlet):
         event_ids = await self.store.get_current_state_ids(room_id)
         events = await self.store.get_events(event_ids.values())
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        room_state = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(events.values(), now)
+        room_state = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(events.values(), now)
         ret = {"state": room_state}
 
         return HTTPStatus.OK, ret
@@ -744,22 +744,22 @@ class RoomEventContextServlet(RestServlet):
             )
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        results["events_before"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["events_before"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["events_before"],
             time_now,
-            bundle_aggregations=True,
+            bundle_aggregations=results["aggregations"],
         )
-        results["event"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+        results["event"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
             results["event"],
             time_now,
-            bundle_aggregations=True,
+            bundle_aggregations=results["aggregations"],
         )
-        results["events_after"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["events_after"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["events_after"],
             time_now,
-            bundle_aggregations=True,
+            bundle_aggregations=results["aggregations"],
         )
-        results["state"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["state"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["state"], time_now
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/events.py b/synapse/rest/client/events.py
index 13b72a045a..672c821061 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/events.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/events.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class EventRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         if event:
-            result = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(event, time_now)
+            result = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(event, time_now)
             return 200, result
         else:
             return 404, "Event not found."
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/notifications.py b/synapse/rest/client/notifications.py
index acd0c9e135..8e427a96a3 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/notifications.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/notifications.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class NotificationsServlet(RestServlet):
                 "actions": pa.actions,
                 "ts": pa.received_ts,
                 "event": (
-                    await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+                    self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
                         notif_events[pa.event_id],
                         self.clock.time_msec(),
                         event_format=format_event_for_client_v2_without_room_id,
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/relations.py b/synapse/rest/client/relations.py
index 5815650ee6..37d949a71e 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/relations.py
@@ -19,28 +19,20 @@ any time to reflect changes in the MSC.
 """
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Tuple
 
-from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, RelationTypes
-from synapse.api.errors import ShadowBanError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.constants import RelationTypes
+from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer
-from synapse.http.servlet import (
-    RestServlet,
-    parse_integer,
-    parse_json_object_from_request,
-    parse_string,
-)
+from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_integer, parse_string
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
-from synapse.rest.client.transactions import HttpTransactionCache
+from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
 from synapse.storage.relations import (
     AggregationPaginationToken,
     PaginationChunk,
     RelationPaginationToken,
 )
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
-from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
-
-from ._base import client_patterns
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -48,112 +40,6 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class RelationSendServlet(RestServlet):
-    """Helper API for sending events that have relation data.
-
-    Example API shape to send a 👍 reaction to a room:
-
-        POST /rooms/!foo/send_relation/$bar/m.annotation/m.reaction?key=%F0%9F%91%8D
-        {}
-
-        {
-            "event_id": "$foobar"
-        }
-    """
-
-    PATTERN = (
-        "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/send_relation"
-        "/(?P<parent_id>[^/]*)/(?P<relation_type>[^/]*)/(?P<event_type>[^/]*)"
-    )
-
-    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
-        self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
-        self.txns = HttpTransactionCache(hs)
-
-    def register(self, http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
-        http_server.register_paths(
-            "POST",
-            client_patterns(self.PATTERN + "$", releases=()),
-            self.on_PUT_or_POST,
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-        )
-        http_server.register_paths(
-            "PUT",
-            client_patterns(self.PATTERN + "/(?P<txn_id>[^/]*)$", releases=()),
-            self.on_PUT,
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-        )
-
-    def on_PUT(
-        self,
-        request: SynapseRequest,
-        room_id: str,
-        parent_id: str,
-        relation_type: str,
-        event_type: str,
-        txn_id: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> Awaitable[Tuple[int, JsonDict]]:
-        return self.txns.fetch_or_execute_request(
-            request,
-            self.on_PUT_or_POST,
-            request,
-            room_id,
-            parent_id,
-            relation_type,
-            event_type,
-            txn_id,
-        )
-
-    async def on_PUT_or_POST(
-        self,
-        request: SynapseRequest,
-        room_id: str,
-        parent_id: str,
-        relation_type: str,
-        event_type: str,
-        txn_id: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
-        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
-
-        if event_type == EventTypes.Member:
-            # Add relations to a membership is meaningless, so we just deny it
-            # at the CS API rather than trying to handle it correctly.
-            raise SynapseError(400, "Cannot send member events with relations")
-
-        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
-
-        aggregation_key = parse_string(request, "key", encoding="utf-8")
-
-        content["m.relates_to"] = {
-            "event_id": parent_id,
-            "rel_type": relation_type,
-        }
-        if aggregation_key is not None:
-            content["m.relates_to"]["key"] = aggregation_key
-
-        event_dict = {
-            "type": event_type,
-            "content": content,
-            "room_id": room_id,
-            "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
-        }
-
-        try:
-            (
-                event,
-                _,
-            ) = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
-                requester, event_dict=event_dict, txn_id=txn_id
-            )
-            event_id = event.event_id
-        except ShadowBanError:
-            event_id = "$" + random_string(43)
-
-        return 200, {"event_id": event_id}
-
-
 class RelationPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
     """API to paginate relations on an event by topological ordering, optionally
     filtered by relation type and event type.
@@ -227,13 +113,14 @@ class RelationPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
         # Do not bundle aggregations when retrieving the original event because
         # we want the content before relations are applied to it.
-        original_event = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-            event, now, bundle_aggregations=False
+        original_event = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+            event, now, bundle_aggregations=None
         )
         # The relations returned for the requested event do include their
         # bundled aggregations.
-        serialized_events = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            events, now, bundle_aggregations=True
+        aggregations = await self.store.get_bundled_aggregations(events)
+        serialized_events = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            events, now, bundle_aggregations=aggregations
         )
 
         return_value = pagination_chunk.to_dict()
@@ -422,7 +309,7 @@ class RelationAggregationGroupPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
         )
 
         now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        serialized_events = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(events, now)
+        serialized_events = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(events, now)
 
         return_value = result.to_dict()
         return_value["chunk"] = serialized_events
@@ -431,7 +318,6 @@ class RelationAggregationGroupPaginationServlet(RestServlet):
 
 
 def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
-    RelationSendServlet(hs).register(http_server)
     RelationPaginationServlet(hs).register(http_server)
     RelationAggregationPaginationServlet(hs).register(http_server)
     RelationAggregationGroupPaginationServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/room.py b/synapse/rest/client/room.py
index 40330749e5..da6014900a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/room.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/room.py
@@ -642,6 +642,7 @@ class RoomEventServlet(RestServlet):
     def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
         super().__init__()
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self._store = hs.get_datastore()
         self.event_handler = hs.get_event_handler()
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
@@ -660,10 +661,13 @@ class RoomEventServlet(RestServlet):
             # https://matrix.org/docs/spec/client_server/r0.5.0#get-matrix-client-r0-rooms-roomid-event-eventid
             raise SynapseError(404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND)
 
-        time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         if event:
-            event_dict = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-                event, time_now, bundle_aggregations=True
+            # Ensure there are bundled aggregations available.
+            aggregations = await self._store.get_bundled_aggregations([event])
+
+            time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
+            event_dict = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+                event, time_now, bundle_aggregations=aggregations
             )
             return 200, event_dict
 
@@ -708,16 +712,20 @@ class RoomEventContextServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND)
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        results["events_before"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            results["events_before"], time_now, bundle_aggregations=True
+        results["events_before"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            results["events_before"],
+            time_now,
+            bundle_aggregations=results["aggregations"],
         )
-        results["event"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
-            results["event"], time_now, bundle_aggregations=True
+        results["event"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+            results["event"], time_now, bundle_aggregations=results["aggregations"]
         )
-        results["events_after"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
-            results["events_after"], time_now, bundle_aggregations=True
+        results["events_after"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+            results["events_after"],
+            time_now,
+            bundle_aggregations=results["aggregations"],
         )
-        results["state"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["state"] = self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["state"], time_now
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/sync.py b/synapse/rest/client/sync.py
index e99a943d0d..a3e57e4b20 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/sync.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    Awaitable,
     Callable,
     Dict,
     Iterable,
@@ -395,7 +394,7 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         """
         invited = {}
         for room in rooms:
-            invite = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+            invite = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
                 room.invite,
                 time_now,
                 token_id=token_id,
@@ -432,7 +431,7 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         """
         knocked = {}
         for room in rooms:
-            knock = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+            knock = self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
                 room.knock,
                 time_now,
                 token_id=token_id,
@@ -525,21 +524,14 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
             The room, encoded in our response format
         """
 
-        def serialize(events: Iterable[EventBase]) -> Awaitable[List[JsonDict]]:
+        def serialize(
+            events: Iterable[EventBase],
+            aggregations: Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        ) -> List[JsonDict]:
             return self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
                 events,
                 time_now=time_now,
-                # Don't bother to bundle aggregations if the timeline is unlimited,
-                # as clients will have all the necessary information.
-                # bundle_aggregations=room.timeline.limited,
-                #
-                # richvdh 2021-12-15: disable this temporarily as it has too high an
-                # overhead for initialsyncs. We need to figure out a way that the
-                # bundling can be done *before* the events are stored in the
-                # SyncResponseCache so that this part can be synchronous.
-                #
-                # Ensure to re-enable the test at tests/rest/client/test_relations.py::RelationsTestCase.test_bundled_aggregations.
-                bundle_aggregations=False,
+                bundle_aggregations=aggregations,
                 token_id=token_id,
                 event_format=event_formatter,
                 only_event_fields=only_fields,
@@ -561,8 +553,21 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
                     event.room_id,
                 )
 
-        serialized_state = await serialize(state_events)
-        serialized_timeline = await serialize(timeline_events)
+        serialized_state = serialize(state_events)
+        # Don't bother to bundle aggregations if the timeline is unlimited,
+        # as clients will have all the necessary information.
+        # bundle_aggregations=room.timeline.limited,
+        #
+        # richvdh 2021-12-15: disable this temporarily as it has too high an
+        # overhead for initialsyncs. We need to figure out a way that the
+        # bundling can be done *before* the events are stored in the
+        # SyncResponseCache so that this part can be synchronous.
+        #
+        # Ensure to re-enable the test at tests/rest/client/test_relations.py::RelationsTestCase.test_bundled_aggregations.
+        # if room.timeline.limited:
+        #    aggregations = await self.store.get_bundled_aggregations(timeline_events)
+        aggregations = None
+        serialized_timeline = serialize(timeline_events, aggregations)
 
         account_data = room.account_data
 
diff --git a/synapse/server.py b/synapse/server.py
index 185e40e4da..3032f0b738 100644
--- a/synapse/server.py
+++ b/synapse/server.py
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ class HomeServer(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @cache_in_self
     def get_event_client_serializer(self) -> EventClientSerializer:
-        return EventClientSerializer(self)
+        return EventClientSerializer()
 
     @cache_in_self
     def get_password_policy_handler(self) -> PasswordPolicyHandler:
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py
index 273adb61fd..52fbf50db6 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/devices.py
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
     @cached(max_entries=10000)
     async def get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote(
         self, user_id: str
-    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
         """Get the last stream_id we got for a user. May be None if we haven't
         got any information for them.
         """
@@ -729,7 +729,9 @@ class DeviceWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         cached_method_name="get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remote",
         list_name="user_ids",
     )
-    async def get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remotes(self, user_ids: Iterable[str]):
+    async def get_device_list_last_stream_id_for_remotes(
+        self, user_ids: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
         rows = await self.db_pool.simple_select_many_batch(
             table="device_lists_remote_extremeties",
             column="user_id",
@@ -1316,6 +1318,7 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
         content: JsonDict,
         stream_id: str,
     ) -> None:
+        """Delete, update or insert a cache entry for this (user, device) pair."""
         if content.get("deleted"):
             self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
                 txn,
@@ -1375,6 +1378,7 @@ class DeviceStore(DeviceWorkerStore, DeviceBackgroundUpdateStore):
     def _update_remote_device_list_cache_txn(
         self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str, devices: List[dict], stream_id: int
     ) -> None:
+        """Replace the list of cached devices for this user with the given list."""
         self.db_pool.simple_delete_txn(
             txn, table="device_lists_remote_cache", keyvalues={"user_id": user_id}
         )
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py
index 4ff6aed253..c6c4bd18da 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/relations.py
@@ -13,14 +13,30 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
 
 import attr
+from frozendict import frozendict
 
-from synapse.api.constants import RelationTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, RelationTypes
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore
-from synapse.storage.database import LoggingTransaction, make_in_list_sql_clause
+from synapse.storage.database import (
+    DatabasePool,
+    LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+    LoggingTransaction,
+    make_in_list_sql_clause,
+)
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import generate_pagination_where_clause
 from synapse.storage.relations import (
     AggregationPaginationToken,
@@ -29,10 +45,24 @@ from synapse.storage.relations import (
 )
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class RelationsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        database: DatabasePool,
+        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
+
+        self._msc1849_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc1849_enabled
+        self._msc3440_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3440_enabled
+
     @cached(tree=True)
     async def get_relations_for_event(
         self,
@@ -515,6 +545,98 @@ class RelationsWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             "get_if_user_has_annotated_event", _get_if_user_has_annotated_event
         )
 
+    async def _get_bundled_aggregation_for_event(
+        self, event: EventBase
+    ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Generate bundled aggregations for an event.
+
+        Note that this does not use a cache, but depends on cached methods.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The event to calculate bundled aggregations for.
+
+        Returns:
+            The bundled aggregations for an event, if bundled aggregations are
+            enabled and the event can have bundled aggregations.
+        """
+        # State events and redacted events do not get bundled aggregations.
+        if event.is_state() or event.internal_metadata.is_redacted():
+            return None
+
+        # Do not bundle aggregations for an event which represents an edit or an
+        # annotation. It does not make sense for them to have related events.
+        relates_to = event.content.get("m.relates_to")
+        if isinstance(relates_to, (dict, frozendict)):
+            relation_type = relates_to.get("rel_type")
+            if relation_type in (RelationTypes.ANNOTATION, RelationTypes.REPLACE):
+                return None
+
+        event_id = event.event_id
+        room_id = event.room_id
+
+        # The bundled aggregations to include, a mapping of relation type to a
+        # type-specific value. Some types include the direct return type here
+        # while others need more processing during serialization.
+        aggregations: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        annotations = await self.get_aggregation_groups_for_event(event_id, room_id)
+        if annotations.chunk:
+            aggregations[RelationTypes.ANNOTATION] = annotations.to_dict()
+
+        references = await self.get_relations_for_event(
+            event_id, room_id, RelationTypes.REFERENCE, direction="f"
+        )
+        if references.chunk:
+            aggregations[RelationTypes.REFERENCE] = references.to_dict()
+
+        edit = None
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Message:
+            edit = await self.get_applicable_edit(event_id, room_id)
+
+        if edit:
+            aggregations[RelationTypes.REPLACE] = edit
+
+        # If this event is the start of a thread, include a summary of the replies.
+        if self._msc3440_enabled:
+            (
+                thread_count,
+                latest_thread_event,
+            ) = await self.get_thread_summary(event_id, room_id)
+            if latest_thread_event:
+                aggregations[RelationTypes.THREAD] = {
+                    # Don't bundle aggregations as this could recurse forever.
+                    "latest_event": latest_thread_event,
+                    "count": thread_count,
+                }
+
+        # Store the bundled aggregations in the event metadata for later use.
+        return aggregations
+
+    async def get_bundled_aggregations(
+        self, events: Iterable[EventBase]
+    ) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Generate bundled aggregations for events.
+
+        Args:
+            events: The iterable of events to calculate bundled aggregations for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A map of event ID to the bundled aggregation for the event. Not all
+            events may have bundled aggregations in the results.
+        """
+        # If bundled aggregations are disabled, nothing to do.
+        if not self._msc1849_enabled:
+            return {}
+
+        # TODO Parallelize.
+        results = {}
+        for event in events:
+            event_result = await self._get_bundled_aggregation_for_event(event)
+            if event_result is not None:
+                results[event.event_id] = event_result
+
+        return results
+
 
 class RelationsStore(RelationsWorkerStore):
     pass
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/session.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/session.py
index 5a97120437..e8c776b97a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/session.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/session.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #  Copyright 2021 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
 #
 #  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/transactions.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/transactions.py
index 6c299cafa5..4b78b4d098 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/transactions.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/transactions.py
@@ -560,3 +560,14 @@ class TransactionWorkerStore(CacheInvalidationWorkerStore):
         return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
             "get_destinations_paginate_txn", get_destinations_paginate_txn
         )
+
+    async def is_destination_known(self, destination: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a destination is known to the server."""
+        result = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+            table="destinations",
+            keyvalues={"destination": destination},
+            retcol="1",
+            allow_none=True,
+            desc="is_destination_known",
+        )
+        return bool(result)
diff --git a/synapse/types.py b/synapse/types.py
index 42aeaf6270..74a2c51857 100644
--- a/synapse/types.py
+++ b/synapse/types.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from typing import (
     ClassVar,
     Dict,
     Mapping,
+    Match,
     MutableMapping,
     Optional,
     Tuple,
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@ def map_username_to_mxid_localpart(
             onto different mxids
 
     Returns:
-        unicode: string suitable for a mxid localpart
+        string suitable for a mxid localpart
     """
     if not isinstance(username, bytes):
         username = username.encode("utf-8")
@@ -388,29 +389,23 @@ def map_username_to_mxid_localpart(
     # first we sort out upper-case characters
     if case_sensitive:
 
-        def f1(m):
+        def f1(m: Match[bytes]) -> bytes:
             return b"_" + m.group().lower()
 
         username = UPPER_CASE_PATTERN.sub(f1, username)
     else:
         username = username.lower()
 
-    # then we sort out non-ascii characters
-    def f2(m):
-        g = m.group()[0]
-        if isinstance(g, str):
-            # on python 2, we need to do a ord(). On python 3, the
-            # byte itself will do.
-            g = ord(g)
-        return b"=%02x" % (g,)
+    # then we sort out non-ascii characters by converting to the hex equivalent.
+    def f2(m: Match[bytes]) -> bytes:
+        return b"=%02x" % (m.group()[0],)
 
     username = NON_MXID_CHARACTER_PATTERN.sub(f2, username)
 
     # we also do the =-escaping to mxids starting with an underscore.
     username = re.sub(b"^_", b"=5f", username)
 
-    # we should now only have ascii bytes left, so can decode back to a
-    # unicode.
+    # we should now only have ascii bytes left, so can decode back to a string.
     return username.decode("ascii")