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-rw-r--r--.circleci/config.yml54
-rw-r--r--.travis.yml3
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3794.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3924.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3946.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3948.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3952.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3957.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3958.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3959.feature1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3961.bugfix1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3963.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3965.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3966.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3967.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/3970.bugfix1
-rwxr-xr-xscripts-dev/dump_macaroon.py2
-rwxr-xr-xscripts-dev/next_github_number.sh9
-rw-r--r--synapse/api/filtering.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/__init__.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/appservice.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/client_reader.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/event_creator.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/federation_reader.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/federation_sender.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py2
-rwxr-xr-xsynapse/app/homeserver.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/media_repository.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/pusher.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/synchrotron.py2
-rwxr-xr-xsynapse/app/synctl.py284
-rw-r--r--synapse/app/user_dir.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/config/__main__.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_client.py10
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_server.py34
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/federation.py142
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/profile.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/typing.py22
-rw-r--r--synapse/notifier.py8
-rw-r--r--synapse/python_dependencies.py27
-rw-r--r--synapse/state/v1.py14
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py5
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/state.py30
-rw-r--r--synapse/util/logcontext.py41
-rwxr-xr-x[l---------]synctl295
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_state.py39
-rw-r--r--tests/test_federation.py28
-rw-r--r--tests/unittest.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/util/test_logcontext.py5
-rw-r--r--tox.ini20
51 files changed, 696 insertions, 426 deletions
diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index 605430fb3f..3cb14793fc 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,21 @@
 version: 2
 jobs:
+  dockerhubuploadrelease:
+    machine: true
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run: docker build -f docker/Dockerfile -t matrixdotorg/synapse:$CIRCLE_TAG .
+      - run: docker login --username $DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME --password $DOCKER_HUB_PASSWORD
+      - run: docker push matrixdotorg/synapse:$CIRCLE_TAG
+  dockerhubuploadlatest:
+    machine: true
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run: docker build -f docker/Dockerfile -t matrixdotorg/synapse:$CIRCLE_SHA1 .
+      - run: docker login --username $DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME --password $DOCKER_HUB_PASSWORD
+      - run: docker tag matrixdotorg/synapse:$CIRCLE_SHA1 matrixdotorg/synapse:latest
+      - run: docker push matrixdotorg/synapse:$CIRCLE_SHA1
+      - run: docker push matrixdotorg/synapse:latest
   sytestpy2:
     machine: true
     steps:
@@ -99,23 +115,45 @@ workflows:
   version: 2
   build:
     jobs:
-      - sytestpy2
-      - sytestpy2postgres
-      - sytestpy3
-      - sytestpy3postgres
+      - sytestpy2:
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only: /develop|master|release-.*/
+      - sytestpy2postgres:
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only: /develop|master|release-.*/
+      - sytestpy3:
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only: /develop|master|release-.*/
+      - sytestpy3postgres:
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only: /develop|master|release-.*/
       - sytestpy2merged:
           filters:
             branches:
-              ignore: /develop|master/
+              ignore: /develop|master|release-.*/
       - sytestpy2postgresmerged:
           filters:
             branches:
-              ignore: /develop|master/
+              ignore: /develop|master|release-.*/
       - sytestpy3merged:
           filters:
             branches:
-              ignore: /develop|master/
+              ignore: /develop|master|release-.*/
       - sytestpy3postgresmerged:
           filters:
             branches:
-              ignore: /develop|master/
+              ignore: /develop|master|release-.*/
+      - dockerhubuploadrelease:
+          filters:
+            tags:
+              only: /^v[0-9].[0-9]+.[0-9]+(.[0-9]+)?/
+            branches:
+              ignore: /.*/
+      - dockerhubuploadlatest:
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only: master
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index b6faca4b92..2077f6af72 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ matrix:
     env: TOX_ENV=py27
 
   - python: 2.7
+    env: TOX_ENV=py27-old
+
+  - python: 2.7
     env: TOX_ENV=py27-postgres TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 4"
     services:
       - postgresql
diff --git a/changelog.d/3794.misc b/changelog.d/3794.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b98c9609b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3794.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Speed up calculation of typing updates for replication
diff --git a/changelog.d/3924.misc b/changelog.d/3924.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d010e0bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3924.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Comments and interface cleanup for on_receive_pdu
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/3946.misc b/changelog.d/3946.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..803857a297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3946.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Automate pushes to docker hub
diff --git a/changelog.d/3948.misc b/changelog.d/3948.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a93edbd1c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3948.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix incompatibility with python3 on alpine
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/3952.misc b/changelog.d/3952.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..015e4a43e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3952.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Run the test suite on the oldest supported versions of our dependencies in CI.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/3957.misc b/changelog.d/3957.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69d647f119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3957.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CircleCI now only runs merged jobs on PRs, and commit jobs on develop, master, and release branches.
diff --git a/changelog.d/3958.misc b/changelog.d/3958.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5931d06dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3958.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix docstrings and add tests for state store methods
diff --git a/changelog.d/3959.feature b/changelog.d/3959.feature
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3a4f37a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3959.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Include eventid in log lines when processing incoming federation transactions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/3961.bugfix b/changelog.d/3961.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e46b5834aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3961.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix errors due to concurrent monthly_active_user upserts 
diff --git a/changelog.d/3963.misc b/changelog.d/3963.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1e0eaf18e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3963.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+fix docstring for FederationClient.get_state_for_room
diff --git a/changelog.d/3965.misc b/changelog.d/3965.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7e4a9c5a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3965.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Run notify_app_services as a bg process
diff --git a/changelog.d/3966.misc b/changelog.d/3966.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e3c8e1706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3966.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Improve the logging when handling a federation transaction
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/3967.misc b/changelog.d/3967.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc808aec73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3967.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Clarifications in FederationHandler
diff --git a/changelog.d/3970.bugfix b/changelog.d/3970.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5625315497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/3970.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Replaced all occurences of e.message with str(e). Contributed by Schnuffle
diff --git a/scripts-dev/dump_macaroon.py b/scripts-dev/dump_macaroon.py
index 6e45be75d6..fcc5568835 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/dump_macaroon.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/dump_macaroon.py
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ try:
     verifier.verify(macaroon, key)
     print "Signature is correct"
 except Exception as e:
-    print e.message
+    print str(e)
diff --git a/scripts-dev/next_github_number.sh b/scripts-dev/next_github_number.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..376280025a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts-dev/next_github_number.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+
+# Fetch the current GitHub issue number, add one to it -- presto! The likely
+# next PR number.
+CURRENT_NUMBER=`curl -s "https://api.github.com/repos/matrix-org/synapse/issues?state=all&per_page=1" | jq -r ".[0].number"`
+CURRENT_NUMBER=$((CURRENT_NUMBER+1))
+echo $CURRENT_NUMBER
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/synapse/api/filtering.py b/synapse/api/filtering.py
index a31a9a17e0..eed8c67e6a 100644
--- a/synapse/api/filtering.py
+++ b/synapse/api/filtering.py
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class Filtering(object):
             jsonschema.validate(user_filter_json, USER_FILTER_SCHEMA,
                                 format_checker=FormatChecker())
         except jsonschema.ValidationError as e:
-            raise SynapseError(400, e.message)
+            raise SynapseError(400, str(e))
 
 
 class FilterCollection(object):
diff --git a/synapse/app/__init__.py b/synapse/app/__init__.py
index 3b6b9368b8..c3afcc573b 100644
--- a/synapse/app/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/app/__init__.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ try:
     python_dependencies.check_requirements()
 except python_dependencies.MissingRequirementError as e:
     message = "\n".join([
-        "Missing Requirement: %s" % (e.message,),
+        "Missing Requirement: %s" % (str(e),),
         "To install run:",
         "    pip install --upgrade --force \"%s\"" % (e.dependency,),
         "",
diff --git a/synapse/app/appservice.py b/synapse/app/appservice.py
index 02039f7e79..8559e141af 100644
--- a/synapse/app/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/app/appservice.py
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse appservice", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.appservice"
diff --git a/synapse/app/client_reader.py b/synapse/app/client_reader.py
index 4c73c637bb..76aed8c60a 100644
--- a/synapse/app/client_reader.py
+++ b/synapse/app/client_reader.py
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse client reader", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.client_reader"
diff --git a/synapse/app/event_creator.py b/synapse/app/event_creator.py
index bc82197b2a..9060ab14f6 100644
--- a/synapse/app/event_creator.py
+++ b/synapse/app/event_creator.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse event creator", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.event_creator"
diff --git a/synapse/app/federation_reader.py b/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
index 18ca71ef99..228a297fb8 100644
--- a/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
+++ b/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse federation reader", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.federation_reader"
diff --git a/synapse/app/federation_sender.py b/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
index 6501c57792..e9a99d76e1 100644
--- a/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
+++ b/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse federation sender", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.federation_sender"
diff --git a/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py b/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
index b076fbe522..fc4b25de1c 100644
--- a/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
+++ b/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse frontend proxy", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.frontend_proxy"
diff --git a/synapse/app/homeserver.py b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
index 8c5d858b0b..a98fdbd210 100755
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
         try:
             database_engine.check_database(db_conn.cursor())
         except IncorrectDatabaseSetup as e:
-            quit_with_error(e.message)
+            quit_with_error(str(e))
 
 
 # Gauges to expose monthly active user control metrics
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ def setup(config_options):
             config_options,
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     if not config:
diff --git a/synapse/app/media_repository.py b/synapse/app/media_repository.py
index 992d182dba..acc0487adc 100644
--- a/synapse/app/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/app/media_repository.py
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse media repository", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.media_repository"
diff --git a/synapse/app/pusher.py b/synapse/app/pusher.py
index 2ec4c7defb..630dcda478 100644
--- a/synapse/app/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/app/pusher.py
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse pusher", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.pusher"
diff --git a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
index df81b7bcbe..9a7fc6ee9d 100644
--- a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
+++ b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse synchrotron", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.synchrotron"
diff --git a/synapse/app/synctl.py b/synapse/app/synctl.py
deleted file mode 100755
index d658f967ba..0000000000
--- a/synapse/app/synctl.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,284 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import argparse
-import collections
-import errno
-import glob
-import os
-import os.path
-import signal
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import time
-
-from six import iteritems
-
-import yaml
-
-SYNAPSE = [sys.executable, "-B", "-m", "synapse.app.homeserver"]
-
-GREEN = "\x1b[1;32m"
-YELLOW = "\x1b[1;33m"
-RED = "\x1b[1;31m"
-NORMAL = "\x1b[m"
-
-
-def pid_running(pid):
-    try:
-        os.kill(pid, 0)
-        return True
-    except OSError as err:
-        if err.errno == errno.EPERM:
-            return True
-        return False
-
-
-def write(message, colour=NORMAL, stream=sys.stdout):
-    if colour == NORMAL:
-        stream.write(message + "\n")
-    else:
-        stream.write(colour + message + NORMAL + "\n")
-
-
-def abort(message, colour=RED, stream=sys.stderr):
-    write(message, colour, stream)
-    sys.exit(1)
-
-
-def start(configfile):
-    write("Starting ...")
-    args = SYNAPSE
-    args.extend(["--daemonize", "-c", configfile])
-
-    try:
-        subprocess.check_call(args)
-        write("started synapse.app.homeserver(%r)" %
-              (configfile,), colour=GREEN)
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-        write(
-            "error starting (exit code: %d); see above for logs" % e.returncode,
-            colour=RED,
-        )
-
-
-def start_worker(app, configfile, worker_configfile):
-    args = [
-        "python", "-B",
-        "-m", app,
-        "-c", configfile,
-        "-c", worker_configfile
-    ]
-
-    try:
-        subprocess.check_call(args)
-        write("started %s(%r)" % (app, worker_configfile), colour=GREEN)
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-        write(
-            "error starting %s(%r) (exit code: %d); see above for logs" % (
-                app, worker_configfile, e.returncode,
-            ),
-            colour=RED,
-        )
-
-
-def stop(pidfile, app):
-    if os.path.exists(pidfile):
-        pid = int(open(pidfile).read())
-        try:
-            os.kill(pid, signal.SIGTERM)
-            write("stopped %s" % (app,), colour=GREEN)
-        except OSError as err:
-            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
-                write("%s not running" % (app,), colour=YELLOW)
-            elif err.errno == errno.EPERM:
-                abort("Cannot stop %s: Operation not permitted" % (app,))
-            else:
-                abort("Cannot stop %s: Unknown error" % (app,))
-
-
-Worker = collections.namedtuple("Worker", [
-    "app", "configfile", "pidfile", "cache_factor"
-])
-
-
-def main():
-
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "action",
-        choices=["start", "stop", "restart"],
-        help="whether to start, stop or restart the synapse",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "configfile",
-        nargs="?",
-        default="homeserver.yaml",
-        help="the homeserver config file, defaults to homeserver.yaml",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-w", "--worker",
-        metavar="WORKERCONFIG",
-        help="start or stop a single worker",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-a", "--all-processes",
-        metavar="WORKERCONFIGDIR",
-        help="start or stop all the workers in the given directory"
-             " and the main synapse process",
-    )
-
-    options = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if options.worker and options.all_processes:
-        write(
-            'Cannot use "--worker" with "--all-processes"',
-            stream=sys.stderr
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    configfile = options.configfile
-
-    if not os.path.exists(configfile):
-        write(
-            "No config file found\n"
-            "To generate a config file, run '%s -c %s --generate-config"
-            " --server-name=<server name>'\n" % (
-                " ".join(SYNAPSE), options.configfile
-            ),
-            stream=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    with open(configfile) as stream:
-        config = yaml.load(stream)
-
-    pidfile = config["pid_file"]
-    cache_factor = config.get("synctl_cache_factor")
-    start_stop_synapse = True
-
-    if cache_factor:
-        os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR"] = str(cache_factor)
-
-    cache_factors = config.get("synctl_cache_factors", {})
-    for cache_name, factor in iteritems(cache_factors):
-        os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR_" + cache_name.upper()] = str(factor)
-
-    worker_configfiles = []
-    if options.worker:
-        start_stop_synapse = False
-        worker_configfile = options.worker
-        if not os.path.exists(worker_configfile):
-            write(
-                "No worker config found at %r" % (worker_configfile,),
-                stream=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
-        worker_configfiles.append(worker_configfile)
-
-    if options.all_processes:
-        # To start the main synapse with -a you need to add a worker file
-        # with worker_app == "synapse.app.homeserver"
-        start_stop_synapse = False
-        worker_configdir = options.all_processes
-        if not os.path.isdir(worker_configdir):
-            write(
-                "No worker config directory found at %r" % (worker_configdir,),
-                stream=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
-        worker_configfiles.extend(sorted(glob.glob(
-            os.path.join(worker_configdir, "*.yaml")
-        )))
-
-    workers = []
-    for worker_configfile in worker_configfiles:
-        with open(worker_configfile) as stream:
-            worker_config = yaml.load(stream)
-        worker_app = worker_config["worker_app"]
-        if worker_app == "synapse.app.homeserver":
-            # We need to special case all of this to pick up options that may
-            # be set in the main config file or in this worker config file.
-            worker_pidfile = (
-                worker_config.get("pid_file")
-                or pidfile
-            )
-            worker_cache_factor = worker_config.get("synctl_cache_factor") or cache_factor
-            daemonize = worker_config.get("daemonize") or config.get("daemonize")
-            assert daemonize, "Main process must have daemonize set to true"
-
-            # The master process doesn't support using worker_* config.
-            for key in worker_config:
-                if key == "worker_app":  # But we allow worker_app
-                    continue
-                assert not key.startswith("worker_"), \
-                    "Main process cannot use worker_* config"
-        else:
-            worker_pidfile = worker_config["worker_pid_file"]
-            worker_daemonize = worker_config["worker_daemonize"]
-            assert worker_daemonize, "In config %r: expected '%s' to be True" % (
-                worker_configfile, "worker_daemonize")
-            worker_cache_factor = worker_config.get("synctl_cache_factor")
-        workers.append(Worker(
-            worker_app, worker_configfile, worker_pidfile, worker_cache_factor,
-        ))
-
-    action = options.action
-
-    if action == "stop" or action == "restart":
-        for worker in workers:
-            stop(worker.pidfile, worker.app)
-
-        if start_stop_synapse:
-            stop(pidfile, "synapse.app.homeserver")
-
-    # Wait for synapse to actually shutdown before starting it again
-    if action == "restart":
-        running_pids = []
-        if start_stop_synapse and os.path.exists(pidfile):
-            running_pids.append(int(open(pidfile).read()))
-        for worker in workers:
-            if os.path.exists(worker.pidfile):
-                running_pids.append(int(open(worker.pidfile).read()))
-        if len(running_pids) > 0:
-            write("Waiting for process to exit before restarting...")
-            for running_pid in running_pids:
-                while pid_running(running_pid):
-                    time.sleep(0.2)
-            write("All processes exited; now restarting...")
-
-    if action == "start" or action == "restart":
-        if start_stop_synapse:
-            # Check if synapse is already running
-            if os.path.exists(pidfile) and pid_running(int(open(pidfile).read())):
-                abort("synapse.app.homeserver already running")
-            start(configfile)
-
-        for worker in workers:
-            if worker.cache_factor:
-                os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR"] = str(worker.cache_factor)
-
-            start_worker(worker.app, configfile, worker.configfile)
-
-            if cache_factor:
-                os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR"] = str(cache_factor)
-            else:
-                os.environ.pop("SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR", None)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
diff --git a/synapse/app/user_dir.py b/synapse/app/user_dir.py
index b383e79c1c..0a5f62b509 100644
--- a/synapse/app/user_dir.py
+++ b/synapse/app/user_dir.py
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def start(config_options):
             "Synapse user directory", config_options
         )
     except ConfigError as e:
-        sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     assert config.worker_app == "synapse.app.user_dir"
diff --git a/synapse/config/__main__.py b/synapse/config/__main__.py
index 58c97a70af..8fccf573ee 100644
--- a/synapse/config/__main__.py
+++ b/synapse/config/__main__.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         try:
             config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("", sys.argv[3:])
         except ConfigError as e:
-            sys.stderr.write("\n" + e.message + "\n")
+            sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
             sys.exit(1)
 
         print (getattr(config, key))
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
index 5a92428f56..d05ed91d64 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
@@ -209,8 +209,6 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
         Will attempt to get the PDU from each destination in the list until
         one succeeds.
 
-        This will persist the PDU locally upon receipt.
-
         Args:
             destinations (list): Which home servers to query
             event_id (str): event to fetch
@@ -289,8 +287,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     @log_function
     def get_state_for_room(self, destination, room_id, event_id):
-        """Requests all of the `current` state PDUs for a given room from
-        a remote home server.
+        """Requests all of the room state at a given event from a remote home server.
 
         Args:
             destination (str): The remote homeserver to query for the state.
@@ -298,9 +295,10 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             event_id (str): The id of the event we want the state at.
 
         Returns:
-            Deferred: Results in a list of PDUs.
+            Deferred[Tuple[List[EventBase], List[EventBase]]]:
+                A list of events in the state, and a list of events in the auth chain
+                for the given event.
         """
-
         try:
             # First we try and ask for just the IDs, as thats far quicker if
             # we have most of the state and auth_chain already.
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
index dbee404ea7..819e8f7331 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ from synapse.replication.http.federation import (
 from synapse.types import get_domain_from_id
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, concurrently_execute
 from synapse.util.caches.response_cache import ResponseCache
+from synapse.util.logcontext import nested_logging_context
 from synapse.util.logutils import log_function
 
 # when processing incoming transactions, we try to handle multiple rooms in
@@ -187,21 +188,22 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
             for pdu in pdus_by_room[room_id]:
                 event_id = pdu.event_id
-                try:
-                    yield self._handle_received_pdu(
-                        origin, pdu
-                    )
-                    pdu_results[event_id] = {}
-                except FederationError as e:
-                    logger.warn("Error handling PDU %s: %s", event_id, e)
-                    pdu_results[event_id] = {"error": str(e)}
-                except Exception as e:
-                    f = failure.Failure()
-                    pdu_results[event_id] = {"error": str(e)}
-                    logger.error(
-                        "Failed to handle PDU %s: %s",
-                        event_id, f.getTraceback().rstrip(),
-                    )
+                with nested_logging_context(event_id):
+                    try:
+                        yield self._handle_received_pdu(
+                            origin, pdu
+                        )
+                        pdu_results[event_id] = {}
+                    except FederationError as e:
+                        logger.warn("Error handling PDU %s: %s", event_id, e)
+                        pdu_results[event_id] = {"error": str(e)}
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        f = failure.Failure()
+                        pdu_results[event_id] = {"error": str(e)}
+                        logger.error(
+                            "Failed to handle PDU %s: %s",
+                            event_id, f.getTraceback().rstrip(),
+                        )
 
         yield concurrently_execute(
             process_pdus_for_room, pdus_by_room.keys(),
@@ -618,7 +620,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             )
 
         yield self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
-            origin, pdu, get_missing=True, sent_to_us_directly=True,
+            origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=True,
         )
 
     def __str__(self):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
index 578e9250fb..9dc46aa15f 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler(object):
 def _exception_to_failure(e):
     if isinstance(e, CodeMessageException):
         return {
-            "status": e.code, "message": e.message,
+            "status": e.code, "message": str(e),
         }
 
     if isinstance(e, NotRetryingDestination):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index 8d6bd7976d..38bebbf598 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_receive_pdu(
-            self, origin, pdu, get_missing=True, sent_to_us_directly=False,
+            self, origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=False,
     ):
         """ Process a PDU received via a federation /send/ transaction, or
         via backfill of missing prev_events
@@ -145,7 +145,8 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             origin (str): server which initiated the /send/ transaction. Will
                 be used to fetch missing events or state.
             pdu (FrozenEvent): received PDU
-            get_missing (bool): True if we should fetch missing prev_events
+            sent_to_us_directly (bool): True if this event was pushed to us; False if
+                we pulled it as the result of a missing prev_event.
 
         Returns (Deferred): completes with None
         """
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 pdu.internal_metadata.outlier = True
             elif min_depth and pdu.depth > min_depth:
                 missing_prevs = prevs - seen
-                if get_missing and missing_prevs:
+                if sent_to_us_directly and missing_prevs:
                     # If we're missing stuff, ensure we only fetch stuff one
                     # at a time.
                     logger.info(
@@ -282,24 +283,46 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                         room_id, event_id, len(missing_prevs), shortstr(missing_prevs),
                     )
 
-            if sent_to_us_directly and prevs - seen:
-                # If they have sent it to us directly, and the server
-                # isn't telling us about the auth events that it's
-                # made a message referencing, we explode
-                logger.warn(
-                    "[%s %s] Failed to fetch %d prev events: rejecting",
-                    room_id, event_id, len(prevs - seen),
-                )
-                raise FederationError(
-                    "ERROR",
-                    403,
-                    (
-                        "Your server isn't divulging details about prev_events "
-                        "referenced in this event."
-                    ),
-                    affected=pdu.event_id,
-                )
-            elif prevs - seen:
+            if prevs - seen:
+                # We've still not been able to get all of the prev_events for this event.
+                #
+                # In this case, we need to fall back to asking another server in the
+                # federation for the state at this event. That's ok provided we then
+                # resolve the state against other bits of the DAG before using it (which
+                # will ensure that you can't just take over a room by sending an event,
+                # withholding its prev_events, and declaring yourself to be an admin in
+                # the subsequent state request).
+                #
+                # Now, if we're pulling this event as a missing prev_event, then clearly
+                # this event is not going to become the only forward-extremity and we are
+                # guaranteed to resolve its state against our existing forward
+                # extremities, so that should be fine.
+                #
+                # On the other hand, if this event was pushed to us, it is possible for
+                # it to become the only forward-extremity in the room, and we would then
+                # trust its state to be the state for the whole room. This is very bad.
+                # Further, if the event was pushed to us, there is no excuse for us not to
+                # have all the prev_events. We therefore reject any such events.
+                #
+                # XXX this really feels like it could/should be merged with the above,
+                # but there is an interaction with min_depth that I'm not really
+                # following.
+
+                if sent_to_us_directly:
+                    logger.warn(
+                        "[%s %s] Failed to fetch %d prev events: rejecting",
+                        room_id, event_id, len(prevs - seen),
+                    )
+                    raise FederationError(
+                        "ERROR",
+                        403,
+                        (
+                            "Your server isn't divulging details about prev_events "
+                            "referenced in this event."
+                        ),
+                        affected=pdu.event_id,
+                    )
+
                 # Calculate the state of the previous events, and
                 # de-conflict them to find the current state.
                 state_groups = []
@@ -316,14 +339,26 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                             "[%s %s] Requesting state at missing prev_event %s",
                             room_id, event_id, p,
                         )
-                        state, got_auth_chain = (
-                            yield self.federation_client.get_state_for_room(
-                                origin, room_id, p,
+
+                        with logcontext.nested_logging_context(p):
+                            # note that if any of the missing prevs share missing state or
+                            # auth events, the requests to fetch those events are deduped
+                            # by the get_pdu_cache in federation_client.
+                            remote_state, got_auth_chain = (
+                                yield self.federation_client.get_state_for_room(
+                                    origin, room_id, p,
+                                )
                             )
-                        )
-                        auth_chains.update(got_auth_chain)
-                        state_group = {(x.type, x.state_key): x.event_id for x in state}
-                        state_groups.append(state_group)
+
+                            # XXX hrm I'm not convinced that duplicate events will compare
+                            # for equality, so I'm not sure this does what the author
+                            # hoped.
+                            auth_chains.update(got_auth_chain)
+
+                            state_group = {
+                                (x.type, x.state_key): x.event_id for x in remote_state
+                            }
+                            state_groups.append(state_group)
 
                     # Resolve any conflicting state
                     def fetch(ev_ids):
@@ -460,20 +495,21 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "[%s %s] Handling received prev_event %s",
                 room_id, event_id, ev.event_id,
             )
-            try:
-                yield self.on_receive_pdu(
-                    origin,
-                    ev,
-                    get_missing=False
-                )
-            except FederationError as e:
-                if e.code == 403:
-                    logger.warn(
-                        "[%s %s] Received prev_event %s failed history check.",
-                        room_id, event_id, ev.event_id,
+            with logcontext.nested_logging_context(ev.event_id):
+                try:
+                    yield self.on_receive_pdu(
+                        origin,
+                        ev,
+                        sent_to_us_directly=False,
                     )
-                else:
-                    raise
+                except FederationError as e:
+                    if e.code == 403:
+                        logger.warn(
+                            "[%s %s] Received prev_event %s failed history check.",
+                            room_id, event_id, ev.event_id,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _process_received_pdu(self, origin, event, state, auth_chain):
@@ -549,6 +585,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                     })
                     seen_ids.add(e.event_id)
 
+                logger.info(
+                    "[%s %s] persisting newly-received auth/state events %s",
+                    room_id, event_id, [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos]
+                )
                 yield self._handle_new_events(origin, event_infos)
 
             try:
@@ -1112,7 +1152,8 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             try:
                 logger.info("Processing queued PDU %s which was received "
                             "while we were joining %s", p.event_id, p.room_id)
-                yield self.on_receive_pdu(origin, p)
+                with logcontext.nested_logging_context(p.event_id):
+                    yield self.on_receive_pdu(origin, p, sent_to_us_directly=True)
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warn(
                     "Error handling queued PDU %s from %s: %s",
@@ -1558,15 +1599,22 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         Notifies about the events where appropriate.
         """
-        contexts = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
-            [
-                logcontext.run_in_background(
-                    self._prep_event,
+
+        @defer.inlineCallbacks
+        def prep(ev_info):
+            event = ev_info["event"]
+            with logcontext.nested_logging_context(suffix=event.event_id):
+                res = yield self._prep_event(
                     origin,
-                    ev_info["event"],
+                    event,
                     state=ev_info.get("state"),
                     auth_events=ev_info.get("auth_events"),
                 )
+            defer.returnValue(res)
+
+        contexts = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
+            [
+                logcontext.run_in_background(prep, ev_info)
                 for ev_info in event_infos
             ], consumeErrors=True,
         ))
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/profile.py b/synapse/handlers/profile.py
index 75b8b7ce6a..f284d5a385 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/profile.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/profile.py
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class BaseProfileHandler(BaseHandler):
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warn(
                     "Failed to update join event for room %s - %s",
-                    room_id, str(e.message)
+                    room_id, str(e)
                 )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/typing.py b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
index 2d2d3d5a0d..65f475d639 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/typing.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
 
 from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, SynapseError
 from synapse.types import UserID, get_domain_from_id
+from synapse.util.caches.stream_change_cache import StreamChangeCache
 from synapse.util.logcontext import run_in_background
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
 from synapse.util.wheel_timer import WheelTimer
@@ -68,6 +69,11 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
         # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
         self._room_typing = {}
 
+        # caches which room_ids changed at which serials
+        self._typing_stream_change_cache = StreamChangeCache(
+            "TypingStreamChangeCache", self._latest_room_serial,
+        )
+
         self.clock.looping_call(
             self._handle_timeouts,
             5000,
@@ -274,19 +280,29 @@ class TypingHandler(object):
 
         self._latest_room_serial += 1
         self._room_serials[member.room_id] = self._latest_room_serial
+        self._typing_stream_change_cache.entity_has_changed(
+            member.room_id, self._latest_room_serial,
+        )
 
         self.notifier.on_new_event(
             "typing_key", self._latest_room_serial, rooms=[member.room_id]
         )
 
     def get_all_typing_updates(self, last_id, current_id):
-        # TODO: Work out a way to do this without scanning the entire state.
         if last_id == current_id:
             return []
 
+        changed_rooms = self._typing_stream_change_cache.get_all_entities_changed(
+            last_id,
+        )
+
+        if changed_rooms is None:
+            changed_rooms = self._room_serials
+
         rows = []
-        for room_id, serial in self._room_serials.items():
-            if last_id < serial and serial <= current_id:
+        for room_id in changed_rooms:
+            serial = self._room_serials[room_id]
+            if last_id < serial <= current_id:
                 typing = self._room_typing[room_id]
                 rows.append((serial, room_id, list(typing)))
         rows.sort()
diff --git a/synapse/notifier.py b/synapse/notifier.py
index f1d92c1395..340b16ce25 100644
--- a/synapse/notifier.py
+++ b/synapse/notifier.py
@@ -24,9 +24,10 @@ from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import AuthError
 from synapse.handlers.presence import format_user_presence_state
 from synapse.metrics import LaterGauge
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.types import StreamToken
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import ObservableDeferred, timeout_deferred
-from synapse.util.logcontext import PreserveLoggingContext, run_in_background
+from synapse.util.logcontext import PreserveLoggingContext
 from synapse.util.logutils import log_function
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
 from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_client
@@ -248,7 +249,10 @@ class Notifier(object):
     def _on_new_room_event(self, event, room_stream_id, extra_users=[]):
         """Notify any user streams that are interested in this room event"""
         # poke any interested application service.
-        run_in_background(self._notify_app_services, room_stream_id)
+        run_as_background_process(
+            "notify_app_services",
+            self._notify_app_services, room_stream_id,
+        )
 
         if self.federation_sender:
             self.federation_sender.notify_new_events(room_stream_id)
diff --git a/synapse/python_dependencies.py b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
index c779f69fa0..0f339a0320 100644
--- a/synapse/python_dependencies.py
+++ b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
@@ -33,31 +33,32 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # [2] https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html#declaring-dependencies
 REQUIREMENTS = {
     "jsonschema>=2.5.1": ["jsonschema>=2.5.1"],
-    "frozendict>=0.4": ["frozendict"],
+    "frozendict>=1": ["frozendict"],
     "unpaddedbase64>=1.1.0": ["unpaddedbase64>=1.1.0"],
     "canonicaljson>=1.1.3": ["canonicaljson>=1.1.3"],
     "signedjson>=1.0.0": ["signedjson>=1.0.0"],
     "pynacl>=1.2.1": ["nacl>=1.2.1", "nacl.bindings"],
-    "service_identity>=1.0.0": ["service_identity>=1.0.0"],
+    "service_identity>=16.0.0": ["service_identity>=16.0.0"],
     "Twisted>=17.1.0": ["twisted>=17.1.0"],
     "treq>=15.1": ["treq>=15.1"],
 
     # Twisted has required pyopenssl 16.0 since about Twisted 16.6.
     "pyopenssl>=16.0.0": ["OpenSSL>=16.0.0"],
 
-    "pyyaml": ["yaml"],
-    "pyasn1": ["pyasn1"],
-    "daemonize": ["daemonize"],
-    "bcrypt": ["bcrypt>=3.1.0"],
-    "pillow": ["PIL"],
-    "pydenticon": ["pydenticon"],
-    "sortedcontainers": ["sortedcontainers"],
-    "pysaml2>=3.0.0": ["saml2>=3.0.0"],
-    "pymacaroons-pynacl": ["pymacaroons"],
+    "pyyaml>=3.11": ["yaml"],
+    "pyasn1>=0.1.9": ["pyasn1"],
+    "pyasn1-modules>=0.0.7": ["pyasn1_modules"],
+    "daemonize>=2.3.1": ["daemonize"],
+    "bcrypt>=3.1.0": ["bcrypt>=3.1.0"],
+    "pillow>=3.1.2": ["PIL"],
+    "pydenticon>=0.2": ["pydenticon"],
+    "sortedcontainers>=1.4.4": ["sortedcontainers"],
+    "pysaml2>=3.0.0": ["saml2"],
+    "pymacaroons-pynacl>=0.9.3": ["pymacaroons"],
     "msgpack-python>=0.3.0": ["msgpack"],
     "phonenumbers>=8.2.0": ["phonenumbers"],
-    "six": ["six"],
-    "prometheus_client": ["prometheus_client"],
+    "six>=1.10": ["six"],
+    "prometheus_client>=0.0.18": ["prometheus_client"],
 
     # we use attr.s(slots), which arrived in 16.0.0
     "attrs>=16.0.0": ["attr>=16.0.0"],
diff --git a/synapse/state/v1.py b/synapse/state/v1.py
index c95477d318..7a7157b352 100644
--- a/synapse/state/v1.py
+++ b/synapse/state/v1.py
@@ -65,10 +65,15 @@ def resolve_events_with_factory(state_sets, event_map, state_map_factory):
         for event_ids in itervalues(conflicted_state)
         for event_id in event_ids
     )
+    needed_event_count = len(needed_events)
     if event_map is not None:
         needed_events -= set(iterkeys(event_map))
 
-    logger.info("Asking for %d conflicted events", len(needed_events))
+    logger.info(
+        "Asking for %d/%d conflicted events",
+        len(needed_events),
+        needed_event_count,
+    )
 
     # dict[str, FrozenEvent]: a map from state event id to event. Only includes
     # the state events which are in conflict (and those in event_map)
@@ -85,11 +90,16 @@ def resolve_events_with_factory(state_sets, event_map, state_map_factory):
     )
 
     new_needed_events = set(itervalues(auth_events))
+    new_needed_event_count = len(new_needed_events)
     new_needed_events -= needed_events
     if event_map is not None:
         new_needed_events -= set(iterkeys(event_map))
 
-    logger.info("Asking for %d auth events", len(new_needed_events))
+    logger.info(
+        "Asking for %d/%d auth events",
+        len(new_needed_events),
+        new_needed_event_count,
+    )
 
     state_map_new = yield state_map_factory(new_needed_events)
     state_map.update(state_map_new)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py b/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py
index 59580949f1..0fe8c8e24c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/monthly_active_users.py
@@ -172,6 +172,10 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersStore(SQLBaseStore):
             Deferred[bool]: True if a new entry was created, False if an
                 existing one was updated.
         """
+        # Am consciously deciding to lock the table on the basis that is ought
+        # never be a big table and alternative approaches (batching multiple
+        # upserts into a single txn) introduced a lot of extra complexity.
+        # See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/3854 for more
         is_insert = yield self._simple_upsert(
             desc="upsert_monthly_active_user",
             table="monthly_active_users",
@@ -181,7 +185,6 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersStore(SQLBaseStore):
             values={
                 "timestamp": int(self._clock.time_msec()),
             },
-            lock=False,
         )
         if is_insert:
             self.user_last_seen_monthly_active.invalidate((user_id,))
diff --git a/synapse/storage/state.py b/synapse/storage/state.py
index 4b971efdba..3f4cbd61c4 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/state.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/state.py
@@ -255,7 +255,17 @@ class StateGroupWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
         )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_state_groups_ids(self, room_id, event_ids):
+    def get_state_groups_ids(self, _room_id, event_ids):
+        """Get the event IDs of all the state for the state groups for the given events
+
+        Args:
+            _room_id (str): id of the room for these events
+            event_ids (iterable[str]): ids of the events
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[dict[int, dict[tuple[str, str], str]]]:
+                dict of state_group_id -> (dict of (type, state_key) -> event id)
+        """
         if not event_ids:
             defer.returnValue({})
 
@@ -270,7 +280,7 @@ class StateGroupWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_state_ids_for_group(self, state_group):
-        """Get the state IDs for the given state group
+        """Get the event IDs of all the state in the given state group
 
         Args:
             state_group (int)
@@ -286,7 +296,9 @@ class StateGroupWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
     def get_state_groups(self, room_id, event_ids):
         """ Get the state groups for the given list of event_ids
 
-        The return value is a dict mapping group names to lists of events.
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[dict[int, list[EventBase]]]:
+                dict of state_group_id -> list of state events.
         """
         if not event_ids:
             defer.returnValue({})
@@ -324,7 +336,9 @@ class StateGroupWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
                 member events (if True), or to exclude member events (if False)
 
         Returns:
-            dictionary state_group -> (dict of (type, state_key) -> event id)
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[dict[int, dict[tuple[str, str], str]]]:
+                dict of state_group_id -> (dict of (type, state_key) -> event id)
         """
         results = {}
 
@@ -732,8 +746,8 @@ class StateGroupWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
                 If None, `types` filtering is applied to all events.
 
         Returns:
-            Deferred[dict[int, dict[(type, state_key), EventBase]]]
-                a dictionary mapping from state group to state dictionary.
+            Deferred[dict[int, dict[tuple[str, str], str]]]:
+                dict of state_group_id -> (dict of (type, state_key) -> event id)
         """
         if types is not None:
             non_member_types = [t for t in types if t[0] != EventTypes.Member]
@@ -788,8 +802,8 @@ class StateGroupWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
                 If None, `types` filtering is applied to all events.
 
         Returns:
-            Deferred[dict[int, dict[(type, state_key), EventBase]]]
-                a dictionary mapping from state group to state dictionary.
+            Deferred[dict[int, dict[tuple[str, str], str]]]:
+                dict of state_group_id -> (dict of (type, state_key) -> event id)
         """
         if types:
             types = frozenset(types)
diff --git a/synapse/util/logcontext.py b/synapse/util/logcontext.py
index a0c2d37610..89224b26cc 100644
--- a/synapse/util/logcontext.py
+++ b/synapse/util/logcontext.py
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
 
     sentinel = Sentinel()
 
-    def __init__(self, name=None, parent_context=None):
+    def __init__(self, name=None, parent_context=None, request=None):
         self.previous_context = LoggingContext.current_context()
         self.name = name
 
@@ -218,6 +218,13 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
 
         self.parent_context = parent_context
 
+        if self.parent_context is not None:
+            self.parent_context.copy_to(self)
+
+        if request is not None:
+            # the request param overrides the request from the parent context
+            self.request = request
+
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s@%x" % (self.name, id(self))
 
@@ -256,9 +263,6 @@ class LoggingContext(object):
             )
         self.alive = True
 
-        if self.parent_context is not None:
-            self.parent_context.copy_to(self)
-
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
@@ -439,6 +443,35 @@ class PreserveLoggingContext(object):
                 )
 
 
+def nested_logging_context(suffix, parent_context=None):
+    """Creates a new logging context as a child of another.
+
+    The nested logging context will have a 'request' made up of the parent context's
+    request, plus the given suffix.
+
+    CPU/db usage stats will be added to the parent context's on exit.
+
+    Normal usage looks like:
+
+        with nested_logging_context(suffix):
+            # ... do stuff
+
+    Args:
+        suffix (str): suffix to add to the parent context's 'request'.
+        parent_context (LoggingContext|None): parent context. Will use the current context
+            if None.
+
+    Returns:
+        LoggingContext: new logging context.
+    """
+    if parent_context is None:
+        parent_context = LoggingContext.current_context()
+    return LoggingContext(
+        parent_context=parent_context,
+        request=parent_context.request + "-" + suffix,
+    )
+
+
 def preserve_fn(f):
     """Function decorator which wraps the function with run_in_background"""
     def g(*args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/synctl b/synctl
index 1bdceda20a..356e5cb6a7 120000..100755
--- a/synctl
+++ b/synctl
@@ -1 +1,294 @@
-./synapse/app/synctl.py
\ No newline at end of file
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+import errno
+import glob
+import os
+import os.path
+import signal
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+from six import iteritems
+
+import yaml
+
+SYNAPSE = [sys.executable, "-B", "-m", "synapse.app.homeserver"]
+
+GREEN = "\x1b[1;32m"
+YELLOW = "\x1b[1;33m"
+RED = "\x1b[1;31m"
+NORMAL = "\x1b[m"
+
+
+def pid_running(pid):
+    try:
+        os.kill(pid, 0)
+        return True
+    except OSError as err:
+        if err.errno == errno.EPERM:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+
+def write(message, colour=NORMAL, stream=sys.stdout):
+    if colour == NORMAL:
+        stream.write(message + "\n")
+    else:
+        stream.write(colour + message + NORMAL + "\n")
+
+
+def abort(message, colour=RED, stream=sys.stderr):
+    write(message, colour, stream)
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def start(configfile):
+    write("Starting ...")
+    args = SYNAPSE
+    args.extend(["--daemonize", "-c", configfile])
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(args)
+        write("started synapse.app.homeserver(%r)" %
+              (configfile,), colour=GREEN)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        write(
+            "error starting (exit code: %d); see above for logs" % e.returncode,
+            colour=RED,
+        )
+
+
+def start_worker(app, configfile, worker_configfile):
+    args = [
+        "python", "-B",
+        "-m", app,
+        "-c", configfile,
+        "-c", worker_configfile
+    ]
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(args)
+        write("started %s(%r)" % (app, worker_configfile), colour=GREEN)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        write(
+            "error starting %s(%r) (exit code: %d); see above for logs" % (
+                app, worker_configfile, e.returncode,
+            ),
+            colour=RED,
+        )
+
+
+def stop(pidfile, app):
+    if os.path.exists(pidfile):
+        pid = int(open(pidfile).read())
+        try:
+            os.kill(pid, signal.SIGTERM)
+            write("stopped %s" % (app,), colour=GREEN)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                write("%s not running" % (app,), colour=YELLOW)
+            elif err.errno == errno.EPERM:
+                abort("Cannot stop %s: Operation not permitted" % (app,))
+            else:
+                abort("Cannot stop %s: Unknown error" % (app,))
+
+
+Worker = collections.namedtuple("Worker", [
+    "app", "configfile", "pidfile", "cache_factor", "cache_factors",
+])
+
+
+def main():
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "action",
+        choices=["start", "stop", "restart"],
+        help="whether to start, stop or restart the synapse",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "configfile",
+        nargs="?",
+        default="homeserver.yaml",
+        help="the homeserver config file, defaults to homeserver.yaml",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-w", "--worker",
+        metavar="WORKERCONFIG",
+        help="start or stop a single worker",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a", "--all-processes",
+        metavar="WORKERCONFIGDIR",
+        help="start or stop all the workers in the given directory"
+             " and the main synapse process",
+    )
+
+    options = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if options.worker and options.all_processes:
+        write(
+            'Cannot use "--worker" with "--all-processes"',
+            stream=sys.stderr
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    configfile = options.configfile
+
+    if not os.path.exists(configfile):
+        write(
+            "No config file found\n"
+            "To generate a config file, run '%s -c %s --generate-config"
+            " --server-name=<server name>'\n" % (
+                " ".join(SYNAPSE), options.configfile
+            ),
+            stream=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    with open(configfile) as stream:
+        config = yaml.load(stream)
+
+    pidfile = config["pid_file"]
+    cache_factor = config.get("synctl_cache_factor")
+    start_stop_synapse = True
+
+    if cache_factor:
+        os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR"] = str(cache_factor)
+
+    cache_factors = config.get("synctl_cache_factors", {})
+    for cache_name, factor in iteritems(cache_factors):
+        os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR_" + cache_name.upper()] = str(factor)
+
+    worker_configfiles = []
+    if options.worker:
+        start_stop_synapse = False
+        worker_configfile = options.worker
+        if not os.path.exists(worker_configfile):
+            write(
+                "No worker config found at %r" % (worker_configfile,),
+                stream=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+        worker_configfiles.append(worker_configfile)
+
+    if options.all_processes:
+        # To start the main synapse with -a you need to add a worker file
+        # with worker_app == "synapse.app.homeserver"
+        start_stop_synapse = False
+        worker_configdir = options.all_processes
+        if not os.path.isdir(worker_configdir):
+            write(
+                "No worker config directory found at %r" % (worker_configdir,),
+                stream=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+        worker_configfiles.extend(sorted(glob.glob(
+            os.path.join(worker_configdir, "*.yaml")
+        )))
+
+    workers = []
+    for worker_configfile in worker_configfiles:
+        with open(worker_configfile) as stream:
+            worker_config = yaml.load(stream)
+        worker_app = worker_config["worker_app"]
+        if worker_app == "synapse.app.homeserver":
+            # We need to special case all of this to pick up options that may
+            # be set in the main config file or in this worker config file.
+            worker_pidfile = (
+                worker_config.get("pid_file")
+                or pidfile
+            )
+            worker_cache_factor = worker_config.get("synctl_cache_factor") or cache_factor
+            worker_cache_factors = (
+                worker_config.get("synctl_cache_factors")
+                or cache_factors
+            )
+            daemonize = worker_config.get("daemonize") or config.get("daemonize")
+            assert daemonize, "Main process must have daemonize set to true"
+
+            # The master process doesn't support using worker_* config.
+            for key in worker_config:
+                if key == "worker_app":  # But we allow worker_app
+                    continue
+                assert not key.startswith("worker_"), \
+                    "Main process cannot use worker_* config"
+        else:
+            worker_pidfile = worker_config["worker_pid_file"]
+            worker_daemonize = worker_config["worker_daemonize"]
+            assert worker_daemonize, "In config %r: expected '%s' to be True" % (
+                worker_configfile, "worker_daemonize")
+            worker_cache_factor = worker_config.get("synctl_cache_factor")
+            worker_cache_factors = worker_config.get("synctl_cache_factors", {})
+        workers.append(Worker(
+            worker_app, worker_configfile, worker_pidfile, worker_cache_factor,
+            worker_cache_factors,
+        ))
+
+    action = options.action
+
+    if action == "stop" or action == "restart":
+        for worker in workers:
+            stop(worker.pidfile, worker.app)
+
+        if start_stop_synapse:
+            stop(pidfile, "synapse.app.homeserver")
+
+    # Wait for synapse to actually shutdown before starting it again
+    if action == "restart":
+        running_pids = []
+        if start_stop_synapse and os.path.exists(pidfile):
+            running_pids.append(int(open(pidfile).read()))
+        for worker in workers:
+            if os.path.exists(worker.pidfile):
+                running_pids.append(int(open(worker.pidfile).read()))
+        if len(running_pids) > 0:
+            write("Waiting for process to exit before restarting...")
+            for running_pid in running_pids:
+                while pid_running(running_pid):
+                    time.sleep(0.2)
+            write("All processes exited; now restarting...")
+
+    if action == "start" or action == "restart":
+        if start_stop_synapse:
+            # Check if synapse is already running
+            if os.path.exists(pidfile) and pid_running(int(open(pidfile).read())):
+                abort("synapse.app.homeserver already running")
+            start(configfile)
+
+        for worker in workers:
+            env = os.environ.copy()
+
+            if worker.cache_factor:
+                os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR"] = str(worker.cache_factor)
+
+            for cache_name, factor in worker.cache_factors.iteritems():
+                os.environ["SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR_" + cache_name.upper()] = str(factor)
+
+            start_worker(worker.app, configfile, worker.configfile)
+
+            # Reset env back to the original
+            os.environ.clear()
+            os.environ.update(env)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_state.py b/tests/storage/test_state.py
index b910965932..b9c5b39d59 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_state.py
@@ -75,6 +75,45 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(s1), len(s2))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def test_get_state_groups_ids(self):
+        e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+        )
+        e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+        )
+
+        state_group_map = yield self.store.get_state_groups_ids(self.room, [e2.event_id])
+        self.assertEqual(len(state_group_map), 1)
+        state_map = list(state_group_map.values())[0]
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            state_map,
+            {
+                (EventTypes.Create, ''): e1.event_id,
+                (EventTypes.Name, ''): e2.event_id,
+            },
+        )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def test_get_state_groups(self):
+        e1 = yield self.inject_state_event(
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Create, '', {}
+        )
+        e2 = yield self.inject_state_event(
+            self.room, self.u_alice, EventTypes.Name, '', {"name": "test room"}
+        )
+
+        state_group_map = yield self.store.get_state_groups(
+            self.room, [e2.event_id])
+        self.assertEqual(len(state_group_map), 1)
+        state_list = list(state_group_map.values())[0]
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {ev.event_id for ev in state_list},
+            {e1.event_id, e2.event_id},
+        )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_state_for_event(self):
 
         # this defaults to a linear DAG as each new injection defaults to whatever
diff --git a/tests/test_federation.py b/tests/test_federation.py
index 2540604fcc..ff55c7a627 100644
--- a/tests/test_federation.py
+++ b/tests/test_federation.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from twisted.internet.defer import maybeDeferred, succeed
 from synapse.events import FrozenEvent
 from synapse.types import Requester, UserID
 from synapse.util import Clock
+from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext
 
 from tests import unittest
 from tests.server import ThreadedMemoryReactorClock, setup_test_homeserver
@@ -117,9 +118,10 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
             }
         )
 
-        d = self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
-            "test.serv", lying_event, sent_to_us_directly=True
-        )
+        with LoggingContext(request="lying_event"):
+            d = self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
+                "test.serv", lying_event, sent_to_us_directly=True
+            )
 
         # Step the reactor, so the database fetches come back
         self.reactor.advance(1)
@@ -209,11 +211,12 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
             }
         )
 
-        d = self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
-            "test.serv", good_event, sent_to_us_directly=True
-        )
-        self.reactor.advance(1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.successResultOf(d), None)
+        with LoggingContext(request="good_event"):
+            d = self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
+                "test.serv", good_event, sent_to_us_directly=True
+            )
+            self.reactor.advance(1)
+            self.assertEqual(self.successResultOf(d), None)
 
         bad_event = FrozenEvent(
             {
@@ -230,10 +233,11 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
             }
         )
 
-        d = self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
-            "test.serv", bad_event, sent_to_us_directly=True
-        )
-        self.reactor.advance(1)
+        with LoggingContext(request="bad_event"):
+            d = self.handler.on_receive_pdu(
+                "test.serv", bad_event, sent_to_us_directly=True
+            )
+            self.reactor.advance(1)
 
         extrem = maybeDeferred(
             self.homeserver.datastore.get_latest_event_ids_in_room, self.room_id
diff --git a/tests/unittest.py b/tests/unittest.py
index ef905e6389..043710afaf 100644
--- a/tests/unittest.py
+++ b/tests/unittest.py
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             try:
                 self.assertEquals(attrs[key], getattr(obj, key))
             except AssertionError as e:
-                raise (type(e))(e.message + " for '.%s'" % key)
+                raise (type(e))(str(e) + " for '.%s'" % key)
 
     def assert_dict(self, required, actual):
         """Does a partial assert of a dict.
diff --git a/tests/util/test_logcontext.py b/tests/util/test_logcontext.py
index 4633db77b3..8adaee3c8d 100644
--- a/tests/util/test_logcontext.py
+++ b/tests/util/test_logcontext.py
@@ -159,6 +159,11 @@ class LoggingContextTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(r, "bum")
             self._check_test_key("one")
 
+    def test_nested_logging_context(self):
+        with LoggingContext(request="foo"):
+            nested_context = logcontext.nested_logging_context(suffix="bar")
+            self.assertEqual(nested_context.request, "foo-bar")
+
 
 # a function which returns a deferred which has been "called", but
 # which had a function which returned another incomplete deferred on
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index e4db563b4b..87b5e4782d 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -64,6 +64,26 @@ setenv =
     {[base]setenv}
     SYNAPSE_POSTGRES = 1
 
+# A test suite for the oldest supported versions of Python libraries, to catch
+# any uses of APIs not available in them.
+[testenv:py27-old]
+skip_install=True
+deps =
+    # Old automat version for Twisted
+    Automat == 0.3.0
+
+    mock
+    lxml
+commands =
+    /usr/bin/find "{toxinidir}" -name '*.pyc' -delete
+    # Make all greater-thans equals so we test the oldest version of our direct
+    # dependencies, but make the pyopenssl 17.0, which can work against an
+    # OpenSSL 1.1 compiled cryptography (as older ones don't compile on Travis).
+    /bin/sh -c 'python -m synapse.python_dependencies | sed -e "s/>=/==/g" -e "s/psycopg2==2.6//" -e "s/pyopenssl==16.0.0/pyopenssl==17.0.0/" | xargs pip install'
+    # Install Synapse itself. This won't update any libraries.
+    pip install -e .
+    {envbindir}/trial {env:TRIAL_FLAGS:} {posargs:tests} {env:TOXSUFFIX:}
+
 [testenv:py35]
 usedevelop=true