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-rw-r--r--.buildkite/postgres-config.yaml21
-rwxr-xr-x.buildkite/scripts/create_postgres_db.py36
-rwxr-xr-x.buildkite/scripts/test_synapse_port_db.sh36
-rw-r--r--.buildkite/sqlite-config.yaml18
-rw-r--r--.buildkite/test_db.dbbin0 -> 18825216 bytes
-rw-r--r--AUTHORS.rst41
-rw-r--r--CHANGES.md41
-rw-r--r--CONTRIBUTING.rst11
-rw-r--r--UPGRADE.rst14
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6140.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6218.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6240.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6247.bugfix1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6248.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6250.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6251.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6253.bugfix1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6257.doc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6263.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6269.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6270.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6273.doc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6274.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6275.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6276.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6277.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6278.bugfix1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6279.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6280.misc1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6284.bugfix1
-rw-r--r--changelog.d/6291.misc1
-rw-r--r--debian/changelog6
-rw-r--r--docker/README.md2
-rw-r--r--docs/CAPTCHA_SETUP.md6
-rw-r--r--docs/sample_config.yaml2
-rwxr-xr-xscripts-dev/update_database124
-rw-r--r--synapse/__init__.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/config/registration.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/crypto/event_signing.py6
-rw-r--r--synapse/events/snapshot.py100
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_base.py7
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_client.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/federation_server.py220
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/send_queue.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/federation/transport/client.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/federation.py25
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/message.py3
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/read_marker.py13
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/receipts.py37
-rw-r--r--synapse/handlers/stats.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/http/_base.py6
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/http/federation.py24
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/http/login.py7
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/http/membership.py14
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/http/register.py12
-rw-r--r--synapse/replication/http/send_event.py7
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py166
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py13
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py11
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py11
-rw-r--r--synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py14
-rw-r--r--synapse/server.py12
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/__init__.py19
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/background_updates.py9
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/__init__.py12
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/e2e_room_keys.py8
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/end_to_end_keys.py134
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/event_federation.py4
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/events.py727
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/room.py12
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/roommember.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/schema/delta/56/delete_keys_from_deleted_backups.sql25
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/state.py7
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/data_stores/main/stats.py2
-rw-r--r--synapse/storage/persist_events.py652
-rw-r--r--synapse/util/async_helpers.py16
-rw-r--r--synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py9
-rw-r--r--synapse/util/versionstring.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/crypto/test_keyring.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_stats.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/handlers/test_typing.py3
-rw-r--r--tests/replication/slave/storage/_base.py1
-rw-r--r--tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test__base.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_e2e_room_keys.py75
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_redaction.py11
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_room.py3
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_roommember.py3
-rw-r--r--tests/storage/test_state.py3
-rw-r--r--tests/test_federation.py11
-rw-r--r--tests/test_visibility.py7
-rw-r--r--tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py8
-rw-r--r--tests/utils.py10
-rw-r--r--tox.ini6
95 files changed, 1682 insertions, 1233 deletions
diff --git a/.buildkite/postgres-config.yaml b/.buildkite/postgres-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a35fec394d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.buildkite/postgres-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Configuration file used for testing the 'synapse_port_db' script.
+# Tells the script to connect to the postgresql database that will be available in the
+# CI's Docker setup at the point where this file is considered.
+server_name: "test"
+
+signing_key_path: "/src/.buildkite/test.signing.key"
+
+report_stats: false
+
+database:
+  name: "psycopg2"
+  args:
+    user: postgres
+    host: postgres
+    password: postgres
+    database: synapse
+
+# Suppress the key server warning.
+trusted_key_servers:
+  - server_name: "matrix.org"
+suppress_key_server_warning: true
diff --git a/.buildkite/scripts/create_postgres_db.py b/.buildkite/scripts/create_postgres_db.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..df6082b0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.buildkite/scripts/create_postgres_db.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+from synapse.storage.engines import create_engine
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("create_postgres_db")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Create a PostgresEngine.
+    db_engine = create_engine({"name": "psycopg2", "args": {}})
+
+    # Connect to postgres to create the base database.
+    # We use "postgres" as a database because it's bound to exist and the "synapse" one
+    # doesn't exist yet.
+    db_conn = db_engine.module.connect(
+        user="postgres", host="postgres", password="postgres", dbname="postgres"
+    )
+    db_conn.autocommit = True
+    cur = db_conn.cursor()
+    cur.execute("CREATE DATABASE synapse;")
+    cur.close()
+    db_conn.close()
diff --git a/.buildkite/scripts/test_synapse_port_db.sh b/.buildkite/scripts/test_synapse_port_db.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..9ed2177635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.buildkite/scripts/test_synapse_port_db.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Test script for 'synapse_port_db', which creates a virtualenv, installs Synapse along
+# with additional dependencies needed for the test (such as coverage or the PostgreSQL
+# driver), update the schema of the test SQLite database and run background updates on it,
+# create an empty test database in PostgreSQL, then run the 'synapse_port_db' script to
+# test porting the SQLite database to the PostgreSQL database (with coverage).
+
+set -xe
+cd `dirname $0`/../..
+
+echo "--- Install dependencies"
+
+# Install dependencies for this test.
+pip install psycopg2 coverage coverage-enable-subprocess
+
+# Install Synapse itself. This won't update any libraries.
+pip install -e .
+
+echo "--- Generate the signing key"
+
+# Generate the server's signing key.
+python -m synapse.app.homeserver --generate-keys -c .buildkite/sqlite-config.yaml
+
+echo "--- Prepare the databases"
+
+# Make sure the SQLite3 database is using the latest schema and has no pending background update.
+scripts-dev/update_database --database-config .buildkite/sqlite-config.yaml
+
+# Create the PostgreSQL database.
+./.buildkite/scripts/create_postgres_db.py
+
+echo "+++ Run synapse_port_db"
+
+# Run the script
+coverage run scripts/synapse_port_db --sqlite-database .buildkite/test_db.db --postgres-config .buildkite/postgres-config.yaml
diff --git a/.buildkite/sqlite-config.yaml b/.buildkite/sqlite-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..635b921764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.buildkite/sqlite-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Configuration file used for testing the 'synapse_port_db' script.
+# Tells the 'update_database' script to connect to the test SQLite database to upgrade its
+# schema and run background updates on it.
+server_name: "test"
+
+signing_key_path: "/src/.buildkite/test.signing.key"
+
+report_stats: false
+
+database:
+  name: "sqlite3"
+  args:
+    database: ".buildkite/test_db.db"
+
+# Suppress the key server warning.
+trusted_key_servers:
+  - server_name: "matrix.org"
+suppress_key_server_warning: true
diff --git a/.buildkite/test_db.db b/.buildkite/test_db.db
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f20567ba73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.buildkite/test_db.db
Binary files differdiff --git a/AUTHORS.rst b/AUTHORS.rst
index d8b4a846d8..b8b31a5b47 100644
--- a/AUTHORS.rst
+++ b/AUTHORS.rst
@@ -1,34 +1,8 @@
-Erik Johnston <erik at matrix.org>
- * HS core
- * Federation API impl
+The following is an incomplete list of people outside the core team who have
+contributed to Synapse. It is no longer maintained: more recent contributions
+are listed in the `changelog <CHANGES.md>`_.
 
-Mark Haines <mark at matrix.org>
- * HS core
- * Crypto
- * Content repository
- * CS v2 API impl
-
-Kegan Dougal <kegan at matrix.org>
- * HS core
- * CS v1 API impl
- * AS API impl
-
-Paul "LeoNerd" Evans <paul at matrix.org>
- * HS core
- * Presence
- * Typing Notifications
- * Performance metrics and caching layer
-
-Dave Baker <dave at matrix.org>
- * Push notifications
- * Auth CS v2 impl
-
-Matthew Hodgson <matthew at matrix.org>
- * General doc & housekeeping
- * Vertobot/vertobridge matrix<->verto PoC
-
-Emmanuel Rohee <manu at matrix.org>
- * Supporting iOS clients (testability and fallback registration)
+----
 
 Turned to Dust <dwinslow86 at gmail.com>
  * ArchLinux installation instructions
@@ -62,16 +36,13 @@ Christoph Witzany <christoph at web.crofting.com>
  * Add LDAP support for authentication
 
 Pierre Jaury <pierre at jaury.eu>
-* Docker packaging
+ * Docker packaging
 
 Serban Constantin <serban.constantin at gmail dot com>
  * Small bug fix
 
-Jason Robinson <jasonr at matrix.org>
- * Minor fixes
-
 Joseph Weston <joseph at weston.cloud>
- + Add admin API for querying HS version
+ * Add admin API for querying HS version
 
 Benjamin Saunders <ben.e.saunders at gmail dot com>
  * Documentation improvements
diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index d438c5272a..6faa4b8dce 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,12 +1,37 @@
-Synapse 1.5.0rc1 (2019-10-24)
+Synapse 1.5.0 (2019-10-29)
 ==========================
 
-This release includes a database migration step **which may take a long time to complete**:
+Security updates
+----------------
+
+This release includes a security fix ([\#6262](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6262), below). Administrators are encouraged to upgrade as soon as possible.
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix bug where room directory search was case sensitive. ([\#6268](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6268))
+
+
+Synapse 1.5.0rc2 (2019-10-28)
+=============================
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Update list of boolean columns in `synapse_port_db`. ([\#6247](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6247))
+- Fix /keys/query API on workers. ([\#6256](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6256))
+- Improve signature checking on some federation APIs. ([\#6262](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6262))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Move schema delta files to the correct data store. ([\#6248](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6248))
+- Small performance improvement by removing repeated config lookups in room stats calculation. ([\#6255](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6255))
 
-- Allow devices to be marked as hidden, for use by features such as cross-signing.
-  This adds a new field with a default value to the devices field in the database,
-  and so the database upgrade may take a long time depending on how many devices
-  are in the database. ([\#5759](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5759))
+
+Synapse 1.5.0rc1 (2019-10-24)
+==========================
 
 Features
 --------
@@ -51,6 +76,10 @@ Internal Changes
 ----------------
 
 - Update `user_filters` table to have a unique index, and non-null columns. Thanks to @pik for contributing this. ([\#1172](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/1172), [\#6175](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6175), [\#6184](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6184))
+- Allow devices to be marked as hidden, for use by features such as cross-signing.
+  This adds a new field with a default value to the devices field in the database,
+  and so the database upgrade may take a long time depending on how many devices
+  are in the database. ([\#5759](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5759))
 - Move lookup-related functions from RoomMemberHandler to IdentityHandler. ([\#5978](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5978))
 - Improve performance of the public room list directory. ([\#6019](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6019), [\#6152](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6152), [\#6153](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6153), [\#6154](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6154))
 - Edit header dicts docstrings in `SimpleHttpClient` to note that `str` or `bytes` can be passed as header keys. ([\#6077](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/6077))
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.rst b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
index 620dc88ce2..a71a4a696b 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.rst
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
@@ -114,17 +114,6 @@ directory, you will need both a regular newsfragment *and* an entry in the
 debian changelog. (Though typically such changes should be submitted as two
 separate pull requests.)
 
-Attribution
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Everyone who contributes anything to Matrix is welcome to be listed in the
-AUTHORS.rst file for the project in question. Please feel free to include a
-change to AUTHORS.rst in your pull request to list yourself and a short
-description of the area(s) you've worked on. Also, we sometimes have swag to
-give away to contributors - if you feel that Matrix-branded apparel is missing
-from your life, please mail us your shipping address to matrix at matrix.org and
-we'll try to fix it :)
-
 Sign off
 ~~~~~~~~
 
diff --git a/UPGRADE.rst b/UPGRADE.rst
index 9562114d59..5ebf16a73e 100644
--- a/UPGRADE.rst
+++ b/UPGRADE.rst
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Upgrading Synapse
 =================
 
 Before upgrading check if any special steps are required to upgrade from the
-what you currently have installed to current version of Synapse. The extra
+version you currently have installed to the current version of Synapse. The extra
 instructions that may be required are listed later in this document.
 
 * If Synapse was installed using `prebuilt packages
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ instructions that may be required are listed later in this document.
      running:
 
      .. code:: bash
-     
+
        git pull
        pip install --upgrade .
 
@@ -75,6 +75,16 @@ for example:
      wget https://packages.matrix.org/debian/pool/main/m/matrix-synapse-py3/matrix-synapse-py3_1.3.0+stretch1_amd64.deb
      dpkg -i matrix-synapse-py3_1.3.0+stretch1_amd64.deb
 
+
+Upgrading to v1.5.0
+===================
+
+This release includes a database migration which may take several minutes to
+complete if there are a large number (more than a million or so) of entries in
+the ``devices`` table. This is only likely to a be a problem on very large
+installations.
+
+
 Upgrading to v1.4.0
 ===================
 
diff --git a/changelog.d/6140.misc b/changelog.d/6140.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0feb97ec61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6140.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add a CI job to test the `synapse_port_db` script.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/6218.misc b/changelog.d/6218.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49d10c36cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6218.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Convert EventContext to an attrs.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6240.misc b/changelog.d/6240.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b3d7a14a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6240.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Move `persist_events` out from main data store.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6247.bugfix b/changelog.d/6247.bugfix
deleted file mode 100644
index 3122ba0bde..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/6247.bugfix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Update list of boolean columns in `synapse_port_db`.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6248.misc b/changelog.d/6248.misc
deleted file mode 100644
index 97176bcfc7..0000000000
--- a/changelog.d/6248.misc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Move schema delta files to the correct data store.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6250.misc b/changelog.d/6250.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12e3fe66b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6250.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Reduce verbosity of user/room stats.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6251.misc b/changelog.d/6251.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..371c6983be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6251.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Reduce impact of debug logging.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6253.bugfix b/changelog.d/6253.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..266fae381c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6253.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Delete keys from key backup when deleting backup versions.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6257.doc b/changelog.d/6257.doc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e985afde0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6257.doc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Modify CAPTCHA_SETUP.md to update the terms `private key` and `public key` to `secret key` and `site key` respectively. Contributed by Yash Jipkate.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6263.misc b/changelog.d/6263.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b1bb4b679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6263.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Change cache descriptors to always return deferreds.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6269.misc b/changelog.d/6269.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fd333cc89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6269.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix incorrect comment regarding the functionality of an `if` statement.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/6270.misc b/changelog.d/6270.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1c5811323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6270.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Update CI to run `isort` over the `scripts` and `scripts-dev` directories.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/6273.doc b/changelog.d/6273.doc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21a41d987d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6273.doc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix a small typo in `account_threepid_delegates` configuration option.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/6274.misc b/changelog.d/6274.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb4966124f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6274.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Port replication http server endpoints to async/await.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6275.misc b/changelog.d/6275.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f57e2c4adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6275.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Port room rest handlers to async/await.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6276.misc b/changelog.d/6276.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a4428251e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6276.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add a CI job to test the `synapse_port_db` script.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6277.misc b/changelog.d/6277.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..490713577f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6277.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove redundant CLI parameters on CI's `flake8` step.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/6278.bugfix b/changelog.d/6278.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c107270461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6278.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix exception when remote servers attempt to join a room that they're not allowed to join.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6279.misc b/changelog.d/6279.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f5144a9ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6279.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Port `federation_server.py` to async/await.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6280.misc b/changelog.d/6280.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96a0eb21b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6280.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Port receipt and read markers to async/wait.
diff --git a/changelog.d/6284.bugfix b/changelog.d/6284.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf15053d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6284.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Prevent errors from appearing on Synapse startup if `git` is not installed.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/6291.misc b/changelog.d/6291.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b1bb4b679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/6291.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Change cache descriptors to always return deferreds.
diff --git a/debian/changelog b/debian/changelog
index 02f2b508c2..acda7e5c63 100644
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.5.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New synapse release 1.5.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 29 Oct 2019 14:28:41 +0000
+
 matrix-synapse-py3 (1.4.1) stable; urgency=medium
 
   * New synapse release 1.4.1.
diff --git a/docker/README.md b/docker/README.md
index 4b712f3f5c..24dfa77dcc 100644
--- a/docker/README.md
+++ b/docker/README.md
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ is suitable for local testing, but for any practical use, you will either need
 to use a reverse proxy, or configure Synapse to expose an HTTPS port.
 
 For documentation on using a reverse proxy, see
-https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/docs/reverse_proxy.rst.
+https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/docs/reverse_proxy.md.
 
 For more information on enabling TLS support in synapse itself, see
 https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/INSTALL.md#tls-certificates. Of
diff --git a/docs/CAPTCHA_SETUP.md b/docs/CAPTCHA_SETUP.md
index 5f9057530b..331e5d059a 100644
--- a/docs/CAPTCHA_SETUP.md
+++ b/docs/CAPTCHA_SETUP.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The captcha mechanism used is Google's ReCaptcha. This requires API keys from Go
 
 ## Getting keys
 
-Requires a public/private key pair from:
+Requires a site/secret key pair from:
 
 <https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/>
 
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ Must be a reCAPTCHA v2 key using the "I'm not a robot" Checkbox option
 The keys are a config option on the home server config. If they are not
 visible, you can generate them via `--generate-config`. Set the following value:
 
-    recaptcha_public_key: YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY
-    recaptcha_private_key: YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY
+    recaptcha_public_key: YOUR_SITE_KEY
+    recaptcha_private_key: YOUR_SECRET_KEY
 
 In addition, you MUST enable captchas via:
 
diff --git a/docs/sample_config.yaml b/docs/sample_config.yaml
index 6c81c0db75..d2f4aff826 100644
--- a/docs/sample_config.yaml
+++ b/docs/sample_config.yaml
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ uploads_path: "DATADIR/uploads"
 # If a delegate is specified, the config option public_baseurl must also be filled out.
 #
 account_threepid_delegates:
-    #email: https://example.com     # Delegate email sending to example.org
+    #email: https://example.com     # Delegate email sending to example.com
     #msisdn: http://localhost:8090  # Delegate SMS sending to this local process
 
 # Users who register on this homeserver will automatically be joined
diff --git a/scripts-dev/update_database b/scripts-dev/update_database
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..27a1ad1e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts-dev/update_database
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import argparse
+import logging
+import sys
+
+import yaml
+
+from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
+
+from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.storage import DataStore
+from synapse.storage.engines import create_engine
+from synapse.storage.prepare_database import prepare_database
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("update_database")
+
+
+class MockHomeserver(HomeServer):
+    DATASTORE_CLASS = DataStore
+
+    def __init__(self, config, database_engine, db_conn, **kwargs):
+        super(MockHomeserver, self).__init__(
+            config.server_name,
+            reactor=reactor,
+            config=config,
+            database_engine=database_engine,
+            **kwargs
+        )
+
+        self.database_engine = database_engine
+        self.db_conn = db_conn
+
+    def get_db_conn(self):
+        return self.db_conn
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=(
+            "Updates a synapse database to the latest schema and runs background updates"
+            " on it."
+        )
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-v", action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--database-config",
+        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
+        required=True,
+        help="A database config file for either a SQLite3 database or a PostgreSQL one.",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    logging_config = {
+        "level": logging.DEBUG if args.v else logging.INFO,
+        "format": "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(lineno)d - %(levelname)s - %(message)s",
+    }
+
+    logging.basicConfig(**logging_config)
+
+    # Load, process and sanity-check the config.
+    hs_config = yaml.safe_load(args.database_config)
+
+    if "database" not in hs_config:
+        sys.stderr.write("The configuration file must have a 'database' section.\n")
+        sys.exit(4)
+
+    config = HomeServerConfig()
+    config.parse_config_dict(hs_config, "", "")
+
+    # Create the database engine and a connection to it.
+    database_engine = create_engine(config.database_config)
+    db_conn = database_engine.module.connect(
+        **{
+            k: v
+            for k, v in config.database_config.get("args", {}).items()
+            if not k.startswith("cp_")
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Update the database to the latest schema.
+    prepare_database(db_conn, database_engine, config=config)
+    db_conn.commit()
+
+    # Instantiate and initialise the homeserver object.
+    hs = MockHomeserver(
+        config,
+        database_engine,
+        db_conn,
+        db_config=config.database_config,
+    )
+    # setup instantiates the store within the homeserver object.
+    hs.setup()
+    store = hs.get_datastore()
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def run_background_updates():
+        yield store.run_background_updates(sleep=False)
+        # Stop the reactor to exit the script once every background update is run.
+        reactor.stop()
+
+    # Apply all background updates on the database.
+    reactor.callWhenRunning(lambda: run_as_background_process(
+        "background_updates", run_background_updates
+    ))
+
+    reactor.run()
diff --git a/synapse/__init__.py b/synapse/__init__.py
index bcc2f8c049..8587ffa76f 100644
--- a/synapse/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/__init__.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
-__version__ = "1.5.0rc1"
+__version__ = "1.5.0"
 
 if bool(os.environ.get("SYNAPSE_TEST_PATCH_LOG_CONTEXTS", False)):
     # We import here so that we don't have to install a bunch of deps when
diff --git a/synapse/config/registration.py b/synapse/config/registration.py
index ab41623b2b..1f6dac69da 100644
--- a/synapse/config/registration.py
+++ b/synapse/config/registration.py
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ class RegistrationConfig(Config):
         # If a delegate is specified, the config option public_baseurl must also be filled out.
         #
         account_threepid_delegates:
-            #email: https://example.com     # Delegate email sending to example.org
+            #email: https://example.com     # Delegate email sending to example.com
             #msisdn: http://localhost:8090  # Delegate SMS sending to this local process
 
         # Users who register on this homeserver will automatically be joined
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py b/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py
index 694fb2c816..ccaa8a9920 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/event_signing.py
@@ -125,9 +125,11 @@ def compute_event_signature(event_dict, signature_name, signing_key):
     redact_json = prune_event_dict(event_dict)
     redact_json.pop("age_ts", None)
     redact_json.pop("unsigned", None)
-    logger.debug("Signing event: %s", encode_canonical_json(redact_json))
+    if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+        logger.debug("Signing event: %s", encode_canonical_json(redact_json))
     redact_json = sign_json(redact_json, signature_name, signing_key)
-    logger.debug("Signed event: %s", encode_canonical_json(redact_json))
+    if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+        logger.debug("Signed event: %s", encode_canonical_json(redact_json))
     return redact_json["signatures"]
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/events/snapshot.py b/synapse/events/snapshot.py
index acbcbeeced..27cd8a63ff 100644
--- a/synapse/events/snapshot.py
+++ b/synapse/events/snapshot.py
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-
 from six import iteritems
 
+import attr
 from frozendict import frozendict
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
 
 
-class EventContext(object):
+@attr.s(slots=True)
+class EventContext:
     """
     Attributes:
         state_group (int|None): state group id, if the state has been stored
@@ -31,9 +32,6 @@ class EventContext(object):
         rejected (bool|str): A rejection reason if the event was rejected, else
             False
 
-        push_actions (list[(str, list[object])]): list of (user_id, actions)
-            tuples
-
         prev_group (int): Previously persisted state group. ``None`` for an
             outlier.
         delta_ids (dict[(str, str), str]): Delta from ``prev_group``.
@@ -42,6 +40,8 @@ class EventContext(object):
         prev_state_events (?): XXX: is this ever set to anything other than
             the empty list?
 
+        app_service: FIXME
+
         _current_state_ids (dict[(str, str), str]|None):
             The current state map including the current event. None if outlier
             or we haven't fetched the state from DB yet.
@@ -67,49 +67,33 @@ class EventContext(object):
             Only set when state has not been fetched yet.
     """
 
-    __slots__ = [
-        "state_group",
-        "rejected",
-        "prev_group",
-        "delta_ids",
-        "prev_state_events",
-        "app_service",
-        "_current_state_ids",
-        "_prev_state_ids",
-        "_prev_state_id",
-        "_event_type",
-        "_event_state_key",
-        "_fetching_state_deferred",
-    ]
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.prev_state_events = []
-        self.rejected = False
-        self.app_service = None
+    state_group = attr.ib(default=None)
+    rejected = attr.ib(default=False)
+    prev_group = attr.ib(default=None)
+    delta_ids = attr.ib(default=None)
+    prev_state_events = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(list))
+    app_service = attr.ib(default=None)
+
+    _current_state_ids = attr.ib(default=None)
+    _prev_state_ids = attr.ib(default=None)
+    _prev_state_id = attr.ib(default=None)
+
+    _event_type = attr.ib(default=None)
+    _event_state_key = attr.ib(default=None)
+    _fetching_state_deferred = attr.ib(default=None)
 
     @staticmethod
     def with_state(
         state_group, current_state_ids, prev_state_ids, prev_group=None, delta_ids=None
     ):
-        context = EventContext()
-
-        # The current state including the current event
-        context._current_state_ids = current_state_ids
-        # The current state excluding the current event
-        context._prev_state_ids = prev_state_ids
-        context.state_group = state_group
-
-        context._prev_state_id = None
-        context._event_type = None
-        context._event_state_key = None
-        context._fetching_state_deferred = defer.succeed(None)
-
-        # A previously persisted state group and a delta between that
-        # and this state.
-        context.prev_group = prev_group
-        context.delta_ids = delta_ids
-
-        return context
+        return EventContext(
+            current_state_ids=current_state_ids,
+            prev_state_ids=prev_state_ids,
+            state_group=state_group,
+            fetching_state_deferred=defer.succeed(None),
+            prev_group=prev_group,
+            delta_ids=delta_ids,
+        )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def serialize(self, event, store):
@@ -157,24 +141,18 @@ class EventContext(object):
         Returns:
             EventContext
         """
-        context = EventContext()
-
-        # We use the state_group and prev_state_id stuff to pull the
-        # current_state_ids out of the DB and construct prev_state_ids.
-        context._prev_state_id = input["prev_state_id"]
-        context._event_type = input["event_type"]
-        context._event_state_key = input["event_state_key"]
-
-        context._current_state_ids = None
-        context._prev_state_ids = None
-        context._fetching_state_deferred = None
-
-        context.state_group = input["state_group"]
-        context.prev_group = input["prev_group"]
-        context.delta_ids = _decode_state_dict(input["delta_ids"])
-
-        context.rejected = input["rejected"]
-        context.prev_state_events = input["prev_state_events"]
+        context = EventContext(
+            # We use the state_group and prev_state_id stuff to pull the
+            # current_state_ids out of the DB and construct prev_state_ids.
+            prev_state_id=input["prev_state_id"],
+            event_type=input["event_type"],
+            event_state_key=input["event_state_key"],
+            state_group=input["state_group"],
+            prev_group=input["prev_group"],
+            delta_ids=_decode_state_dict(input["delta_ids"]),
+            rejected=input["rejected"],
+            prev_state_events=input["prev_state_events"],
+        )
 
         app_service_id = input["app_service_id"]
         if app_service_id:
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
index 5a1e23a145..223aace0d9 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_base.py
@@ -278,9 +278,7 @@ def _check_sigs_on_pdus(keyring, room_version, pdus):
             pdu_to_check.sender_domain,
             e.getErrorMessage(),
         )
-        # XX not really sure if these are the right codes, but they are what
-        # we've done for ages
-        raise SynapseError(400, errmsg, Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
+        raise SynapseError(403, errmsg, Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
     for p, d in zip(pdus_to_check_sender, more_deferreds):
         d.addErrback(sender_err, p)
@@ -314,8 +312,7 @@ def _check_sigs_on_pdus(keyring, room_version, pdus):
                 "event id %s: unable to verify signature for event id domain: %s"
                 % (pdu_to_check.pdu.event_id, e.getErrorMessage())
             )
-            # XX as above: not really sure if these are the right codes
-            raise SynapseError(400, errmsg, Codes.UNAUTHORIZED)
+            raise SynapseError(403, errmsg, Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
         for p, d in zip(pdus_to_check_event_id, more_deferreds):
             d.addErrback(event_err, p)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
index 5b22a39b7f..f5c1632916 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
             dest, room_id, extremities, limit
         )
 
-        logger.debug("backfill transaction_data=%s", repr(transaction_data))
+        logger.debug("backfill transaction_data=%r", transaction_data)
 
         room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
index 21e52c9695..d5a19764d2 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ from six import iteritems
 from canonicaljson import json
 from prometheus_client import Counter
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
 from twisted.internet.abstract import isIPAddress
 from twisted.python import failure
 
@@ -86,14 +85,12 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         # come in waves.
         self._state_resp_cache = ResponseCache(hs, "state_resp", timeout_ms=30000)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_backfill_request(self, origin, room_id, versions, limit):
-        with (yield self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
+    async def on_backfill_request(self, origin, room_id, versions, limit):
+        with (await self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
             origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-            yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+            await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
-            pdus = yield self.handler.on_backfill_request(
+            pdus = await self.handler.on_backfill_request(
                 origin, room_id, versions, limit
             )
 
@@ -101,9 +98,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         return 200, res
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_incoming_transaction(self, origin, transaction_data):
+    async def on_incoming_transaction(self, origin, transaction_data):
         # keep this as early as possible to make the calculated origin ts as
         # accurate as possible.
         request_time = self._clock.time_msec()
@@ -118,18 +113,17 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         # use a linearizer to ensure that we don't process the same transaction
         # multiple times in parallel.
         with (
-            yield self._transaction_linearizer.queue(
+            await self._transaction_linearizer.queue(
                 (origin, transaction.transaction_id)
             )
         ):
-            result = yield self._handle_incoming_transaction(
+            result = await self._handle_incoming_transaction(
                 origin, transaction, request_time
             )
 
         return result
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_incoming_transaction(self, origin, transaction, request_time):
+    async def _handle_incoming_transaction(self, origin, transaction, request_time):
         """ Process an incoming transaction and return the HTTP response
 
         Args:
@@ -140,7 +134,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         Returns:
             Deferred[(int, object)]: http response code and body
         """
-        response = yield self.transaction_actions.have_responded(origin, transaction)
+        response = await self.transaction_actions.have_responded(origin, transaction)
 
         if response:
             logger.debug(
@@ -151,7 +145,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         logger.debug("[%s] Transaction is new", transaction.transaction_id)
 
-        # Reject if PDU count > 50 and EDU count > 100
+        # Reject if PDU count > 50 or EDU count > 100
         if len(transaction.pdus) > 50 or (
             hasattr(transaction, "edus") and len(transaction.edus) > 100
         ):
@@ -159,7 +153,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             logger.info("Transaction PDU or EDU count too large. Returning 400")
 
             response = {}
-            yield self.transaction_actions.set_response(
+            await self.transaction_actions.set_response(
                 origin, transaction, 400, response
             )
             return 400, response
@@ -195,7 +189,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 continue
 
             try:
-                room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+                room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
             except NotFoundError:
                 logger.info("Ignoring PDU for unknown room_id: %s", room_id)
                 continue
@@ -221,11 +215,10 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         # require callouts to other servers to fetch missing events), but
         # impose a limit to avoid going too crazy with ram/cpu.
 
-        @defer.inlineCallbacks
-        def process_pdus_for_room(room_id):
+        async def process_pdus_for_room(room_id):
             logger.debug("Processing PDUs for %s", room_id)
             try:
-                yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+                await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
             except AuthError as e:
                 logger.warn("Ignoring PDUs for room %s from banned server", room_id)
                 for pdu in pdus_by_room[room_id]:
@@ -237,7 +230,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 event_id = pdu.event_id
                 with nested_logging_context(event_id):
                     try:
-                        yield self._handle_received_pdu(origin, pdu)
+                        await self._handle_received_pdu(origin, pdu)
                         pdu_results[event_id] = {}
                     except FederationError as e:
                         logger.warn("Error handling PDU %s: %s", event_id, e)
@@ -251,36 +244,33 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                             exc_info=(f.type, f.value, f.getTracebackObject()),
                         )
 
-        yield concurrently_execute(
+        await concurrently_execute(
             process_pdus_for_room, pdus_by_room.keys(), TRANSACTION_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT
         )
 
         if hasattr(transaction, "edus"):
             for edu in (Edu(**x) for x in transaction.edus):
-                yield self.received_edu(origin, edu.edu_type, edu.content)
+                await self.received_edu(origin, edu.edu_type, edu.content)
 
         response = {"pdus": pdu_results}
 
         logger.debug("Returning: %s", str(response))
 
-        yield self.transaction_actions.set_response(origin, transaction, 200, response)
+        await self.transaction_actions.set_response(origin, transaction, 200, response)
         return 200, response
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def received_edu(self, origin, edu_type, content):
+    async def received_edu(self, origin, edu_type, content):
         received_edus_counter.inc()
-        yield self.registry.on_edu(edu_type, origin, content)
+        await self.registry.on_edu(edu_type, origin, content)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_context_state_request(self, origin, room_id, event_id):
+    async def on_context_state_request(self, origin, room_id, event_id):
         if not event_id:
             raise NotImplementedError("Specify an event")
 
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
-        in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, origin)
+        in_room = await self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, origin)
         if not in_room:
             raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
@@ -289,8 +279,8 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         # in the cache so we could return it without waiting for the linearizer
         # - but that's non-trivial to get right, and anyway somewhat defeats
         # the point of the linearizer.
-        with (yield self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
-            resp = yield self._state_resp_cache.wrap(
+        with (await self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
+            resp = await self._state_resp_cache.wrap(
                 (room_id, event_id),
                 self._on_context_state_request_compute,
                 room_id,
@@ -299,65 +289,58 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         return 200, resp
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_state_ids_request(self, origin, room_id, event_id):
+    async def on_state_ids_request(self, origin, room_id, event_id):
         if not event_id:
             raise NotImplementedError("Specify an event")
 
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
-        in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, origin)
+        in_room = await self.auth.check_host_in_room(room_id, origin)
         if not in_room:
             raise AuthError(403, "Host not in room.")
 
-        state_ids = yield self.handler.get_state_ids_for_pdu(room_id, event_id)
-        auth_chain_ids = yield self.store.get_auth_chain_ids(state_ids)
+        state_ids = await self.handler.get_state_ids_for_pdu(room_id, event_id)
+        auth_chain_ids = await self.store.get_auth_chain_ids(state_ids)
 
         return 200, {"pdu_ids": state_ids, "auth_chain_ids": auth_chain_ids}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _on_context_state_request_compute(self, room_id, event_id):
-        pdus = yield self.handler.get_state_for_pdu(room_id, event_id)
-        auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain([pdu.event_id for pdu in pdus])
+    async def _on_context_state_request_compute(self, room_id, event_id):
+        pdus = await self.handler.get_state_for_pdu(room_id, event_id)
+        auth_chain = await self.store.get_auth_chain([pdu.event_id for pdu in pdus])
 
         return {
             "pdus": [pdu.get_pdu_json() for pdu in pdus],
             "auth_chain": [pdu.get_pdu_json() for pdu in auth_chain],
         }
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_pdu_request(self, origin, event_id):
-        pdu = yield self.handler.get_persisted_pdu(origin, event_id)
+    async def on_pdu_request(self, origin, event_id):
+        pdu = await self.handler.get_persisted_pdu(origin, event_id)
 
         if pdu:
             return 200, self._transaction_from_pdus([pdu]).get_dict()
         else:
             return 404, ""
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_query_request(self, query_type, args):
+    async def on_query_request(self, query_type, args):
         received_queries_counter.labels(query_type).inc()
-        resp = yield self.registry.on_query(query_type, args)
+        resp = await self.registry.on_query(query_type, args)
         return 200, resp
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_make_join_request(self, origin, room_id, user_id, supported_versions):
+    async def on_make_join_request(self, origin, room_id, user_id, supported_versions):
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
-        room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+        room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         if room_version not in supported_versions:
             logger.warn("Room version %s not in %s", room_version, supported_versions)
             raise IncompatibleRoomVersionError(room_version=room_version)
 
-        pdu = yield self.handler.on_make_join_request(origin, room_id, user_id)
+        pdu = await self.handler.on_make_join_request(origin, room_id, user_id)
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
         return {"event": pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now), "room_version": room_version}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_invite_request(self, origin, content, room_version):
+    async def on_invite_request(self, origin, content, room_version):
         if room_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
             raise SynapseError(
                 400,
@@ -369,24 +352,27 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         pdu = event_from_pdu_json(content, format_ver)
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, pdu.room_id)
-        ret_pdu = yield self.handler.on_invite_request(origin, pdu)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, pdu.room_id)
+        pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
+        ret_pdu = await self.handler.on_invite_request(origin, pdu)
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
         return {"event": ret_pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now)}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_send_join_request(self, origin, content, room_id):
+    async def on_send_join_request(self, origin, content, room_id):
         logger.debug("on_send_join_request: content: %s", content)
 
-        room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+        room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
         pdu = event_from_pdu_json(content, format_ver)
 
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, pdu.room_id)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, pdu.room_id)
 
         logger.debug("on_send_join_request: pdu sigs: %s", pdu.signatures)
-        res_pdus = yield self.handler.on_send_join_request(origin, pdu)
+
+        pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
+
+        res_pdus = await self.handler.on_send_join_request(origin, pdu)
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
         return (
             200,
@@ -398,45 +384,44 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             },
         )
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_make_leave_request(self, origin, room_id, user_id):
+    async def on_make_leave_request(self, origin, room_id, user_id):
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
-        pdu = yield self.handler.on_make_leave_request(origin, room_id, user_id)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+        pdu = await self.handler.on_make_leave_request(origin, room_id, user_id)
 
-        room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+        room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
 
         time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
         return {"event": pdu.get_pdu_json(time_now), "room_version": room_version}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_send_leave_request(self, origin, content, room_id):
+    async def on_send_leave_request(self, origin, content, room_id):
         logger.debug("on_send_leave_request: content: %s", content)
 
-        room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+        room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
         format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
         pdu = event_from_pdu_json(content, format_ver)
 
         origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-        yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, pdu.room_id)
+        await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, pdu.room_id)
 
         logger.debug("on_send_leave_request: pdu sigs: %s", pdu.signatures)
-        yield self.handler.on_send_leave_request(origin, pdu)
+
+        pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
+
+        await self.handler.on_send_leave_request(origin, pdu)
         return 200, {}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_event_auth(self, origin, room_id, event_id):
-        with (yield self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
+    async def on_event_auth(self, origin, room_id, event_id):
+        with (await self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
             origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-            yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+            await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
             time_now = self._clock.time_msec()
-            auth_pdus = yield self.handler.on_event_auth(event_id)
+            auth_pdus = await self.handler.on_event_auth(event_id)
             res = {"auth_chain": [a.get_pdu_json(time_now) for a in auth_pdus]}
         return 200, res
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_query_auth_request(self, origin, content, room_id, event_id):
+    async def on_query_auth_request(self, origin, content, room_id, event_id):
         """
         Content is a dict with keys::
             auth_chain (list): A list of events that give the auth chain.
@@ -455,22 +440,22 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         Returns:
             Deferred: Results in `dict` with the same format as `content`
         """
-        with (yield self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
+        with (await self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
             origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-            yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+            await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
-            room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+            room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
             format_ver = room_version_to_event_format(room_version)
 
             auth_chain = [
                 event_from_pdu_json(e, format_ver) for e in content["auth_chain"]
             ]
 
-            signed_auth = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
+            signed_auth = await self._check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch(
                 origin, auth_chain, outlier=True, room_version=room_version
             )
 
-            ret = yield self.handler.on_query_auth(
+            ret = await self.handler.on_query_auth(
                 origin,
                 event_id,
                 room_id,
@@ -496,16 +481,14 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         return self.on_query_request("user_devices", user_id)
 
     @trace
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_claim_client_keys(self, origin, content):
+    async def on_claim_client_keys(self, origin, content):
         query = []
         for user_id, device_keys in content.get("one_time_keys", {}).items():
             for device_id, algorithm in device_keys.items():
                 query.append((user_id, device_id, algorithm))
 
         log_kv({"message": "Claiming one time keys.", "user, device pairs": query})
-        results = yield self.store.claim_e2e_one_time_keys(query)
+        results = await self.store.claim_e2e_one_time_keys(query)
 
         json_result = {}
         for user_id, device_keys in results.items():
@@ -529,14 +512,12 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
 
         return {"one_time_keys": json_result}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_get_missing_events(
+    async def on_get_missing_events(
         self, origin, room_id, earliest_events, latest_events, limit
     ):
-        with (yield self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
+        with (await self._server_linearizer.queue((origin, room_id))):
             origin_host, _ = parse_server_name(origin)
-            yield self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
+            await self.check_server_matches_acl(origin_host, room_id)
 
             logger.info(
                 "on_get_missing_events: earliest_events: %r, latest_events: %r,"
@@ -546,7 +527,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 limit,
             )
 
-            missing_events = yield self.handler.on_get_missing_events(
+            missing_events = await self.handler.on_get_missing_events(
                 origin, room_id, earliest_events, latest_events, limit
             )
 
@@ -579,8 +560,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
             destination=None,
         )
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_received_pdu(self, origin, pdu):
+    async def _handle_received_pdu(self, origin, pdu):
         """ Process a PDU received in a federation /send/ transaction.
 
         If the event is invalid, then this method throws a FederationError.
@@ -633,37 +613,34 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
                 logger.info("Accepting join PDU %s from %s", pdu.event_id, origin)
 
         # We've already checked that we know the room version by this point
-        room_version = yield self.store.get_room_version(pdu.room_id)
+        room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(pdu.room_id)
 
         # Check signature.
         try:
-            pdu = yield self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
+            pdu = await self._check_sigs_and_hash(room_version, pdu)
         except SynapseError as e:
             raise FederationError("ERROR", e.code, e.msg, affected=pdu.event_id)
 
-        yield self.handler.on_receive_pdu(origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=True)
+        await self.handler.on_receive_pdu(origin, pdu, sent_to_us_directly=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "<ReplicationLayer(%s)>" % self.server_name
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def exchange_third_party_invite(
+    async def exchange_third_party_invite(
         self, sender_user_id, target_user_id, room_id, signed
     ):
-        ret = yield self.handler.exchange_third_party_invite(
+        ret = await self.handler.exchange_third_party_invite(
             sender_user_id, target_user_id, room_id, signed
         )
         return ret
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_exchange_third_party_invite_request(self, room_id, event_dict):
-        ret = yield self.handler.on_exchange_third_party_invite_request(
+    async def on_exchange_third_party_invite_request(self, room_id, event_dict):
+        ret = await self.handler.on_exchange_third_party_invite_request(
             room_id, event_dict
         )
         return ret
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def check_server_matches_acl(self, server_name, room_id):
+    async def check_server_matches_acl(self, server_name, room_id):
         """Check if the given server is allowed by the server ACLs in the room
 
         Args:
@@ -673,13 +650,13 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
         Raises:
             AuthError if the server does not match the ACL
         """
-        state_ids = yield self.store.get_current_state_ids(room_id)
+        state_ids = await self.store.get_current_state_ids(room_id)
         acl_event_id = state_ids.get((EventTypes.ServerACL, ""))
 
         if not acl_event_id:
             return
 
-        acl_event = yield self.store.get_event(acl_event_id)
+        acl_event = await self.store.get_event(acl_event_id)
         if server_matches_acl_event(server_name, acl_event):
             return
 
@@ -792,15 +769,14 @@ class FederationHandlerRegistry(object):
 
         self.query_handlers[query_type] = handler
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_edu(self, edu_type, origin, content):
+    async def on_edu(self, edu_type, origin, content):
         handler = self.edu_handlers.get(edu_type)
         if not handler:
             logger.warn("No handler registered for EDU type %s", edu_type)
 
         with start_active_span_from_edu(content, "handle_edu"):
             try:
-                yield handler(origin, content)
+                await handler(origin, content)
             except SynapseError as e:
                 logger.info("Failed to handle edu %r: %r", edu_type, e)
             except Exception:
@@ -833,7 +809,7 @@ class ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry(FederationHandlerRegistry):
 
         super(ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry, self).__init__()
 
-    def on_edu(self, edu_type, origin, content):
+    async def on_edu(self, edu_type, origin, content):
         """Overrides FederationHandlerRegistry
         """
         if not self.config.use_presence and edu_type == "m.presence":
@@ -841,17 +817,17 @@ class ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry(FederationHandlerRegistry):
 
         handler = self.edu_handlers.get(edu_type)
         if handler:
-            return super(ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry, self).on_edu(
+            return await super(ReplicationFederationHandlerRegistry, self).on_edu(
                 edu_type, origin, content
             )
 
-        return self._send_edu(edu_type=edu_type, origin=origin, content=content)
+        return await self._send_edu(edu_type=edu_type, origin=origin, content=content)
 
-    def on_query(self, query_type, args):
+    async def on_query(self, query_type, args):
         """Overrides FederationHandlerRegistry
         """
         handler = self.query_handlers.get(query_type)
         if handler:
-            return handler(args)
+            return await handler(args)
 
-        return self._get_query_client(query_type=query_type, args=args)
+        return await self._get_query_client(query_type=query_type, args=args)
diff --git a/synapse/federation/send_queue.py b/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
index 454456a52d..ced4925a98 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ from six import iteritems
 
 from sortedcontainers import SortedDict
 
+from twisted.internet import defer
+
 from synapse.metrics import LaterGauge
 from synapse.storage.presence import UserPresenceState
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(object):
             receipt (synapse.types.ReadReceipt):
         """
         # nothing to do here: the replication listener will handle it.
-        pass
+        return defer.succeed(None)
 
     def send_presence(self, states):
         """As per FederationSender
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
index 7b18408144..920fa86853 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object):
             Deferred: Results in a dict received from the remote homeserver.
         """
         logger.debug(
-            "backfill dest=%s, room_id=%s, event_tuples=%s, limit=%s",
+            "backfill dest=%s, room_id=%s, event_tuples=%r, limit=%s",
             destination,
             room_id,
-            repr(event_tuples),
+            event_tuples,
             str(limit),
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index 4b4c6c15f9..08276fdebf 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.hs = hs
 
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.federation_client = hs.get_federation_client()
         self.state_handler = hs.get_state_handler()
         self.server_name = hs.hostname
@@ -1222,7 +1223,6 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         Returns:
             Deferred[FrozenEvent]
         """
-
         if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
             logger.info(
                 "Got /make_join request for user %r from different origin %s, ignoring",
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 builder=builder
             )
         except AuthError as e:
-            logger.warn("Failed to create join %r because %s", event, e)
+            logger.warn("Failed to create join to %s because %s", room_id, e)
             raise e
 
         event_allowed = yield self.third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
@@ -1280,11 +1280,20 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
         event = pdu
 
         logger.debug(
-            "on_send_join_request: Got event: %s, signatures: %s",
+            "on_send_join_request from %s: Got event: %s, signatures: %s",
+            origin,
             event.event_id,
             event.signatures,
         )
 
+        if get_domain_from_id(event.sender) != origin:
+            logger.info(
+                "Got /send_join request for user %r from different origin %s",
+                event.sender,
+                origin,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(403, "User not from origin", Codes.FORBIDDEN)
+
         event.internal_metadata.outlier = False
         # Send this event on behalf of the origin server.
         #
@@ -1503,6 +1512,14 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
             event.signatures,
         )
 
+        if get_domain_from_id(event.sender) != origin:
+            logger.info(
+                "Got /send_leave request for user %r from different origin %s",
+                event.sender,
+                origin,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(403, "User not from origin", Codes.FORBIDDEN)
+
         event.internal_metadata.outlier = False
 
         context = yield self._handle_new_event(origin, event)
@@ -2648,7 +2665,7 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler):
                 backfilled=backfilled,
             )
         else:
-            max_stream_id = yield self.store.persist_events(
+            max_stream_id = yield self.storage.persistence.persist_events(
                 event_and_contexts, backfilled=backfilled
             )
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/message.py b/synapse/handlers/message.py
index 0f8cce8ffe..7908a2d52c 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -234,6 +234,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
         self.hs = hs
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
         self.clock = hs.get_clock()
         self.validator = EventValidator()
@@ -868,7 +869,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler(object):
             if prev_state_ids:
                 raise AuthError(403, "Changing the room create event is forbidden")
 
-        (event_stream_id, max_stream_id) = yield self.store.persist_event(
+        event_stream_id, max_stream_id = yield self.storage.persistence.persist_event(
             event, context=context
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py b/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py
index 3e4d8c93a4..e3b528d271 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/read_marker.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import logging
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
 
 from ._base import BaseHandler
@@ -32,8 +30,7 @@ class ReadMarkerHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.read_marker_linearizer = Linearizer(name="read_marker")
         self.notifier = hs.get_notifier()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def received_client_read_marker(self, room_id, user_id, event_id):
+    async def received_client_read_marker(self, room_id, user_id, event_id):
         """Updates the read marker for a given user in a given room if the event ID given
         is ahead in the stream relative to the current read marker.
 
@@ -41,8 +38,8 @@ class ReadMarkerHandler(BaseHandler):
         the read marker has changed.
         """
 
-        with (yield self.read_marker_linearizer.queue((room_id, user_id))):
-            existing_read_marker = yield self.store.get_account_data_for_room_and_type(
+        with await self.read_marker_linearizer.queue((room_id, user_id)):
+            existing_read_marker = await self.store.get_account_data_for_room_and_type(
                 user_id, room_id, "m.fully_read"
             )
 
@@ -50,13 +47,13 @@ class ReadMarkerHandler(BaseHandler):
 
             if existing_read_marker:
                 # Only update if the new marker is ahead in the stream
-                should_update = yield self.store.is_event_after(
+                should_update = await self.store.is_event_after(
                     event_id, existing_read_marker["event_id"]
                 )
 
             if should_update:
                 content = {"event_id": event_id}
-                max_id = yield self.store.add_account_data_to_room(
+                max_id = await self.store.add_account_data_to_room(
                     user_id, room_id, "m.fully_read", content
                 )
                 self.notifier.on_new_event("account_data_key", max_id, users=[user_id])
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/receipts.py b/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
index 6854c751a6..9283c039e3 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/receipts.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
 
 from synapse.handlers._base import BaseHandler
 from synapse.types import ReadReceipt, get_domain_from_id
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import maybe_awaitable
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -36,8 +37,7 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
         self.clock = self.hs.get_clock()
         self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _received_remote_receipt(self, origin, content):
+    async def _received_remote_receipt(self, origin, content):
         """Called when we receive an EDU of type m.receipt from a remote HS.
         """
         receipts = []
@@ -62,17 +62,16 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
                         )
                     )
 
-        yield self._handle_new_receipts(receipts)
+        await self._handle_new_receipts(receipts)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_new_receipts(self, receipts):
+    async def _handle_new_receipts(self, receipts):
         """Takes a list of receipts, stores them and informs the notifier.
         """
         min_batch_id = None
         max_batch_id = None
 
         for receipt in receipts:
-            res = yield self.store.insert_receipt(
+            res = await self.store.insert_receipt(
                 receipt.room_id,
                 receipt.receipt_type,
                 receipt.user_id,
@@ -99,14 +98,15 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         self.notifier.on_new_event("receipt_key", max_batch_id, rooms=affected_room_ids)
         # Note that the min here shouldn't be relied upon to be accurate.
-        yield self.hs.get_pusherpool().on_new_receipts(
-            min_batch_id, max_batch_id, affected_room_ids
+        await maybe_awaitable(
+            self.hs.get_pusherpool().on_new_receipts(
+                min_batch_id, max_batch_id, affected_room_ids
+            )
         )
 
         return True
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def received_client_receipt(self, room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_id):
+    async def received_client_receipt(self, room_id, receipt_type, user_id, event_id):
         """Called when a client tells us a local user has read up to the given
         event_id in the room.
         """
@@ -118,24 +118,11 @@ class ReceiptsHandler(BaseHandler):
             data={"ts": int(self.clock.time_msec())},
         )
 
-        is_new = yield self._handle_new_receipts([receipt])
+        is_new = await self._handle_new_receipts([receipt])
         if not is_new:
             return
 
-        yield self.federation.send_read_receipt(receipt)
-
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_receipts_for_room(self, room_id, to_key):
-        """Gets all receipts for a room, upto the given key.
-        """
-        result = yield self.store.get_linearized_receipts_for_room(
-            room_id, to_key=to_key
-        )
-
-        if not result:
-            return []
-
-        return result
+        await self.federation.send_read_receipt(receipt)
 
 
 class ReceiptEventSource(object):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/stats.py b/synapse/handlers/stats.py
index 466daf9202..26bc276692 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/stats.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/stats.py
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ class StatsHandler(StateDeltasHandler):
         self.is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
         self.stats_bucket_size = hs.config.stats_bucket_size
 
+        self.stats_enabled = hs.config.stats_enabled
+
         # The current position in the current_state_delta stream
         self.pos = None
 
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ class StatsHandler(StateDeltasHandler):
     def notify_new_event(self):
         """Called when there may be more deltas to process
         """
-        if not self.hs.config.stats_enabled or self._is_processing:
+        if not self.stats_enabled or self._is_processing:
             return
 
         self._is_processing = True
diff --git a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
index 22491f3700..2bbdd11941 100644
--- a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator(object):
             dict of user_id -> push_rules
         """
         room_id = event.room_id
-        rules_for_room = self._get_rules_for_room(room_id)
+        rules_for_room = yield self._get_rules_for_room(room_id)
 
         rules_by_user = yield rules_for_room.get_rules(event, context)
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
index 03560c1f0e..9be37cd998 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
@@ -110,14 +110,14 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(object):
         return {}
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def _handle_request(self, request, **kwargs):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, **kwargs):
         """Handle incoming request.
 
         This is called with the request object and PATH_ARGS.
 
         Returns:
-            Deferred[dict]: A JSON serialisable dict to be used as response
-            body of request.
+            tuple[int, dict]: HTTP status code and a JSON serialisable dict
+            to be used as response body of request.
         """
         pass
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/federation.py b/synapse/replication/http/federation.py
index 2f16955954..9af4e7e173 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/federation.py
@@ -82,8 +82,7 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
         return payload
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request):
         with Measure(self.clock, "repl_fed_send_events_parse"):
             content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
@@ -101,15 +100,13 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
                 EventType = event_type_from_format_version(format_ver)
                 event = EventType(event_dict, internal_metadata, rejected_reason)
 
-                context = yield EventContext.deserialize(
-                    self.store, event_payload["context"]
-                )
+                context = EventContext.deserialize(self.store, event_payload["context"])
 
                 event_and_contexts.append((event, context))
 
         logger.info("Got %d events from federation", len(event_and_contexts))
 
-        yield self.federation_handler.persist_events_and_notify(
+        await self.federation_handler.persist_events_and_notify(
             event_and_contexts, backfilled
         )
 
@@ -144,8 +141,7 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEduRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
     def _serialize_payload(edu_type, origin, content):
         return {"origin": origin, "content": content}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, edu_type):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, edu_type):
         with Measure(self.clock, "repl_fed_send_edu_parse"):
             content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
@@ -154,7 +150,7 @@ class ReplicationFederationSendEduRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
         logger.info("Got %r edu from %s", edu_type, origin)
 
-        result = yield self.registry.on_edu(edu_type, origin, edu_content)
+        result = await self.registry.on_edu(edu_type, origin, edu_content)
 
         return 200, result
 
@@ -193,8 +189,7 @@ class ReplicationGetQueryRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         """
         return {"args": args}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, query_type):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, query_type):
         with Measure(self.clock, "repl_fed_query_parse"):
             content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
@@ -202,7 +197,7 @@ class ReplicationGetQueryRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
         logger.info("Got %r query", query_type)
 
-        result = yield self.registry.on_query(query_type, args)
+        result = await self.registry.on_query(query_type, args)
 
         return 200, result
 
@@ -234,9 +229,8 @@ class ReplicationCleanRoomRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         """
         return {}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, room_id):
-        yield self.store.clean_room_for_join(room_id)
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, room_id):
+        await self.store.clean_room_for_join(room_id)
 
         return 200, {}
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/login.py b/synapse/replication/http/login.py
index 786f5232b2..798b9d3af5 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/login.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/login.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import logging
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.http.servlet import parse_json_object_from_request
 from synapse.replication.http._base import ReplicationEndpoint
 
@@ -52,15 +50,14 @@ class RegisterDeviceReplicationServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "is_guest": is_guest,
         }
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, user_id):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, user_id):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         device_id = content["device_id"]
         initial_display_name = content["initial_display_name"]
         is_guest = content["is_guest"]
 
-        device_id, access_token = yield self.registration_handler.register_device(
+        device_id, access_token = await self.registration_handler.register_device(
             user_id, device_id, initial_display_name, is_guest
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/membership.py b/synapse/replication/http/membership.py
index b9ce3477ad..b5f5f13a62 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/membership.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/membership.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import logging
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.http.servlet import parse_json_object_from_request
 from synapse.replication.http._base import ReplicationEndpoint
 from synapse.types import Requester, UserID
@@ -65,8 +63,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteJoinRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "content": content,
         }
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, room_id, user_id):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, room_id, user_id):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         remote_room_hosts = content["remote_room_hosts"]
@@ -79,7 +76,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteJoinRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
         logger.info("remote_join: %s into room: %s", user_id, room_id)
 
-        yield self.federation_handler.do_invite_join(
+        await self.federation_handler.do_invite_join(
             remote_room_hosts, room_id, user_id, event_content
         )
 
@@ -123,8 +120,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "remote_room_hosts": remote_room_hosts,
         }
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, room_id, user_id):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, room_id, user_id):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         remote_room_hosts = content["remote_room_hosts"]
@@ -137,7 +133,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         logger.info("remote_reject_invite: %s out of room: %s", user_id, room_id)
 
         try:
-            event = yield self.federation_handler.do_remotely_reject_invite(
+            event = await self.federation_handler.do_remotely_reject_invite(
                 remote_room_hosts, room_id, user_id
             )
             ret = event.get_pdu_json()
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@ class ReplicationRemoteRejectInviteRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             #
             logger.warn("Failed to reject invite: %s", e)
 
-            yield self.store.locally_reject_invite(user_id, room_id)
+            await self.store.locally_reject_invite(user_id, room_id)
             ret = {}
 
         return 200, ret
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/register.py b/synapse/replication/http/register.py
index 38260256cf..915cfb9430 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/register.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/register.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import logging
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.http.servlet import parse_json_object_from_request
 from synapse.replication.http._base import ReplicationEndpoint
 
@@ -74,11 +72,10 @@ class ReplicationRegisterServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "address": address,
         }
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, user_id):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, user_id):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        yield self.registration_handler.register_with_store(
+        await self.registration_handler.register_with_store(
             user_id=user_id,
             password_hash=content["password_hash"],
             was_guest=content["was_guest"],
@@ -117,14 +114,13 @@ class ReplicationPostRegisterActionsServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
         """
         return {"auth_result": auth_result, "access_token": access_token}
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, user_id):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, user_id):
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         auth_result = content["auth_result"]
         access_token = content["access_token"]
 
-        yield self.registration_handler.post_registration_actions(
+        await self.registration_handler.post_registration_actions(
             user_id=user_id, auth_result=auth_result, access_token=access_token
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py b/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
index adb9b2f7f4..9bafd60b14 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/send_event.py
@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
 
         return payload
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _handle_request(self, request, event_id):
+    async def _handle_request(self, request, event_id):
         with Measure(self.clock, "repl_send_event_parse"):
             content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             event = EventType(event_dict, internal_metadata, rejected_reason)
 
             requester = Requester.deserialize(self.store, content["requester"])
-            context = yield EventContext.deserialize(self.store, content["context"])
+            context = EventContext.deserialize(self.store, content["context"])
 
             ratelimit = content["ratelimit"]
             extra_users = [UserID.from_string(u) for u in content["extra_users"]]
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ class ReplicationSendEventRestServlet(ReplicationEndpoint):
             "Got event to send with ID: %s into room: %s", event.event_id, event.room_id
         )
 
-        yield self.event_creation_handler.persist_and_notify_client_event(
+        await self.event_creation_handler.persist_and_notify_client_event(
             requester, event, context, ratelimit=ratelimit, extra_users=extra_users
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py
index 9c1d41421c..86bbcc0eea 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ from six.moves.urllib import parse as urlparse
 
 from canonicaljson import json
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import (
     AuthError,
@@ -85,11 +83,10 @@ class RoomCreateRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         set_tag("txn_id", txn_id)
         return self.txns.fetch_or_execute_request(request, self.on_POST, request)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_POST(self, request):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        info = yield self._room_creation_handler.create_room(
+        info = await self._room_creation_handler.create_room(
             requester, self.get_room_config(request)
         )
 
@@ -154,15 +151,14 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
     def on_PUT_no_state_key(self, request, room_id, event_type):
         return self.on_PUT(request, room_id, event_type, "")
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_type, state_key):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_type, state_key):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         format = parse_string(
             request, "format", default="content", allowed_values=["content", "event"]
         )
 
         msg_handler = self.message_handler
-        data = yield msg_handler.get_room_data(
+        data = await msg_handler.get_room_data(
             user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
             room_id=room_id,
             event_type=event_type,
@@ -179,9 +175,8 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         elif format == "content":
             return 200, data.get_dict()["content"]
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_PUT(self, request, room_id, event_type, state_key, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_PUT(self, request, room_id, event_type, state_key, txn_id=None):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         if txn_id:
             set_tag("txn_id", txn_id)
@@ -200,7 +195,7 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
         if event_type == EventTypes.Member:
             membership = content.get("membership", None)
-            event = yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
+            event = await self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
                 requester,
                 target=UserID.from_string(state_key),
                 room_id=room_id,
@@ -208,7 +203,7 @@ class RoomStateEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
                 content=content,
             )
         else:
-            event = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+            event = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
                 requester, event_dict, txn_id=txn_id
             )
 
@@ -231,9 +226,8 @@ class RoomSendEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/send/(?P<event_type>[^/]*)"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server, with_get=True)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_id, event_type, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_id, event_type, txn_id=None):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         event_dict = {
@@ -246,7 +240,7 @@ class RoomSendEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         if b"ts" in request.args and requester.app_service:
             event_dict["origin_server_ts"] = parse_integer(request, "ts", 0)
 
-        event = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+        event = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
             requester, event_dict, txn_id=txn_id
         )
 
@@ -276,9 +270,8 @@ class JoinRoomAliasServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         PATTERNS = "/join/(?P<room_identifier>[^/]*)"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_identifier, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_identifier, txn_id=None):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         try:
             content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
@@ -298,14 +291,14 @@ class JoinRoomAliasServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         elif RoomAlias.is_valid(room_identifier):
             handler = self.room_member_handler
             room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(room_identifier)
-            room_id, remote_room_hosts = yield handler.lookup_room_alias(room_alias)
+            room_id, remote_room_hosts = await handler.lookup_room_alias(room_alias)
             room_id = room_id.to_string()
         else:
             raise SynapseError(
                 400, "%s was not legal room ID or room alias" % (room_identifier,)
             )
 
-        yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
+        await self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             requester=requester,
             target=requester.user,
             room_id=room_id,
@@ -335,12 +328,11 @@ class PublicRoomListRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         self.hs = hs
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request):
+    async def on_GET(self, request):
         server = parse_string(request, "server", default=None)
 
         try:
-            yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+            await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         except InvalidClientCredentialsError as e:
             # Option to allow servers to require auth when accessing
             # /publicRooms via CS API. This is especially helpful in private
@@ -367,19 +359,18 @@ class PublicRoomListRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
         handler = self.hs.get_room_list_handler()
         if server:
-            data = yield handler.get_remote_public_room_list(
+            data = await handler.get_remote_public_room_list(
                 server, limit=limit, since_token=since_token
             )
         else:
-            data = yield handler.get_local_public_room_list(
+            data = await handler.get_local_public_room_list(
                 limit=limit, since_token=since_token
             )
 
         return 200, data
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request):
-        yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_POST(self, request):
+        await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         server = parse_string(request, "server", default=None)
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
@@ -408,7 +399,7 @@ class PublicRoomListRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
 
         handler = self.hs.get_room_list_handler()
         if server:
-            data = yield handler.get_remote_public_room_list(
+            data = await handler.get_remote_public_room_list(
                 server,
                 limit=limit,
                 since_token=since_token,
@@ -417,7 +408,7 @@ class PublicRoomListRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
                 third_party_instance_id=third_party_instance_id,
             )
         else:
-            data = yield handler.get_local_public_room_list(
+            data = await handler.get_local_public_room_list(
                 limit=limit,
                 since_token=since_token,
                 search_filter=search_filter,
@@ -436,10 +427,9 @@ class RoomMemberListRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.message_handler = hs.get_message_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
         # TODO support Pagination stream API (limit/tokens)
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         handler = self.message_handler
 
         # request the state as of a given event, as identified by a stream token,
@@ -459,7 +449,7 @@ class RoomMemberListRestServlet(RestServlet):
         membership = parse_string(request, "membership")
         not_membership = parse_string(request, "not_membership")
 
-        events = yield handler.get_state_events(
+        events = await handler.get_state_events(
             room_id=room_id,
             user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
             at_token=at_token,
@@ -488,11 +478,10 @@ class JoinedRoomMemberListRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.message_handler = hs.get_message_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        users_with_profile = yield self.message_handler.get_joined_members(
+        users_with_profile = await self.message_handler.get_joined_members(
             requester, room_id
         )
 
@@ -508,9 +497,8 @@ class RoomMessageListRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.pagination_handler = hs.get_pagination_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         pagination_config = PaginationConfig.from_request(request, default_limit=10)
         as_client_event = b"raw" not in request.args
         filter_bytes = parse_string(request, b"filter", encoding=None)
@@ -521,7 +509,7 @@ class RoomMessageListRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 as_client_event = False
         else:
             event_filter = None
-        msgs = yield self.pagination_handler.get_messages(
+        msgs = await self.pagination_handler.get_messages(
             room_id=room_id,
             requester=requester,
             pagin_config=pagination_config,
@@ -541,11 +529,10 @@ class RoomStateRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.message_handler = hs.get_message_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         # Get all the current state for this room
-        events = yield self.message_handler.get_state_events(
+        events = await self.message_handler.get_state_events(
             room_id=room_id,
             user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
             is_guest=requester.is_guest,
@@ -562,11 +549,10 @@ class RoomInitialSyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.initial_sync_handler = hs.get_initial_sync_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         pagination_config = PaginationConfig.from_request(request)
-        content = yield self.initial_sync_handler.room_initial_sync(
+        content = await self.initial_sync_handler.room_initial_sync(
             room_id=room_id, requester=requester, pagin_config=pagination_config
         )
         return 200, content
@@ -584,11 +570,10 @@ class RoomEventServlet(RestServlet):
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
         try:
-            event = yield self.event_handler.get_event(
+            event = await self.event_handler.get_event(
                 requester.user, room_id, event_id
             )
         except AuthError:
@@ -599,7 +584,7 @@ class RoomEventServlet(RestServlet):
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
         if event:
-            event = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(event, time_now)
+            event = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(event, time_now)
             return 200, event
 
         return SynapseError(404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND)
@@ -617,9 +602,8 @@ class RoomEventContextServlet(RestServlet):
         self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request, room_id, event_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=10)
 
@@ -631,7 +615,7 @@ class RoomEventContextServlet(RestServlet):
         else:
             event_filter = None
 
-        results = yield self.room_context_handler.get_event_context(
+        results = await self.room_context_handler.get_event_context(
             requester.user, room_id, event_id, limit, event_filter
         )
 
@@ -639,16 +623,16 @@ class RoomEventContextServlet(RestServlet):
             raise SynapseError(404, "Event not found.", errcode=Codes.NOT_FOUND)
 
         time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
-        results["events_before"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["events_before"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["events_before"], time_now
         )
-        results["event"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
+        results["event"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_event(
             results["event"], time_now
         )
-        results["events_after"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["events_after"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["events_after"], time_now
         )
-        results["state"] = yield self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
+        results["state"] = await self._event_serializer.serialize_events(
             results["state"], time_now
         )
 
@@ -665,11 +649,10 @@ class RoomForgetRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/forget"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_id, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=False)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_id, txn_id=None):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=False)
 
-        yield self.room_member_handler.forget(user=requester.user, room_id=room_id)
+        await self.room_member_handler.forget(user=requester.user, room_id=room_id)
 
         return 200, {}
 
@@ -696,9 +679,8 @@ class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         )
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_id, membership_action, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_id, membership_action, txn_id=None):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
         if requester.is_guest and membership_action not in {
             Membership.JOIN,
@@ -714,7 +696,7 @@ class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
             content = {}
 
         if membership_action == "invite" and self._has_3pid_invite_keys(content):
-            yield self.room_member_handler.do_3pid_invite(
+            await self.room_member_handler.do_3pid_invite(
                 room_id,
                 requester.user,
                 content["medium"],
@@ -735,7 +717,7 @@ class RoomMembershipRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         if "reason" in content and membership_action in ["kick", "ban"]:
             event_content = {"reason": content["reason"]}
 
-        yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
+        await self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             requester=requester,
             target=target,
             room_id=room_id,
@@ -777,12 +759,11 @@ class RoomRedactEventRestServlet(TransactionRestServlet):
         PATTERNS = "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/redact/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)"
         register_txn_path(self, PATTERNS, http_server)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_id, event_id, txn_id=None):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_id, event_id, txn_id=None):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        event = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+        event = await self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
             requester,
             {
                 "type": EventTypes.Redaction,
@@ -816,29 +797,28 @@ class RoomTypingRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.typing_handler = hs.get_typing_handler()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_PUT(self, request, room_id, user_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_PUT(self, request, room_id, user_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         room_id = urlparse.unquote(room_id)
         target_user = UserID.from_string(urlparse.unquote(user_id))
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
-        yield self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
+        await self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
 
         # Limit timeout to stop people from setting silly typing timeouts.
         timeout = min(content.get("timeout", 30000), 120000)
 
         if content["typing"]:
-            yield self.typing_handler.started_typing(
+            await self.typing_handler.started_typing(
                 target_user=target_user,
                 auth_user=requester.user,
                 room_id=room_id,
                 timeout=timeout,
             )
         else:
-            yield self.typing_handler.stopped_typing(
+            await self.typing_handler.stopped_typing(
                 target_user=target_user, auth_user=requester.user, room_id=room_id
             )
 
@@ -853,14 +833,13 @@ class SearchRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.handlers = hs.get_handlers()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_POST(self, request):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         batch = parse_string(request, "next_batch")
-        results = yield self.handlers.search_handler.search(
+        results = await self.handlers.search_handler.search(
             requester.user, content, batch
         )
 
@@ -875,11 +854,10 @@ class JoinedRoomsRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
         self.auth = hs.get_auth()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_GET(self, request):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
+    async def on_GET(self, request):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=True)
 
-        room_ids = yield self.store.get_rooms_for_user(requester.user.to_string())
+        room_ids = await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(requester.user.to_string())
         return 200, {"joined_rooms": list(room_ids)}
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py
index b3bf8567e1..67cbc37312 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/read_marker.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import logging
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_json_object_from_request
 
 from ._base import client_patterns
@@ -34,17 +32,16 @@ class ReadMarkerRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.read_marker_handler = hs.get_read_marker_handler()
         self.presence_handler = hs.get_presence_handler()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
-        yield self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
+        await self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
 
         body = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
 
         read_event_id = body.get("m.read", None)
         if read_event_id:
-            yield self.receipts_handler.received_client_receipt(
+            await self.receipts_handler.received_client_receipt(
                 room_id,
                 "m.read",
                 user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
@@ -53,7 +50,7 @@ class ReadMarkerRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         read_marker_event_id = body.get("m.fully_read", None)
         if read_marker_event_id:
-            yield self.read_marker_handler.received_client_read_marker(
+            await self.read_marker_handler.received_client_read_marker(
                 room_id,
                 user_id=requester.user.to_string(),
                 event_id=read_marker_event_id,
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py
index 0dab03d227..92555bd4a9 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/receipts.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import logging
 
-from twisted.internet import defer
-
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet
 
@@ -39,16 +37,15 @@ class ReceiptRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.receipts_handler = hs.get_receipts_handler()
         self.presence_handler = hs.get_presence_handler()
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def on_POST(self, request, room_id, receipt_type, event_id):
-        requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+    async def on_POST(self, request, room_id, receipt_type, event_id):
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
 
         if receipt_type != "m.read":
             raise SynapseError(400, "Receipt type must be 'm.read'")
 
-        yield self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
+        await self.presence_handler.bump_presence_active_time(requester.user)
 
-        yield self.receipts_handler.received_client_receipt(
+        await self.receipts_handler.received_client_receipt(
             room_id, receipt_type, user_id=requester.user.to_string(), event_id=event_id
         )
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py
index a883c8adda..541a6b0e10 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/sync.py
@@ -112,9 +112,14 @@ class SyncRestServlet(RestServlet):
         full_state = parse_boolean(request, "full_state", default=False)
 
         logger.debug(
-            "/sync: user=%r, timeout=%r, since=%r,"
-            " set_presence=%r, filter_id=%r, device_id=%r"
-            % (user, timeout, since, set_presence, filter_id, device_id)
+            "/sync: user=%r, timeout=%r, since=%r, "
+            "set_presence=%r, filter_id=%r, device_id=%r",
+            user,
+            timeout,
+            since,
+            set_presence,
+            filter_id,
+            device_id,
         )
 
         request_key = (user, timeout, since, filter_id, full_state, device_id)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
index 0c68c3aad5..094ebad770 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
@@ -117,8 +117,10 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(DirectServeResource):
                 pattern = entry[attrib]
                 value = getattr(url_tuple, attrib)
                 logger.debug(
-                    ("Matching attrib '%s' with value '%s' against" " pattern '%s'")
-                    % (attrib, value, pattern)
+                    "Matching attrib '%s' with value '%s' against" " pattern '%s'",
+                    attrib,
+                    value,
+                    pattern,
                 )
 
                 if value is None:
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(DirectServeResource):
 
         media_info = yield self._download_url(url, user)
 
-        logger.debug("got media_info of '%s'" % media_info)
+        logger.debug("got media_info of '%s'", media_info)
 
         if _is_media(media_info["media_type"]):
             file_id = media_info["filesystem_id"]
@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(DirectServeResource):
                         og["og:image:width"] = dims["width"]
                         og["og:image:height"] = dims["height"]
                     else:
-                        logger.warn("Couldn't get dims for %s" % og["og:image"])
+                        logger.warn("Couldn't get dims for %s", og["og:image"])
 
                     og["og:image"] = "mxc://%s/%s" % (
                         self.server_name,
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(DirectServeResource):
             logger.warn("Failed to find any OG data in %s", url)
             og = {}
 
-        logger.debug("Calculated OG for %s as %s" % (url, og))
+        logger.debug("Calculated OG for %s as %s", url, og)
 
         jsonog = json.dumps(og)
 
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ class PreviewUrlResource(DirectServeResource):
 
         with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish):
             try:
-                logger.debug("Trying to get url '%s'" % url)
+                logger.debug("Trying to get url '%s'", url)
                 length, headers, uri, code = yield self.client.get_file(
                     url, output_stream=f, max_size=self.max_spider_size
                 )
diff --git a/synapse/server.py b/synapse/server.py
index 1fcc7375d3..0b81af646c 100644
--- a/synapse/server.py
+++ b/synapse/server.py
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ from synapse.server_notices.worker_server_notices_sender import (
     WorkerServerNoticesSender,
 )
 from synapse.state import StateHandler, StateResolutionHandler
+from synapse.storage import DataStores, Storage
 from synapse.streams.events import EventSources
 from synapse.util import Clock
 from synapse.util.distributor import Distributor
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ class HomeServer(object):
         "account_validity_handler",
         "saml_handler",
         "event_client_serializer",
+        "storage",
     ]
 
     REQUIRED_ON_MASTER_STARTUP = ["user_directory_handler", "stats_handler"]
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@ class HomeServer(object):
         self.admin_redaction_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter()
         self.registration_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter()
 
-        self.datastore = None
+        self.datastores = None
 
         # Other kwargs are explicit dependencies
         for depname in kwargs:
@@ -233,7 +235,8 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     def setup(self):
         logger.info("Setting up.")
         with self.get_db_conn() as conn:
-            self.datastore = self.DATASTORE_CLASS(conn, self)
+            datastore = self.DATASTORE_CLASS(conn, self)
+            self.datastores = DataStores(datastore, conn, self)
             conn.commit()
         logger.info("Finished setting up.")
 
@@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ class HomeServer(object):
         return self.clock
 
     def get_datastore(self):
-        return self.datastore
+        return self.datastores.main
 
     def get_config(self):
         return self.config
@@ -537,6 +540,9 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     def build_event_client_serializer(self):
         return EventClientSerializer(self)
 
+    def build_storage(self) -> Storage:
+        return Storage(self, self.datastores)
+
     def remove_pusher(self, app_id, push_key, user_id):
         return self.get_pusherpool().remove_pusher(app_id, push_key, user_id)
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/__init__.py b/synapse/storage/__init__.py
index a249ecd219..a6429d17ed 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/__init__.py
@@ -27,7 +27,24 @@ data stores associated with them (e.g. the schema version tables), which are
 stored in `synapse.storage.schema`.
 """
 
-from synapse.storage.data_stores.main import DataStore  # noqa: F401
+from synapse.storage.data_stores import DataStores
+from synapse.storage.data_stores.main import DataStore
+from synapse.storage.persist_events import EventsPersistenceStorage
+
+__all__ = ["DataStores", "DataStore"]
+
+
+class Storage(object):
+    """The high level interfaces for talking to various storage layers.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hs, stores: DataStores):
+        # We include the main data store here mainly so that we don't have to
+        # rewrite all the existing code to split it into high vs low level
+        # interfaces.
+        self.main = stores.main
+
+        self.persistence = EventsPersistenceStorage(hs, stores)
 
 
 def are_all_users_on_domain(txn, database_engine, domain):
diff --git a/synapse/storage/background_updates.py b/synapse/storage/background_updates.py
index 80b57a948c..37d469ffd7 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/background_updates.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/background_updates.py
@@ -94,13 +94,16 @@ class BackgroundUpdateStore(SQLBaseStore):
         self._all_done = False
 
     def start_doing_background_updates(self):
-        run_as_background_process("background_updates", self._run_background_updates)
+        run_as_background_process("background_updates", self.run_background_updates)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _run_background_updates(self):
+    def run_background_updates(self, sleep=True):
         logger.info("Starting background schema updates")
         while True:
-            yield self.hs.get_clock().sleep(self.BACKGROUND_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS / 1000.0)
+            if sleep:
+                yield self.hs.get_clock().sleep(
+                    self.BACKGROUND_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS / 1000.0
+                )
 
             try:
                 result = yield self.do_next_background_update(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/__init__.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/__init__.py
index 56094078ed..cb184a98cc 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/__init__.py
@@ -12,3 +12,15 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+
+
+class DataStores(object):
+    """The various data stores.
+
+    These are low level interfaces to physical databases.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, main_store, db_conn, hs):
+        # Note we pass in the main store here as workers use a different main
+        # store.
+        self.main = main_store
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/e2e_room_keys.py
index ef88e79293..1cbbae5b63 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -321,9 +321,17 @@ class EndToEndRoomKeyStore(SQLBaseStore):
         def _delete_e2e_room_keys_version_txn(txn):
             if version is None:
                 this_version = self._get_current_version(txn, user_id)
+                if this_version is None:
+                    raise StoreError(404, "No current backup version")
             else:
                 this_version = version
 
+            self._simple_delete_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="e2e_room_keys",
+                keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "version": this_version},
+            )
+
             return self._simple_update_one_txn(
                 txn,
                 table="e2e_room_keys_versions",
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/end_to_end_keys.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/end_to_end_keys.py
index f5c3ed9dc2..a0bc6f2d18 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -248,6 +248,73 @@ class EndToEndKeyWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
 
         return self.runInteraction("count_e2e_one_time_keys", _count_e2e_one_time_keys)
 
+    def _get_e2e_cross_signing_key_txn(self, txn, user_id, key_type, from_user_id=None):
+        """Returns a user's cross-signing key.
+
+        Args:
+            txn (twisted.enterprise.adbapi.Connection): db connection
+            user_id (str): the user whose key is being requested
+            key_type (str): the type of key that is being set: either 'master'
+                for a master key, 'self_signing' for a self-signing key, or
+                'user_signing' for a user-signing key
+            from_user_id (str): if specified, signatures made by this user on
+                the key will be included in the result
+
+        Returns:
+            dict of the key data or None if not found
+        """
+        sql = (
+            "SELECT keydata "
+            "  FROM e2e_cross_signing_keys "
+            " WHERE user_id = ? AND keytype = ? ORDER BY stream_id DESC LIMIT 1"
+        )
+        txn.execute(sql, (user_id, key_type))
+        row = txn.fetchone()
+        if not row:
+            return None
+        key = json.loads(row[0])
+
+        device_id = None
+        for k in key["keys"].values():
+            device_id = k
+
+        if from_user_id is not None:
+            sql = (
+                "SELECT key_id, signature "
+                "  FROM e2e_cross_signing_signatures "
+                " WHERE user_id = ? "
+                "   AND target_user_id = ? "
+                "   AND target_device_id = ? "
+            )
+            txn.execute(sql, (from_user_id, user_id, device_id))
+            row = txn.fetchone()
+            if row:
+                key.setdefault("signatures", {}).setdefault(from_user_id, {})[
+                    row[0]
+                ] = row[1]
+
+        return key
+
+    def get_e2e_cross_signing_key(self, user_id, key_type, from_user_id=None):
+        """Returns a user's cross-signing key.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id (str): the user whose self-signing key is being requested
+            key_type (str): the type of cross-signing key to get
+            from_user_id (str): if specified, signatures made by this user on
+                the self-signing key will be included in the result
+
+        Returns:
+            dict of the key data or None if not found
+        """
+        return self.runInteraction(
+            "get_e2e_cross_signing_key",
+            self._get_e2e_cross_signing_key_txn,
+            user_id,
+            key_type,
+            from_user_id,
+        )
+
 
 class EndToEndKeyStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
     def set_e2e_device_keys(self, user_id, device_id, time_now, device_keys):
@@ -426,73 +493,6 @@ class EndToEndKeyStore(EndToEndKeyWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
             key,
         )
 
-    def _get_e2e_cross_signing_key_txn(self, txn, user_id, key_type, from_user_id=None):
-        """Returns a user's cross-signing key.
-
-        Args:
-            txn (twisted.enterprise.adbapi.Connection): db connection
-            user_id (str): the user whose key is being requested
-            key_type (str): the type of key that is being set: either 'master'
-                for a master key, 'self_signing' for a self-signing key, or
-                'user_signing' for a user-signing key
-            from_user_id (str): if specified, signatures made by this user on
-                the key will be included in the result
-
-        Returns:
-            dict of the key data or None if not found
-        """
-        sql = (
-            "SELECT keydata "
-            "  FROM e2e_cross_signing_keys "
-            " WHERE user_id = ? AND keytype = ? ORDER BY stream_id DESC LIMIT 1"
-        )
-        txn.execute(sql, (user_id, key_type))
-        row = txn.fetchone()
-        if not row:
-            return None
-        key = json.loads(row[0])
-
-        device_id = None
-        for k in key["keys"].values():
-            device_id = k
-
-        if from_user_id is not None:
-            sql = (
-                "SELECT key_id, signature "
-                "  FROM e2e_cross_signing_signatures "
-                " WHERE user_id = ? "
-                "   AND target_user_id = ? "
-                "   AND target_device_id = ? "
-            )
-            txn.execute(sql, (from_user_id, user_id, device_id))
-            row = txn.fetchone()
-            if row:
-                key.setdefault("signatures", {}).setdefault(from_user_id, {})[
-                    row[0]
-                ] = row[1]
-
-        return key
-
-    def get_e2e_cross_signing_key(self, user_id, key_type, from_user_id=None):
-        """Returns a user's cross-signing key.
-
-        Args:
-            user_id (str): the user whose self-signing key is being requested
-            key_type (str): the type of cross-signing key to get
-            from_user_id (str): if specified, signatures made by this user on
-                the self-signing key will be included in the result
-
-        Returns:
-            dict of the key data or None if not found
-        """
-        return self.runInteraction(
-            "get_e2e_cross_signing_key",
-            self._get_e2e_cross_signing_key_txn,
-            user_id,
-            key_type,
-            from_user_id,
-        )
-
     def store_e2e_cross_signing_signatures(self, user_id, signatures):
         """Stores cross-signing signatures.
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/event_federation.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/event_federation.py
index a470a48e0f..90bef0cd2c 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/event_federation.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/event_federation.py
@@ -364,9 +364,7 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SignatureWorkerStore, SQLBas
         )
 
     def _get_backfill_events(self, txn, room_id, event_list, limit):
-        logger.debug(
-            "_get_backfill_events: %s, %s, %s", room_id, repr(event_list), limit
-        )
+        logger.debug("_get_backfill_events: %s, %r, %s", room_id, event_list, limit)
 
         event_results = set()
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/events.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/events.py
index 03b5111c5d..7c3607f308 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/events.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/events.py
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@
 
 import itertools
 import logging
-from collections import Counter as c_counter, OrderedDict, deque, namedtuple
+from collections import Counter as c_counter, OrderedDict, namedtuple
 from functools import wraps
 
 from six import iteritems, text_type
 from six.moves import range
 
 from canonicaljson import json
-from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram
+from prometheus_client import Counter
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
@@ -34,11 +34,9 @@ from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.events import EventBase  # noqa: F401
 from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext  # noqa: F401
 from synapse.events.utils import prune_event_dict
-from synapse.logging.context import PreserveLoggingContext, make_deferred_yieldable
 from synapse.logging.utils import log_function
 from synapse.metrics import BucketCollector
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
-from synapse.state import StateResolutionStore
 from synapse.storage._base import make_in_list_sql_clause
 from synapse.storage.background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.storage.data_stores.main.event_federation import EventFederationStore
@@ -46,10 +44,8 @@ from synapse.storage.data_stores.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.data_stores.main.state import StateGroupWorkerStore
 from synapse.types import RoomStreamToken, get_domain_from_id
 from synapse.util import batch_iter
-from synapse.util.async_helpers import ObservableDeferred
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedInlineCallbacks
 from synapse.util.frozenutils import frozendict_json_encoder
-from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -60,37 +56,6 @@ event_counter = Counter(
     ["type", "origin_type", "origin_entity"],
 )
 
-# The number of times we are recalculating the current state
-state_delta_counter = Counter("synapse_storage_events_state_delta", "")
-
-# The number of times we are recalculating state when there is only a
-# single forward extremity
-state_delta_single_event_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_storage_events_state_delta_single_event", ""
-)
-
-# The number of times we are reculating state when we could have resonably
-# calculated the delta when we calculated the state for an event we were
-# persisting.
-state_delta_reuse_delta_counter = Counter(
-    "synapse_storage_events_state_delta_reuse_delta", ""
-)
-
-# The number of forward extremities for each new event.
-forward_extremities_counter = Histogram(
-    "synapse_storage_events_forward_extremities_persisted",
-    "Number of forward extremities for each new event",
-    buckets=(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, "+Inf"),
-)
-
-# The number of stale forward extremities for each new event. Stale extremities
-# are those that were in the previous set of extremities as well as the new.
-stale_forward_extremities_counter = Histogram(
-    "synapse_storage_events_stale_forward_extremities_persisted",
-    "Number of unchanged forward extremities for each new event",
-    buckets=(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, "+Inf"),
-)
-
 
 def encode_json(json_object):
     """
@@ -102,110 +67,6 @@ def encode_json(json_object):
     return out
 
 
-class _EventPeristenceQueue(object):
-    """Queues up events so that they can be persisted in bulk with only one
-    concurrent transaction per room.
-    """
-
-    _EventPersistQueueItem = namedtuple(
-        "_EventPersistQueueItem", ("events_and_contexts", "backfilled", "deferred")
-    )
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._event_persist_queues = {}
-        self._currently_persisting_rooms = set()
-
-    def add_to_queue(self, room_id, events_and_contexts, backfilled):
-        """Add events to the queue, with the given persist_event options.
-
-        NB: due to the normal usage pattern of this method, it does *not*
-        follow the synapse logcontext rules, and leaves the logcontext in
-        place whether or not the returned deferred is ready.
-
-        Args:
-            room_id (str):
-            events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
-            backfilled (bool):
-
-        Returns:
-            defer.Deferred: a deferred which will resolve once the events are
-                persisted. Runs its callbacks *without* a logcontext.
-        """
-        queue = self._event_persist_queues.setdefault(room_id, deque())
-        if queue:
-            # if the last item in the queue has the same `backfilled` setting,
-            # we can just add these new events to that item.
-            end_item = queue[-1]
-            if end_item.backfilled == backfilled:
-                end_item.events_and_contexts.extend(events_and_contexts)
-                return end_item.deferred.observe()
-
-        deferred = ObservableDeferred(defer.Deferred(), consumeErrors=True)
-
-        queue.append(
-            self._EventPersistQueueItem(
-                events_and_contexts=events_and_contexts,
-                backfilled=backfilled,
-                deferred=deferred,
-            )
-        )
-
-        return deferred.observe()
-
-    def handle_queue(self, room_id, per_item_callback):
-        """Attempts to handle the queue for a room if not already being handled.
-
-        The given callback will be invoked with for each item in the queue,
-        of type _EventPersistQueueItem. The per_item_callback will continuously
-        be called with new items, unless the queue becomnes empty. The return
-        value of the function will be given to the deferreds waiting on the item,
-        exceptions will be passed to the deferreds as well.
-
-        This function should therefore be called whenever anything is added
-        to the queue.
-
-        If another callback is currently handling the queue then it will not be
-        invoked.
-        """
-
-        if room_id in self._currently_persisting_rooms:
-            return
-
-        self._currently_persisting_rooms.add(room_id)
-
-        @defer.inlineCallbacks
-        def handle_queue_loop():
-            try:
-                queue = self._get_drainining_queue(room_id)
-                for item in queue:
-                    try:
-                        ret = yield per_item_callback(item)
-                    except Exception:
-                        with PreserveLoggingContext():
-                            item.deferred.errback()
-                    else:
-                        with PreserveLoggingContext():
-                            item.deferred.callback(ret)
-            finally:
-                queue = self._event_persist_queues.pop(room_id, None)
-                if queue:
-                    self._event_persist_queues[room_id] = queue
-                self._currently_persisting_rooms.discard(room_id)
-
-        # set handle_queue_loop off in the background
-        run_as_background_process("persist_events", handle_queue_loop)
-
-    def _get_drainining_queue(self, room_id):
-        queue = self._event_persist_queues.setdefault(room_id, deque())
-
-        try:
-            while True:
-                yield queue.popleft()
-        except IndexError:
-            # Queue has been drained.
-            pass
-
-
 _EventCacheEntry = namedtuple("_EventCacheEntry", ("event", "redacted_event"))
 
 
@@ -241,9 +102,6 @@ class EventsStore(
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(EventsStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
-        self._event_persist_queue = _EventPeristenceQueue()
-        self._state_resolution_handler = hs.get_state_resolution_handler()
-
         # Collect metrics on the number of forward extremities that exist.
         # Counter of number of extremities to count
         self._current_forward_extremities_amount = c_counter()
@@ -286,340 +144,106 @@ class EventsStore(
         res = yield self.runInteraction("read_forward_extremities", fetch)
         self._current_forward_extremities_amount = c_counter(list(x[0] for x in res))
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def persist_events(self, events_and_contexts, backfilled=False):
-        """
-        Write events to the database
-        Args:
-            events_and_contexts: list of tuples of (event, context)
-            backfilled (bool): Whether the results are retrieved from federation
-                via backfill or not. Used to determine if they're "new" events
-                which might update the current state etc.
-
-        Returns:
-            Deferred[int]: the stream ordering of the latest persisted event
-        """
-        partitioned = {}
-        for event, ctx in events_and_contexts:
-            partitioned.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append((event, ctx))
-
-        deferreds = []
-        for room_id, evs_ctxs in iteritems(partitioned):
-            d = self._event_persist_queue.add_to_queue(
-                room_id, evs_ctxs, backfilled=backfilled
-            )
-            deferreds.append(d)
-
-        for room_id in partitioned:
-            self._maybe_start_persisting(room_id)
-
-        yield make_deferred_yieldable(
-            defer.gatherResults(deferreds, consumeErrors=True)
-        )
-
-        max_persisted_id = yield self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
-
-        return max_persisted_id
-
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def persist_event(self, event, context, backfilled=False):
-        """
-
-        Args:
-            event (EventBase):
-            context (EventContext):
-            backfilled (bool):
-
-        Returns:
-            Deferred: resolves to (int, int): the stream ordering of ``event``,
-            and the stream ordering of the latest persisted event
-        """
-        deferred = self._event_persist_queue.add_to_queue(
-            event.room_id, [(event, context)], backfilled=backfilled
-        )
-
-        self._maybe_start_persisting(event.room_id)
-
-        yield make_deferred_yieldable(deferred)
-
-        max_persisted_id = yield self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
-        return (event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering, max_persisted_id)
-
-    def _maybe_start_persisting(self, room_id):
-        @defer.inlineCallbacks
-        def persisting_queue(item):
-            with Measure(self._clock, "persist_events"):
-                yield self._persist_events(
-                    item.events_and_contexts, backfilled=item.backfilled
-                )
-
-        self._event_persist_queue.handle_queue(room_id, persisting_queue)
-
     @_retry_on_integrity_error
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _persist_events(
-        self, events_and_contexts, backfilled=False, delete_existing=False
+    def _persist_events_and_state_updates(
+        self,
+        events_and_contexts,
+        current_state_for_room,
+        state_delta_for_room,
+        new_forward_extremeties,
+        backfilled=False,
+        delete_existing=False,
     ):
-        """Persist events to db
+        """Persist a set of events alongside updates to the current state and
+        forward extremities tables.
 
         Args:
             events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
-            backfilled (bool):
+            current_state_for_room (dict[str, dict]): Map from room_id to the
+                current state of the room based on forward extremities
+            state_delta_for_room (dict[str, tuple]): Map from room_id to tuple
+                of `(to_delete, to_insert)` where to_delete is a list
+                of type/state keys to remove from current state, and to_insert
+                is a map (type,key)->event_id giving the state delta in each
+                room.
+            new_forward_extremities (dict[str, list[str]]): Map from room_id
+                to list of event IDs that are the new forward extremities of
+                the room.
+            backfilled (bool)
             delete_existing (bool):
 
         Returns:
             Deferred: resolves when the events have been persisted
         """
-        if not events_and_contexts:
-            return
 
-        chunks = [
-            events_and_contexts[x : x + 100]
-            for x in range(0, len(events_and_contexts), 100)
-        ]
-
-        for chunk in chunks:
-            # We can't easily parallelize these since different chunks
-            # might contain the same event. :(
-
-            # NB: Assumes that we are only persisting events for one room
-            # at a time.
-
-            # map room_id->list[event_ids] giving the new forward
-            # extremities in each room
-            new_forward_extremeties = {}
+        # We want to calculate the stream orderings as late as possible, as
+        # we only notify after all events with a lesser stream ordering have
+        # been persisted. I.e. if we spend 10s inside the with block then
+        # that will delay all subsequent events from being notified about.
+        # Hence why we do it down here rather than wrapping the entire
+        # function.
+        #
+        # Its safe to do this after calculating the state deltas etc as we
+        # only need to protect the *persistence* of the events. This is to
+        # ensure that queries of the form "fetch events since X" don't
+        # return events and stream positions after events that are still in
+        # flight, as otherwise subsequent requests "fetch event since Y"
+        # will not return those events.
+        #
+        # Note: Multiple instances of this function cannot be in flight at
+        # the same time for the same room.
+        if backfilled:
+            stream_ordering_manager = self._backfill_id_gen.get_next_mult(
+                len(events_and_contexts)
+            )
+        else:
+            stream_ordering_manager = self._stream_id_gen.get_next_mult(
+                len(events_and_contexts)
+            )
 
-            # map room_id->(type,state_key)->event_id tracking the full
-            # state in each room after adding these events.
-            # This is simply used to prefill the get_current_state_ids
-            # cache
-            current_state_for_room = {}
+        with stream_ordering_manager as stream_orderings:
+            for (event, context), stream in zip(events_and_contexts, stream_orderings):
+                event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering = stream
 
-            # map room_id->(to_delete, to_insert) where to_delete is a list
-            # of type/state keys to remove from current state, and to_insert
-            # is a map (type,key)->event_id giving the state delta in each
-            # room
-            state_delta_for_room = {}
+            yield self.runInteraction(
+                "persist_events",
+                self._persist_events_txn,
+                events_and_contexts=events_and_contexts,
+                backfilled=backfilled,
+                delete_existing=delete_existing,
+                state_delta_for_room=state_delta_for_room,
+                new_forward_extremeties=new_forward_extremeties,
+            )
+            persist_event_counter.inc(len(events_and_contexts))
 
             if not backfilled:
-                with Measure(self._clock, "_calculate_state_and_extrem"):
-                    # Work out the new "current state" for each room.
-                    # We do this by working out what the new extremities are and then
-                    # calculating the state from that.
-                    events_by_room = {}
-                    for event, context in chunk:
-                        events_by_room.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append(
-                            (event, context)
-                        )
-
-                    for room_id, ev_ctx_rm in iteritems(events_by_room):
-                        latest_event_ids = yield self.get_latest_event_ids_in_room(
-                            room_id
-                        )
-                        new_latest_event_ids = yield self._calculate_new_extremities(
-                            room_id, ev_ctx_rm, latest_event_ids
-                        )
-
-                        latest_event_ids = set(latest_event_ids)
-                        if new_latest_event_ids == latest_event_ids:
-                            # No change in extremities, so no change in state
-                            continue
-
-                        # there should always be at least one forward extremity.
-                        # (except during the initial persistence of the send_join
-                        # results, in which case there will be no existing
-                        # extremities, so we'll `continue` above and skip this bit.)
-                        assert new_latest_event_ids, "No forward extremities left!"
-
-                        new_forward_extremeties[room_id] = new_latest_event_ids
-
-                        len_1 = (
-                            len(latest_event_ids) == 1
-                            and len(new_latest_event_ids) == 1
-                        )
-                        if len_1:
-                            all_single_prev_not_state = all(
-                                len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1
-                                and not event.is_state()
-                                for event, ctx in ev_ctx_rm
-                            )
-                            # Don't bother calculating state if they're just
-                            # a long chain of single ancestor non-state events.
-                            if all_single_prev_not_state:
-                                continue
-
-                        state_delta_counter.inc()
-                        if len(new_latest_event_ids) == 1:
-                            state_delta_single_event_counter.inc()
-
-                            # This is a fairly handwavey check to see if we could
-                            # have guessed what the delta would have been when
-                            # processing one of these events.
-                            # What we're interested in is if the latest extremities
-                            # were the same when we created the event as they are
-                            # now. When this server creates a new event (as opposed
-                            # to receiving it over federation) it will use the
-                            # forward extremities as the prev_events, so we can
-                            # guess this by looking at the prev_events and checking
-                            # if they match the current forward extremities.
-                            for ev, _ in ev_ctx_rm:
-                                prev_event_ids = set(ev.prev_event_ids())
-                                if latest_event_ids == prev_event_ids:
-                                    state_delta_reuse_delta_counter.inc()
-                                    break
-
-                        logger.info("Calculating state delta for room %s", room_id)
-                        with Measure(
-                            self._clock, "persist_events.get_new_state_after_events"
-                        ):
-                            res = yield self._get_new_state_after_events(
-                                room_id,
-                                ev_ctx_rm,
-                                latest_event_ids,
-                                new_latest_event_ids,
-                            )
-                            current_state, delta_ids = res
-
-                        # If either are not None then there has been a change,
-                        # and we need to work out the delta (or use that
-                        # given)
-                        if delta_ids is not None:
-                            # If there is a delta we know that we've
-                            # only added or replaced state, never
-                            # removed keys entirely.
-                            state_delta_for_room[room_id] = ([], delta_ids)
-                        elif current_state is not None:
-                            with Measure(
-                                self._clock, "persist_events.calculate_state_delta"
-                            ):
-                                delta = yield self._calculate_state_delta(
-                                    room_id, current_state
-                                )
-                            state_delta_for_room[room_id] = delta
-
-                        # If we have the current_state then lets prefill
-                        # the cache with it.
-                        if current_state is not None:
-                            current_state_for_room[room_id] = current_state
-
-            # We want to calculate the stream orderings as late as possible, as
-            # we only notify after all events with a lesser stream ordering have
-            # been persisted. I.e. if we spend 10s inside the with block then
-            # that will delay all subsequent events from being notified about.
-            # Hence why we do it down here rather than wrapping the entire
-            # function.
-            #
-            # Its safe to do this after calculating the state deltas etc as we
-            # only need to protect the *persistence* of the events. This is to
-            # ensure that queries of the form "fetch events since X" don't
-            # return events and stream positions after events that are still in
-            # flight, as otherwise subsequent requests "fetch event since Y"
-            # will not return those events.
-            #
-            # Note: Multiple instances of this function cannot be in flight at
-            # the same time for the same room.
-            if backfilled:
-                stream_ordering_manager = self._backfill_id_gen.get_next_mult(
-                    len(chunk)
+                # backfilled events have negative stream orderings, so we don't
+                # want to set the event_persisted_position to that.
+                synapse.metrics.event_persisted_position.set(
+                    events_and_contexts[-1][0].internal_metadata.stream_ordering
                 )
-            else:
-                stream_ordering_manager = self._stream_id_gen.get_next_mult(len(chunk))
-
-            with stream_ordering_manager as stream_orderings:
-                for (event, context), stream in zip(chunk, stream_orderings):
-                    event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering = stream
-
-                yield self.runInteraction(
-                    "persist_events",
-                    self._persist_events_txn,
-                    events_and_contexts=chunk,
-                    backfilled=backfilled,
-                    delete_existing=delete_existing,
-                    state_delta_for_room=state_delta_for_room,
-                    new_forward_extremeties=new_forward_extremeties,
-                )
-                persist_event_counter.inc(len(chunk))
-
-                if not backfilled:
-                    # backfilled events have negative stream orderings, so we don't
-                    # want to set the event_persisted_position to that.
-                    synapse.metrics.event_persisted_position.set(
-                        chunk[-1][0].internal_metadata.stream_ordering
-                    )
 
-                for event, context in chunk:
-                    if context.app_service:
-                        origin_type = "local"
-                        origin_entity = context.app_service.id
-                    elif self.hs.is_mine_id(event.sender):
-                        origin_type = "local"
-                        origin_entity = "*client*"
-                    else:
-                        origin_type = "remote"
-                        origin_entity = get_domain_from_id(event.sender)
-
-                    event_counter.labels(event.type, origin_type, origin_entity).inc()
-
-                for room_id, new_state in iteritems(current_state_for_room):
-                    self.get_current_state_ids.prefill((room_id,), new_state)
-
-                for room_id, latest_event_ids in iteritems(new_forward_extremeties):
-                    self.get_latest_event_ids_in_room.prefill(
-                        (room_id,), list(latest_event_ids)
-                    )
-
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _calculate_new_extremities(self, room_id, event_contexts, latest_event_ids):
-        """Calculates the new forward extremities for a room given events to
-        persist.
-
-        Assumes that we are only persisting events for one room at a time.
-        """
-
-        # we're only interested in new events which aren't outliers and which aren't
-        # being rejected.
-        new_events = [
-            event
-            for event, ctx in event_contexts
-            if not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
-            and not ctx.rejected
-            and not event.internal_metadata.is_soft_failed()
-        ]
-
-        latest_event_ids = set(latest_event_ids)
-
-        # start with the existing forward extremities
-        result = set(latest_event_ids)
-
-        # add all the new events to the list
-        result.update(event.event_id for event in new_events)
-
-        # Now remove all events which are prev_events of any of the new events
-        result.difference_update(
-            e_id for event in new_events for e_id in event.prev_event_ids()
-        )
+            for event, context in events_and_contexts:
+                if context.app_service:
+                    origin_type = "local"
+                    origin_entity = context.app_service.id
+                elif self.hs.is_mine_id(event.sender):
+                    origin_type = "local"
+                    origin_entity = "*client*"
+                else:
+                    origin_type = "remote"
+                    origin_entity = get_domain_from_id(event.sender)
 
-        # Remove any events which are prev_events of any existing events.
-        existing_prevs = yield self._get_events_which_are_prevs(result)
-        result.difference_update(existing_prevs)
+                event_counter.labels(event.type, origin_type, origin_entity).inc()
 
-        # Finally handle the case where the new events have soft-failed prev
-        # events. If they do we need to remove them and their prev events,
-        # otherwise we end up with dangling extremities.
-        existing_prevs = yield self._get_prevs_before_rejected(
-            e_id for event in new_events for e_id in event.prev_event_ids()
-        )
-        result.difference_update(existing_prevs)
+            for room_id, new_state in iteritems(current_state_for_room):
+                self.get_current_state_ids.prefill((room_id,), new_state)
 
-        # We only update metrics for events that change forward extremities
-        # (e.g. we ignore backfill/outliers/etc)
-        if result != latest_event_ids:
-            forward_extremities_counter.observe(len(result))
-            stale = latest_event_ids & result
-            stale_forward_extremities_counter.observe(len(stale))
-
-        return result
+            for room_id, latest_event_ids in iteritems(new_forward_extremeties):
+                self.get_latest_event_ids_in_room.prefill(
+                    (room_id,), list(latest_event_ids)
+                )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _get_events_which_are_prevs(self, event_ids):
@@ -725,188 +349,6 @@ class EventsStore(
 
         return existing_prevs
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _get_new_state_after_events(
-        self, room_id, events_context, old_latest_event_ids, new_latest_event_ids
-    ):
-        """Calculate the current state dict after adding some new events to
-        a room
-
-        Args:
-            room_id (str):
-                room to which the events are being added. Used for logging etc
-
-            events_context (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
-                events and contexts which are being added to the room
-
-            old_latest_event_ids (iterable[str]):
-                the old forward extremities for the room.
-
-            new_latest_event_ids (iterable[str]):
-                the new forward extremities for the room.
-
-        Returns:
-            Deferred[tuple[dict[(str,str), str]|None, dict[(str,str), str]|None]]:
-            Returns a tuple of two state maps, the first being the full new current
-            state and the second being the delta to the existing current state.
-            If both are None then there has been no change.
-
-            If there has been a change then we only return the delta if its
-            already been calculated. Conversely if we do know the delta then
-            the new current state is only returned if we've already calculated
-            it.
-        """
-        # map from state_group to ((type, key) -> event_id) state map
-        state_groups_map = {}
-
-        # Map from (prev state group, new state group) -> delta state dict
-        state_group_deltas = {}
-
-        for ev, ctx in events_context:
-            if ctx.state_group is None:
-                # This should only happen for outlier events.
-                if not ev.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
-                    raise Exception(
-                        "Context for new event %s has no state "
-                        "group" % (ev.event_id,)
-                    )
-                continue
-
-            if ctx.state_group in state_groups_map:
-                continue
-
-            # We're only interested in pulling out state that has already
-            # been cached in the context. We'll pull stuff out of the DB later
-            # if necessary.
-            current_state_ids = ctx.get_cached_current_state_ids()
-            if current_state_ids is not None:
-                state_groups_map[ctx.state_group] = current_state_ids
-
-            if ctx.prev_group:
-                state_group_deltas[(ctx.prev_group, ctx.state_group)] = ctx.delta_ids
-
-        # We need to map the event_ids to their state groups. First, let's
-        # check if the event is one we're persisting, in which case we can
-        # pull the state group from its context.
-        # Otherwise we need to pull the state group from the database.
-
-        # Set of events we need to fetch groups for. (We know none of the old
-        # extremities are going to be in events_context).
-        missing_event_ids = set(old_latest_event_ids)
-
-        event_id_to_state_group = {}
-        for event_id in new_latest_event_ids:
-            # First search in the list of new events we're adding.
-            for ev, ctx in events_context:
-                if event_id == ev.event_id and ctx.state_group is not None:
-                    event_id_to_state_group[event_id] = ctx.state_group
-                    break
-            else:
-                # If we couldn't find it, then we'll need to pull
-                # the state from the database
-                missing_event_ids.add(event_id)
-
-        if missing_event_ids:
-            # Now pull out the state groups for any missing events from DB
-            event_to_groups = yield self._get_state_group_for_events(missing_event_ids)
-            event_id_to_state_group.update(event_to_groups)
-
-        # State groups of old_latest_event_ids
-        old_state_groups = set(
-            event_id_to_state_group[evid] for evid in old_latest_event_ids
-        )
-
-        # State groups of new_latest_event_ids
-        new_state_groups = set(
-            event_id_to_state_group[evid] for evid in new_latest_event_ids
-        )
-
-        # If they old and new groups are the same then we don't need to do
-        # anything.
-        if old_state_groups == new_state_groups:
-            return None, None
-
-        if len(new_state_groups) == 1 and len(old_state_groups) == 1:
-            # If we're going from one state group to another, lets check if
-            # we have a delta for that transition. If we do then we can just
-            # return that.
-
-            new_state_group = next(iter(new_state_groups))
-            old_state_group = next(iter(old_state_groups))
-
-            delta_ids = state_group_deltas.get((old_state_group, new_state_group), None)
-            if delta_ids is not None:
-                # We have a delta from the existing to new current state,
-                # so lets just return that. If we happen to already have
-                # the current state in memory then lets also return that,
-                # but it doesn't matter if we don't.
-                new_state = state_groups_map.get(new_state_group)
-                return new_state, delta_ids
-
-        # Now that we have calculated new_state_groups we need to get
-        # their state IDs so we can resolve to a single state set.
-        missing_state = new_state_groups - set(state_groups_map)
-        if missing_state:
-            group_to_state = yield self._get_state_for_groups(missing_state)
-            state_groups_map.update(group_to_state)
-
-        if len(new_state_groups) == 1:
-            # If there is only one state group, then we know what the current
-            # state is.
-            return state_groups_map[new_state_groups.pop()], None
-
-        # Ok, we need to defer to the state handler to resolve our state sets.
-
-        state_groups = {sg: state_groups_map[sg] for sg in new_state_groups}
-
-        events_map = {ev.event_id: ev for ev, _ in events_context}
-
-        # We need to get the room version, which is in the create event.
-        # Normally that'd be in the database, but its also possible that we're
-        # currently trying to persist it.
-        room_version = None
-        for ev, _ in events_context:
-            if ev.type == EventTypes.Create and ev.state_key == "":
-                room_version = ev.content.get("room_version", "1")
-                break
-
-        if not room_version:
-            room_version = yield self.get_room_version(room_id)
-
-        logger.debug("calling resolve_state_groups from preserve_events")
-        res = yield self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_state_groups(
-            room_id,
-            room_version,
-            state_groups,
-            events_map,
-            state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(self),
-        )
-
-        return res.state, None
-
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _calculate_state_delta(self, room_id, current_state):
-        """Calculate the new state deltas for a room.
-
-        Assumes that we are only persisting events for one room at a time.
-
-        Returns:
-            tuple[list, dict] (to_delete, to_insert): where to_delete are the
-            type/state_keys to remove from current_state_events and `to_insert`
-            are the updates to current_state_events.
-        """
-        existing_state = yield self.get_current_state_ids(room_id)
-
-        to_delete = [key for key in existing_state if key not in current_state]
-
-        to_insert = {
-            key: ev_id
-            for key, ev_id in iteritems(current_state)
-            if ev_id != existing_state.get(key)
-        }
-
-        return to_delete, to_insert
-
     @log_function
     def _persist_events_txn(
         self,
@@ -2439,12 +1881,11 @@ class EventsStore(
 
         logger.info("[purge] done")
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def is_event_after(self, event_id1, event_id2):
+    async def is_event_after(self, event_id1, event_id2):
         """Returns True if event_id1 is after event_id2 in the stream
         """
-        to_1, so_1 = yield self._get_event_ordering(event_id1)
-        to_2, so_2 = yield self._get_event_ordering(event_id2)
+        to_1, so_1 = await self._get_event_ordering(event_id1)
+        to_2, so_2 = await self._get_event_ordering(event_id2)
         return (to_1, so_1) > (to_2, so_2)
 
     @cachedInlineCallbacks(max_entries=5000)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/room.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/room.py
index 4428e5c55d..67bb1b6f60 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/room.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/room.py
@@ -201,13 +201,17 @@ class RoomWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
             where_clauses.append(
                 """
                     (
-                        name LIKE ?
-                        OR topic LIKE ?
-                        OR canonical_alias LIKE ?
+                        LOWER(name) LIKE ?
+                        OR LOWER(topic) LIKE ?
+                        OR LOWER(canonical_alias) LIKE ?
                     )
                 """
             )
-            query_args += [search_term, search_term, search_term]
+            query_args += [
+                search_term.lower(),
+                search_term.lower(),
+                search_term.lower(),
+            ]
 
         where_clause = ""
         if where_clauses:
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/roommember.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/roommember.py
index e47ab604dd..bc04bfd7d4 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/roommember.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/roommember.py
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ class RoomMemberWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore):
         # See bulk_get_push_rules_for_room for how we work around this.
         assert state_group is not None
 
-        cache = self._get_joined_hosts_cache(room_id)
+        cache = yield self._get_joined_hosts_cache(room_id)
         joined_hosts = yield cache.get_destinations(state_entry)
 
         return joined_hosts
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/schema/delta/56/delete_keys_from_deleted_backups.sql b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/schema/delta/56/delete_keys_from_deleted_backups.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d2ddb1b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/schema/delta/56/delete_keys_from_deleted_backups.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/* Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/* delete room keys that belong to deleted room key version, or to room key
+ * versions that don't exist (anymore)
+ */
+DELETE FROM e2e_room_keys
+WHERE version NOT IN (
+  SELECT version
+  FROM e2e_room_keys_versions
+  WHERE e2e_room_keys.user_id = e2e_room_keys_versions.user_id
+  AND e2e_room_keys_versions.deleted = 0
+);
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/state.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/state.py
index d54442e5fa..9b2207075b 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/state.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/state.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 import logging
 from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Iterable, Tuple
 
 from six import iteritems, itervalues
 from six.moves import range
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import NotFoundError
+from synapse.events import EventBase
+from synapse.events.snapshot import EventContext
 from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore
 from synapse.storage.background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.storage.data_stores.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
@@ -1215,7 +1218,9 @@ class StateStore(StateGroupWorkerStore, StateBackgroundUpdateStore):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(StateStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
-    def _store_event_state_mappings_txn(self, txn, events_and_contexts):
+    def _store_event_state_mappings_txn(
+        self, txn, events_and_contexts: Iterable[Tuple[EventBase, EventContext]]
+    ):
         state_groups = {}
         for event, context in events_and_contexts:
             if event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
diff --git a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/stats.py b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/stats.py
index 5ab639b2ad..4d59b7833f 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/stats.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/stats.py
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class StatsStore(StateDeltasStore):
         def _bulk_update_stats_delta_txn(txn):
             for stats_type, stats_updates in updates.items():
                 for stats_id, fields in stats_updates.items():
-                    logger.info(
+                    logger.debug(
                         "Updating %s stats for %s: %s", stats_type, stats_id, fields
                     )
                     self._update_stats_delta_txn(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/persist_events.py b/synapse/storage/persist_events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf66225574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/persist_events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright 2018-2019 New Vector Ltd
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+from collections import deque, namedtuple
+
+from six import iteritems
+from six.moves import range
+
+from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram
+
+from twisted.internet import defer
+
+from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
+from synapse.logging.context import PreserveLoggingContext, make_deferred_yieldable
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
+from synapse.state import StateResolutionStore
+from synapse.storage.data_stores import DataStores
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import ObservableDeferred
+from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# The number of times we are recalculating the current state
+state_delta_counter = Counter("synapse_storage_events_state_delta", "")
+
+# The number of times we are recalculating state when there is only a
+# single forward extremity
+state_delta_single_event_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_storage_events_state_delta_single_event", ""
+)
+
+# The number of times we are reculating state when we could have resonably
+# calculated the delta when we calculated the state for an event we were
+# persisting.
+state_delta_reuse_delta_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_storage_events_state_delta_reuse_delta", ""
+)
+
+# The number of forward extremities for each new event.
+forward_extremities_counter = Histogram(
+    "synapse_storage_events_forward_extremities_persisted",
+    "Number of forward extremities for each new event",
+    buckets=(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, "+Inf"),
+)
+
+# The number of stale forward extremities for each new event. Stale extremities
+# are those that were in the previous set of extremities as well as the new.
+stale_forward_extremities_counter = Histogram(
+    "synapse_storage_events_stale_forward_extremities_persisted",
+    "Number of unchanged forward extremities for each new event",
+    buckets=(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, "+Inf"),
+)
+
+
+class _EventPeristenceQueue(object):
+    """Queues up events so that they can be persisted in bulk with only one
+    concurrent transaction per room.
+    """
+
+    _EventPersistQueueItem = namedtuple(
+        "_EventPersistQueueItem", ("events_and_contexts", "backfilled", "deferred")
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._event_persist_queues = {}
+        self._currently_persisting_rooms = set()
+
+    def add_to_queue(self, room_id, events_and_contexts, backfilled):
+        """Add events to the queue, with the given persist_event options.
+
+        NB: due to the normal usage pattern of this method, it does *not*
+        follow the synapse logcontext rules, and leaves the logcontext in
+        place whether or not the returned deferred is ready.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id (str):
+            events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
+            backfilled (bool):
+
+        Returns:
+            defer.Deferred: a deferred which will resolve once the events are
+                persisted. Runs its callbacks *without* a logcontext.
+        """
+        queue = self._event_persist_queues.setdefault(room_id, deque())
+        if queue:
+            # if the last item in the queue has the same `backfilled` setting,
+            # we can just add these new events to that item.
+            end_item = queue[-1]
+            if end_item.backfilled == backfilled:
+                end_item.events_and_contexts.extend(events_and_contexts)
+                return end_item.deferred.observe()
+
+        deferred = ObservableDeferred(defer.Deferred(), consumeErrors=True)
+
+        queue.append(
+            self._EventPersistQueueItem(
+                events_and_contexts=events_and_contexts,
+                backfilled=backfilled,
+                deferred=deferred,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return deferred.observe()
+
+    def handle_queue(self, room_id, per_item_callback):
+        """Attempts to handle the queue for a room if not already being handled.
+
+        The given callback will be invoked with for each item in the queue,
+        of type _EventPersistQueueItem. The per_item_callback will continuously
+        be called with new items, unless the queue becomnes empty. The return
+        value of the function will be given to the deferreds waiting on the item,
+        exceptions will be passed to the deferreds as well.
+
+        This function should therefore be called whenever anything is added
+        to the queue.
+
+        If another callback is currently handling the queue then it will not be
+        invoked.
+        """
+
+        if room_id in self._currently_persisting_rooms:
+            return
+
+        self._currently_persisting_rooms.add(room_id)
+
+        @defer.inlineCallbacks
+        def handle_queue_loop():
+            try:
+                queue = self._get_drainining_queue(room_id)
+                for item in queue:
+                    try:
+                        ret = yield per_item_callback(item)
+                    except Exception:
+                        with PreserveLoggingContext():
+                            item.deferred.errback()
+                    else:
+                        with PreserveLoggingContext():
+                            item.deferred.callback(ret)
+            finally:
+                queue = self._event_persist_queues.pop(room_id, None)
+                if queue:
+                    self._event_persist_queues[room_id] = queue
+                self._currently_persisting_rooms.discard(room_id)
+
+        # set handle_queue_loop off in the background
+        run_as_background_process("persist_events", handle_queue_loop)
+
+    def _get_drainining_queue(self, room_id):
+        queue = self._event_persist_queues.setdefault(room_id, deque())
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield queue.popleft()
+        except IndexError:
+            # Queue has been drained.
+            pass
+
+
+class EventsPersistenceStorage(object):
+    """High level interface for handling persisting newly received events.
+
+    Takes care of batching up events by room, and calculating the necessary
+    current state and forward extremity changes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hs, stores: DataStores):
+        # We ultimately want to split out the state store from the main store,
+        # so we use separate variables here even though they point to the same
+        # store for now.
+        self.main_store = stores.main
+        self.state_store = stores.main
+
+        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
+        self._event_persist_queue = _EventPeristenceQueue()
+        self._state_resolution_handler = hs.get_state_resolution_handler()
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def persist_events(self, events_and_contexts, backfilled=False):
+        """
+        Write events to the database
+        Args:
+            events_and_contexts: list of tuples of (event, context)
+            backfilled (bool): Whether the results are retrieved from federation
+                via backfill or not. Used to determine if they're "new" events
+                which might update the current state etc.
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[int]: the stream ordering of the latest persisted event
+        """
+        partitioned = {}
+        for event, ctx in events_and_contexts:
+            partitioned.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append((event, ctx))
+
+        deferreds = []
+        for room_id, evs_ctxs in iteritems(partitioned):
+            d = self._event_persist_queue.add_to_queue(
+                room_id, evs_ctxs, backfilled=backfilled
+            )
+            deferreds.append(d)
+
+        for room_id in partitioned:
+            self._maybe_start_persisting(room_id)
+
+        yield make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(deferreds, consumeErrors=True)
+        )
+
+        max_persisted_id = yield self.main_store.get_current_events_token()
+
+        return max_persisted_id
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def persist_event(self, event, context, backfilled=False):
+        """
+
+        Args:
+            event (EventBase):
+            context (EventContext):
+            backfilled (bool):
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred: resolves to (int, int): the stream ordering of ``event``,
+            and the stream ordering of the latest persisted event
+        """
+        deferred = self._event_persist_queue.add_to_queue(
+            event.room_id, [(event, context)], backfilled=backfilled
+        )
+
+        self._maybe_start_persisting(event.room_id)
+
+        yield make_deferred_yieldable(deferred)
+
+        max_persisted_id = yield self.main_store.get_current_events_token()
+        return (event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering, max_persisted_id)
+
+    def _maybe_start_persisting(self, room_id):
+        @defer.inlineCallbacks
+        def persisting_queue(item):
+            with Measure(self._clock, "persist_events"):
+                yield self._persist_events(
+                    item.events_and_contexts, backfilled=item.backfilled
+                )
+
+        self._event_persist_queue.handle_queue(room_id, persisting_queue)
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _persist_events(
+        self, events_and_contexts, backfilled=False, delete_existing=False
+    ):
+        """Calculates the change to current state and forward extremities, and
+        persists the given events and with those updates.
+
+        Args:
+            events_and_contexts (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
+            backfilled (bool):
+            delete_existing (bool):
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred: resolves when the events have been persisted
+        """
+        if not events_and_contexts:
+            return
+
+        chunks = [
+            events_and_contexts[x : x + 100]
+            for x in range(0, len(events_and_contexts), 100)
+        ]
+
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            # We can't easily parallelize these since different chunks
+            # might contain the same event. :(
+
+            # NB: Assumes that we are only persisting events for one room
+            # at a time.
+
+            # map room_id->list[event_ids] giving the new forward
+            # extremities in each room
+            new_forward_extremeties = {}
+
+            # map room_id->(type,state_key)->event_id tracking the full
+            # state in each room after adding these events.
+            # This is simply used to prefill the get_current_state_ids
+            # cache
+            current_state_for_room = {}
+
+            # map room_id->(to_delete, to_insert) where to_delete is a list
+            # of type/state keys to remove from current state, and to_insert
+            # is a map (type,key)->event_id giving the state delta in each
+            # room
+            state_delta_for_room = {}
+
+            if not backfilled:
+                with Measure(self._clock, "_calculate_state_and_extrem"):
+                    # Work out the new "current state" for each room.
+                    # We do this by working out what the new extremities are and then
+                    # calculating the state from that.
+                    events_by_room = {}
+                    for event, context in chunk:
+                        events_by_room.setdefault(event.room_id, []).append(
+                            (event, context)
+                        )
+
+                    for room_id, ev_ctx_rm in iteritems(events_by_room):
+                        latest_event_ids = yield self.main_store.get_latest_event_ids_in_room(
+                            room_id
+                        )
+                        new_latest_event_ids = yield self._calculate_new_extremities(
+                            room_id, ev_ctx_rm, latest_event_ids
+                        )
+
+                        latest_event_ids = set(latest_event_ids)
+                        if new_latest_event_ids == latest_event_ids:
+                            # No change in extremities, so no change in state
+                            continue
+
+                        # there should always be at least one forward extremity.
+                        # (except during the initial persistence of the send_join
+                        # results, in which case there will be no existing
+                        # extremities, so we'll `continue` above and skip this bit.)
+                        assert new_latest_event_ids, "No forward extremities left!"
+
+                        new_forward_extremeties[room_id] = new_latest_event_ids
+
+                        len_1 = (
+                            len(latest_event_ids) == 1
+                            and len(new_latest_event_ids) == 1
+                        )
+                        if len_1:
+                            all_single_prev_not_state = all(
+                                len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1
+                                and not event.is_state()
+                                for event, ctx in ev_ctx_rm
+                            )
+                            # Don't bother calculating state if they're just
+                            # a long chain of single ancestor non-state events.
+                            if all_single_prev_not_state:
+                                continue
+
+                        state_delta_counter.inc()
+                        if len(new_latest_event_ids) == 1:
+                            state_delta_single_event_counter.inc()
+
+                            # This is a fairly handwavey check to see if we could
+                            # have guessed what the delta would have been when
+                            # processing one of these events.
+                            # What we're interested in is if the latest extremities
+                            # were the same when we created the event as they are
+                            # now. When this server creates a new event (as opposed
+                            # to receiving it over federation) it will use the
+                            # forward extremities as the prev_events, so we can
+                            # guess this by looking at the prev_events and checking
+                            # if they match the current forward extremities.
+                            for ev, _ in ev_ctx_rm:
+                                prev_event_ids = set(ev.prev_event_ids())
+                                if latest_event_ids == prev_event_ids:
+                                    state_delta_reuse_delta_counter.inc()
+                                    break
+
+                        logger.info("Calculating state delta for room %s", room_id)
+                        with Measure(
+                            self._clock, "persist_events.get_new_state_after_events"
+                        ):
+                            res = yield self._get_new_state_after_events(
+                                room_id,
+                                ev_ctx_rm,
+                                latest_event_ids,
+                                new_latest_event_ids,
+                            )
+                            current_state, delta_ids = res
+
+                        # If either are not None then there has been a change,
+                        # and we need to work out the delta (or use that
+                        # given)
+                        if delta_ids is not None:
+                            # If there is a delta we know that we've
+                            # only added or replaced state, never
+                            # removed keys entirely.
+                            state_delta_for_room[room_id] = ([], delta_ids)
+                        elif current_state is not None:
+                            with Measure(
+                                self._clock, "persist_events.calculate_state_delta"
+                            ):
+                                delta = yield self._calculate_state_delta(
+                                    room_id, current_state
+                                )
+                            state_delta_for_room[room_id] = delta
+
+                        # If we have the current_state then lets prefill
+                        # the cache with it.
+                        if current_state is not None:
+                            current_state_for_room[room_id] = current_state
+
+            yield self.main_store._persist_events_and_state_updates(
+                chunk,
+                current_state_for_room=current_state_for_room,
+                state_delta_for_room=state_delta_for_room,
+                new_forward_extremeties=new_forward_extremeties,
+                backfilled=backfilled,
+                delete_existing=delete_existing,
+            )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _calculate_new_extremities(self, room_id, event_contexts, latest_event_ids):
+        """Calculates the new forward extremities for a room given events to
+        persist.
+
+        Assumes that we are only persisting events for one room at a time.
+        """
+
+        # we're only interested in new events which aren't outliers and which aren't
+        # being rejected.
+        new_events = [
+            event
+            for event, ctx in event_contexts
+            if not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
+            and not ctx.rejected
+            and not event.internal_metadata.is_soft_failed()
+        ]
+
+        latest_event_ids = set(latest_event_ids)
+
+        # start with the existing forward extremities
+        result = set(latest_event_ids)
+
+        # add all the new events to the list
+        result.update(event.event_id for event in new_events)
+
+        # Now remove all events which are prev_events of any of the new events
+        result.difference_update(
+            e_id for event in new_events for e_id in event.prev_event_ids()
+        )
+
+        # Remove any events which are prev_events of any existing events.
+        existing_prevs = yield self.main_store._get_events_which_are_prevs(result)
+        result.difference_update(existing_prevs)
+
+        # Finally handle the case where the new events have soft-failed prev
+        # events. If they do we need to remove them and their prev events,
+        # otherwise we end up with dangling extremities.
+        existing_prevs = yield self.main_store._get_prevs_before_rejected(
+            e_id for event in new_events for e_id in event.prev_event_ids()
+        )
+        result.difference_update(existing_prevs)
+
+        # We only update metrics for events that change forward extremities
+        # (e.g. we ignore backfill/outliers/etc)
+        if result != latest_event_ids:
+            forward_extremities_counter.observe(len(result))
+            stale = latest_event_ids & result
+            stale_forward_extremities_counter.observe(len(stale))
+
+        return result
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _get_new_state_after_events(
+        self, room_id, events_context, old_latest_event_ids, new_latest_event_ids
+    ):
+        """Calculate the current state dict after adding some new events to
+        a room
+
+        Args:
+            room_id (str):
+                room to which the events are being added. Used for logging etc
+
+            events_context (list[(EventBase, EventContext)]):
+                events and contexts which are being added to the room
+
+            old_latest_event_ids (iterable[str]):
+                the old forward extremities for the room.
+
+            new_latest_event_ids (iterable[str]):
+                the new forward extremities for the room.
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[tuple[dict[(str,str), str]|None, dict[(str,str), str]|None]]:
+            Returns a tuple of two state maps, the first being the full new current
+            state and the second being the delta to the existing current state.
+            If both are None then there has been no change.
+
+            If there has been a change then we only return the delta if its
+            already been calculated. Conversely if we do know the delta then
+            the new current state is only returned if we've already calculated
+            it.
+        """
+        # map from state_group to ((type, key) -> event_id) state map
+        state_groups_map = {}
+
+        # Map from (prev state group, new state group) -> delta state dict
+        state_group_deltas = {}
+
+        for ev, ctx in events_context:
+            if ctx.state_group is None:
+                # This should only happen for outlier events.
+                if not ev.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+                    raise Exception(
+                        "Context for new event %s has no state "
+                        "group" % (ev.event_id,)
+                    )
+                continue
+
+            if ctx.state_group in state_groups_map:
+                continue
+
+            # We're only interested in pulling out state that has already
+            # been cached in the context. We'll pull stuff out of the DB later
+            # if necessary.
+            current_state_ids = ctx.get_cached_current_state_ids()
+            if current_state_ids is not None:
+                state_groups_map[ctx.state_group] = current_state_ids
+
+            if ctx.prev_group:
+                state_group_deltas[(ctx.prev_group, ctx.state_group)] = ctx.delta_ids
+
+        # We need to map the event_ids to their state groups. First, let's
+        # check if the event is one we're persisting, in which case we can
+        # pull the state group from its context.
+        # Otherwise we need to pull the state group from the database.
+
+        # Set of events we need to fetch groups for. (We know none of the old
+        # extremities are going to be in events_context).
+        missing_event_ids = set(old_latest_event_ids)
+
+        event_id_to_state_group = {}
+        for event_id in new_latest_event_ids:
+            # First search in the list of new events we're adding.
+            for ev, ctx in events_context:
+                if event_id == ev.event_id and ctx.state_group is not None:
+                    event_id_to_state_group[event_id] = ctx.state_group
+                    break
+            else:
+                # If we couldn't find it, then we'll need to pull
+                # the state from the database
+                missing_event_ids.add(event_id)
+
+        if missing_event_ids:
+            # Now pull out the state groups for any missing events from DB
+            event_to_groups = yield self.state_store._get_state_group_for_events(
+                missing_event_ids
+            )
+            event_id_to_state_group.update(event_to_groups)
+
+        # State groups of old_latest_event_ids
+        old_state_groups = set(
+            event_id_to_state_group[evid] for evid in old_latest_event_ids
+        )
+
+        # State groups of new_latest_event_ids
+        new_state_groups = set(
+            event_id_to_state_group[evid] for evid in new_latest_event_ids
+        )
+
+        # If they old and new groups are the same then we don't need to do
+        # anything.
+        if old_state_groups == new_state_groups:
+            return None, None
+
+        if len(new_state_groups) == 1 and len(old_state_groups) == 1:
+            # If we're going from one state group to another, lets check if
+            # we have a delta for that transition. If we do then we can just
+            # return that.
+
+            new_state_group = next(iter(new_state_groups))
+            old_state_group = next(iter(old_state_groups))
+
+            delta_ids = state_group_deltas.get((old_state_group, new_state_group), None)
+            if delta_ids is not None:
+                # We have a delta from the existing to new current state,
+                # so lets just return that. If we happen to already have
+                # the current state in memory then lets also return that,
+                # but it doesn't matter if we don't.
+                new_state = state_groups_map.get(new_state_group)
+                return new_state, delta_ids
+
+        # Now that we have calculated new_state_groups we need to get
+        # their state IDs so we can resolve to a single state set.
+        missing_state = new_state_groups - set(state_groups_map)
+        if missing_state:
+            group_to_state = yield self.state_store._get_state_for_groups(missing_state)
+            state_groups_map.update(group_to_state)
+
+        if len(new_state_groups) == 1:
+            # If there is only one state group, then we know what the current
+            # state is.
+            return state_groups_map[new_state_groups.pop()], None
+
+        # Ok, we need to defer to the state handler to resolve our state sets.
+
+        state_groups = {sg: state_groups_map[sg] for sg in new_state_groups}
+
+        events_map = {ev.event_id: ev for ev, _ in events_context}
+
+        # We need to get the room version, which is in the create event.
+        # Normally that'd be in the database, but its also possible that we're
+        # currently trying to persist it.
+        room_version = None
+        for ev, _ in events_context:
+            if ev.type == EventTypes.Create and ev.state_key == "":
+                room_version = ev.content.get("room_version", "1")
+                break
+
+        if not room_version:
+            room_version = yield self.main_store.get_room_version(room_id)
+
+        logger.debug("calling resolve_state_groups from preserve_events")
+        res = yield self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_state_groups(
+            room_id,
+            room_version,
+            state_groups,
+            events_map,
+            state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(self.main_store),
+        )
+
+        return res.state, None
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _calculate_state_delta(self, room_id, current_state):
+        """Calculate the new state deltas for a room.
+
+        Assumes that we are only persisting events for one room at a time.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[list, dict] (to_delete, to_insert): where to_delete are the
+            type/state_keys to remove from current_state_events and `to_insert`
+            are the updates to current_state_events.
+        """
+        existing_state = yield self.main_store.get_current_state_ids(room_id)
+
+        to_delete = [key for key in existing_state if key not in current_state]
+
+        to_insert = {
+            key: ev_id
+            for key, ev_id in iteritems(current_state)
+            if ev_id != existing_state.get(key)
+        }
+
+        return to_delete, to_insert
diff --git a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
index 804dbca443..b60a604474 100644
--- a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
+++ b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
@@ -86,11 +86,12 @@ class ObservableDeferred(object):
 
         deferred.addCallbacks(callback, errback)
 
-    def observe(self):
+    def observe(self) -> defer.Deferred:
         """Observe the underlying deferred.
 
-        Can return either a deferred if the underlying deferred is still pending
-        (or has failed), or the actual value. Callers may need to use maybeDeferred.
+        This returns a brand new deferred that is resolved when the underlying
+        deferred is resolved. Interacting with the returned deferred does not
+        effect the underdlying deferred.
         """
         if not self._result:
             d = defer.Deferred()
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ class ObservableDeferred(object):
             return d
         else:
             success, res = self._result
-            return res if success else defer.fail(res)
+            return defer.succeed(res) if success else defer.fail(res)
 
     def observers(self):
         return self._observers
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ def concurrently_execute(func, args, limit):
     the number of concurrent executions.
 
     Args:
-        func (func): Function to execute, should return a deferred.
+        func (func): Function to execute, should return a deferred or coroutine.
         args (list): List of arguments to pass to func, each invocation of func
             gets a signle argument.
         limit (int): Maximum number of conccurent executions.
@@ -148,11 +149,10 @@ def concurrently_execute(func, args, limit):
     """
     it = iter(args)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def _concurrently_execute_inner():
+    async def _concurrently_execute_inner():
         try:
             while True:
-                yield func(next(it))
+                await maybe_awaitable(func(next(it)))
         except StopIteration:
             pass
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
index 5ac2530a6a..0e8da27f53 100644
--- a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
+++ b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ class CacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
                 if isinstance(cached_result_d, ObservableDeferred):
                     observer = cached_result_d.observe()
                 else:
-                    observer = cached_result_d
+                    observer = defer.succeed(cached_result_d)
 
             except KeyError:
                 ret = defer.maybeDeferred(
@@ -482,9 +482,8 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
     Given a list of keys it looks in the cache to find any hits, then passes
     the list of missing keys to the wrapped function.
 
-    Once wrapped, the function returns either a Deferred which resolves to
-    the list of results, or (if all results were cached), just the list of
-    results.
+    Once wrapped, the function returns a Deferred which resolves to the list
+    of results.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -618,7 +617,7 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase):
                 )
                 return make_deferred_yieldable(d)
             else:
-                return results
+                return defer.succeed(results)
 
         obj.__dict__[self.orig.__name__] = wrapped
 
diff --git a/synapse/util/versionstring.py b/synapse/util/versionstring.py
index fa404b9d75..ab7d03af3a 100644
--- a/synapse/util/versionstring.py
+++ b/synapse/util/versionstring.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ def get_version_string(module):
     try:
         null = open(os.devnull, "w")
         cwd = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(module.__file__))
+
         try:
             git_branch = (
                 subprocess.check_output(
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ def get_version_string(module):
                 .decode("ascii")
             )
             git_branch = "b=" + git_branch
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
+            # FileNotFoundError can arise when git is not installed
             git_branch = ""
 
         try:
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ def get_version_string(module):
                 .decode("ascii")
             )
             git_tag = "t=" + git_tag
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
             git_tag = ""
 
         try:
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ def get_version_string(module):
                 .strip()
                 .decode("ascii")
             )
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
             git_commit = ""
 
         try:
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ def get_version_string(module):
             )
 
             git_dirty = "dirty" if is_dirty else ""
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
             git_dirty = ""
 
         if git_branch or git_tag or git_commit or git_dirty:
diff --git a/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py b/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py
index c4f0bbd3dd..8efd39c7f7 100644
--- a/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py
+++ b/tests/crypto/test_keyring.py
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class KeyringTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         kr = keyring.Keyring(self.hs)
 
         key1 = signedjson.key.generate_signing_key(1)
-        r = self.hs.datastore.store_server_verify_keys(
+        r = self.hs.get_datastore().store_server_verify_keys(
             "server9",
             time.time() * 1000,
             [("server9", get_key_id(key1), FetchKeyResult(get_verify_key(key1), 1000))],
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class KeyringTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         )
 
         key1 = signedjson.key.generate_signing_key(1)
-        r = self.hs.datastore.store_server_verify_keys(
+        r = self.hs.get_datastore().store_server_verify_keys(
             "server9",
             time.time() * 1000,
             [("server9", get_key_id(key1), FetchKeyResult(get_verify_key(key1), None))],
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_stats.py b/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
index d5c8bd7612..e0075ccd32 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_stats.py
@@ -607,6 +607,7 @@ class StatsRoomTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         """
 
         self.hs.config.stats_enabled = False
+        self.handler.stats_enabled = False
 
         u1 = self.register_user("u1", "pass")
         u1token = self.login("u1", "pass")
@@ -618,6 +619,7 @@ class StatsRoomTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(self._get_current_stats("user", u1))
 
         self.hs.config.stats_enabled = True
+        self.handler.stats_enabled = True
 
         self._perform_background_initial_update()
 
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_typing.py b/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
index 67f1013051..f360c8e965 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_typing.py
@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ class TypingNotificationsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.datastore.get_to_device_stream_token = lambda: 0
         self.datastore.get_new_device_msgs_for_remote = lambda *args, **kargs: ([], 0)
         self.datastore.delete_device_msgs_for_remote = lambda *args, **kargs: None
+        self.datastore.set_received_txn_response = lambda *args, **kwargs: defer.succeed(
+            None
+        )
 
     def test_started_typing_local(self):
         self.room_members = [U_APPLE, U_BANANA]
diff --git a/tests/replication/slave/storage/_base.py b/tests/replication/slave/storage/_base.py
index 104349cdbd..4f924ce451 100644
--- a/tests/replication/slave/storage/_base.py
+++ b/tests/replication/slave/storage/_base.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ class BaseSlavedStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
 
         self.master_store = self.hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.slaved_store = self.STORE_TYPE(self.hs.get_db_conn(), self.hs)
         self.event_id = 0
 
diff --git a/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py b/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
index a368117b43..b68e9fe082 100644
--- a/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
+++ b/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
@@ -234,7 +234,9 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
             type="m.room.member", sender=USER_ID_2, key=USER_ID_2, membership="join"
         )
         msg, msgctx = self.build_event()
-        self.get_success(self.master_store.persist_events([(j2, j2ctx), (msg, msgctx)]))
+        self.get_success(
+            self.storage.persistence.persist_events([(j2, j2ctx), (msg, msgctx)])
+        )
         self.replicate()
 
         event_source = RoomEventSource(self.hs)
@@ -290,10 +292,12 @@ class SlavedEventStoreTestCase(BaseSlavedStoreTestCase):
 
         if backfill:
             self.get_success(
-                self.master_store.persist_events([(event, context)], backfilled=True)
+                self.storage.persistence.persist_events(
+                    [(event, context)], backfilled=True
+                )
             )
         else:
-            self.get_success(self.master_store.persist_event(event, context))
+            self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context))
 
         return event
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test__base.py b/tests/storage/test__base.py
index dd49a14524..9b81b536f5 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test__base.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test__base.py
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class CacheDecoratorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         a.func.prefill(("foo",), ObservableDeferred(d))
 
-        self.assertEquals(a.func("foo"), d.result)
+        self.assertEquals(a.func("foo").result, d.result)
         self.assertEquals(callcount[0], 0)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_e2e_room_keys.py b/tests/storage/test_e2e_room_keys.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d128fde441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/storage/test_e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from tests import unittest
+
+# sample room_key data for use in the tests
+room_key = {
+    "first_message_index": 1,
+    "forwarded_count": 1,
+    "is_verified": False,
+    "session_data": "SSBBTSBBIEZJU0gK",
+}
+
+
+class E2eRoomKeysHandlerTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver("server", http_client=None)
+        self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        return hs
+
+    def test_room_keys_version_delete(self):
+        # test that deleting a room key backup deletes the keys
+        version1 = self.get_success(
+            self.store.create_e2e_room_keys_version(
+                "user_id", {"algorithm": "rot13", "auth_data": {}}
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.set_e2e_room_key(
+                "user_id", version1, "room", "session", room_key
+            )
+        )
+
+        version2 = self.get_success(
+            self.store.create_e2e_room_keys_version(
+                "user_id", {"algorithm": "rot13", "auth_data": {}}
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.set_e2e_room_key(
+                "user_id", version2, "room", "session", room_key
+            )
+        )
+
+        # make sure the keys were stored properly
+        keys = self.get_success(self.store.get_e2e_room_keys("user_id", version1))
+        self.assertEqual(len(keys["rooms"]), 1)
+
+        keys = self.get_success(self.store.get_e2e_room_keys("user_id", version2))
+        self.assertEqual(len(keys["rooms"]), 1)
+
+        # delete version1
+        self.get_success(self.store.delete_e2e_room_keys_version("user_id", version1))
+
+        # make sure the key from version1 is gone, and the key from version2 is
+        # still there
+        keys = self.get_success(self.store.get_e2e_room_keys("user_id", version1))
+        self.assertEqual(len(keys["rooms"]), 0)
+
+        keys = self.get_success(self.store.get_e2e_room_keys("user_id", version2))
+        self.assertEqual(len(keys["rooms"]), 1)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_redaction.py b/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
index 427d3c49c5..4561c3e383 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_redaction.py
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
     def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.event_builder_factory = hs.get_event_builder_factory()
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
 
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(builder)
         )
 
-        self.get_success(self.store.persist_event(event, context))
+        self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context))
 
         return event
 
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(builder)
         )
 
-        self.get_success(self.store.persist_event(event, context))
+        self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context))
 
         return event
 
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(builder)
         )
 
-        self.get_success(self.store.persist_event(event, context))
+        self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context))
 
         return event
 
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             )
         )
 
-        self.get_success(self.store.persist_event(event_1, context_1))
+        self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event_1, context_1))
 
         event_2, context_2 = self.get_success(
             self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(
@@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ class RedactionTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
                 )
             )
         )
-        self.get_success(self.store.persist_event(event_2, context_2))
+        self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event_2, context_2))
 
         # fetch one of the redactions
         fetched = self.get_success(self.store.get_event(redaction_event_id1))
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_room.py b/tests/storage/test_room.py
index 1bee45706f..3ddaa151fe 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_room.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_room.py
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class RoomEventsStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Room events need the full datastore, for persist_event() and
         # get_room_state()
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.event_factory = hs.get_event_factory()
 
         self.room = RoomID.from_string("!abcde:test")
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ class RoomEventsStoreTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def inject_room_event(self, **kwargs):
-        yield self.store.persist_event(
+        yield self.storage.persistence.persist_event(
             self.event_factory.create_event(room_id=self.room.to_string(), **kwargs)
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_roommember.py b/tests/storage/test_roommember.py
index 447a3c6ffb..9ddd17f73d 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_roommember.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_roommember.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ class RoomMemberStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         # We can't test the RoomMemberStore on its own without the other event
         # storage logic
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.event_builder_factory = hs.get_event_builder_factory()
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
 
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class RoomMemberStoreTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
             self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(builder)
         )
 
-        self.get_success(self.store.persist_event(event, context))
+        self.get_success(self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context))
 
         return event
 
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_state.py b/tests/storage/test_state.py
index 5c2cf3c2db..d573a3e07b 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_state.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         hs = yield tests.utils.setup_test_homeserver(self.addCleanup)
 
         self.store = hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = hs.get_storage()
         self.event_builder_factory = hs.get_event_builder_factory()
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ class StateStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
             builder
         )
 
-        yield self.store.persist_event(event, context)
+        yield self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context)
 
         return event
 
diff --git a/tests/test_federation.py b/tests/test_federation.py
index a73f18f88e..d1acb16f30 100644
--- a/tests/test_federation.py
+++ b/tests/test_federation.py
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
         # Figure out what the most recent event is
         most_recent = self.successResultOf(
             maybeDeferred(
-                self.homeserver.datastore.get_latest_event_ids_in_room, self.room_id
+                self.homeserver.get_datastore().get_latest_event_ids_in_room,
+                self.room_id,
             )
         )[0]
 
@@ -75,7 +76,8 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             self.successResultOf(
                 maybeDeferred(
-                    self.homeserver.datastore.get_latest_event_ids_in_room, self.room_id
+                    self.homeserver.get_datastore().get_latest_event_ids_in_room,
+                    self.room_id,
                 )
             )[0],
             "$join:test.serv",
@@ -97,7 +99,8 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
         # Figure out what the most recent event is
         most_recent = self.successResultOf(
             maybeDeferred(
-                self.homeserver.datastore.get_latest_event_ids_in_room, self.room_id
+                self.homeserver.get_datastore().get_latest_event_ids_in_room,
+                self.room_id,
             )
         )[0]
 
@@ -137,6 +140,6 @@ class MessageAcceptTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the invalid event isn't there
         extrem = maybeDeferred(
-            self.homeserver.datastore.get_latest_event_ids_in_room, self.room_id
+            self.homeserver.get_datastore().get_latest_event_ids_in_room, self.room_id
         )
         self.assertEqual(self.successResultOf(extrem)[0], "$join:test.serv")
diff --git a/tests/test_visibility.py b/tests/test_visibility.py
index 18f1a0035d..6ae1ea9b04 100644
--- a/tests/test_visibility.py
+++ b/tests/test_visibility.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class FilterEventsForServerTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         self.event_creation_handler = self.hs.get_event_creation_handler()
         self.event_builder_factory = self.hs.get_event_builder_factory()
         self.store = self.hs.get_datastore()
+        self.storage = self.hs.get_storage()
 
         yield create_room(self.hs, TEST_ROOM_ID, "@someone:ROOM")
 
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ class FilterEventsForServerTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
         event, context = yield self.event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(
             builder
         )
-        yield self.hs.get_datastore().persist_event(event, context)
+        yield self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context)
         return event
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ class FilterEventsForServerTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
             builder
         )
 
-        yield self.hs.get_datastore().persist_event(event, context)
+        yield self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context)
         return event
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ class FilterEventsForServerTestCase(tests.unittest.TestCase):
             builder
         )
 
-        yield self.hs.get_datastore().persist_event(event, context)
+        yield self.storage.persistence.persist_event(event, context)
         return event
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
index 5713870f48..39e360fe24 100644
--- a/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
+++ b/tests/util/caches/test_descriptors.py
@@ -310,14 +310,14 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         obj.mock.return_value = ["spam", "eggs"]
         r = obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, ["spam", "eggs"])
+        self.assertEqual(r.result, ["spam", "eggs"])
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
         # a call with different params should call the mock again
         obj.mock.return_value = ["chips"]
         r = obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, ["chips"])
+        self.assertEqual(r.result, ["chips"])
         obj.mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 3)
         obj.mock.reset_mock()
 
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ class DescriptorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(obj.fn.cache.cache), 3)
 
         r = obj.fn(1, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(r, ["spam", "eggs"])
+        self.assertEqual(r.result, ["spam", "eggs"])
         r = obj.fn(1, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(r, ["chips"])
+        self.assertEqual(r.result, ["chips"])
         obj.mock.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_cache_iterable_with_sync_exception(self):
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index 8cced4b7e8..7dc9bdc505 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -325,10 +325,16 @@ def setup_test_homeserver(
         if homeserverToUse.__name__ == "TestHomeServer":
             hs.setup_master()
     else:
+        # If we have been given an explicit datastore we probably want to mock
+        # out the DataStores somehow too. This all feels a bit wrong, but then
+        # mocking the stores feels wrong too.
+        datastores = Mock(datastore=datastore)
+
         hs = homeserverToUse(
             name,
             db_pool=None,
             datastore=datastore,
+            datastores=datastores,
             config=config,
             version_string="Synapse/tests",
             database_engine=db_engine,
@@ -646,7 +652,7 @@ def create_room(hs, room_id, creator_id):
         creator_id (str)
     """
 
-    store = hs.get_datastore()
+    persistence_store = hs.get_storage().persistence
     event_builder_factory = hs.get_event_builder_factory()
     event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
 
@@ -663,4 +669,4 @@ def create_room(hs, room_id, creator_id):
 
     event, context = yield event_creation_handler.create_new_client_event(builder)
 
-    yield store.persist_event(event, context)
+    yield persistence_store.persist_event(event, context)
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 3cd2c5e633..50b6afe611 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ skip_install = True
 basepython = python3.6
 deps =
     flake8
-    black
+    black==19.3b0  # We pin so that our tests don't start failing on new releases of black.
 commands =
     python -m black --check --diff .
-    /bin/sh -c "flake8 synapse tests scripts scripts-dev scripts/hash_password scripts/register_new_matrix_user scripts/synapse_port_db synctl {env:PEP8SUFFIX:}"
+    /bin/sh -c "flake8 synapse tests scripts scripts-dev synctl {env:PEP8SUFFIX:}"
     {toxinidir}/scripts-dev/config-lint.sh
 
 [testenv:check_isort]
 skip_install = True
 deps = isort
-commands = /bin/sh -c "isort -c -df -sp setup.cfg -rc synapse tests"
+commands = /bin/sh -c "isort -c -df -sp setup.cfg -rc synapse tests scripts-dev scripts"
 
 [testenv:check-newsfragment]
 skip_install = True