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| author | babolivier <babolivier@users.noreply.github.com> | 2021-11-25 15:57:34 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | babolivier <babolivier@users.noreply.github.com> | 2021-11-25 15:57:34 +0000 |
| commit | d9fe0b4ffc4bdc293966dc1ba953dd26a04d6608 (patch) | |
| tree | 831416f62e95b648f46a684e22e146c7954d8d4c /v1.48/postgres.html | |
| parent | deploy: 1035663833a76196c3e3ba425fd6500c5420bbe2 (diff) | |
| download | synapse-d9fe0b4ffc4bdc293966dc1ba953dd26a04d6608.tar.xz | |
deploy: 946c102ac9ac8f96c12c98582f84d957dd638d34
Diffstat (limited to 'v1.48/postgres.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | v1.48/postgres.html | 452 |
1 files changed, 452 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/v1.48/postgres.html b/v1.48/postgres.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba176a4521 --- /dev/null +++ b/v1.48/postgres.html @@ -0,0 +1,452 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML> +<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light"> + <head> + <!-- Book generated using mdBook --> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title>Using Postgres - Synapse</title> + + + + + <!-- Custom HTML head --> + + + + <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> + <meta name="description" content=""> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> + + + <link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg"> + + + <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png"> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css"> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print"> + + + <!-- Fonts --> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css"> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css"> + + + <!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets --> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="highlight.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="tomorrow-night.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="ayu-highlight.css"> + + <!-- Custom theme stylesheets --> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="docs/website_files/table-of-contents.css"> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="docs/website_files/remove-nav-buttons.css"> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="docs/website_files/indent-section-headers.css"> + + + + </head> + <body> + <!-- Provide site root to javascript --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var path_to_root = ""; + var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light"; + </script> + + <!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + try { + var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); + var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); + if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) { + localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1)); + } + if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) { + localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1)); + } + } catch (e) { } + </script> + + <!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var theme; + try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } + if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } + var html = document.querySelector('html'); + html.classList.remove('no-js') + html.classList.remove('light') + html.classList.add(theme); + html.classList.add('js'); + </script> + + <!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var html = document.querySelector('html'); + var sidebar = 'hidden'; + if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) { + try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { } + sidebar = sidebar || 'visible'; + } + html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible'); + html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar); + </script> + + <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> + <div class="sidebar-scrollbox"> + <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Introduction</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="welcome_and_overview.html">Welcome and Overview</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Setup</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="setup/installation.html">Installation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="postgres.html" class="active">Using Postgres</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reverse_proxy.html">Configuring a Reverse Proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="setup/forward_proxy.html">Configuring a Forward/Outbound Proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="turn-howto.html">Configuring a Turn Server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="delegate.html">Delegation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Upgrading</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="upgrade.html">Upgrading between Synapse Versions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="MSC1711_certificates_FAQ.html">Upgrading from pre-Synapse 1.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Usage</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="federate.html">Federation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/homeserver_sample_config.html">Homeserver Sample Config File</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/logging_sample_config.html">Logging Sample Config File</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="structured_logging.html">Structured Logging</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="templates.html">Templates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/user_authentication/index.html">User Authentication</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/user_authentication/single_sign_on/index.html">Single-Sign On</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="openid.html">OpenID Connect</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/user_authentication/single_sign_on/saml.html">SAML</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/configuration/user_authentication/single_sign_on/cas.html">CAS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sso_mapping_providers.html">SSO Mapping Providers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="password_auth_providers.html">Password Auth Providers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="jwt.html">JSON Web Tokens</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="CAPTCHA_SETUP.html">Registration Captcha</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="application_services.html">Application Services</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="server_notices.html">Server Notices</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="consent_tracking.html">Consent Tracking</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/url_previews.html">URL Previews</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="user_directory.html">User Directory</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="message_retention_policies.html">Message Retention Policies</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/index.html">Pluggable Modules</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/writing_a_module.html">Writing a module</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/spam_checker_callbacks.html">Spam checker callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/third_party_rules_callbacks.html">Third-party rules callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/presence_router_callbacks.html">Presence router callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/account_validity_callbacks.html">Account validity callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/password_auth_provider_callbacks.html">Password auth provider callbacks</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/porting_legacy_module.html">Porting a legacy module to the new interface</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="workers.html">Workers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="synctl_workers.html">Using synctl with Workers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="systemd-with-workers/index.html">Systemd</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/administration/index.html">Administration</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/administration/admin_api/index.html">Admin API</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/account_validity.html">Account Validity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/administration/admin_api/background_updates.html">Background Updates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/delete_group.html">Delete Group</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/event_reports.html">Event Reports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/media_admin_api.html">Media</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/purge_history_api.html">Purge History</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/register_api.html">Register Users</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/administration/admin_api/registration_tokens.html">Registration Tokens</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/room_membership.html">Manipulate Room Membership</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/rooms.html">Rooms</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/server_notices.html">Server Notices</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/statistics.html">Statistics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/user_admin_api.html">Users</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="admin_api/version_api.html">Server Version</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="manhole.html">Manhole</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="metrics-howto.html">Monitoring</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="usage/administration/request_log.html">Request log format</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Scripts</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Development</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/contributing_guide.html">Contributing Guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_style.html">Code Style</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/git.html">Git Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Testing</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="opentracing.html">OpenTracing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/database_schema.html">Database Schemas</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/experimental_features.html">Experimental features</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Synapse Architecture</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="log_contexts.html">Log Contexts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="replication.html">Replication</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tcp_replication.html">TCP Replication</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/internal_documentation/index.html">Internal Documentation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Single Sign-On</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/saml.html">SAML</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/cas.html">CAS</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/room-dag-concepts.html">Room DAG concepts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>State Resolution</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="auth_chain_difference_algorithm.html">The Auth Chain Difference Algorithm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="media_repository.html">Media Repository</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="room_and_user_statistics.html">Room and User Statistics</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>Scripts</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Other</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="deprecation_policy.html">Dependency Deprecation Policy</a></li></ol> + </div> + <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div> + </nav> + + <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper"> + + <div class="page"> + + <div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div> + <div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar 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(Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar"> + <i class="fa fa-search"></i> + </button> + + </div> + + <h1 class="menu-title">Synapse</h1> + + <div class="right-buttons"> + + <a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book"> + <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i> + </a> + + + <a href="https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository"> + <i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i> + </a> + + + <a href="https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/edit/develop/docs/postgres.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit"> + <i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i> + </a> + + + </div> + </div> + + + <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden"> + <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer"> + <input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header"> + </form> + <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden"> + <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div> + <ul id="searchresults"> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + + <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM --> + <script type="text/javascript"> + document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible'); + document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible'); + Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) { + link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1); + }); + </script> + + <div id="content" class="content"> + <main> + <!-- Page table of contents --> + <div class="sidetoc"> + <nav class="pagetoc"></nav> + </div> + + <h1 id="using-postgres"><a class="header" href="#using-postgres">Using Postgres</a></h1> +<p>Synapse supports PostgreSQL versions 9.6 or later.</p> +<h2 id="install-postgres-client-libraries"><a class="header" href="#install-postgres-client-libraries">Install postgres client libraries</a></h2> +<p>Synapse will require the python postgres client library in order to +connect to a postgres database.</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p>If you are using the <a href="setup/installation.html#matrixorg-packages">matrix.org debian/ubuntu +packages</a>, the necessary python +library will already be installed, but you will need to ensure the +low-level postgres library is installed, which you can do with +<code>apt install libpq5</code>.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>For other pre-built packages, please consult the documentation from +the relevant package.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>If you installed synapse <a href="setup/installation.html#installing-from-source">in a +virtualenv</a>, you can install +the library with:</p> +<pre><code>~/synapse/env/bin/pip install "matrix-synapse[postgres]" +</code></pre> +<p>(substituting the path to your virtualenv for <code>~/synapse/env</code>, if +you used a different path). You will require the postgres +development files. These are in the <code>libpq-dev</code> package on +Debian-derived distributions.</p> +</li> +</ul> +<h2 id="set-up-database"><a class="header" href="#set-up-database">Set up database</a></h2> +<p>Assuming your PostgreSQL database user is called <code>postgres</code>, first authenticate as the database user with:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">su - postgres +# Or, if your system uses sudo to get administrative rights +sudo -u postgres bash +</code></pre> +<p>Then, create a postgres user and a database with:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># this will prompt for a password for the new user +createuser --pwprompt synapse_user + +createdb --encoding=UTF8 --locale=C --template=template0 --owner=synapse_user synapse +</code></pre> +<p>The above will create a user called <code>synapse_user</code>, and a database called +<code>synapse</code>.</p> +<p>Note that the PostgreSQL database <em>must</em> have the correct encoding set +(as shown above), otherwise it will not be able to store UTF8 strings.</p> +<p>You may need to enable password authentication so <code>synapse_user</code> can +connect to the database. See +<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html">https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html</a>.</p> +<h2 id="synapse-config"><a class="header" href="#synapse-config">Synapse config</a></h2> +<p>When you are ready to start using PostgreSQL, edit the <code>database</code> +section in your config file to match the following lines:</p> +<pre><code class="language-yaml">database: + name: psycopg2 + args: + user: <user> + password: <pass> + database: <db> + host: <host> + cp_min: 5 + cp_max: 10 +</code></pre> +<p>All key, values in <code>args</code> are passed to the <code>psycopg2.connect(..)</code> +function, except keys beginning with <code>cp_</code>, which are consumed by the +twisted adbapi connection pool. See the <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PARAMKEYWORDS">libpq +documentation</a> +for a list of options which can be passed.</p> +<p>You should consider tuning the <code>args.keepalives_*</code> options if there is any danger of +the connection between your homeserver and database dropping, otherwise Synapse +may block for an extended period while it waits for a response from the +database server. Example values might be:</p> +<pre><code class="language-yaml">database: + args: + # ... as above + + # seconds of inactivity after which TCP should send a keepalive message to the server + keepalives_idle: 10 + + # the number of seconds after which a TCP keepalive message that is not + # acknowledged by the server should be retransmitted + keepalives_interval: 10 + + # the number of TCP keepalives that can be lost before the client's connection + # to the server is considered dead + keepalives_count: 3 +</code></pre> +<h2 id="tuning-postgres"><a class="header" href="#tuning-postgres">Tuning Postgres</a></h2> +<p>The default settings should be fine for most deployments. For larger +scale deployments tuning some of the settings is recommended, details of +which can be found at +<a href="https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Tuning_Your_PostgreSQL_Server">https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Tuning_Your_PostgreSQL_Server</a>.</p> +<p>In particular, we've found tuning the following values helpful for +performance:</p> +<ul> +<li><code>shared_buffers</code></li> +<li><code>effective_cache_size</code></li> +<li><code>work_mem</code></li> +<li><code>maintenance_work_mem</code></li> +<li><code>autovacuum_work_mem</code></li> +</ul> +<p>Note that the appropriate values for those fields depend on the amount +of free memory the database host has available.</p> +<h2 id="porting-from-sqlite"><a class="header" href="#porting-from-sqlite">Porting from SQLite</a></h2> +<h3 id="overview"><a class="header" href="#overview">Overview</a></h3> +<p>The script <code>synapse_port_db</code> allows porting an existing synapse server +backed by SQLite to using PostgreSQL. This is done in as a two phase +process:</p> +<ol> +<li>Copy the existing SQLite database to a separate location and run +the port script against that offline database.</li> +<li>Shut down the server. Rerun the port script to port any data that +has come in since taking the first snapshot. Restart server against +the PostgreSQL database.</li> +</ol> +<p>The port script is designed to be run repeatedly against newer snapshots +of the SQLite database file. This makes it safe to repeat step 1 if +there was a delay between taking the previous snapshot and being ready +to do step 2.</p> +<p>It is safe to at any time kill the port script and restart it.</p> +<p>Note that the database may take up significantly more (25% - 100% more) +space on disk after porting to Postgres.</p> +<h3 id="using-the-port-script"><a class="header" href="#using-the-port-script">Using the port script</a></h3> +<p>Firstly, shut down the currently running synapse server and copy its +database file (typically <code>homeserver.db</code>) to another location. Once the +copy is complete, restart synapse. For instance:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">./synctl stop +cp homeserver.db homeserver.db.snapshot +./synctl start +</code></pre> +<p>Copy the old config file into a new config file:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">cp homeserver.yaml homeserver-postgres.yaml +</code></pre> +<p>Edit the database section as described in the section <em>Synapse config</em> +above and with the SQLite snapshot located at <code>homeserver.db.snapshot</code> +simply run:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">synapse_port_db --sqlite-database homeserver.db.snapshot \ + --postgres-config homeserver-postgres.yaml +</code></pre> +<p>The flag <code>--curses</code> displays a coloured curses progress UI.</p> +<p>If the script took a long time to complete, or time has otherwise passed +since the original snapshot was taken, repeat the previous steps with a +newer snapshot.</p> +<p>To complete the conversion shut down the synapse server and run the port +script one last time, e.g. if the SQLite database is at <code>homeserver.db</code> +run:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">synapse_port_db --sqlite-database homeserver.db \ + --postgres-config homeserver-postgres.yaml +</code></pre> +<p>Once that has completed, change the synapse config to point at the +PostgreSQL database configuration file <code>homeserver-postgres.yaml</code>:</p> +<pre><code class="language-sh">./synctl stop +mv homeserver.yaml homeserver-old-sqlite.yaml +mv homeserver-postgres.yaml homeserver.yaml +./synctl start +</code></pre> +<p>Synapse should now be running against PostgreSQL.</p> +<h2 id="troubleshooting"><a class="header" href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h2> +<h3 id="alternative-auth-methods"><a class="header" href="#alternative-auth-methods">Alternative auth methods</a></h3> +<p>If you get an error along the lines of <code>FATAL: Ident authentication failed for user "synapse_user"</code>, you may need to use an authentication method other than +<code>ident</code>:</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p>If the <code>synapse_user</code> user has a password, add the password to the <code>database:</code> +section of <code>homeserver.yaml</code>. Then add the following to <code>pg_hba.conf</code>:</p> +<pre><code>host synapse synapse_user ::1/128 md5 # or `scram-sha-256` instead of `md5` if you use that +</code></pre> +</li> +<li> +<p>If the <code>synapse_user</code> user does not have a password, then a password doesn't +have to be added to <code>homeserver.yaml</code>. But the following does need to be added +to <code>pg_hba.conf</code>:</p> +<pre><code>host synapse synapse_user ::1/128 trust +</code></pre> +</li> +</ul> +<p>Note that line order matters in <code>pg_hba.conf</code>, so make sure that if you do add a +new line, it is inserted before:</p> +<pre><code>host all all ::1/128 ident +</code></pre> +<h3 id="fixing-incorrect-collate-or-ctype"><a class="header" href="#fixing-incorrect-collate-or-ctype">Fixing incorrect <code>COLLATE</code> or <code>CTYPE</code></a></h3> +<p>Synapse will refuse to set up a new database if it has the wrong values of +<code>COLLATE</code> and <code>CTYPE</code> set, and will log warnings on existing databases. Using +different locales can cause issues if the locale library is updated from +underneath the database, or if a different version of the locale is used on any +replicas.</p> +<p>The safest way to fix the issue is to dump the database and recreate it with +the correct locale parameter (as shown above). It is also possible to change the +parameters on a live database and run a <code>REINDEX</code> on the entire database, +however extreme care must be taken to avoid database corruption.</p> +<p>Note that the above may fail with an error about duplicate rows if corruption +has already occurred, and such duplicate rows will need to be manually removed.</p> +<h3 id="fixing-inconsistent-sequences-error"><a class="header" href="#fixing-inconsistent-sequences-error">Fixing inconsistent sequences error</a></h3> +<p>Synapse uses Postgres sequences to generate IDs for various tables. A sequence +and associated table can get out of sync if, for example, Synapse has been +downgraded and then upgraded again.</p> +<p>To fix the issue shut down Synapse (including any and all workers) and run the +SQL command included in the error message. 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