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authorrichvdh <richvdh@users.noreply.github.com>2021-07-07 10:08:50 +0000
committerrichvdh <richvdh@users.noreply.github.com>2021-07-07 10:08:50 +0000
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+                        <h1 id="tcp-replication"><a class="header" href="#tcp-replication">TCP Replication</a></h1>
+<h2 id="motivation"><a class="header" href="#motivation">Motivation</a></h2>
+<p>Previously the workers used an HTTP long poll mechanism to get updates
+from the master, which had the problem of causing a lot of duplicate
+work on the server. This TCP protocol replaces those APIs with the aim
+of increased efficiency.</p>
+<h2 id="overview"><a class="header" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
+<p>The protocol is based on fire and forget, line based commands. An
+example flow would be (where '&gt;' indicates master to worker and
+'&lt;' worker to master flows):</p>
+<pre><code>&gt; SERVER example.com
+&lt; REPLICATE
+&gt; POSITION events master 53 53
+&gt; RDATA events master 54 [&quot;$foo1:bar.com&quot;, ...]
+&gt; RDATA events master 55 [&quot;$foo4:bar.com&quot;, ...]
+</code></pre>
+<p>The example shows the server accepting a new connection and sending its identity
+with the <code>SERVER</code> command, followed by the client server to respond with the
+position of all streams. The server then periodically sends <code>RDATA</code> commands
+which have the format <code>RDATA &lt;stream_name&gt; &lt;instance_name&gt; &lt;token&gt; &lt;row&gt;</code>, where
+the format of <code>&lt;row&gt;</code> is defined by the individual streams. The
+<code>&lt;instance_name&gt;</code> is the name of the Synapse process that generated the data
+(usually &quot;master&quot;).</p>
+<p>Error reporting happens by either the client or server sending an ERROR
+command, and usually the connection will be closed.</p>
+<p>Since the protocol is a simple line based, its possible to manually
+connect to the server using a tool like netcat. A few things should be
+noted when manually using the protocol:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The federation stream is only available if federation sending has
+been disabled on the main process.</li>
+<li>The server will only time connections out that have sent a <code>PING</code>
+command. If a ping is sent then the connection will be closed if no
+further commands are receieved within 15s. Both the client and
+server protocol implementations will send an initial PING on
+connection and ensure at least one command every 5s is sent (not
+necessarily <code>PING</code>).</li>
+<li><code>RDATA</code> commands <em>usually</em> include a numeric token, however if the
+stream has multiple rows to replicate per token the server will send
+multiple <code>RDATA</code> commands, with all but the last having a token of
+<code>batch</code>. See the documentation on <code>commands.RdataCommand</code> for
+further details.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="architecture"><a class="header" href="#architecture">Architecture</a></h2>
+<p>The basic structure of the protocol is line based, where the initial
+word of each line specifies the command. The rest of the line is parsed
+based on the command. For example, the RDATA command is defined as:</p>
+<pre><code>RDATA &lt;stream_name&gt; &lt;instance_name&gt; &lt;token&gt; &lt;row_json&gt;
+</code></pre>
+<p>(Note that &lt;row_json&gt; may contains spaces, but cannot contain
+newlines.)</p>
+<p>Blank lines are ignored.</p>
+<h3 id="keep-alives"><a class="header" href="#keep-alives">Keep alives</a></h3>
+<p>Both sides are expected to send at least one command every 5s or so, and
+should send a <code>PING</code> command if necessary. If either side do not receive
+a command within e.g. 15s then the connection should be closed.</p>
+<p>Because the server may be connected to manually using e.g. netcat, the
+timeouts aren't enabled until an initial <code>PING</code> command is seen. Both
+the client and server implementations below send a <code>PING</code> command
+immediately on connection to ensure the timeouts are enabled.</p>
+<p>This ensures that both sides can quickly realize if the tcp connection
+has gone and handle the situation appropriately.</p>
+<h3 id="start-up"><a class="header" href="#start-up">Start up</a></h3>
+<p>When a new connection is made, the server:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Sends a <code>SERVER</code> command, which includes the identity of the server,
+allowing the client to detect if its connected to the expected
+server</li>
+<li>Sends a <code>PING</code> command as above, to enable the client to time out
+connections promptly.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The client:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Sends a <code>NAME</code> command, allowing the server to associate a human
+friendly name with the connection. This is optional.</li>
+<li>Sends a <code>PING</code> as above</li>
+<li>Sends a <code>REPLICATE</code> to get the current position of all streams.</li>
+<li>On receipt of a <code>SERVER</code> command, checks that the server name
+matches the expected server name.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="error-handling"><a class="header" href="#error-handling">Error handling</a></h3>
+<p>If either side detects an error it can send an <code>ERROR</code> command and close
+the connection.</p>
+<p>If the client side loses the connection to the server it should
+reconnect, following the steps above.</p>
+<h3 id="congestion"><a class="header" href="#congestion">Congestion</a></h3>
+<p>If the server sends messages faster than the client can consume them the
+server will first buffer a (fairly large) number of commands and then
+disconnect the client. This ensures that we don't queue up an unbounded
+number of commands in memory and gives us a potential oppurtunity to
+squawk loudly. When/if the client recovers it can reconnect to the
+server and ask for missed messages.</p>
+<h3 id="reliability"><a class="header" href="#reliability">Reliability</a></h3>
+<p>In general the replication stream should be considered an unreliable
+transport since e.g. commands are not resent if the connection
+disappears.</p>
+<p>The exception to that are the replication streams, i.e. RDATA commands,
+since these include tokens which can be used to restart the stream on
+connection errors.</p>
+<p>The client should keep track of the token in the last RDATA command
+received for each stream so that on reconneciton it can start streaming
+from the correct place. Note: not all RDATA have valid tokens due to
+batching. See <code>RdataCommand</code> for more details.</p>
+<h3 id="example"><a class="header" href="#example">Example</a></h3>
+<p>An example iteraction is shown below. Each line is prefixed with '&gt;'
+or '&lt;' to indicate which side is sending, these are <em>not</em> included on
+the wire:</p>
+<pre><code>* connection established *
+&gt; SERVER localhost:8823
+&gt; PING 1490197665618
+&lt; NAME synapse.app.appservice
+&lt; PING 1490197665618
+&lt; REPLICATE
+&gt; POSITION events master 1 1
+&gt; POSITION backfill master 1 1
+&gt; POSITION caches master 1 1
+&gt; RDATA caches master 2 [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;,[&quot;@01register-user:localhost:8823&quot;],1490197670513]
+&gt; RDATA events master 14 [&quot;$149019767112vOHxz:localhost:8823&quot;,
+    &quot;!AFDCvgApUmpdfVjIXm:localhost:8823&quot;,&quot;m.room.guest_access&quot;,&quot;&quot;,null]
+&lt; PING 1490197675618
+&gt; ERROR server stopping
+* connection closed by server *
+</code></pre>
+<p>The <code>POSITION</code> command sent by the server is used to set the clients
+position without needing to send data with the <code>RDATA</code> command.</p>
+<p>An example of a batched set of <code>RDATA</code> is:</p>
+<pre><code>&gt; RDATA caches master batch [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;,[&quot;@test:localhost:8823&quot;],1490197670513]
+&gt; RDATA caches master batch [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;,[&quot;@test2:localhost:8823&quot;],1490197670513]
+&gt; RDATA caches master batch [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;,[&quot;@test3:localhost:8823&quot;],1490197670513]
+&gt; RDATA caches master 54 [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;,[&quot;@test4:localhost:8823&quot;],1490197670513]
+</code></pre>
+<p>In this case the client shouldn't advance their caches token until it
+sees the the last <code>RDATA</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="list-of-commands"><a class="header" href="#list-of-commands">List of commands</a></h3>
+<p>The list of valid commands, with which side can send it: server (S) or
+client (C):</p>
+<h4 id="server-s"><a class="header" href="#server-s">SERVER (S)</a></h4>
+<p>Sent at the start to identify which server the client is talking to</p>
+<h4 id="rdata-s"><a class="header" href="#rdata-s">RDATA (S)</a></h4>
+<p>A single update in a stream</p>
+<h4 id="position-s"><a class="header" href="#position-s">POSITION (S)</a></h4>
+<p>On receipt of a POSITION command clients should check if they have missed any
+updates, and if so then fetch them out of band. Sent in response to a
+REPLICATE command (but can happen at any time).</p>
+<p>The POSITION command includes the source of the stream. Currently all streams
+are written by a single process (usually &quot;master&quot;). If fetching missing
+updates via HTTP API, rather than via the DB, then processes should make the
+request to the appropriate process.</p>
+<p>Two positions are included, the &quot;new&quot; position and the last position sent respectively.
+This allows servers to tell instances that the positions have advanced but no
+data has been written, without clients needlessly checking to see if they
+have missed any updates.</p>
+<h4 id="error-s-c"><a class="header" href="#error-s-c">ERROR (S, C)</a></h4>
+<p>There was an error</p>
+<h4 id="ping-s-c"><a class="header" href="#ping-s-c">PING (S, C)</a></h4>
+<p>Sent periodically to ensure the connection is still alive</p>
+<h4 id="name-c"><a class="header" href="#name-c">NAME (C)</a></h4>
+<p>Sent at the start by client to inform the server who they are</p>
+<h4 id="replicate-c"><a class="header" href="#replicate-c">REPLICATE (C)</a></h4>
+<p>Asks the server for the current position of all streams.</p>
+<h4 id="user_sync-c"><a class="header" href="#user_sync-c">USER_SYNC (C)</a></h4>
+<p>A user has started or stopped syncing on this process.</p>
+<h4 id="clear_user_sync-c"><a class="header" href="#clear_user_sync-c">CLEAR_USER_SYNC (C)</a></h4>
+<p>The server should clear all associated user sync data from the worker.</p>
+<p>This is used when a worker is shutting down.</p>
+<h4 id="federation_ack-c"><a class="header" href="#federation_ack-c">FEDERATION_ACK (C)</a></h4>
+<p>Acknowledge receipt of some federation data</p>
+<h3 id="remote_server_up-s-c"><a class="header" href="#remote_server_up-s-c">REMOTE_SERVER_UP (S, C)</a></h3>
+<p>Inform other processes that a remote server may have come back online.</p>
+<p>See <code>synapse/replication/tcp/commands.py</code> for a detailed description and
+the format of each command.</p>
+<h3 id="cache-invalidation-stream"><a class="header" href="#cache-invalidation-stream">Cache Invalidation Stream</a></h3>
+<p>The cache invalidation stream is used to inform workers when they need
+to invalidate any of their caches in the data store. This is done by
+streaming all cache invalidations done on master down to the workers,
+assuming that any caches on the workers also exist on the master.</p>
+<p>Each individual cache invalidation results in a row being sent down
+replication, which includes the cache name (the name of the function)
+and they key to invalidate. For example:</p>
+<pre><code>&gt; RDATA caches master 550953771 [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;, [&quot;@bob:example.com&quot;], 1550574873251]
+</code></pre>
+<p>Alternatively, an entire cache can be invalidated by sending down a <code>null</code>
+instead of the key. For example:</p>
+<pre><code>&gt; RDATA caches master 550953772 [&quot;get_user_by_id&quot;, null, 1550574873252]
+</code></pre>
+<p>However, there are times when a number of caches need to be invalidated
+at the same time with the same key. To reduce traffic we batch those
+invalidations into a single poke by defining a special cache name that
+workers understand to mean to expand to invalidate the correct caches.</p>
+<p>Currently the special cache names are declared in
+<code>synapse/storage/_base.py</code> and are:</p>
+<ol>
+<li><code>cs_cache_fake</code> ─ invalidates caches that depend on the current
+state</li>
+</ol>
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