Stop getting missing `prev_events` after we already know their signature is invalid (#13816)

While https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13635 stops us from doing the slow thing after we've already done it once, this PR stops us from doing one of the slow things in the first place.

Related to
 - https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13622
    - https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13635
 - https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13676

Part of https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13356

Follow-up to https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13815 which tracks event signature failures.

With this PR, we avoid the call to the costly `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event` because the signature failure will count as an attempt before and we filter events based on the backoff before calling `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event` now.

For example, this will save us 156s out of the 185s total that this `matrix.org` `/messages` request. If you want to see the full Jaeger trace of this, you can drag and drop this `trace.json` into your own Jaeger, https://gist.github.com/MadLittleMods/4b12d0d0afe88c2f65ffcc907306b761

To explain this exact scenario around `/messages` -> backfill, we call `/backfill` and first check the signatures of the 100 events. We see bad signature for `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` and `$zuOn2Rd2vsC7SUia3Hp3r6JSkSFKcc5j3QTTqW_0jDw` (both member events). Then we process the 98 events remaining that have valid signatures but one of the events references `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` as a `prev_event`. So we have to do the whole `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event` rigmarole which pulls in those same events which fail again because the signatures are still invalid.

 - `backfill`
    - `outgoing-federation-request` `/backfill`
    - `_check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch`
       - `_check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch_one` for each event received over backfill
          - ❗ `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` fails with `Signature on retrieved event was invalid.`: `unable to verify signature for sender domain xxx: 401: Failed to find any key to satisfy: _FetchKeyRequest(...)`
          - ❗ `$zuOn2Rd2vsC7SUia3Hp3r6JSkSFKcc5j3QTTqW_0jDw` fails with `Signature on retrieved event was invalid.`: `unable to verify signature for sender domain xxx: 401: Failed to find any key to satisfy: _FetchKeyRequest(...)`
   - `_process_pulled_events`
      - `_process_pulled_event` for each validated event
         - ❗ Event `$Q0iMdqtz3IJYfZQU2Xk2WjB5NDF8Gg8cFSYYyKQgKJ0` references `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` as a `prev_event` which is missing so we try to get it
            - `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event`
               - `outgoing-federation-request` `/state_ids`
               - ❗ `get_pdu` for `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` which fails the signature check again
               - ❗ `get_pdu` for `$zuOn2Rd2vsC7SUia3Hp3r6JSkSFKcc5j3QTTqW_0jDw` which fails the signature check

2 files changed, 263 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py b/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py
index 918010cddb..e448cb1901 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_federation_event.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 from typing import Optional
 from unittest import mock
 
-from synapse.api.errors import AuthError
+from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, StoreError
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersion
 from synapse.event_auth import (
     check_state_dependent_auth_rules,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class FederationEventHandlerTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
     def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
         # mock out the federation transport client
         self.mock_federation_transport_client = mock.Mock(
-            spec=["get_room_state_ids", "get_room_state", "get_event"]
+            spec=["get_room_state_ids", "get_room_state", "get_event", "backfill"]
         )
         return super().setup_test_homeserver(
             federation_transport_client=self.mock_federation_transport_client
@@ -459,6 +459,203 @@ class FederationEventHandlerTests(unittest.FederatingHomeserverTestCase):
         )
         self.assertIsNotNone(persisted, "pulled event was not persisted at all")
 
+    def test_backfill_signature_failure_does_not_fetch_same_prev_event_later(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Test to make sure we backoff and don't try to fetch a missing prev_event when we
+        already know it has a invalid signature from checking the signatures of all of
+        the events in the backfill response.
+        """
+        OTHER_USER = f"@user:{self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME}"
+        main_store = self.hs.get_datastores().main
+
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("kermit", "test")
+        tok = self.login("kermit", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+        room_version = self.get_success(main_store.get_room_version(room_id))
+
+        # Allow the remote user to send state events
+        self.helper.send_state(
+            room_id,
+            "m.room.power_levels",
+            {"events_default": 0, "state_default": 0},
+            tok=tok,
+        )
+
+        # Add the remote user to the room
+        member_event = self.get_success(
+            event_injection.inject_member_event(self.hs, room_id, OTHER_USER, "join")
+        )
+
+        initial_state_map = self.get_success(
+            main_store.get_partial_current_state_ids(room_id)
+        )
+
+        auth_event_ids = [
+            initial_state_map[("m.room.create", "")],
+            initial_state_map[("m.room.power_levels", "")],
+            member_event.event_id,
+        ]
+
+        # We purposely don't run `add_hashes_and_signatures_from_other_server`
+        # over this because we want the signature check to fail.
+        pulled_event_without_signatures = make_event_from_dict(
+            {
+                "type": "test_regular_type",
+                "room_id": room_id,
+                "sender": OTHER_USER,
+                "prev_events": [member_event.event_id],
+                "auth_events": auth_event_ids,
+                "origin_server_ts": 1,
+                "depth": 12,
+                "content": {"body": "pulled_event_without_signatures"},
+            },
+            room_version,
+        )
+
+        # Create a regular event that should pass except for the
+        # `pulled_event_without_signatures` in the `prev_event`.
+        pulled_event = make_event_from_dict(
+            self.add_hashes_and_signatures_from_other_server(
+                {
+                    "type": "test_regular_type",
+                    "room_id": room_id,
+                    "sender": OTHER_USER,
+                    "prev_events": [
+                        member_event.event_id,
+                        pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id,
+                    ],
+                    "auth_events": auth_event_ids,
+                    "origin_server_ts": 1,
+                    "depth": 12,
+                    "content": {"body": "pulled_event"},
+                }
+            ),
+            room_version,
+        )
+
+        # We expect an outbound request to /backfill, so stub that out
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.backfill.return_value = make_awaitable(
+            {
+                "origin": self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME,
+                "origin_server_ts": 123,
+                "pdus": [
+                    # This is one of the important aspects of this test: we include
+                    # `pulled_event_without_signatures` so it fails the signature check
+                    # when we filter down the backfill response down to events which
+                    # have valid signatures in
+                    # `_check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch`
+                    pulled_event_without_signatures.get_pdu_json(),
+                    # Then later when we process this valid signature event, when we
+                    # fetch the missing `prev_event`s, we want to make sure that we
+                    # backoff and don't try and fetch `pulled_event_without_signatures`
+                    # again since we know it just had an invalid signature.
+                    pulled_event.get_pdu_json(),
+                ],
+            }
+        )
+
+        # Keep track of the count and make sure we don't make any of these requests
+        event_endpoint_requested_count = 0
+        room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count = 0
+        room_state_endpoint_requested_count = 0
+
+        async def get_event(
+            destination: str, event_id: str, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+        ) -> None:
+            nonlocal event_endpoint_requested_count
+            event_endpoint_requested_count += 1
+
+        async def get_room_state_ids(
+            destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
+        ) -> None:
+            nonlocal room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count
+            room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count += 1
+
+        async def get_room_state(
+            room_version: RoomVersion, destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
+        ) -> None:
+            nonlocal room_state_endpoint_requested_count
+            room_state_endpoint_requested_count += 1
+
+        # We don't expect an outbound request to `/event`, `/state_ids`, or `/state` in
+        # the happy path but if the logic is sneaking around what we expect, stub that
+        # out so we can detect that failure
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.get_event.side_effect = get_event
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.get_room_state_ids.side_effect = (
+            get_room_state_ids
+        )
+        self.mock_federation_transport_client.get_room_state.side_effect = (
+            get_room_state
+        )
+
+        # The function under test: try to backfill and process the pulled event
+        with LoggingContext("test"):
+            self.get_success(
+                self.hs.get_federation_event_handler().backfill(
+                    self.OTHER_SERVER_NAME,
+                    room_id,
+                    limit=1,
+                    extremities=["$some_extremity"],
+                )
+            )
+
+        if event_endpoint_requested_count > 0:
+            self.fail(
+                "We don't expect an outbound request to /event in the happy path but if "
+                "the logic is sneaking around what we expect, make sure to fail the test. "
+                "We don't expect it because the signature failure should cause us to backoff "
+                "and not asking about pulled_event_without_signatures="
+                f"{pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id} again"
+            )
+
+        if room_state_ids_endpoint_requested_count > 0:
+            self.fail(
+                "We don't expect an outbound request to /state_ids in the happy path but if "
+                "the logic is sneaking around what we expect, make sure to fail the test. "
+                "We don't expect it because the signature failure should cause us to backoff "
+                "and not asking about pulled_event_without_signatures="
+                f"{pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id} again"
+            )
+
+        if room_state_endpoint_requested_count > 0:
+            self.fail(
+                "We don't expect an outbound request to /state in the happy path but if "
+                "the logic is sneaking around what we expect, make sure to fail the test. "
+                "We don't expect it because the signature failure should cause us to backoff "
+                "and not asking about pulled_event_without_signatures="
+                f"{pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id} again"
+            )
+
+        # Make sure we only recorded a single failure which corresponds to the signature
+        # failure initially in `_check_sigs_and_hash_for_pulled_events_and_fetch` before
+        # we process all of the pulled events.
+        backfill_num_attempts_for_event_without_signatures = self.get_success(
+            main_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+                table="event_failed_pull_attempts",
+                keyvalues={"event_id": pulled_event_without_signatures.event_id},
+                retcol="num_attempts",
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(backfill_num_attempts_for_event_without_signatures, 1)
+
+        # And make sure we didn't record a failure for the event that has the missing
+        # prev_event because we don't want to cause a cascade of failures. Not being
+        # able to fetch the `prev_events` just means we won't be able to de-outlier the
+        # pulled event. But we can still use an `outlier` in the state/auth chain for
+        # another event. So we shouldn't stop a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+        self.get_failure(
+            main_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+                table="event_failed_pull_attempts",
+                keyvalues={"event_id": pulled_event.event_id},
+                retcol="num_attempts",
+            ),
+            # StoreError: 404: No row found
+            StoreError,
+        )
+
     def test_process_pulled_event_with_rejected_missing_state(self) -> None:
         """Ensure that we correctly handle pulled events with missing state containing a
         rejected state event
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
index 59b8910907..853db930d6 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_event_federation.py
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ from synapse.api.room_versions import (
     RoomVersion,
 )
 from synapse.events import _EventInternalMetadata
+from synapse.rest import admin
+from synapse.rest.client import login, room
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage.database import LoggingTransaction
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
@@ -43,6 +45,12 @@ class _BackfillSetupInfo:
 
 
 class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+
     def prepare(self, reactor: MemoryReactor, clock: Clock, hs: HomeServer) -> None:
         self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
 
@@ -1122,6 +1130,62 @@ class EventFederationWorkerStoreTestCase(tests.unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         backfill_event_ids = [backfill_point[0] for backfill_point in backfill_points]
         self.assertEqual(backfill_event_ids, ["insertion_eventA"])
 
+    def test_get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+        self,
+    ):
+        """
+        Test to make sure only event IDs we should backoff from are returned.
+        """
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("alice", "test")
+        tok = self.login("alice", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                room_id, "$failed_event_id", "fake cause"
+            )
+        )
+
+        event_ids_to_backoff = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+                room_id=room_id, event_ids=["$failed_event_id", "$normal_event_id"]
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(event_ids_to_backoff, ["$failed_event_id"])
+
+    def test_get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff_retry_after_backoff_duration(
+        self,
+    ):
+        """
+        Test to make sure no event IDs are returned after the backoff duration has
+        elapsed.
+        """
+        # Create the room
+        user_id = self.register_user("alice", "test")
+        tok = self.login("alice", "test")
+        room_id = self.helper.create_room_as(room_creator=user_id, tok=tok)
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                room_id, "$failed_event_id", "fake cause"
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Now advance time by 2 hours so we wait long enough for the single failed
+        # attempt (2^1 hours).
+        self.reactor.advance(datetime.timedelta(hours=2).total_seconds())
+
+        event_ids_to_backoff = self.get_success(
+            self.store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+                room_id=room_id, event_ids=["$failed_event_id", "$normal_event_id"]
+            )
+        )
+        # Since this function only returns events we should backoff from, time has
+        # elapsed past the backoff range so there is no events to backoff from.
+        self.assertEqual(event_ids_to_backoff, [])
+
 
 @attr.s
 class FakeEvent: