Stop getting missing `prev_events` after we already know their signature is invalid (#13816)

While https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13635 stops us from doing the slow thing after we've already done it once, this PR stops us from doing one of the slow things in the first place.

Related to
 - https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13622
    - https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13635
 - https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13676

Part of https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13356

Follow-up to https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13815 which tracks event signature failures.

With this PR, we avoid the call to the costly `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event` because the signature failure will count as an attempt before and we filter events based on the backoff before calling `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event` now.

For example, this will save us 156s out of the 185s total that this `matrix.org` `/messages` request. If you want to see the full Jaeger trace of this, you can drag and drop this `trace.json` into your own Jaeger, https://gist.github.com/MadLittleMods/4b12d0d0afe88c2f65ffcc907306b761

To explain this exact scenario around `/messages` -> backfill, we call `/backfill` and first check the signatures of the 100 events. We see bad signature for `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` and `$zuOn2Rd2vsC7SUia3Hp3r6JSkSFKcc5j3QTTqW_0jDw` (both member events). Then we process the 98 events remaining that have valid signatures but one of the events references `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` as a `prev_event`. So we have to do the whole `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event` rigmarole which pulls in those same events which fail again because the signatures are still invalid.

 - `backfill`
    - `outgoing-federation-request` `/backfill`
    - `_check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch`
       - `_check_sigs_and_hash_and_fetch_one` for each event received over backfill
          - ❗ `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` fails with `Signature on retrieved event was invalid.`: `unable to verify signature for sender domain xxx: 401: Failed to find any key to satisfy: _FetchKeyRequest(...)`
          - ❗ `$zuOn2Rd2vsC7SUia3Hp3r6JSkSFKcc5j3QTTqW_0jDw` fails with `Signature on retrieved event was invalid.`: `unable to verify signature for sender domain xxx: 401: Failed to find any key to satisfy: _FetchKeyRequest(...)`
   - `_process_pulled_events`
      - `_process_pulled_event` for each validated event
         - ❗ Event `$Q0iMdqtz3IJYfZQU2Xk2WjB5NDF8Gg8cFSYYyKQgKJ0` references `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` as a `prev_event` which is missing so we try to get it
            - `_get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event`
               - `outgoing-federation-request` `/state_ids`
               - ❗ `get_pdu` for `$luA4l7QHhf_jadH3mI-AyFqho0U2Q-IXXUbGSMq6h6M` which fails the signature check again
               - ❗ `get_pdu` for `$zuOn2Rd2vsC7SUia3Hp3r6JSkSFKcc5j3QTTqW_0jDw` which fails the signature check

2 files changed, 47 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index 44e70c6c3c..5f7e0a1f79 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
     Codes,
     FederationDeniedError,
     FederationError,
+    FederationPullAttemptBackoffError,
     HttpResponseException,
     LimitExceededError,
     NotFoundError,
@@ -1720,7 +1721,22 @@ class FederationHandler:
                             destination, event
                         )
                         break
+                    except FederationPullAttemptBackoffError as exc:
+                        # Log a warning about why we failed to process the event (the error message
+                        # for `FederationPullAttemptBackoffError` is pretty good)
+                        logger.warning("_sync_partial_state_room: %s", exc)
+                        # We do not record a failed pull attempt when we backoff fetching a missing
+                        # `prev_event` because not being able to fetch the `prev_events` just means
+                        # we won't be able to de-outlier the pulled event. But we can still use an
+                        # `outlier` in the state/auth chain for another event. So we shouldn't stop
+                        # a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+                        #
+                        # This avoids a cascade of backoff for all events in the DAG downstream from
+                        # one event backoff upstream.
                     except FederationError as e:
+                        # TODO: We should `record_event_failed_pull_attempt` here,
+                        #   see https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13700
+
                         if attempt == len(destinations) - 1:
                             # We have tried every remote server for this event. Give up.
                             # TODO(faster_joins) giving up isn't the right thing to do
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py b/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
index f382961099..4300e8dd40 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
     AuthError,
     Codes,
     FederationError,
+    FederationPullAttemptBackoffError,
     HttpResponseException,
     RequestSendFailed,
     SynapseError,
@@ -567,6 +568,9 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
             event: partial-state event to be de-partial-stated
 
         Raises:
+            FederationPullAttemptBackoffError if we are are deliberately not attempting
+                to pull the given event over federation because we've already done so
+                recently and are backing off.
             FederationError if we fail to request state from the remote server.
         """
         logger.info("Updating state for %s", event.event_id)
@@ -901,6 +905,18 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                     context,
                     backfilled=backfilled,
                 )
+        except FederationPullAttemptBackoffError as exc:
+            # Log a warning about why we failed to process the event (the error message
+            # for `FederationPullAttemptBackoffError` is pretty good)
+            logger.warning("_process_pulled_event: %s", exc)
+            # We do not record a failed pull attempt when we backoff fetching a missing
+            # `prev_event` because not being able to fetch the `prev_events` just means
+            # we won't be able to de-outlier the pulled event. But we can still use an
+            # `outlier` in the state/auth chain for another event. So we shouldn't stop
+            # a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+            #
+            # This avoids a cascade of backoff for all events in the DAG downstream from
+            # one event backoff upstream.
         except FederationError as e:
             await self._store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
                 event.room_id, event_id, str(e)
@@ -947,6 +963,9 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
             The event context.
 
         Raises:
+            FederationPullAttemptBackoffError if we are are deliberately not attempting
+                to pull the given event over federation because we've already done so
+                recently and are backing off.
             FederationError if we fail to get the state from the remote server after any
                 missing `prev_event`s.
         """
@@ -957,6 +976,18 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
         seen = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prevs)
         missing_prevs = prevs - seen
 
+        # If we've already recently attempted to pull this missing event, don't
+        # try it again so soon. Since we have to fetch all of the prev_events, we can
+        # bail early here if we find any to ignore.
+        prevs_to_ignore = await self._store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+            room_id, missing_prevs
+        )
+        if len(prevs_to_ignore) > 0:
+            raise FederationPullAttemptBackoffError(
+                event_ids=prevs_to_ignore,
+                message=f"While computing context for event={event_id}, not attempting to pull missing prev_event={prevs_to_ignore[0]} because we already tried to pull recently (backing off).",
+            )
+
         if not missing_prevs:
             return await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(event)