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-===========================
-Matrix Server-to-Server API
-===========================
-
-A description of the protocol used to communicate between Matrix home servers;
-also known as Federation.
-
-
-Overview
-========
-
-The server-server API is a mechanism by which two home servers can exchange
-Matrix event messages, both as a real-time push of current events, and as a
-historic fetching mechanism to synchronise past history for clients to view. It
-uses HTTP connections between each pair of servers involved as the underlying
-transport. Messages are exchanged between servers in real-time by active pushing
-from each server's HTTP client into the server of the other. Queries to fetch
-historic data for the purpose of back-filling scrollback buffers and the like
-can also be performed.
-
-
-  { Matrix clients }                              { Matrix clients }
-     ^          |                                    ^          |
-     |  events  |                                    |  events  |
-     |          V                                    |          V
- +------------------+                            +------------------+
- |                  |---------( HTTP )---------->|                  |
- |   Home Server    |                            |   Home Server    |
- |                  |<--------( HTTP )-----------|                  |
- +------------------+                            +------------------+
-
-There are three main kinds of communication that occur between home servers:
-
- * Queries
-   These are single request/response interactions between a given pair of
-   servers, initiated by one side sending an HTTP request to obtain some
-   information, and responded by the other. They are not persisted and contain
-   no long-term significant history. They simply request a snapshot state at the
-   instant the query is made.
-
- * EDUs - Ephemeral Data Units
-   These are notifications of events that are pushed from one home server to
-   another. They are not persisted and contain no long-term significant history,
-   nor does the receiving home server have to reply to them.
-
- * PDUs - Persisted Data Units
-   These are notifications of events that are broadcast from one home server to
-   any others that are interested in the same "context" (namely, a Room ID).
-   They are persisted to long-term storage and form the record of history for
-   that context.
-
-Where Queries are presented directly across the HTTP connection as GET requests
-to specific URLs, EDUs and PDUs are further wrapped in an envelope called a
-Transaction, which is transferred from the origin to the destination home server
-using a PUT request.
-
-
-Transactions and EDUs/PDUs
-==========================
-
-The transfer of EDUs and PDUs between home servers is performed by an exchange
-of Transaction messages, which are encoded as JSON objects with a dict as the
-top-level element, passed over an HTTP PUT request. A Transaction is meaningful
-only to the pair of home servers that exchanged it; they are not globally-
-meaningful.
-
-Each transaction has an opaque ID and timestamp (UNIX epoch time in
-milliseconds) generated by its origin server, an origin and destination server
-name, a list of "previous IDs", and a list of PDUs - the actual message payload
-that the Transaction carries.
-
- {"transaction_id":"916d630ea616342b42e98a3be0b74113",
-  "ts":1404835423000,
-  "origin":"red",
-  "destination":"blue",
-  "prev_ids":["e1da392e61898be4d2009b9fecce5325"],
-  "pdus":[...],
-  "edus":[...]}
-
-The "previous IDs" field will contain a list of previous transaction IDs that
-the origin server has sent to this destination. Its purpose is to act as a
-sequence checking mechanism - the destination server can check whether it has
-successfully received that Transaction, or ask for a retransmission if not.
-
-The "pdus" field of a transaction is a list, containing zero or more PDUs.[*]
-Each PDU is itself a dict containing a number of keys, the exact details of
-which will vary depending on the type of PDU. Similarly, the "edus" field is
-another list containing the EDUs. This key may be entirely absent if there are
-no EDUs to transfer.
-
-(* Normally the PDU list will be non-empty, but the server should cope with
-receiving an "empty" transaction, as this is useful for informing peers of other
-transaction IDs they should be aware of. This effectively acts as a push
-mechanism to encourage peers to continue to replicate content.)
-
-All PDUs have an ID, a context, a declaration of their type, a list of other PDU
-IDs that have been seen recently on that context (regardless of which origin
-sent them), and a nested content field containing the actual event content.
-
-[[TODO(paul): Update this structure so that 'pdu_id' is a two-element
-[origin,ref] pair like the prev_pdus are]]
-
- {"pdu_id":"a4ecee13e2accdadf56c1025af232176",
-  "context":"#example.green",
-  "origin":"green",
-  "ts":1404838188000,
-  "pdu_type":"m.text",
-  "prev_pdus":[["blue","99d16afbc857975916f1d73e49e52b65"]],
-  "content":...
-  "is_state":false}
-
-In contrast to the transaction layer, it is important to note that the prev_pdus
-field of a PDU refers to PDUs that any origin server has sent, rather than
-previous IDs that this origin has sent. This list may refer to other PDUs sent
-by the same origin as the current one, or other origins.
-
-Because of the distributed nature of participants in a Matrix conversation, it
-is impossible to establish a globally-consistent total ordering on the events.
-However, by annotating each outbound PDU at its origin with IDs of other PDUs it
-has received, a partial ordering can be constructed allowing causallity
-relationships to be preserved. A client can then display these messages to the
-end-user in some order consistent with their content and ensure that no message
-that is semantically in reply of an earlier one is ever displayed before it.
-
-PDUs fall into two main categories: those that deliver Events, and those that
-synchronise State. For PDUs that relate to State synchronisation, additional
-keys exist to support this:
-
- {...,
-  "is_state":true,
-  "state_key":TODO
-  "power_level":TODO
-  "prev_state_id":TODO
-  "prev_state_origin":TODO}
-
-[[TODO(paul): At this point we should probably have a long description of how
-State management works, with descriptions of clobbering rules, power levels, etc
-etc... But some of that detail is rather up-in-the-air, on the whiteboard, and
-so on. This part needs refining. And writing in its own document as the details
-relate to the server/system as a whole, not specifically to server-server
-federation.]]
-
-EDUs, by comparison to PDUs, do not have an ID, a context, or a list of
-"previous" IDs. The only mandatory fields for these are the type, origin and
-destination home server names, and the actual nested content.
-
- {"edu_type":"m.presence",
-  "origin":"blue",
-  "destination":"orange",
-  "content":...}
-
-
-Protocol URLs
-=============
-
-All these URLs are namespaced within a prefix of 
-
-  /_matrix/federation/v1/...
-
-For active pushing of messages representing live activity "as it happens":
-
-  PUT .../send/:transaction_id/
-    Body: JSON encoding of a single Transaction
-
-    Response: [[TODO(paul): I don't actually understand what
-    ReplicationLayer.on_transaction() is doing here, so I'm not sure what the
-    response ought to be]]
-
-  The transaction_id path argument will override any ID given in the JSON body.
-  The destination name will be set to that of the receiving server itself. Each
-  embedded PDU in the transaction body will be processed.
-
-
-To fetch a particular PDU:
-
-  GET .../pdu/:origin/:pdu_id/
-
-    Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction containing one PDU
-
-  Retrieves a given PDU from the server. The response will contain a single new
-  Transaction, inside which will be the requested PDU.
-  
-
-To fetch all the state of a given context:
-
-  GET .../state/:context/
-
-    Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction containing multiple PDUs
-
-  Retrieves a snapshot of the entire current state of the given context. The
-  response will contain a single Transaction, inside which will be a list of
-  PDUs that encode the state.
-
-
-To backfill events on a given context:
-
-  GET .../backfill/:context/
-    Query args: v, limit
-
-    Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction containing multiple PDUs
-
-  Retrieves a sliding-window history of previous PDUs that occurred on the
-  given context. Starting from the PDU ID(s) given in the "v" argument, the
-  PDUs that preceeded it are retrieved, up to a total number given by the
-  "limit" argument. These are then returned in a new Transaction containing all
-  off the PDUs.
-
-
-To stream events all the events:
-
-  GET .../pull/
-    Query args: origin, v
-
-  Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction consisting of multiple PDUs
-
-  Retrieves all of the transactions later than any version given by the "v"
-  arguments. [[TODO(paul): I'm not sure what the "origin" argument does because
-  I think at some point in the code it's got swapped around.]]
-
-
-To make a query:
-
-  GET .../query/:query_type
-    Query args: as specified by the individual query types
-
-  Response: JSON encoding of a response object
-
-  Performs a single query request on the receiving home server. The Query Type
-  part of the path specifies the kind of query being made, and its query
-  arguments have a meaning specific to that kind of query. The response is a
-  JSON-encoded object whose meaning also depends on the kind of query.