Merge branch 'develop' of github.com:matrix-org/synapse into anoa/info-mainline-no-check-password-reset

19 files changed, 404 insertions, 118 deletions

diff --git a/changelog.d/8317.feature b/changelog.d/8317.feature
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9edda099c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/8317.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Support testing the local Synapse checkout against the [Complement homeserver test suite](https://github.com/matrix-org/complement/).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changelog.d/8400.bugfix b/changelog.d/8400.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..835658ba5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/8400.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix incorrect handling of timeouts on outgoing HTTP requests.
diff --git a/changelog.d/8404.misc b/changelog.d/8404.misc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7aadded6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/8404.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Do not include appservice users when calculating the total MAU for a server.
diff --git a/changelog.d/8406.feature b/changelog.d/8406.feature
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c6472ae7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/8406.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add prometheus metrics for replication requests.
diff --git a/changelog.d/8417.feature b/changelog.d/8417.feature
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17549c3df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/8417.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add a config option to specify a whitelist of domains that a user can be redirected to after validating their email or phone number.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripts-dev/complement.sh b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..3cde53f5c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#! /bin/bash -eu
+# This script is designed for developers who want to test their code
+# against Complement.
+#
+# It makes a Synapse image which represents the current checkout,
+# then downloads Complement and runs it with that image.
+
+cd "$(dirname $0)/.."
+
+# Build the base Synapse image from the local checkout
+docker build -t matrixdotorg/synapse:latest -f docker/Dockerfile .
+
+# Download Complement
+wget -N https://github.com/matrix-org/complement/archive/master.tar.gz
+tar -xzf master.tar.gz
+cd complement-master
+
+# Build the Synapse image from Complement, based on the above image we just built
+docker build -t complement-synapse -f dockerfiles/Synapse.Dockerfile ./dockerfiles
+
+# Run the tests on the resulting image!
+COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE=complement-synapse go test -v -count=1 ./tests
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/identity.py b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
index ab15570f7a..bc3e9607ca 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/identity.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import logging
 import urllib.parse
 from typing import Awaitable, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
-from twisted.internet.error import TimeoutError
-
 from synapse.api.errors import (
     CodeMessageException,
     Codes,
@@ -30,6 +28,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
     SynapseError,
 )
 from synapse.config.emailconfig import ThreepidBehaviour
+from synapse.http import RequestTimedOutError
 from synapse.http.client import SimpleHttpClient
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester
 from synapse.util import json_decoder
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         try:
             data = await self.http_client.get_json(url, query_params)
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             logger.info(
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
             if e.code != 404 or not use_v2:
                 logger.error("3PID bind failed with Matrix error: %r", e)
                 raise e.to_synapse_error()
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
         except CodeMessageException as e:
             data = json_decoder.decode(e.msg)  # XXX WAT?
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
             else:
                 logger.error("Failed to unbind threepid on identity server: %s", e)
                 raise SynapseError(500, "Failed to contact identity server")
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
 
         await self.store.remove_user_bound_threepid(
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             logger.info("Proxied requestToken failed: %r", e)
             raise e.to_synapse_error()
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
 
     async def requestMsisdnToken(
@@ -471,7 +470,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             logger.info("Proxied requestToken failed: %r", e)
             raise e.to_synapse_error()
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
 
         assert self.hs.config.public_baseurl
@@ -553,7 +552,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
                 id_server + "/_matrix/identity/api/v1/validate/msisdn/submitToken",
                 body,
             )
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
         except HttpResponseException as e:
             logger.warning("Error contacting msisdn account_threepid_delegate: %s", e)
@@ -627,7 +626,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # require or validate it. See the following for context:
                 # https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5253#issuecomment-666246950
                 return data["mxid"]
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
         except IOError as e:
             logger.warning("Error from v1 identity server lookup: %s" % (e,))
@@ -655,7 +654,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
                 "%s%s/_matrix/identity/v2/hash_details" % (id_server_scheme, id_server),
                 {"access_token": id_access_token},
             )
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
 
         if not isinstance(hash_details, dict):
@@ -727,7 +726,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
                 },
                 headers=headers,
             )
-        except TimeoutError:
+        except RequestTimedOutError:
             raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning("Error when performing a v2 3pid lookup: %s", e)
@@ -823,7 +822,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
                     invite_config,
                     {"Authorization": create_id_access_token_header(id_access_token)},
                 )
-            except TimeoutError:
+            except RequestTimedOutError:
                 raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
             except HttpResponseException as e:
                 if e.code != 404:
@@ -841,7 +840,7 @@ class IdentityHandler(BaseHandler):
                 data = await self.blacklisting_http_client.post_json_get_json(
                     url, invite_config
                 )
-            except TimeoutError:
+            except RequestTimedOutError:
                 raise SynapseError(500, "Timed out contacting identity server")
             except HttpResponseException as e:
                 logger.warning(
diff --git a/synapse/http/__init__.py b/synapse/http/__init__.py
index 8eb3638591..59b01b812c 100644
--- a/synapse/http/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/http/__init__.py
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 import re
 
 from twisted.internet import task
-from twisted.internet.defer import CancelledError
-from twisted.python import failure
 from twisted.web.client import FileBodyProducer
 
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
@@ -26,19 +24,8 @@ from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 class RequestTimedOutError(SynapseError):
     """Exception representing timeout of an outbound request"""
 
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__(504, "Timed out")
-
-
-def cancelled_to_request_timed_out_error(value, timeout):
-    """Turns CancelledErrors into RequestTimedOutErrors.
-
-    For use with async.add_timeout_to_deferred
-    """
-    if isinstance(value, failure.Failure):
-        value.trap(CancelledError)
-        raise RequestTimedOutError()
-    return value
+    def __init__(self, msg):
+        super().__init__(504, msg)
 
 
 ACCESS_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r"(\?.*access(_|%5[Ff])token=)[^&]*(.*)$")
diff --git a/synapse/http/client.py b/synapse/http/client.py
index 4694adc400..8324632cb6 100644
--- a/synapse/http/client.py
+++ b/synapse/http/client.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-
 import logging
 import urllib
 from io import BytesIO
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ from zope.interface import implementer, provider
 
 from OpenSSL import SSL
 from OpenSSL.SSL import VERIFY_NONE
-from twisted.internet import defer, protocol, ssl
+from twisted.internet import defer, error as twisted_error, protocol, ssl
 from twisted.internet.interfaces import (
     IReactorPluggableNameResolver,
     IResolutionReceiver,
@@ -46,17 +45,18 @@ from twisted.internet.interfaces import (
 from twisted.internet.task import Cooperator
 from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 from twisted.web._newclient import ResponseDone
-from twisted.web.client import Agent, HTTPConnectionPool, readBody
+from twisted.web.client import (
+    Agent,
+    HTTPConnectionPool,
+    ResponseNeverReceived,
+    readBody,
+)
 from twisted.web.http import PotentialDataLoss
 from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
 from twisted.web.iweb import IResponse
 
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, HttpResponseException, SynapseError
-from synapse.http import (
-    QuieterFileBodyProducer,
-    cancelled_to_request_timed_out_error,
-    redact_uri,
-)
+from synapse.http import QuieterFileBodyProducer, RequestTimedOutError, redact_uri
 from synapse.http.proxyagent import ProxyAgent
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import set_tag, start_active_span, tags
@@ -332,8 +332,6 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
             RequestTimedOutError if the request times out before the headers are read
 
         """
-        # A small wrapper around self.agent.request() so we can easily attach
-        # counters to it
         outgoing_requests_counter.labels(method).inc()
 
         # log request but strip `access_token` (AS requests for example include this)
@@ -362,15 +360,17 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
                     data=body_producer,
                     headers=headers,
                     **self._extra_treq_args
-                )
+                )  # type: defer.Deferred
+
                 # we use our own timeout mechanism rather than treq's as a workaround
                 # for https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/9534.
                 request_deferred = timeout_deferred(
-                    request_deferred,
-                    60,
-                    self.hs.get_reactor(),
-                    cancelled_to_request_timed_out_error,
+                    request_deferred, 60, self.hs.get_reactor(),
                 )
+
+                # turn timeouts into RequestTimedOutErrors
+                request_deferred.addErrback(_timeout_to_request_timed_out_error)
+
                 response = await make_deferred_yieldable(request_deferred)
 
                 incoming_responses_counter.labels(method, response.code).inc()
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
             parsed json
 
         Raises:
-            RequestTimedOutException: if there is a timeout before the response headers
+            RequestTimedOutError: if there is a timeout before the response headers
                are received. Note there is currently no timeout on reading the response
                body.
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
             parsed json
 
         Raises:
-            RequestTimedOutException: if there is a timeout before the response headers
+            RequestTimedOutError: if there is a timeout before the response headers
                are received. Note there is currently no timeout on reading the response
                body.
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
         Returns:
             Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response, with the HTTP body as JSON.
         Raises:
-            RequestTimedOutException: if there is a timeout before the response headers
+            RequestTimedOutError: if there is a timeout before the response headers
                are received. Note there is currently no timeout on reading the response
                body.
 
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
         Returns:
             Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response, with the HTTP body as JSON.
         Raises:
-             RequestTimedOutException: if there is a timeout before the response headers
+             RequestTimedOutError: if there is a timeout before the response headers
                are received. Note there is currently no timeout on reading the response
                body.
 
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
             Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response, with the
             HTTP body as bytes.
         Raises:
-            RequestTimedOutException: if there is a timeout before the response headers
+            RequestTimedOutError: if there is a timeout before the response headers
                are received. Note there is currently no timeout on reading the response
                body.
 
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
             headers, absolute URI of the response and HTTP response code.
 
         Raises:
-            RequestTimedOutException: if there is a timeout before the response headers
+            RequestTimedOutError: if there is a timeout before the response headers
                are received. Note there is currently no timeout on reading the response
                body.
 
@@ -684,6 +684,18 @@ class SimpleHttpClient:
         )
 
 
+def _timeout_to_request_timed_out_error(f: Failure):
+    if f.check(twisted_error.TimeoutError, twisted_error.ConnectingCancelledError):
+        # The TCP connection has its own timeout (set by the 'connectTimeout' param
+        # on the Agent), which raises twisted_error.TimeoutError exception.
+        raise RequestTimedOutError("Timeout connecting to remote server")
+    elif f.check(defer.TimeoutError, ResponseNeverReceived):
+        # this one means that we hit our overall timeout on the request
+        raise RequestTimedOutError("Timeout waiting for response from remote server")
+
+    return f
+
+
 # XXX: FIXME: This is horribly copy-pasted from matrixfederationclient.
 # The two should be factored out.
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
index b02c74ab2d..c23a4d7c0c 100644
--- a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
+++ b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ async def _handle_json_response(
         d = timeout_deferred(d, timeout=timeout_sec, reactor=reactor)
 
         body = await make_deferred_yieldable(d)
-    except TimeoutError as e:
+    except defer.TimeoutError as e:
         logger.warning(
             "{%s} [%s] Timed out reading response - %s %s",
             request.txn_id,
@@ -655,10 +655,14 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             long_retries (bool): whether to use the long retry algorithm. See
                 docs on _send_request for details.
 
-            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response headers
-                (including connecting to the server), *for each attempt*.
+            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response.
                 self._default_timeout (60s) by default.
 
+                Note that we may make several attempts to send the request; this
+                timeout applies to the time spent waiting for response headers for
+                *each* attempt (including connection time) as well as the time spent
+                reading the response body after a 200 response.
+
             ignore_backoff (bool): true to ignore the historical backoff data
                 and try the request anyway.
             backoff_on_404 (bool): True if we should count a 404 response as
@@ -704,8 +708,13 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             timeout=timeout,
         )
 
+        if timeout is not None:
+            _sec_timeout = timeout / 1000
+        else:
+            _sec_timeout = self.default_timeout
+
         body = await _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response, start_ms
+            self.reactor, _sec_timeout, request, response, start_ms
         )
 
         return body
@@ -734,10 +743,14 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             long_retries (bool): whether to use the long retry algorithm. See
                 docs on _send_request for details.
 
-            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response headers
-                (including connecting to the server), *for each attempt*.
+            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response.
                 self._default_timeout (60s) by default.
 
+                Note that we may make several attempts to send the request; this
+                timeout applies to the time spent waiting for response headers for
+                *each* attempt (including connection time) as well as the time spent
+                reading the response body after a 200 response.
+
             ignore_backoff (bool): true to ignore the historical backoff data and
                 try the request anyway.
 
@@ -801,10 +814,14 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             args (dict|None): A dictionary used to create query strings, defaults to
                 None.
 
-            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response headers
-                (including connecting to the server), *for each attempt*.
+            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response.
                 self._default_timeout (60s) by default.
 
+                Note that we may make several attempts to send the request; this
+                timeout applies to the time spent waiting for response headers for
+                *each* attempt (including connection time) as well as the time spent
+                reading the response body after a 200 response.
+
             ignore_backoff (bool): true to ignore the historical backoff data
                 and try the request anyway.
 
@@ -840,8 +857,13 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             timeout=timeout,
         )
 
+        if timeout is not None:
+            _sec_timeout = timeout / 1000
+        else:
+            _sec_timeout = self.default_timeout
+
         body = await _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response, start_ms
+            self.reactor, _sec_timeout, request, response, start_ms
         )
 
         return body
@@ -865,10 +887,14 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             long_retries (bool): whether to use the long retry algorithm. See
                 docs on _send_request for details.
 
-            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response headers
-                (including connecting to the server), *for each attempt*.
+            timeout (int|None): number of milliseconds to wait for the response.
                 self._default_timeout (60s) by default.
 
+                Note that we may make several attempts to send the request; this
+                timeout applies to the time spent waiting for response headers for
+                *each* attempt (including connection time) as well as the time spent
+                reading the response body after a 200 response.
+
             ignore_backoff (bool): true to ignore the historical backoff data and
                 try the request anyway.
 
@@ -900,8 +926,13 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
             ignore_backoff=ignore_backoff,
         )
 
+        if timeout is not None:
+            _sec_timeout = timeout / 1000
+        else:
+            _sec_timeout = self.default_timeout
+
         body = await _handle_json_response(
-            self.reactor, self.default_timeout, request, response, start_ms
+            self.reactor, _sec_timeout, request, response, start_ms
         )
         return body
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/proxyagent.py b/synapse/http/proxyagent.py
index 332da02a8d..e32d3f43e0 100644
--- a/synapse/http/proxyagent.py
+++ b/synapse/http/proxyagent.py
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ class ProxyAgent(_AgentBase):
             `BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS`, so unless you have special
             requirements you can leave this as-is.
 
-        connectTimeout (float): The amount of time that this Agent will wait
-            for the peer to accept a connection.
+        connectTimeout (Optional[float]): The amount of time that this Agent will wait
+            for the peer to accept a connection, in seconds. If 'None',
+            HostnameEndpoint's default (30s) will be used.
+
+            This is used for connections to both proxies and destination servers.
 
         bindAddress (bytes): The local address for client sockets to bind to.
 
@@ -108,6 +111,15 @@ class ProxyAgent(_AgentBase):
         Returns:
             Deferred[IResponse]: completes when the header of the response has
                  been received (regardless of the response status code).
+
+                 Can fail with:
+                    SchemeNotSupported: if the uri is not http or https
+
+                    twisted.internet.error.TimeoutError if the server we are connecting
+                        to (proxy or destination) does not accept a connection before
+                        connectTimeout.
+
+                    ... other things too.
         """
         uri = uri.strip()
         if not _VALID_URI.match(uri):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
index b448da6710..64edadb624 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
@@ -20,18 +20,28 @@ import urllib
 from inspect import signature
 from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
 
-from synapse.api.errors import (
-    CodeMessageException,
-    HttpResponseException,
-    RequestSendFailed,
-    SynapseError,
-)
+from prometheus_client import Counter, Gauge
+
+from synapse.api.errors import HttpResponseException, SynapseError
+from synapse.http import RequestTimedOutError
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import inject_active_span_byte_dict, trace
 from synapse.util.caches.response_cache import ResponseCache
 from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+_pending_outgoing_requests = Gauge(
+    "synapse_pending_outgoing_replication_requests",
+    "Number of active outgoing replication requests, by replication method name",
+    ["name"],
+)
+
+_outgoing_request_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_outgoing_replication_requests",
+    "Number of outgoing replication requests, by replication method name and result",
+    ["name", "code"],
+)
+
 
 class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Helper base class for defining new replication HTTP endpoints.
@@ -138,7 +148,10 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
         instance_map = hs.config.worker.instance_map
 
+        outgoing_gauge = _pending_outgoing_requests.labels(cls.NAME)
+
         @trace(opname="outgoing_replication_request")
+        @outgoing_gauge.track_inprogress()
         async def send_request(instance_name="master", **kwargs):
             if instance_name == local_instance_name:
                 raise Exception("Trying to send HTTP request to self")
@@ -193,23 +206,26 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                     try:
                         result = await request_func(uri, data, headers=headers)
                         break
-                    except CodeMessageException as e:
-                        if e.code != 504 or not cls.RETRY_ON_TIMEOUT:
+                    except RequestTimedOutError:
+                        if not cls.RETRY_ON_TIMEOUT:
                             raise
 
-                    logger.warning("%s request timed out", cls.NAME)
+                    logger.warning("%s request timed out; retrying", cls.NAME)
 
                     # If we timed out we probably don't need to worry about backing
                     # off too much, but lets just wait a little anyway.
                     await clock.sleep(1)
             except HttpResponseException as e:
                 # We convert to SynapseError as we know that it was a SynapseError
-                # on the master process that we should send to the client. (And
+                # on the main process that we should send to the client. (And
                 # importantly, not stack traces everywhere)
+                _outgoing_request_counter.labels(cls.NAME, e.code).inc()
                 raise e.to_synapse_error()
-            except RequestSendFailed as e:
-                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to talk to master") from e
+            except Exception as e:
+                _outgoing_request_counter.labels(cls.NAME, "ERR").inc()
+                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to talk to main process") from e
 
+            _outgoing_request_counter.labels(cls.NAME, 200).inc()
             return result
 
         return send_request
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
index ed0d0772f8..ab5815e7f7 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/account.py
@@ -96,8 +96,9 @@ class EmailPasswordRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
         send_attempt = body["send_attempt"]
         next_link = body.get("next_link")  # Optional param
 
-        # Raise if the provided next_link value isn't valid
-        assert_valid_next_link(self.hs, next_link)
+        if next_link:
+            # Raise if the provided next_link value isn't valid
+            assert_valid_next_link(self.hs, next_link)
 
         # The email will be sent to the stored address.
         # This avoids a potential account hijack by requesting a password reset to
@@ -372,8 +373,9 @@ class EmailThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 Codes.THREEPID_DENIED,
             )
 
-        # Raise if the provided next_link value isn't valid
-        assert_valid_next_link(self.hs, next_link)
+        if next_link:
+            # Raise if the provided next_link value isn't valid
+            assert_valid_next_link(self.hs, next_link)
 
         existing_user_id = await self.store.get_user_id_by_threepid("email", email)
 
@@ -446,8 +448,9 @@ class MsisdnThreepidRequestTokenRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 Codes.THREEPID_DENIED,
             )
 
-        # Raise if the provided next_link value isn't valid
-        assert_valid_next_link(self.hs, next_link)
+        if next_link:
+            # Raise if the provided next_link value isn't valid
+            assert_valid_next_link(self.hs, next_link)
 
         existing_user_id = await self.store.get_user_id_by_threepid("msisdn", msisdn)
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py b/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py
index e0cedd1aac..e93aad33cd 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/databases/main/monthly_active_users.py
@@ -41,7 +41,14 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersWorkerStore(SQLBaseStore):
         """
 
         def _count_users(txn):
-            sql = "SELECT COALESCE(count(*), 0) FROM monthly_active_users"
+            # Exclude app service users
+            sql = """
+                SELECT COALESCE(count(*), 0)
+                FROM monthly_active_users
+                    LEFT JOIN users
+                    ON monthly_active_users.user_id=users.name
+                WHERE (users.appservice_id IS NULL OR users.appservice_id = '');
+            """
             txn.execute(sql)
             (count,) = txn.fetchone()
             return count
diff --git a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
index 67ce9a5f39..382f0cf3f0 100644
--- a/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
+++ b/synapse/util/async_helpers.py
@@ -449,18 +449,8 @@ class ReadWriteLock:
 R = TypeVar("R")
 
 
-def _cancelled_to_timed_out_error(value: R, timeout: float) -> R:
-    if isinstance(value, failure.Failure):
-        value.trap(CancelledError)
-        raise defer.TimeoutError(timeout, "Deferred")
-    return value
-
-
 def timeout_deferred(
-    deferred: defer.Deferred,
-    timeout: float,
-    reactor: IReactorTime,
-    on_timeout_cancel: Optional[Callable[[Any, float], Any]] = None,
+    deferred: defer.Deferred, timeout: float, reactor: IReactorTime,
 ) -> defer.Deferred:
     """The in built twisted `Deferred.addTimeout` fails to time out deferreds
     that have a canceller that throws exceptions. This method creates a new
@@ -469,27 +459,21 @@ def timeout_deferred(
 
     (See https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/9534)
 
-    NOTE: Unlike `Deferred.addTimeout`, this function returns a new deferred
+    NOTE: Unlike `Deferred.addTimeout`, this function returns a new deferred.
+
+    NOTE: the TimeoutError raised by the resultant deferred is
+    twisted.internet.defer.TimeoutError, which is *different* to the built-in
+    TimeoutError, as well as various other TimeoutErrors you might have imported.
 
     Args:
         deferred: The Deferred to potentially timeout.
         timeout: Timeout in seconds
         reactor: The twisted reactor to use
-        on_timeout_cancel: A callable which is called immediately
-            after the deferred times out, and not if this deferred is
-            otherwise cancelled before the timeout.
 
-            It takes an arbitrary value, which is the value of the deferred at
-            that exact point in time (probably a CancelledError Failure), and
-            the timeout.
-
-            The default callable (if none is provided) will translate a
-            CancelledError Failure into a defer.TimeoutError.
 
     Returns:
-        A new Deferred.
+        A new Deferred, which will errback with defer.TimeoutError on timeout.
     """
-
     new_d = defer.Deferred()
 
     timed_out = [False]
@@ -502,18 +486,23 @@ def timeout_deferred(
         except:  # noqa: E722, if we throw any exception it'll break time outs
             logger.exception("Canceller failed during timeout")
 
+        # the cancel() call should have set off a chain of errbacks which
+        # will have errbacked new_d, but in case it hasn't, errback it now.
+
         if not new_d.called:
-            new_d.errback(defer.TimeoutError(timeout, "Deferred"))
+            new_d.errback(defer.TimeoutError("Timed out after %gs" % (timeout,)))
 
     delayed_call = reactor.callLater(timeout, time_it_out)
 
-    def convert_cancelled(value):
-        if timed_out[0]:
-            to_call = on_timeout_cancel or _cancelled_to_timed_out_error
-            return to_call(value, timeout)
+    def convert_cancelled(value: failure.Failure):
+        # if the orgininal deferred was cancelled, and our timeout has fired, then
+        # the reason it was cancelled was due to our timeout. Turn the CancelledError
+        # into a TimeoutError.
+        if timed_out[0] and value.check(CancelledError):
+            raise defer.TimeoutError("Timed out after %gs" % (timeout,))
         return value
 
-    deferred.addBoth(convert_cancelled)
+    deferred.addErrback(convert_cancelled)
 
     def cancel_timeout(result):
         # stop the pending call to cancel the deferred if it's been fired
diff --git a/tests/http/test_fedclient.py b/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
index 5604af3795..212484a7fe 100644
--- a/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
+++ b/tests/http/test_fedclient.py
@@ -318,14 +318,14 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         r = self.successResultOf(d)
         self.assertEqual(r.code, 200)
 
-    def test_client_headers_no_body(self):
+    @parameterized.expand(["get_json", "post_json", "delete_json", "put_json"])
+    def test_timeout_reading_body(self, method_name: str):
         """
         If the HTTP request is connected, but gets no response before being
-        timed out, it'll give a ResponseNeverReceived.
+        timed out, it'll give a RequestSendFailed with can_retry.
         """
-        d = defer.ensureDeferred(
-            self.cl.post_json("testserv:8008", "foo/bar", timeout=10000)
-        )
+        method = getattr(self.cl, method_name)
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(method("testserv:8008", "foo/bar", timeout=10000))
 
         self.pump()
 
@@ -349,7 +349,9 @@ class FederationClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
         self.reactor.advance(10.5)
         f = self.failureResultOf(d)
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.value, TimeoutError)
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.value, RequestSendFailed)
+        self.assertTrue(f.value.can_retry)
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.value.inner_exception, defer.TimeoutError)
 
     def test_client_requires_trailing_slashes(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/http/test_simple_client.py b/tests/http/test_simple_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1cf0862d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/http/test_simple_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2020 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from mock import Mock
+
+from netaddr import IPSet
+
+from twisted.internet import defer
+from twisted.internet.error import DNSLookupError
+
+from synapse.http import RequestTimedOutError
+from synapse.http.client import SimpleHttpClient
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
+
+
+class SimpleHttpClientTests(HomeserverTestCase):
+    def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        # Add a DNS entry for a test server
+        self.reactor.lookups["testserv"] = "1.2.3.4"
+
+        self.cl = hs.get_simple_http_client()
+
+    def test_dns_error(self):
+        """
+        If the DNS lookup returns an error, it will bubble up.
+        """
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(self.cl.get_json("http://testserv2:8008/foo/bar"))
+        self.pump()
+
+        f = self.failureResultOf(d)
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.value, DNSLookupError)
+
+    def test_client_connection_refused(self):
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(self.cl.get_json("http://testserv:8008/foo/bar"))
+
+        self.pump()
+
+        # Nothing happened yet
+        self.assertNoResult(d)
+
+        clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
+        self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
+        (host, port, factory, _timeout, _bindAddress) = clients[0]
+        self.assertEqual(host, "1.2.3.4")
+        self.assertEqual(port, 8008)
+        e = Exception("go away")
+        factory.clientConnectionFailed(None, e)
+        self.pump(0.5)
+
+        f = self.failureResultOf(d)
+
+        self.assertIs(f.value, e)
+
+    def test_client_never_connect(self):
+        """
+        If the HTTP request is not connected and is timed out, it'll give a
+        ConnectingCancelledError or TimeoutError.
+        """
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(self.cl.get_json("http://testserv:8008/foo/bar"))
+
+        self.pump()
+
+        # Nothing happened yet
+        self.assertNoResult(d)
+
+        # Make sure treq is trying to connect
+        clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
+        self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], "1.2.3.4")
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][1], 8008)
+
+        # Deferred is still without a result
+        self.assertNoResult(d)
+
+        # Push by enough to time it out
+        self.reactor.advance(120)
+        f = self.failureResultOf(d)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.value, RequestTimedOutError)
+
+    def test_client_connect_no_response(self):
+        """
+        If the HTTP request is connected, but gets no response before being
+        timed out, it'll give a ResponseNeverReceived.
+        """
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(self.cl.get_json("http://testserv:8008/foo/bar"))
+
+        self.pump()
+
+        # Nothing happened yet
+        self.assertNoResult(d)
+
+        # Make sure treq is trying to connect
+        clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
+        self.assertEqual(len(clients), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][0], "1.2.3.4")
+        self.assertEqual(clients[0][1], 8008)
+
+        conn = Mock()
+        client = clients[0][2].buildProtocol(None)
+        client.makeConnection(conn)
+
+        # Deferred is still without a result
+        self.assertNoResult(d)
+
+        # Push by enough to time it out
+        self.reactor.advance(120)
+        f = self.failureResultOf(d)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.value, RequestTimedOutError)
+
+    def test_client_ip_range_blacklist(self):
+        """Ensure that Synapse does not try to connect to blacklisted IPs"""
+
+        # Add some DNS entries we'll blacklist
+        self.reactor.lookups["internal"] = "127.0.0.1"
+        self.reactor.lookups["internalv6"] = "fe80:0:0:0:0:8a2e:370:7337"
+        ip_blacklist = IPSet(["127.0.0.0/8", "fe80::/64"])
+
+        cl = SimpleHttpClient(self.hs, ip_blacklist=ip_blacklist)
+
+        # Try making a GET request to a blacklisted IPv4 address
+        # ------------------------------------------------------
+        # Make the request
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(cl.get_json("http://internal:8008/foo/bar"))
+        self.pump(1)
+
+        # Check that it was unable to resolve the address
+        clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
+        self.assertEqual(len(clients), 0)
+
+        self.failureResultOf(d, DNSLookupError)
+
+        # Try making a POST request to a blacklisted IPv6 address
+        # -------------------------------------------------------
+        # Make the request
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(
+            cl.post_json_get_json("http://internalv6:8008/foo/bar", {})
+        )
+
+        # Move the reactor forwards
+        self.pump(1)
+
+        # Check that it was unable to resolve the address
+        clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
+        self.assertEqual(len(clients), 0)
+
+        # Check that it was due to a blacklisted DNS lookup
+        self.failureResultOf(d, DNSLookupError)
+
+        # Try making a GET request to a non-blacklisted IPv4 address
+        # ----------------------------------------------------------
+        # Make the request
+        d = defer.ensureDeferred(cl.get_json("http://testserv:8008/foo/bar"))
+
+        # Nothing has happened yet
+        self.assertNoResult(d)
+
+        # Move the reactor forwards
+        self.pump(1)
+
+        # Check that it was able to resolve the address
+        clients = self.reactor.tcpClients
+        self.assertNotEqual(len(clients), 0)
+
+        # Connection will still fail as this IP address does not resolve to anything
+        self.failureResultOf(d, RequestTimedOutError)
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
index 93f899d861..ae2cd67f35 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_account.py
@@ -732,6 +732,12 @@ class ThreepidEmailRestTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
     @override_config({"next_link_domain_whitelist": ["example.com", "example.org"]})
     def test_next_link_domain_whitelist(self):
         """Tests next_link parameters must fit the whitelist if provided"""
+
+        # Ensure not providing a next_link parameter still works
+        self._request_token(
+            "something@example.com", "some_secret", next_link=None, expect_code=200,
+        )
+
         self._request_token(
             "something@example.com",
             "some_secret",
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
index 643072bbaf..8d97b6d4cd 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_monthly_active_users.py
@@ -137,6 +137,21 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         count = self.get_success(self.store.get_monthly_active_count())
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
+    def test_appservice_user_not_counted_in_mau(self):
+        self.get_success(
+            self.store.register_user(
+                user_id="@appservice_user:server", appservice_id="wibble"
+            )
+        )
+        count = self.get_success(self.store.get_monthly_active_count())
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
+        d = self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user("@appservice_user:server")
+        self.get_success(d)
+
+        count = self.get_success(self.store.get_monthly_active_count())
+        self.assertEqual(count, 0)
+
     def test_user_last_seen_monthly_active(self):
         user_id1 = "@user1:server"
         user_id2 = "@user2:server"
@@ -383,7 +398,7 @@ class MonthlyActiveUsersTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
         self.get_success(self.store.upsert_monthly_active_user(appservice2_user1))
 
         count = self.get_success(self.store.get_monthly_active_count())
-        self.assertEqual(count, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
         d = self.store.get_monthly_active_count_by_service()
         result = self.get_success(d)